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Crippen was first married to
Virginia Hill on September 8, 1959. They had three daughters together: Ellen Marie (born June 1962), Susan Lynn (born December 1964), and Linda Ruth (born May 1967). On November 7, 1987, he married Pandora Puckett, NASA's first female lead Orbiter Project Engineer, on the
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Crippen became interested in flying and computers at a very early age. He attended the first computer programming class held at the
University of Texas. Throughout his career in the military and at NASA, he worked on computer programming, including programs such as the Manned Orbiting Laboratory,
817:, and demonstrated potential satellite refueling with the Orbital Refueling System (ORS). Finally, the Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications-3 (OSTA-3) also had experiments for the crew to perform. It launched October 5, 1984, and landed October 13, 1984, at Kennedy Space Center, Florida.
590:
were housed in a vacuum chamber to conduct medical experiments. The goal was to ensure that crews in space could handle minor medical emergencies, including dentistry. SMEAT also was able to discover and fix the design flaws in the urine handling system for Skylab. Crippen and the team worked to
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on STS-1, the first test flight of the Space
Shuttle in orbit. His job involved working with the Shuttle computers, electrical systems, and auxiliary power units. He was also responsible for operating the payload bay doors. STS-1 had several firsts: a crewed vehicle to be flown into Earth orbit
531:
The MOL program was canceled in June 1969, after which
Crippen transferred to NASA to continue his career. The cancellation was due to differing priorities within the military and space programs, with the government deciding to de-emphasize military involvement in the space program. However,
527:
When
Crippen was selected for astronaut training in October 1966, he had to choose between the military and NASA, deciding to stay in the military to work on the MOL program. He felt that he would get lost at NASA due to the number of astronauts already in programs at the agency. There was an
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alternated with Haise and
Fullerton to test the Enterprise's capabilities. Crippen was first assigned to family support with the testing, then progressed to being a chase pilot in a T-38. The ALT program lasted about a year, testing all aspects of approach and touchdown from aerodynamics to
515:
Publicly, the MOL program was designed to determine the usefulness of man in space. Crews would be in orbit for about a month and they would be able to freely move about the laboratory. The secret and primary mission was to perform reconnaissance missions on
1399:
886:. As such, he was responsible for the all aspects of the Shuttle program, including scheduling, budget and overall program management. Afterwards, he moved to KSC to become center director. This lasted from January 1992 through to January 1995.
879:(KSC) from July 1987 to December 1989 where he was Deputy Director of Shuttle Operations under Arnie Aldrich, Director of Space Shuttle. He was accountable for Shuttle missions and the return of the craft to KSC after landings at Edwards.
635:
The
Approach and Landing tests for the Space Shuttle were critical to the overall program, in which a crew tested the maneuverability and landing capabilities of the spacecraft. Launched from a 747 aircraft, the prototype
694:
without any prior non-crewed orbital testing; a crewed, winged vehicle to launch with solid rocket boosters; a reentry vehicle to land on a conventional runway. It launched April 12, 1981, and landed April 14, 1981.
1070:
in
Washington, D.C. for his devotion to public service and the advancement of American aerospace; his achievements as an aviator, astronaut, and leader; and his selfless dedication to the future of humankind.
613:(CAPCOM) for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (as well as Skylab), during which time he developed a close association with Mission Operations and Flight Control. On July 15, 1975, the United States launched a
917:. Crippen enjoyed continuing his connection with the Space Shuttle program. In particular, he appreciated his role in working to improve the design of the solid rocket boosters to prevent another
742:(GAS) experiments. Finally, they worked with the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) and the Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR). It launched June 18, 1983, and landed on June 24, 1983.
937:(AAS). He served as President of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1999. He was selected to be a member of Naval Aviators Golden Eagles in 2009. He was elected to the
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738:(SPAS-01). They conducted formation flying with an untethered satellite (SPAS-02), operated a joint U.S.-German materials experiment (OSTA-2) and activated seven
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We were flying on a winged vehicle that would do reentry different than we had ever done before. So all of those were firsts. Test pilots truly love firsts.
