251:
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299:, conceptualized and operationalized by Shree Aniruddha Upasana Foundation, Mumbai, India, supports education for the blind in an affectionate and unique way. The bank records the study curriculum in 12 languages like English, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Tamil, Kannada, Bengali, Malayalam, Telugu, and Sanskrit by the people who are well versed in their own mother tongue. To date, the recorded CDs have made a difference in the lives of blind people in almost 26 states of India and a few regions of neighbouring Pakistan too. The bank maintains high quality and standard of the CDs by regular and diligent verification.
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274:) were said by some to be difficult to learn and cumbersome to use, and so (DOT CODES) were either newly created or imported from well-established schools in Europe. Though New York Point was widely accepted for a time, Braille has since emerged the victor in what some blindness historians have dubbed "the War of the Dots".
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attended Haüy's school in 1819 and later taught there. He soon became determined to fashion a system of reading and writing that could bridge the critical gap in communication between the sighted and the blind. In his own words: "Access to communication in the widest sense is access to knowledge, and
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The more respected residential schools were staffed by competent teachers who kept abreast of the latest developments in educational theory. While some of their methods seem archaic by today's standards - particularly where their
Vocational Training options are concerned - their efforts did pave the
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The captain's code turned out to be too complex to use in its original military form, but it inspired
Braille to develop a system of his own. Braille worked tirelessly on his ideas, and his system was largely completed by 1824, when he was just fifteen years of age. From Barbier's night writing, he
294:
An estimated 253 million people live with vision impairment: 36 million are blind and 217 million have moderate to severe vision impairment in the world with nearly 80 lakhs in India itself out of which number of blind students is close to 30 lakhs. As per the law of nature, when one sensory organ
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In 1889 the
Edgerton Commission published a report that recommended that the blind should receive compulsory education from the age of 5–16 years. The law was finally passed in 1893, as an element of the broader Elementary Education Act. This act ensured that blind people up to the age of 16 years
43:
in asylums has a history extending back over a thousand years, but it was not until the 18th century that authorities created schools for them where blind children, particularly those more privileged, were usually educated in such specialized settings. These institutions provided simple vocational
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Most blind and visually impaired students now attend their neighborhood schools, often aided in their educational pursuits by regular teachers of academics and by a team of professionals who train them in alternative skills: Orientation and
Mobility (O and M) training - instruction in independent
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that is vitally important for us if we are not to go on being despised or patronized by condescending sighted people. We do not need pity, nor do we need to be reminded we are vulnerable. We must be treated as equals – and communication is the way this can be brought about."
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travel - is usually taught by contractors educated in that area, as is
Braille. Blind children may also need special training in understanding spatial concepts, and in self-care, as they are often unable to learn visually and through imitation as other children do.
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established by the French monarch for soldiers who had lost their sight. Applicants had to be both blind and poor and they received 24 sous a day for their food and clothing. Some of the residents produced craft work but they received no formal instruction.
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The early 20th century saw a handful of blind students enrolled in their neighborhood schools, with special educational supports. Most still attended residential institutions, but that number dropped steadily as the years wore on - especially after the
96:
as the School for the
Instruction of the Indigent Blind in 1791. It taught the blind children skills in manual crafts although there was no formal education as such. Other institutions set up at that time were: the School for the Indigent Blind in
52:
The
Ancient Egyptians were the first civilisation to display an interest in the causes and cures for disabilities and during some periods blind people are recorded as representing a substantial portion of the poets and musicians in society. In the
145:, in February 1785. Building on the philanthropic spinning workshop for the blind, the institution of Blind Children was dedicated on 26 December 1786. Its purpose was to educate students and teach them manual work: spinning, and letterpress.
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founded in 1838 a general education was seen as the ideal that would contribute the most to the prosperity of the blind. Educator Thomas Lucas introduced the Lucas Type, an early form of embossed text different from the
Braille system.
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The 1880s also saw the introduction of compulsory elementary education for the Blind throughout the United States. (However, most states of the United States did not pass laws specifically making elementary education compulsory
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A combination of necessary training tailored to the unique needs of each student and solid academics goes a long way towards producing blind and visually impaired students capable of dealing with the world independently.
180:" was a code of dots and dashes impressed into thick paper. These impressions could be interpreted entirely by the fingers, letting soldiers share information on the battlefield without having light or needing to speak.
188:, and by the second edition in 1837 had discarded the dashes because they were too difficult to read. Crucially, Braille's smaller cells were capable of being recognized as letters with a single touch of a finger.
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and adaptive training, as well as grounding in academic subjects offered through alternative formats. Literature, for example, was being made available to blind students by way of embossed Roman letters.
