1827:
1535:
54:. Similarly, economists testing hypotheses relating to the wine market have used the technique in their research. Some blinded trials among wine consumers have indicated that people can find nothing in a wine's aroma or taste to distinguish between ordinary and pricey brands. Academic research on blinded wine tastings have also cast doubt on the ability of professional tasters to judge wines consistently.
268:, a luxury good for which the demand increases as the price increases. Unlike with common goods, where demand goes up when the price goes down, Veblen goods, such as diamonds, mechanical watches, perfume and wines are more desirable for consumers when the price is higher. Consumer perceive Veblen goods as better quality, exclusive and associate them with status or special occasions.
91:
are told that it is inexpensive. French researcher Frédéric
Brochet "submitted a mid-range Bordeaux in two different bottles, one labeled as a cheap table wine, the other bearing a grand cru etiquette." Tasters described the supposed grand cru as "woody, complex, and round" and the supposed cheap wine as "short, light, and faulty."
195:
wine competition in 2005 with a proposal. In the course of their routine duties, he would sometimes present the judges with samples from the same bottle three times without their knowledge. The judges were among the top experts in the
American wine industry: winemakers, sommeliers, critics and buyers
202:
in 2008 and '09. Hodgson continued to analyze the results of wine competitions across the state and found that the medals awarded for wine excellence "were distributed at random". Although he concedes that "there are individual expert tasters with exceptional abilities", the objective evaluation of
90:
as well as the strong effects of expectancies. For example, people expect more expensive wine to have more desirable characteristics than less expensive wine. When given wine that they are falsely told is expensive they virtually always report it as tasting better than the very same wine when they
224:
students to test two glasses of wine: one red, one white. The participants described the red as "jammy" and commented on its crushed red fruit. The participants failed to recognize that both wines were from the same bottle. The only difference was that one had been colored red with a flavorless
175:
that questioned the statistical interpretation of the results of the 1976 Judgment of Paris. The authors noted that a "side-by-side chart of best-to-worst rankings of 18 wines by a roster of experienced tasters showed about as much consistency as a table of random numbers," and reinterpreted the
176:
data, altering the results slightly, using a formula that they argued was more statistically valid (and less conclusive). Quandt’s later paper "On Wine
Bullshit" poked fun at the seemingly random strings of adjectives that often accompanied experts' published wine ratings. More recent work by
184:, and other economists and behavioral scientists has shown high variability and inconsistency both within and between blind tasters; and little correlation has been found between price and preference, even among wine experts, in tasting settings in which labels and prices have been concealed.
145:
according to the judges, a result which would have been unlikely in a non-blind contest. These results were both highly controversial and influential. The event had a revolutionary impact on expanding the production and prestige of wine in the New World. They also "gave the French a valuable
70:
shape. Informal tastings may simply conceal the bottles in a plain paper bag. More exacting competitions or evaluations utilize more stringent procedures, including safeguards against cheating. For example, the wine may be tasted from a black wine glass to mask the
102:, vintage, color, and many other factors. For example, when Brochet served a white wine he received all the usual descriptions: "fresh, dry, honeyed, lively." Later he served the same wine dyed red and received the usual red terms: "intense, spicy, supple, deep."
261:. In a wine tasting experiment using 400 participants, Wiseman found that general members of the public were unable to distinguish expensive wines from inexpensive ones. "People just could not tell the difference between cheap and expensive wine."
146:
incentive to review traditions that were sometimes more accumulations of habit and expediency, and to reexamine convictions that were little more than myths taken on trust." (The
Judgment of Paris was described in the 2005 book
196:
as well as wine consultants and academics. The results were "disturbing"... "Over the years he has shown again and again that even trained, professional palates are terrible at judging wine." The results were published in the
285:, in which all who passed the blind-tasting portion and attained the MS title subsequently lost it when the Court learned one of its members had tipped some candidates off as to some of the wines being tasted.
50:
as they apply to the ability of wine drinkers (both wine professionals and ordinary consumers) to identify and characterize the extraordinary variety of compounds that contribute to a wine’s
475:
241:. The contest is built on the simple theory that if people don't know what they are drinking, they award points differently than if they do know what they are drinking.
181:
532:
423:
The Day
California Wines Came of Age: Much to France's Chagrin: a Blind Taste Test 25 Years Ago in Paris inadvertently launched California's fine wine industry
749:
191:
noticed that the results of wine competitions were surprisingly inconsistent. With some expertise in statistics, Hodgson approached the organizers of the
237:
invited people to taste wines labeled "France", "California", "Texas", and while nearly all ranked the French as best, in fact, all three were the same
83:
A taster's judgment can be prejudiced by knowing details of a wine, such as geographic origin, price, reputation, color, or other considerations.