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disaster, brooking no interference in recovering all seven bodies of the
Challenger crew for their families. Crippen was also a part of the
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developments like the space suit, waste management, and the high resolution camera were later used in various space programs going forward.
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The Skylab
Medical Experiment Altitude Test (SMEAT) was a 56-day mission (July 26 through September 19, 1972), where astronauts Crippen,
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and the Soviet Union, designed to test rendezvous and docking capabilities if there were ever an emergency in space. Crippen was the
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Crippen married Virginia E. Hill on Sept. 8. 1959. They have three daughters. On Nov. 7, 1987, he married Pandora Lee Puckett.
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470:. After graduation, Crippen worked as an instructor at Edwards Air Force Base until October 1966 when he was picked for the
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enlarge the original collection system design, which was too small, the collection system of which had burst at one point.
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in the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP), and the
2395:
1729:
970:
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After STS-41-G, Crippen became deputy director of flight crew operations (1984–1986) and was also named commander of the
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from about 7,300 m (24,000 ft) to the ground and landed at Edwards Air Force Base. A second crew of astronauts
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On his final spaceflight, Crippen served as the commander of STS-41-G. During the eight-day flight, the Space Shuttle
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In 1986, Crippen participated in the recovery operations for the remains of crew members after the
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478:(MOL) program. He has spent more than 6,500 hours in the air as either a pilot or an astronaut.
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From January 1990 to January 1992, Crippen served as Director of the Space Shuttle program at
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Propulsion from December 1996 through to April 2001. They were responsible for producing the
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1350:"The DORIAN Files Revealed: A Compendium of the NRO's Manned Orbiting Laboratory Documents"
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launch vehicle in an Apollo configuration into space. Two days later, it docked with a
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306:. He was also on the commission responsible for determining the cause of the accident.
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in 2012 for leadership in human space flight and development of solid fueled rockets.
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524:. The pilots were not told of this true mission, though they were later informed.
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On November 18, 2015, at the National Business Aviation Association convention in
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1774:"Alumnus Bob Crippen was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering"
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Information Systems. His main focus was simulation work supporting the military.
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from the summer of 1962 to the end of 1964, he made two deployments aboard the
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After retiring as an astronaut, Crippen worked his way through management at
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Crippen has earned several awards throughout his career, including the SETP
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969:(1972). In 1981, after the inaugural Space Shuttle flight, he received the
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After leaving NASA, from April 1995 through November 1996, Crippen was the
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715:, and headed a crew of five people. During flight, the team deployed the
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1968:(Third ed.). Native American Books Distributor. 2001. p. 152.
1644:"NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER ORAL HISTORY PROJECT BIOGRAPHICAL DATA SHEET"
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1941:"Robert L. Crippen Selected to Receive Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy"
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1883:"First Shuttle Pilot Crippen Gets Congressional Space Medal of Honor"
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program. A joint program between the United States Air Force and the
252:
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on STS-41-C, a seven-day mission during which the crew deployed the
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The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) was a joint effort between the
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1293:"NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project: Robert L. Crippen"
1034:
Rotary National Award for Space Achievement's National Space Trophy
857:
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Crippen served as the commander of STS-7, the second launch of the
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uncrewed flight on November 3, 1966. There were no crewed flights.
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degree. He was selected as a member of the Texas Alpha chapter of
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Crippen was personally involved in the recovery efforts of the
771:(SMM) satellite using the Canadarm. The flight also tested the
723:
345:
1843:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1032:. In 1996, Crippen became the tenth individual to receive the
336:
Crippen has received several awards and honors, including the
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703:
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521:
264:
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175:
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Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
3393:
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
340:
in 2006, and having an elementary school named after him in
809:(ERBS). They also performed scientific observations of the
780:
552:
After the MOL program was canceled, Crippen became part of
310:
767:(LDEF). The crew also retrieved, repaired and redeployed
730:. They also used the Canadian Remote Manipulator System (
2625:
787:. It launched April 6, 1984, and landed April 13, 1984.
1638:
1636:
1557:. April 15, 1982. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
661:
maneuverability, gliding and landing characteristics.
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512:(NRO), the MOL program would send humans into space.