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does not function in human body, the other sensory organs become more active to compensate for the defect. In the case of blind persons, hearing and touch are very active and play an important role.
128:; he was his first student. He developed a method of raised letters, to teach Lesueur to read, and compose sentences. He made rapid progress, and Haüy announced the success, in September 1784 in the
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The first school with a focus on proper education was the
Yorkshire School for the Blind in England. Established in 1835, it taught arithmetic, reading and writing, while at the school of the
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innovated by simplifying its form and maximizing its efficiency. He made uniform columns for each letter, and he reduced the twelve raised dots to six. He published his system
327:, many students are also taught to use their remaining sight to maximum effect, so that some read print (with or without optical aids) and travel without canes.
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has included evolving approaches and public perceptions of how best to address the special needs of blind students. The practice of institutionalizing the
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are depicted on tomb walls. They were not exclusively interested in the causes and cures for blindness but also the social care of the individual.
31:(c. 2040–1640 BCE) blind harpists are depicted on tomb walls. They represented a significant proportion of the poets and musicians in society.
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120:. Haüy's impulse to help the blind began when he witnessed the blind being mocked during a religious street festival. In May 1784, at
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168:. The letter "W" is not part of the French alphabet, and was only appended to the additional letters with diacritics.
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in 1765, but the first school anywhere, to expressly teach the blind was set up by Edward
Rushton in
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Children from the Sunderland Council Blind School using touch to identify different creatures at
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With the help of the Philanthropic Society Haüy founded the Institute for Blind Youth, the
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Another important institution at the time was the General Institution for the Blind at
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was adopted into common use as a mobility tool and symbol of blindness in the 1930s.
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Blindness Information Site from the Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired
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were entitled to an Elementary-Level Education as well as to Vocational Training.
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The Blind: Their Condition and the Work Being Done for Them in the United States
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way for the education and integration of blind students in the 20th century.
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219:(1847), which included training for industrial jobs alongside a more general
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Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
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Since only ten percent of those registered as legally blind have no usable
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A main building of the School of the Blind from the late 19th century in
655:"Number of blind people in India comes down from 1.20 crore to 80 lakh"
566:. Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB). 2010. Archived from
484:"Into the archive at the Royal School for the Blind – History of Place"
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In 1821, Braille learned of a communication system devised by Captain
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Waikiki-Kapahulu Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in
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434:", Margret A. Winzer", p. 463, Gallaudet University Press, 1993,
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270:- had gained favor among educators as embossed letters (such as
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Georgia Academy for the Blind, Macon, Georgia, US, circa 1876
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and was called the College for the Blind Sons of Gentlemen.
223:. The first school for blind adults was founded in 1866 at
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365:, a TV series for educating children about blind people
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The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol III,
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Asylums for the Industrious Blind were established in
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and the Asylum and School for the Indigent Blind at
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735:"Education of the Physically Handicapped"
630:, Harry Best, p372, The Macmillan Company, 1919
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454:", Arthur H. Shapiro, p. 152, Routledge, 2000,
746:This article has a section on blind children.
209:London Society for Teaching the Blind to Read
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16:Education of students with vision impairment
76:An early institution for the blind was the
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727:History of Reading Codes for the Blind
473:(1847), London, Charles Knight, p.426.
262:By this time, reading codes - chiefly
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143:Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles
114:Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles
709:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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641:"Vision impairment and blindness"
542:"Louis Braille: A Brief Overview"
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703:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
680:"Aniruddha's Bank for the Blind"
432:The history of special education
341:Category:Blindness organizations
78:Hospital Royal des Quinze Vingts
72:Early institutions for the blind
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176:of the French Army. Barbier's "
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346:Category:Schools for the blind
297:Aniruddha's Bank for The Blind
290:Aniruddha's Bank for The Blind
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697:Stadelman, Joseph M. (1913).
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544:. Association Valentin Haüy
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164:Alphabet chart for English
116:was established in 1784 by
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732:Thomas E. Finegan (1920).
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136:French Academy of Sciences
124:, he met a young beggar,
564:"Who was Louis Braille?"
540:Marsan, Colette (2009).
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765:Education for the blind
192:Education for the blind
37:blindness and education
741:Encyclopedia Americana
521:Olmstrom, pp. 161–162.
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682:. 24 November 2015.
606:Farrell, pp. 96–97.
247:until after 1900.)
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452:Everybody belongs
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385:References
284:white cane
221:curriculum
217:Birmingham
272:Moon type
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361:Nicholas
335:See also
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186:in 1829
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