282:
381:
506:
1761:
42:
or in the evaluation of a sommelier for professional certification. More recently wine scientists (physiologists, psychologists,
586:
449:
1583:
357:
636:
619:
602:
845:
763:
820:
1134:
1301:
95:
1787:
731:
1867:
1792:
203:
large numbers of wines as currently attempted at wine competitions is, he asserts, "beyond human ability".
258:
1712:
1679:
1508:
1802:
1692:
198:
1872:
1797:
1576:
1518:
1447:
1339:
940:
923:
122:
116:
1687:
1060:
896:
719:
234:
121:
Perhaps the most famous instance of blind testing of professional wine tasters was the so-called
334:
26:
undertaken in circumstances in which the tasters are kept unaware of the wines' identities. The
1550:
1473:
918:
217:
1862:
1488:
1257:
901:
277:
192:
1139:
891:
38:
and others) who wish to ensure impartiality in the judgment of the quality of wine during
8:
1717:
1669:
1569:
813:
703:
1119:
397:
46:
and others) have used blinded tastings to explore the objective parameters of the human
1857:
1707:
1212:
686:
555:
498:
533:"Do More Expensive Wines Taste Better? Evidence from a large sample of blind tastings"
1661:
1608:
1192:
930:
678:
670:
582:
577:
The Wine Trials: 175 wines under $ 15 that beat $ 50-150 bottles in blind taste tests
575:
502:
445:
168:
164:
1129:
690:
1452:
1379:
1242:
1144:
736:
707:
662:
559:
547:
490:
320:
316:
138:
126:
47:
39:
27:
1807:
1628:
1545:
1331:
1159:
1094:
1037:
1000:
880:
254:
177:
151:
653:
Morrot, Gil; Brochet, Frédéric; Dubourdieu, Denis (2001). "The Color of Odors".
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1309:
1207:
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990:
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935:
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806:
382:
Chemical Object
Representation in the Field of Consciousness – Frédéric Brochet
62:
Blind tasting, at a minimum, involves denying taster(s) the ability to see the
1702:
551:
494:
1851:
1826:
1727:
1636:
1534:
1442:
1437:
1114:
906:
674:
427:
188:
1513:
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1032:
985:
768:
682:
666:
250:
156:
142:
43:
23:
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304:
1831:
1782:
1745:
1539:
1394:
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1282:
1047:
978:
837:
338:
265:
67:
31:
1164:
1735:
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1089:
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1027:
1015:
1005:
963:
789:
779:
238:
134:
72:
63:
1084:
603:"An Examination of Judge Reliability at a major U.S. Wine Competition"
16:
Wine tasting in which the tasters are unaware of the wines' identities
1613:
1503:
1483:
1419:
1399:
1389:
1349:
1287:
1169:
1109:
1010:
855:
35:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1237:
1217:
1184:
1149:
995:
958:
870:
865:
850:
253:, but not peer reviewed, taste test was conducted in 2011 by Prof.
221:
1079:
1812:
1618:
1369:
1222:
1197:
1124:
860:
94:
Similarly, people have expectations about wines because of their
87:
973:
620:"An Analysis of the Concordance Among 13 U.S. Wine Competitions"
335:"Expensive and inexpensive wines taste the same, research shows"
302:
1777:
1740:
1364:
1252:
1247:
130:
129:
held in 1976 wherein the French judges blind-tested wines from
99:
764:"Expensive wine and cheap plonk taste the same to most people"
720:
Expensive and inexpensive wines taste the same, research shows
1561:
1277:
1232:
1202:
51:
732:
5 Research-Backed
Reasons Expensive Wine Isn't Always Better
829:
785:
798:
652:
574:
750:The Wiseman ‘Study’ – cheap versus expensive wine
473:
351:
349:
347:
187:Robert Hodgson, a California vintner and retired
1849:
572:
530:
344:
206:
110:
86:Scientific research has long demonstrated the
1577:
814:
643:, Vol. 4; Issue 02 (Winter 2009), pp 233-241.
391:
389:
609:, Vol. 3; Issue 02 (Winter 2008), pp 105-113
303:Ashenfelter, Orley; Richard Quandt (1999).
283:2018 Master Sommelier exam cheating scandal
1584:
1570:
821:
807:
722:Maroulla Georgiou, phys.org April 15, 2011
566:
386:
355:
524:
228:
784:
626:, Vol. 4; Issue 01 (Spring 2009), pp 1-9
305:"Analyzing a Wine Tasting Statistically"
1762:Clarification and stabilization of wine
467:
1850:
761:
637:"How Expert are "Expert" Wine Judges?"
395:
1565:
802:
783:
296:
105:
264:Expensive wines are an example of a
30:is routine for wine professionals (
13:
704:Liquid Assets - A fair competition
356:Derbyshire, David (22 June 2013).