3388:
Recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor
1907:. The National Aviation Hall of Fame. Archived from
1633:
1105:
1055:, Crippen was announced as a 2016 Inductee into the
993:(FAA)'s Award for Distinguished Service (1982), the
989:'s Distinguished Service Medal. He was awarded the
624:
3398:Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal
1466:
1464:
837:, California. That mission was canceled after the
779:(EVAs). The team also operated the Cinema 360 and
350:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1048:, the highest award for spaceflight achievement.
255:. He traveled into space four times: as pilot of
235:(born September 11, 1937) is an American retired
3403:Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal
3289:
2316:
2026:Robert L. Crippen, NASA.gov biography (archival)
1516:"Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests (ALT)"
1355:. National Reconnaissance Office. August 1, 2015
1328:"Manned Orbiting Laboratory Declassified Photos"
783:. Finally, the crew ran a student experiment on
640:was first tested on August 12, 1977. Astronauts
568:, as well as for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.
556:in September 1969. He served as support for the
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1287:
1285:
1283:
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1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
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829:mission which would have launched from the new
572:Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test (SMEAT)
368:, on September 11, 1937. After graduating from
3333:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
1545:
1543:
1486:
864:accident. The Board became a sub-team for the
329:Propulsion before retiring to private life in
2611:
2576:List of United States Marine Corps astronauts
2396:
2302:
2065:
1322:
1320:
1236:Alumni Profile Robert L. Crippen, BS ASE 1960
682:and Crippen suiting up for the STS-1 mission.
481:
2581:List of United States Space Force astronauts
2277:indicate the award was bestowed posthumously
1392:
1266:
594:
1540:
1439:
1419:
1417:
1062:On December 15, 2023, Crippen received the
1044:in 2001. On April 6, 2006, he received the
359:
275:in October 1984. He was also a part of the
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2072:
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915:Space Shuttle Reusable Solid Rocket Motors
820:
436:. That is where he earned his wings. As a
42:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1985:
1730:"CRIPPEN JOINS THIOKOL AS ITS PRESIDENT"
1709:"Chapter 6: Raising heroes from the sea"
1684:. Air Force Space & Missile Museum.
1414:
948:
674:
491:
348:of several organizations, including the
313:, namely as Director, Space Shuttle, at
3363:U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
2566:List of astronauts by year of selection
2031:Astronautix biography of Robert Crippen
1706:
1508:
578:Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test
281:Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test
14:
3290:
1597:
1189:
1009:(1984). Finally, Crippen received the
3358:Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
3338:Directors of the Kennedy Space Center
2599:
2384:
2290:
2053:
1798:. Society of Experimental Test Pilots
1571:. NASA. June 29, 2001. Archived from
1380:. Kenneth R. Crippen. January 4, 2020
1342:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
995:Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy
953:Sign of Crippen Elementary School in
504:(MOL) program was a follow-on to the
408:Crippen was commissioned through the
3348:People from Montgomery County, Texas
3197:Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
2627:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame
1472:"Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Overview"
1427:. New Mexico Museum of Space History
1367:
1252:"Astronauts & Flight Scientists"
944:
858:STS-51-L Interim Mishap Review Board
2003:from the original on March 30, 2022
1999:. U.S. Space Worker Hall of Honor.
1818:"Robert L. Crippen CAPT USN (Ret.)"
1688:from the original on March 30, 2022
1400:"The Air Force's Space Program MOL"
889:
354:Society of Experimental Test Pilots
24:
2082:Congressional Space Medal of Honor
2036:Crippen at Encyclopedia of Science
1863:. Astronaut Scholarship Foundation
1849:. American Academy of Achievement.
1202:"Robert L. Crippen NASA Biography"
1150:
1046:Congressional Space Medal of Honor
403:
338:Congressional Space Medal of Honor
106:Congressional Space Medal of Honor
25:
3444:
2329:← NASA Astronaut Group 7 →
2019:
1946:. National Aeronautic Association
1707:Barbree, Jay (January 25, 2004).
