38:
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is transmitted through the tracing paper, the light-sensitive coating converts to a stable blue or black dye. Where the India ink blocks the ultra-violet light the coating does not convert and remains soluble. The image can be seen forming. When a strong image is seen the frame is brought indoors to
919:
Pai, Damodar M.; Melnyk, Andrew R.; Weiss, David S.; Hann, Richard; Crooks, Walter; Pennington, Keith S.; Lee, Francis C.; Jaeger, C. Wayne; Titterington, Don R.; Lutz, Walter; Bräuninger, Arno; De
Brabandere, Luc; Claes, Frans; De Keyzer, Rene; Janssens, Wilhelmus; Potts, Rod. "Imaging Technology,
441:
for reproduction whenever needed. The tracing paper drawing is placed on top of the sensitized paper, and both are clamped under glass, in a daylight exposure frame, which is similar to a picture frame. The frame is put out into daylight, requiring a minute or two under a bright sun, or about ten
609:
1990 will only have paper blueprints, not digital. These originals have significant importance to the repair and alteration of constructions still in use, e.g. bridges, buildings, sewer systems, roads, railroads, etc., and sometimes in legal matters concerning the determination of, for example,
492:
Introduction of the blueprint process eliminated the expense of photolithographic reproduction or of hand-tracing of original drawings. By the later 1890s in
American architectural offices, a blueprint was one-tenth the cost of a hand-traced reproduction. The blueprint process is still used for
410:. The paper is impregnated with a solution of ammonium ferric citrate and dried. When the paper is illuminated, a photoreaction turns the trivalent ferric iron into divalent ferrous iron. The image is then developed using a solution of potassium ferricyanide forming insoluble ferroferricyanide (
592:
In the case of construction plans, such as road work or erecting a building, the supervising workers may view the "blueprints" directly on displays, rather than using printed paper sheets. These displays include mobile devices, such as
447:
stop the process. The unconverted coating is washed away, and the paper is then dried. The result is a copy of the original image with the clear background area rendered dark blue and the image reproduced as a white line.
604:
Many of the original paper blueprints are archived since they are still in use. In many situations their conversion to digital form is prohibitively expensive. Most buildings and roads constructed before
967:
581:
In most computer-aided design of parts to be machined, paper is avoided altogether, and the finished design is an image on the computer display. The computer-aided design program generates a
335:
in 1842. The process allowed rapid and accurate production of an unlimited number of copies. It was widely used for over a century for the reproduction of specification drawings used in
295:
601:. Software allows users to view and annotate electronic drawing files. Construction crews use software in the field to edit, share, and view blueprint documents in real-time.
971:
1739:
922:
1410:
251:
1380:
302:
1709:
414:) with the divalent iron. Excess ammonium ferric citrate and potassium ferricyanide are then washed away. The process is also known as
37:
542:
or bluelines. Other comparable dye-based prints were known as blacklines. Diazo prints remained in use until they were replaced by
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783:
709:
206:
42:
1861:
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Traditional blueprints became obsolete when less expensive printing methods and digital displays became available.
1028:
1984:
1405:
1052:
Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (November 1915). "Man And His
Machines: Electric Blue Printing Machine".
269:
500:
was sometimes used, but with time, the linen prints would shrink slightly. To combat this problem, printing on
906:
885:
864:
336:
1113:
1974:
1395:
585:
sequence from the approved design. The sequence is a computer file which will control the operation of the
845:(hardbound) (Second ed.). Morningside Heights, New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 214.
496:
Various base materials have been used for blueprints. Paper was a common choice; for more durable prints
1969:
1082:
1042:
288:
128:
1324:
1989:
582:
118:
31:
17:
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photocopiers. It has almost entirely been superseded by digital computer-aided construction drawings.
1148:
678:. Vol. 3 (Expo'70 ed.). Chicago: William Benton, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. p. 816.
619:
374:). Practising engineers, architects, and drafters often call them "drawings", "prints", or "plans".
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538:. This technique produces blue lines on a white background. The drawings are also called
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From Craft to
Profession: The Practice of Architecture in Nineteenth-Century America
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and industry. Blueprints were characterized by white lines on a blue background, a
161:
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103:
1370:
931:
421:
This is a simple process for the reproduction of any light transmitting document.
1948:
1888:
1799:
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1054:
899:
Blueprint to
Cyanotypes – Exploring a Historical Alternative Photographic Process
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the paper is soaked in liquid during processing, and minor distortions can occur
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property boundaries, or who owns (and/or is responsible for) a boundary wall.
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968:"Crain Construction grows its 80-year-old business with iOS, Android tablets"
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841:
Bridgwater, William; Sherwood, Elizabeth J., eds. (1950). "blueprint".