14:
1884:
846:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
358:"Wine-tasting: it's junk science"
171:published a paper in the journal
88:power of suggestion in perception
1825:
1533:
396:Downey, Roger (9 October 2006).
755:
743:
725:
713:
697:
629:
612:
595:
154:and depicted in the 2008 movie
1591:
455:
434:
415:
375:
327:
321:10.1080/09332480.1999.10542152
216:In 2001, researchers from the
1:
1788:Glossary of viticulture terms
762:Sample, Ian (14 April 2011).
289:
244:
211:
1793:Glossary of winemaking terms
137:. Against all expectations,
57:
7:
752:Jamie Goode, April 27, 2011
661:(2). Elsevier BV: 309–320.
271:
259:University of Hertfordshire
233:For six years (1999-2005),
207:Non-professionals/consumers
111:Professional tasting judges
10:
1889:
1713:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
474:Quandt, Richard E (2007).
114:
1821:
1803:History of the wine press
1770:
1754:
1726:
1693:Sparkling wine production
1678:
1660:
1627:
1599:
1527:
1466:
1428:
1323:
1300:
1183:
1070:
1058:
951:
879:
836:
796:
641:Journal of Wine Economics
624:Journal of Wine Economics
607:Journal of Wine Economics
573:Goldstein, Robin (2010).
552:10.1017/S1931436100000523
540:Journal of Wine Economics
531:Goldstein, Robin (2008).
495:10.1017/S1931436100000389
483:Journal of Wine Economics
199:Journal of Wine Economics
78:
1798:Wine tasting descriptors
1519:Wine tasting descriptors
1448:Phenolic content in wine
1340:Alternative wine closure
924:Great French Wine Blight
828:
461:Ashenfelter and Quandt,
249:Another well-publicized
235:Texas A&M University
117:Judgment of Paris (wine)
1688:Malolactic fermentation
220:asked 54 undergraduate
667:10.1006/brln.2001.2493
444:. NY: Scribner, 2005.
229:Geographic origin bias
218:University of Bordeaux
1489:Wine and food pairing
581:. New York: Workman.
278:Judgment of Princeton
193:California State Fair
115:Further information:
1140:Muscat of Alexandria
635:Hodgson, Robert T.,
618:Hodgson, Robert T.,
333:Georgiou, Maroulla,
20:Blinded wine tasting
1868:Wine-related events
1718:Yeast in winemaking
1670:Carbonic maceration
601:Hodgson, Robert T.
398:"Wine snob scandal"
180:, Hilke Plassmann,
1708:Traditional method
1509:Wine personalities
1213:Cabernet Sauvignon
655:Brain and Language
476:"On Wine Bullshit"
106:Historical results
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1609:Late harvest wine
1559:
1558:
1296:
1295:
1193:Alicante Bouschet
941:Judgment of Paris
588:978-1-6081-6007-5
450:978-0-7432-4751-1
442:Judgment of Paris
440:Taber, George M.
421:Peterson, Thane.
341:(April 15, 2011).
169:Orley Ashenfelter
165:Richard E. Quandt
148:Judgment of Paris
123:Judgment of Paris
96:geographic origin
40:wine competitions
1880:
1830:
1829:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1538:
1537:
1453:Proteins in wine
1120:Grüner Veltliner
1068:
1067:
823:
816:
809:
800:
799:
781:
780:
774:
773:
759:
753:
747:
741:
737:Business Insider
729:
723:
717:
711:
710:, April 8, 2005.
708:Austin Chronicle
701:
695:
694:
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599:
593:
592:
580:
570:
564:
563:
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521:
519:
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505:. Archived from
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432:
419:
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408:
393:
384:
379:
373:
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342:
331:
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324:
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139:California wines
127:wine competition
48:olfactory system
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1873:Product testing
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:Wine portal
1824:
1817:
1808:History of wine
1766:
1750:
1722:
1674:
1656:
1637:Deacidification
1623:
1595:
1590:
1560:
1555:
1540:Wine portal
1532:
1523:
1462:
1424:
1329:
1319:
1292:
1179:
1160:Sauvignon blanc
1095:Cayetana blanca
1063:
1061:grape varieties
1054:
947:
875:
832:
827:
792:
778:
777:
760:
756:
748:
744:
730:
726:
718:
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571:
567:
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529:
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513:
512:on 4 March 2016
509:
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332:
328:
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255:Richard Wiseman
247:
231:
214:
209:
178:Robin Goldstein
152:George M. Taber
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81:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1732:
1730:
1724:
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1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Sugars in wine
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1647:Chaptalization
1644:
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1486:
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1476:
1474:Classification
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1458:Sugars in wine
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1430:Wine chemistry
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Wine dispenser
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
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1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
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1347:
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1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:Cabernet Franc
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1175:Welschriesling
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:Müller-Thurgau
1127:
1122:
1117:
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1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1065:
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1021:
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982:
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976:
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949:
948:
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944:
943:
933:
928:
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909:
904:
899:
897:Ancient Greece
894:
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858:
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842:
840:
834:
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754:
742:
740:, July 2, 2014
724:
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645:
628:
611:
594:
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466:
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402:Seattle Weekly
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182:Robert Hodgson
112:
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80:
77:
59:
56:
28:blind approach
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Acids in wine
1441:
1439:
1438:Aroma of wine
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
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1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1302:Major regions
1299:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1258:Montepulciano
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
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431:, 8 May 2001.