1425:"Piloted the first space shuttle"
1030:NASA Distinguished Service Medals
1022:NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal
1007:Defense Meritorious Service Medal
977:'s Flight Achievement Award, the
973:Distinguished Service Award, the
414:Aviation Officer Candidate School
384:. In 1960, he graduated with his
3433:Space Shuttle program astronauts
3275:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3227:
1921:
1732:. Deseret News. October 22, 1996
1658:
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1585:
1528:
1305:
1217:
1122:
1108:
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1038:International Space Hall of Fame
924:
807:Earth Radiation Budget Satellite
625:Approach and Landing Tests (ALT)
210:
205:
200:
195:
110:NASA Distinguished Service Medal
1958:
1933:
1897:
1875:
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1788:
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1722:
1700:
1449:. A-B Emblem. December 21, 2020
1402:. Apoll011Space. August 1, 2020
1068:National Aeronautic Association
1064:Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy
1015:American Academy of Achievement
991:Federal Aviation Administration
939:National Academy of Engineering
765:Long Duration Exposure Facility
468:Aerospace Research Pilot School
426:Naval Air Station Whiting Field
1494:"Enterprise: The Test Shuttle"
1244:
1229:
1057:National Aviation Hall of Fame
975:American Astronautical Society
967:NASA Exceptional Service Medal
935:American Astronautical Society
547:—Crippen's Shuttle experiences
535:
510:National Reconnaissance Office
400:Skylab and the Space Shuttle.
27:American astronaut (born 1937)
13:
1:
3353:Military personnel from Texas
3323:United States Navy astronauts
2571:Astronaut ranks and positions
1966:Texas Biographical Dictionary
1796:"Iven C Kincheloe Recipients"
1240:University of Texas at Austin
1143:
1098:at the Kennedy Space Center.
872:to investigate the accident.
756:Crippen was the commander of
734:) to deploy and retrieve the
686:Crippen was the pilot of the
430:Naval Air Station Chase Field
378:University of Texas at Austin
376:in 1955, Crippen went to the
287:support crew member, and the
263:mission; and as commander of
3373:United States Naval Aviators
3328:American aerospace engineers
2318:NASA Astronaut Group 7, 1969
1496:. Space.com. October 9, 2012
957:, named after Robert Crippen
860:to examine the cause of the
496:Crippen with a MOL spacesuit
424:. He also spent time at the
7:
3368:United States Navy officers
3343:People from Beaumont, Texas
1375:"Biography Albert H. Crews"
1138:List of spaceflight records
1101:
1042:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
1036:. He was inducted into the
979:National Geographic Society
868:, the team put together by
790:
745:
418:Naval Air Station Pensacola
364:Robert Crippen was born in
87:University of Texas, Austin
10:
3449:
1330:. Space.com. March 4, 2017
1003:Distinguished Flying Cross
794:
749:
722:satellite, as well as the
701:
668:
631:Approach and Landing Tests
628:
598:
575:
502:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
488:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
485:
482:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
476:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
289:Approach and Landing Tests
277:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
102:Distinguished Flying Cross
3189:
2633:
2558:
2427:
2380:
2337:
2324:
2270:
2088:
1993:"Pandora Puckett Crippen"
875:Crippen was stationed at
835:Vandenberg Air Force Base
777:extravehicular activities
595:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
259:in April 1981, the first
226:
218:
189:
167:
153:
143:
129:
122:
115:
97:
82:
53:
41:
34:
1678:"Space Launch Complex 6"
1518:. NASA. February 7, 2013
1026:NASA Space Flight Medals
866:Rogers Commission Report
849:was mothballed in 1989.
773:Manned Maneuvering Units
736:Shuttle Pallet Satellite
697:
664:
638:Space Shuttle Enterprise
360:Early life and education
3408:American businesspeople
2796:Frank L. Culbertson Jr.
1001:. He received the Navy
983:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
963:Iven C. Kincheloe Award
870:President Ronald Reagan
821:Post-spaceflight career
451:in Attack Squadron 72 (
317:, then Director of the
158:USAF MOL Group 2 (1966)
3413:Lockheed Martin people
2331:NASA Astronaut Group 8
2327:NASA Astronaut Group 6
1885:. NASA. April 27, 2006
1607:. NASA. Archived from
1474:. NASA. August 3, 2017
958:
683:
554:NASA Astronaut Group 7
544:
497:
457:Edwards Air Force Base
3418:Harmon Trophy winners
2971:Michael LĂłpez-AlegrĂa
2871:Richard F. Gordon Jr.