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the dark blue background makes it difficult to alter, thus preserving
458:
as it is a contact process, no large-field optical system is required
438:
426:
415:
565:
techniques came into use, the designs were printed directly using a
516:
1241:
422:
176:
27:
Document reproduction by contact printing on light-sensitive sheets
530:
In the early 1940s, cyanotype blueprint began to be supplanted by
343:
of the original. Color or shades of grey could not be reproduced.
1714:
1226:
570:
493:
special artistic and photographic effects, on paper and fabrics.
233:
1037:
442:
minutes under an overcast sky to complete the exposure. Where
1221:
550:
505:
497:
1097:
1246:
199:
557:. When large size xerography machines became available,
549:
Xerography is standard copy machine technology using
331:
process on light-sensitive sheets introduced by Sir
561:1975, they replaced the older printing methods. As
402:ferric compound. The best known is a process using
840:
346:The process is obsolete, largely displaced by the
1961:
820:. The Goodheart-Wilcox Company, Inc. p. 7.
815:
778:. The Goodheart-Wilcox Company, Inc. p. 4.
773:
481:the history of alterations recorded on the sheet
366:continues to be used informally to refer to any
986:
704:(6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007,
923:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
920:2. Copying and Nonimpact Printing Processes".
918:
1083:
296:
461:the reproduced document will have the same
1090:
1076:
303:
289:
816:C. Brown, Walter; K. Brown, Ryan (2011).
774:C. Brown, Walter; K. Brown, Ryan (2011).
1051:
818:Print Reading for Industry, 10th edition
776:Print Reading for Industry, 10th edition
667:
515:
389:
381:
377:
36:
1055:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
843:The Columbia Encyclopedia in One Volume
834:
478:a record of the approved specifications
14:
1962:
926:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–53.
1071:
880:University of California Press, 1999
207:Product and manufacturing information
398:The blueprint process is based on a
386:Architectural drawing, Germany, 1902
673:
394:Architectural drawing, Canada, 1936
353:process, and later by large-format
24:
1016:
965:
955:Blueprints replaced by whiteprints
450:This process has several features:
25:
2001:
701:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
1036:
1022:
674:Go., F. E. (1970). "Blueprint".
484:the references to other drawings
412:Prussian blue or Turnbull's blue
65:
959:
948:
912:
891:
870:
475:the approved drawing during use
433:; these were then traced on to
270:Outline of drawing and drawings
970:. tabtimes.com. Archived from
859:, John Wiley & Sons, 1999
857:Architectural Working Drawings
849:
809:
792:
767:
742:
717:
692:
511:
13:
1:
1114:Biological data visualization
1027:The dictionary definition of
932:10.1002/14356007.o13_o08.pub2
660:
606:
558:
994:"Construction Blueprint App"
504:and, later, polyester film (
7:
613:
129:Archaeological illustration
10:
2006:
1154:Mathematical visualization
897:Gary Fabbri, Malin Fabbri
754:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
583:computer numerical control
576:
119:Mechanical systems drawing
32:Blueprint (disambiguation)
29:
1832:
1702:
1566:
1520:
1444:
1343:
1312:
1305:
1212:
1149:Information visualization
1134:Educational visualization
1106:
620:Architectural reprography
1325:Charles-René de Fourcroy
1174:Scientific visualization
1101:of technical information
676:Encyclopædia Britannica
589:used to make the part.
404:ammonium ferric citrate
319:is a reproduction of a
114:Scientific illustration
46:-class destroyer escort
1985:Publications by format
1745:Christopher R. Johnson
1297:Technical illustration
1184:Software visualization
524:
429:drew their designs on
408:potassium ferricyanide
395:
387:
187:Technical illustration
49:
1639:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
1452:Edward Walter Maunder
1376:Charles Joseph Minard
1194:User interface design
1169:Product visualization
563:computer-aided design
519:
393:
385:
378:The blueprint process
82:Architectural drawing
40:
1919:Scientific modelling
1894:Information graphics
1634:Clifford A. Pickover
1584:William S. Cleveland
1492:Henry Norris Russell
1477:Howard G. Funkhouser
1421:Florence Nightingale
1386:Francis Amasa Walker
1282:Statistical graphics
1204:Volume visualization
1179:Social visualization
1045:at Wikimedia Commons
30:For other uses, see
1975:Non-impact printing
1899:Information science
1862:in computer science
1654:Sheelagh Carpendale
1589:George G. Robertson
1426:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
1361:André-Michel Guerry
1237:Graph of a function
1232:Engineering drawing
640:Heliographic copier
508:) was implemented.
455:the image is stable
325:engineering drawing
99:Engineering drawing
1970:1842 introductions
1939:Volume cartography
1703:Early 21st century
1599:Catherine Plaisant
1594:Bruce H. McCormick
1548:Mary Eleanor Spear
1538:Arthur H. Robinson
1472:Arthur Lyon Bowley
1445:Early 20th century
1292:Technical drawings
1164:Molecular graphics
1139:Flow visualization
1129:Data visualization
1000:. 15 December 2021
525:
444:ultra-violet light
396:
388:
109:Structural drawing
94:Electrical drawing
60:Technical drawings
50:
1990:Technical drawing
1957:
1956:
1934:Visual perception
1884:Graphic organizer
1857:Computer graphics
1828:
1827:
1810:Martin Wattenberg
1785:Hanspeter Pfister
1740:Martin Krzywinski
1664:Jock D. Mackinlay
1644:Thomas A. DeFanti
1567:Late 20th century
1487:Ejnar Hertzsprung
1189:Technical drawing
1041:Media related to
966:Singer, Michael.
