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240:(PUV) is an obstruction at the level of the urethra. It occurs in approximately 1 in every 5000 to 8000 live births and only occurs in males. Since PUV always affects both sides of the urinary tract, patients with posterior urethral valves are at the greatest risk for developing chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease due to obstructive uropathy.
211:
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ obstruction) is an obstruction at the level of the ureter and renal pelvis. It is the most common cause of hydronephrosis detected in utero and is the most common anomaly detected on prenatal ultrasounds. It occurs in approximately 1 in every 1500 live births,
228:
Ureterovesicular junction obstruction (UVJ obstruction) is an obstruction at the level of the ureter and bladder. It accounts for 20% of cases of hydronephrosis detected in utero. It is also most commonly seen in males and involved both sides of the urinary tract in approximately 25% of cases.
359:(the Center of Excellence in Pediatric Nephrology and Urology, Ichikawa as the Principal Investigator) show that anomalies of the kidney, and the other parts of urinary tract in newborns are always found concurrently due to mechanisms shared by these organs during their embryonic development.
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is a cystic dilation of the end of the ureter that can occur in the bladder and/or in the urethra. It occurs in approximately 1 in every 5000 live births, is most commonly seen in females and involves both ides of the urinary tract in approximately half of cases.
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the obstruction occurs, including upper urinary tract obstruction and lower urinary tract obstruction. Depending on the location of the obstruction, one or both sides of the urinary tract will be involved. In approximately 50% of cases of congenital
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The term, Congenital
Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT), was coined under the collaboration of pediatric nephrologists (child kidney disease experts) and pediatric urologists (child urinary tract experts) of the Laboratory of
178:. Older children and adults can also experience bladder outlet obstruction; however, this process is usually reversible and isn't associated with as many poor outcomes as in infants with congenital bladder outlet obstruction.
170:. This process of decreased flow of urine through the urinary tract can begin as early as during intrauterine life and it prevents normal development of fetal kidneys and fetal urine. Low levels of fetal urine leads to low
307:(or Eagle-Barrett syndrome) is another group of congenital disorders that involves the kidneys and includes absent abdominal wall musculature, severe urinary tract abnormalities and bilateral undescended testicles.
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If patients aren't diagnosed with dilation of their urinary tract via ultrasound in utero, they can present after birth with vague symptoms such as abdominal pain, blood in their urine or a urinary tract infection.
585:
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Nishimura, H; Yerkes, E; Hohenfellner, K; Miyazaki, Y; Ma, J; Hunley, T E; Yoshida, H; Ichiki, T; Thredgill, D; Phillips III, J A; Hogan, B M; Fogo, A; Brock III, J W; Inagami, T; Ichikawa, I (Jan 1999).
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and decreased amniotic fluid levels. If dilation of the fetal urinary tract is suspected during pregnancy, an ultrasound of the infant's kidneys and bladder should be obtained after birth.
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Patients with an undiagnosed ureteropelvic junction obstruction may experience abdominal or flank pain after increased fluid intake, when their bladder is full or when they exercise.
652:"How they begin and how they end: classic and new theories for the development and deterioration of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT"
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If patients have other congenital anomalies, their bladder outlet obstruction may be recognized during evaluation for their related syndromes. For example,
32:
343:). CAKUT is the most common cause of birth defects, occurring in 1 out of 1000 live births, and accounts for approximately half of all cases of
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510:. Skorecki, Karl,, Chertow, Glenn M.,, Marsden, Philip A.,, Taal, Maarten W.,, Yu, Alan S. L. (Tenth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 2015-10-28.
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is most commonly seen in males, involves the left ureter twice as often as the right ureter. UPJ obstruction is transient in most cases.
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195:, there is no known cause. In many cases, obstruction along the urinary tract in utero leads to some form of CAKUT mentioned above.
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676:"Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor gene in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT, of mice and men"
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is a constellation of congenital anomalies including vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal and limb defects.
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Malformation of kidney or bladder architecture. A dysplastic kidney is typically small for age and may contain cysts. A
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Kidneys that are small for age but still have normal renal architecture. This leads to a decrease in the number of
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Bladder outlet obstruction is included in the spectrum of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (
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in an article published in 1999. Their preceding studies in both animals and humans supported by a grant from
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Urethral stenosis is a narrowing of the urethra that prevents urine from exiting the bladder.
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Lower urinary tract obstruction involves the lower ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra.
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BOO, bladder outlet blockage, infravesical urinary obstruction, obstructive uropathy
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Pope IV, J C; Brock III, J W; Adams, M C; Stephens, F D; Ichikawa, I (Sep 1999).
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Upper urinary tract obstruction includes the renal pelvis and upper ureters.
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CAKUT can be classified by the degree and type of malformation as follows:
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166:. Decreased flow of urine leads to swelling of the urinary tract, called
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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Kher, Kanwal K.; William
Schnaper, H.; Greenbaum, Larry A. (2016).
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Bladder outlet obstruction is classified based on where along the
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Kidneys and ureters located in incorrect position, including
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Dilation of the renal pelvis, ureters, or both. Also called
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Congenital
Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT)
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Bladder outlet obstruction can be identified during routine
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400:
611:"Primary bladder neck obstruction in men and women"
323:Bladder neck obstruction is a condition where the
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150:) occurs when urine is unable to flow from the
46:Please review the contents of the article and
654:. Journal of American Society of Nephrology.
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538:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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48:add the appropriate references
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692:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80169-0
469:Clinical pediatric nephrology
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395:multicystic dysplastic kidney
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327:does not open enough during
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62:"Bladder outlet obstruction"
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560:Avner, Ellis (2016-04-08).
471:(3rd ed.). CRC Press.
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33:reliable medical references
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564:(7th ed.). Springer.
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176:incomplete lung maturation
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421:and ectopic ureters.
413:Anomalies of position
562:Pediatric nephrology
305:Prune belly syndrome
295:Associated syndromes
148:obstructive uropathy
301:VACTERL association
286:Postnatal diagnosis
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621:(Suppl 8): S12–7.
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742:MedlinePlus
686:(1): 1–10.
319:Terminology
250:ureterocele
244:Ureterocele
174:levels and
134:Other names
31:needs more
774:Nephrology
763:Categories
595:2018-11-04
586:"UpToDate"
437:References
73:newspapers
534:cite book
526:921886335
389:Dysplasia
265:Diagnosis
700:10024874
660:10477156
637:16985885
615:Rev Urol
425:See also
383:nephrons
628:1477631
371:Aplasia
366:Aplasia
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164:urethra
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156:ureters
152:kidneys
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