2414:NASA Astronaut Groups
2138:Charles "Pete" Conrad
1447:"SMEAT-Space Patches"
971:Department of Defense
952:
769:Solar Maximum Mission
678:
540:
495:
382:Aerospace Engineering
370:New Caney High School
233:Robert Laurel Crippen
58:Robert Laurel Crippen
3378:American test pilots
3202:NASA Astronaut Corps
2876:Frederick D. Gregory
2836:Christopher Ferguson
2419:NASA Astronaut Corps
2154:Virgil "Gus" Grissom
1611:on December 31, 2016
1295:. NASA. May 26, 2006
877:Kennedy Space Center
611:capsule communicator
455:). He later went to
319:Kennedy Space Center
3383:Aviators from Texas
3318:1984 in spaceflight
3313:1983 in spaceflight
3308:1981 in spaceflight
3151:Kathryn C. Thornton
3136:Kathryn D. Sullivan
3051:Charles J. Precourt
3041:Scott E. Parazynski
3001:Bruce McCandless II
2846:C. Gordon Fullerton
2751:Franklin Chang-DĂaz
2706:Daniel Brandenstein
2352:C. Gordon Fullerton
2094:Michael P. Anderson
1905:"Robert L. Crippen"
1861:"Robert L. Crippen"
1823:. The Golden Eagles
1776:. February 27, 2012
1171:"Robert L. Crippen"
815:Large Format Camera
781:IMAX Camera Systems
646:C. Gordon Fullerton
588:William E. Thornton
428:in Florida and the
386:Bachelor of Science
271:in April 1984, and
162:NASA Group 7 (1969)
3131:Thomas P. Stafford
2936:Thomas David Jones
2921:Jeffrey A. Hoffman
2367:Donald H. Peterson
2362:Robert F. Overmyer
2250:Thomas P. Stafford
2080:Recipients of the
1911:on January 1, 2018
1575:on August 23, 2010
1175:The New York Times
1130:Spaceflight portal
1011:Golden Plate Award
959:
805:crew deployed the
775:(MMU) through two
684:
498:
416:(AOCS) Program at
410:United States Navy
321:. He also went to
249:aerospace engineer
68:September 11, 1937
3215:
3214:
3086:Rusty Schweickart
3036:Bryan D. O'Connor
2886:John M. Grunsfeld
2801:Walter Cunningham
2593:
2592:
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2284:
2283:
2192:William C. McCool
2185:Christa McAuliffe
1752:"AIAA Leadership"
1238:– website of the
1207:. NASA. July 2001
1020:He also received
945:Awards and honors
884:NASA Headquarters
642:Fred W. Haise Jr.
315:NASA Headquarters
230:
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222:December 31, 1991
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2941:Janet L. Kavandi
2916:David C. Hilmers
2896:Henry Hartsfield
2861:Robert L. Gibson
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1177:. April 13, 1981
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1116:Biography portal
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1040:in 1991 and the
890:Post-NASA career
658:Richard H. Truly
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987:American Legion
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965:(1981) and the
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900:Lockheed Martin
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434:Beeville, Texas
406:
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394:Sigma Gamma Tau
366:Beaumont, Texas
362:
352:(AIAA) and the
344:. He is also a
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472:U.S. Air Force
465:U.S. Air Force
463:to attend the
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267:in June 1983,
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3141:Jack Swigert
3126:Deke Slayton
3111:Alan Shepard
3066:Stuart Roosa
2931:Marsha Ivins
2831:Ronald Evans
2811:Charles Duke
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2721:James Buchli
2716:Curtis Brown
2696:Ken Bowersox
2691:Frank Borman
2651:Scott Altman
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2092:
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1996:
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1948:. Retrieved
1935:
1915:December 31,
1913:. Retrieved
1909:the original
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1867:December 31,
1865:. Retrieved
1855:
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1778:. Retrieved
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1724:
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1702:
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1681:
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1563:
1555:Star-Gazette
1554:
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1520:. Retrieved
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1488:
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1453:December 21,
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1406:December 24,
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1334:December 21,
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1299:December 30,
1297:. Retrieved
1258:February 13,
1256:. Retrieved
1246:
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1209:. Retrieved
1179:. Retrieved
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824:
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759:
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711:
707:
689:
685:
654:Joe H. Engle
648:piloted the
634:
621:spacecraft.