855:Ralph W. Liebing
827:978-1-63126-051-3
785:978-1-63126-051-3
711:978-0-19-920687-2
650:Technical drawing
546:print processes.
370:(and by analogy,
321:technical drawing
313:
312:
157:Technical drawing
55:Part of series on
16:(Redirected from
1997:
1944:Volume rendering
1929:Visual analytics
1924:Spatial analysis
1904:Misleading graph
1755:David McCandless
1730:Gordon Kindlmann
1694:Alfred Inselberg
1689:Leland Wilkinson
1624:Michael Friendly
1558:Howard T. Fisher
1521:Mid 20th century
1462:W. E. B. Du Bois
1366:William Playfair
1356:Adolphe Quetelet
1330:Joseph Priestley
1313:Pre-19th century
1310:
1309:
1277:Skeletal formula
1144:Geovisualization
1119:Chemical imaging
1092:
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567:computer printer
560:
534:, also known as
502:imitation vellum
372:any type of plan
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298:
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162:Assembly drawing
104:Plumbing drawing
69:
52:
51:
41:Blueprint for a
21:
2005:
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1960:
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1949:Information art
1889:Imaging science
1834:
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1805:Fernanda Viégas
1800:Moritz Stefaner
1725:Jessica Hullman
1698:
1669:Alan MacEachren
1619:Ben Shneiderman
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1159:Medical imaging
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1017:Further reading
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888:, pages 239–240
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465:as the original
431:cartridge paper
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243:ANSI/ASME Y14.1
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182:Patent drawings
172:Cutaway diagram
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124:Working drawing
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35:
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1879:Graphic design
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1482:John B. Peddle
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1436:Francis Galton
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1431:Toussaint Loua
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1411:Georg von Mayr
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1401:Matthew Sankey
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1267:Sankey diagram
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1199:Visual culture
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974:on 22 May 2014
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400:photosensitive
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1909:Neuroimaging
1869:CPK coloring
1852:Color coding
1790:Hans Rosling
1770:Miriah Meyer
1735:Aaron Koblin
1720:Jeffrey Heer
1614:Edward Tufte
1609:Pat Hanrahan
1579:Nigel Holmes
1457:Otto Neurath
1396:Oliver Byrne
1344:19th century
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1842:Cartography
1780:Ade Olufeko
1750:Manuel Lima
1679:Kwan-Liu Ma
1604:Stuart Card
1574:Borden Dent
1512:Erwin Raisz
1467:Henry Gantt
759:February 6,
750:"Blueprint"
734:February 6,
725:"Blueprint"
635:Graph paper
595:smartphones
544:xerographic
536:whiteprints
512:Whiteprints
355:xerographic
1964:Categories
1765:John Maeda
1543:John Tukey
1507:Harry Beck
1502:Fritz Kahn
1252:Photograph
1043:Blueprints
907:141169838X
886:0520214943
865:0471348767
804:, WS: PSLC
661:References
655:Whiteprint
630:Floor plan
555:copy paper
540:blue-lines
521:Whiteprint
427:architects
368:floor plan
350:whiteprint
87:Floor plan
18:Blueprints
1847:Chartjunk
1815:Bang Wong
1710:Polo Chau
1416:John Snow
1391:John Venn
1272:Schematic
1257:Pictogram
1030:blueprint
625:Cyanotype
523:plan copy
439:India ink
423:Engineers
416:cyanotype
363:blueprint
360:The term
317:blueprint
224:Standards
152:Blueprint
1833:Related
1242:Ideogram
867:page 576
614:See also
341:negative
327:using a
264:See also
147:Sketches
76:By field
1715:Ben Fry
1227:Diagram
599:tablets
577:Digital
571:plotter
234:ISO 128
1835:topics
1306:People
1213:Image
1107:Fields
1062:: 113.
1004:9 June
978:21 May
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437:using
48:, 1944
44:Butler
1287:Table
1222:Chart
1215:types
551:toner
506:Mylar
498:linen
463:scale
141:Types
1262:Plot
1060:XXXI
1006:2022
998:HCSS
980:2014
936:ISBN
903:ISBN
882:ISBN
861:ISBN
822:ISBN
801:Blue
780:ISBN
761:2016
736:2016
706:ISBN
680:ISBN
425:and
406:and
252:ESKD
1247:Map
928:doi
597:or
569:or
553:on
323:or
230:INT
200:CAD
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