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44:food chemists
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25:
21:
1863:Wine tasting
1823:
1680:Fermentation
1531:
1514:Wine tasting
1135:Muscat blanc
1105:Chenin blanc
902:Ancient Rome
769:The Guardian
767:
757:
745:
735:
734:Libby Kane,
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514:. Retrieved
507:the original
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405:. Retrieved
401:
377:
365:. Retrieved
362:The Guardian
361:
329:
315:(3): 16–20.
312:
308:
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263:
251:double-blind
248:
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215:
197:
186:
172:
162:
157:Bottle Shock
155:
147:
143:French wines
120:
93:
85:
82:
61:
32:wine tasters
24:wine tasting
19:
18:
1783:Wine bottle
1755:Other steps
1746:Wine cellar
1703:Süssreserve
1395:Wine cellar
1385:Wine bottle
1326:accessories
1324:Packaging,
1283:Tempranillo
912:Noah's wine
892:Phoenicians
838:Viticulture
339:PhysOrg.com
266:Veblen good
68:wine bottle
1852:Categories
1662:Maceration
1652:Wine press
1642:Destemming
1593:Winemaking
1499:Wine fraud
1494:Wine fault
1479:Oenophilia
1415:Wine label
1410:Wine glass
1375:Port tongs
1273:Sangiovese
1268:Pinot noir
1228:Douce noir
1155:Rkatsiteli
1100:Chardonnay
1090:Catarratto
1064:by acreage
1038:Biodynamic
1001:Aromatized
790:winemaking
546:(1): 1–9.
407:5 February
367:5 February
290:References
245:Price bias
239:Texas wine
212:Color bias
135:California
64:wine label
36:sommeliers
1858:Gustation
1614:Noble rot
1504:Winemaker
1484:Sommelier
1420:Wine rack
1400:Wine cork
1390:Wine cave
1380:Screw cap
1350:Corkscrew
1315:New World
1310:Old World
1288:Zinfandel
1263:Mourvèdre
1170:Trebbiano
1110:Colombard
1011:Noble rot
991:Fortified
969:Sparkling
936:New World
675:0093-934X
503:170562491
163:In 1999,
58:Technique
1629:Pressing
1551:Glossary
1467:Industry
1360:Jug wine
1355:Decanter
1345:Box wine
1243:Isabella
1238:Grenache
1218:Carignan
1165:Sémillon
1150:Riesling
1145:Palomino
888:Ancient
871:Vineyard
866:Veraison
851:Oenology
691:10002492
683:11712849
516:5 August
463:Op. cit.
272:See also
222:oenology
100:producer
1813:Terroir
1771:Related
1619:Vintage
1601:Harvest
1546:Outline
1370:Muselet
1332:storage
1223:Cinsaut
1198:Barbera
1125:Macabeo
1085:Aligoté
1043:Organic
1033:Natural
986:Dessert
931:Georgia
881:History
861:Terroir
856:Species
560:2491510
257:of the
141:bested
1778:Winery
1741:Solera
1365:Kvevri
1253:Merlot
1248:Malbec
1048:Kosher
1024:Other
979:Orange
952:Styles
919:France
706:, The
689:
681:
673:
585:
558:
501:
448:
309:Chance
173:Chance
131:France
79:Biases
1728:Aging
1278:Syrah
1233:Gamay
1203:Bobal
1115:Glera
1080:Airén
1072:White
1028:Table
1016:Straw
1006:Fruit
964:White
907:China
786:Wines
687:S2CID
556:S2CID
536:(PDF)
510:(PDF)
499:S2CID
489:(2).
479:(PDF)
225:dye.
73:color
52:aroma
1330:and
1059:Top
974:Rosé
830:Wine
788:and
679:PMID
671:ISSN
583:ISBN
518:2016
446:ISBN
409:2020
369:2020
167:and
133:and
125:, a
1736:Oak
1185:Red
996:Ice
959:Red
663:doi
548:doi
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317:doi
160:.)
150:by
66:or
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