604:
601:Apollo–Soyuz
581:
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545:
541:
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518:Soviet Union
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499:
444:Independence
443:
407:
398:
380:to major in
363:
335:
308:
301:
297:
232:
231:
117:Space career
116:
29:
3428:NASA people
3298:1937 births
3258:Spaceflight
3101:Rhea Seddon
3096:David Scott
3091:Dick Scobee
3031:Ellen Ochoa
2976:Jack Lousma
2951:Scott Kelly
2926:James Irwin
2911:Susan Helms
2881:Gus Grissom
2806:Brian Duffy
2776:Pete Conrad
2741:Gene Cernan
2736:Gerald Carr
2641:Buzz Aldrin
2227:Dick Scobee
1950:January 27,
1802:January 22,
1652:February 2,
1605:"41-G (13)"
1579:February 5,
1211:January 16,
1181:January 21,
536:NASA career
449:A-4 Skyhawk
390:Tau Beta Pi
149:23d 13h 46m
18:Bob Crippen
3292:Categories
3181:John Young
3056:Sally Ride
2981:Jim Lovell
2946:Mark Kelly
2891:Fred Haise
2866:John Glenn
2262:John Young
2213:Ilan Ramon
2174:Jim Lovell
2148:John Glenn
1682:Facilities
1144:References
1095:Challenger
921:disaster.
919:Challenger
862:Challenger
854:Challenger
841:Challenger
803:Challenger
785:honey bees
760:Challenger
712:Challenger
680:John Young
650:Enterprise
461:California
302:Challenger
245:test pilot
219:Retirement
64:1937-09-11
3234:Biography
3207:Astronaut
2826:Joe Engle
2666:Alan Bean
2007:March 30,
1692:March 30,
1092:and
1066:from the
1053:Las Vegas
907:President
728:Indonesia
724:Palapa-B1
615:Saturn IB
283:(SMEAT),
253:astronaut
154:Selection
83:Education
3246:Aviation
3171:Ed White
2256:Ed White
2001:Archived
1714:July 17,
1686:Archived
1102:See also
1089:Atlantis
1017:(1986).
997:and the
843:disaster
827:STS-62-A
797:STS-41-G
791:STS-41-G
752:STS-41-C
746:STS-41-C
732:Canadarm
717:Canadian
690:Columbia
566:Skylab 4
562:Skylab 3
558:Skylab 2
356:(SETP).
304:disaster
273:STS-41-G
269:STS-41-C
184:STS-41-G
180:STS-41-C
168:Missions
3220:Portals
3190:Related
2634:Members
2559:Related
2275:Italics
1997:Workers
1024:, four
1013:of the
911:Thiokol
813:with a
720:Anik-C2
422:Florida
331:Florida
327:Thiokol
279:(MOL),
241:aviator
134:Captain
2428:Groups
1972:
1754:. AIAA
931:fellow
564:, and
346:fellow
98:Awards
77:, U.S.
3270:Texas
1944:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1647:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
1353:(PDF)
1205:(PDF)
1086:
847:SLC-6
831:SLC-6
811:Earth
704:STS-7
698:STS-7
671:STS-1
665:STS-1
619:Soyuz
522:China
453:VA-72
265:STS-7
257:STS-1
176:STS-7
172:STS-1
2045:IMDb
2009:2022
1970:ISBN
1952:2024
1917:2017
1891:2017
1869:2017
1829:2018
1804:2018
1782:2018
1760:2018
1738:2017
1716:2021
1694:2022
1654:2022
1617:2018
1581:2022
1524:2020
1502:2020
1480:2020
1455:2020
1433:2017
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1386:2020
1361:2020
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1301:2019
1260:2018
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1183:2018
656:and
644:and
586:and
520:and
500:The
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392:and
325:and
311:NASA
285:ASTP
239:and
130:Rank
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