119:
161:
461:
144:
475:
446:
A pseudo-melanistic leopard has a normal background color, but the spots are more densely packed than normal, and merge to obscure the golden-brown background color. Any spots on the flanks and limbs that have not merged into the mass of swirls and stripes are unusually small and discrete, rather
426:
is uncertain. Therefore, coordinated breeding programs for black leopards do not exist in
European and North American zoos. Black leopards occupy space needed for breeding endangered leopard subspecies and are not included within the North American
371:
Frequency of melanism appears to be approximately 11% over the leopard's range. Data on the distribution of leopard populations indicates that melanism occurs in five subspecies in the wild: the Indian leopard, Javan leopard, African leopard,
907:
Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Barker, J.; Dahal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S.; Singh, G. R. (2013). "High elevation record of a leopard cat in the
Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal".
981:
Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Shahruddin, W. N. W.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Near fixation of melanism in panthers of the Malay
Peninsula".
1499:
403:
under certain conditions since it is more common in regions of dense forest, where light levels are lower. Preliminary studies also suggest that melanism might be linked to beneficial mutations in the
1046:
Ario, A.; Supian; Hidayat, E.; Hidayatullah, R.; Rustiadi, A.; Gunawan, A.; Triprajawan, T.; Sopian, I.; Zatnika, R. R.; Yusup, D. M.; Hindrayani, W.; Mulyanto, A. & Iskandar, D. (2018).
1609:
1085:
Da Silva, L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017).
1718:
964:
514:, 104 records of jaguars were obtained between 2010 and 2019; 26 of them showed melanistic jaguars. In eastern Panama, black jaguars were repeatedly photographed in the
640:
306:
in 2007; in 2018, a female subadult black leopard was repeatedly recorded together with a spotted leopard about 50 km (31 mi) farther east in a grassland.
746:. Vol. 1. Geology, mineralogy, and zoology (Rewritten and enlarged by W. Theobald ed.). Hertford: Chief Commissioner of British Burma. p. 472.
1210:
1601:
389:
822:
Pilfold, N. W.; Letoluai, A.; Ruppert, K.; Glikman, J. A.; Stacy-Dawes, J.; O'Connor, D. & Owen, M. (2019). "Confirmation of black leopard (
344:
during a one-year-long camera trapping survey from 2003 to 2004. In 2009, black leopards were photographed more often than spotted leopards in
1521:
Såenz-Bolaños, C.; Montalvo, V.; Fuller, T. K. & Carrillo, E. (2015). "Records of black jaguars at Parque
Nacional Barbilla, Costa Rica".
1063:
690:"Recherches sur les espÄces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'Ă©claircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils"
527:
957:
1015:(Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) at Bukit Kudung in Jeli, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia: conservation and ecotourism"
1385:
925:"Human disturbance affects habitat use and behaviour of Asiatic leopard "Panthera pardus" in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand"
503:
1753:""I Could Wait 6 Years for a Moment Like This": Wildlife Photographer Waits 6 Days for a Perfect Leopard and a Black Panther Shot"
1538:"Natural Selection of Melanism in Costa Rican Jaguar and Oncilla: A Test of Gloger's Rule and the Temporal Segregation Hypothesis"
1320:
1232:
Schneider, A.; David, V. A.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Barsh, G. S.; Menotti-Raymond, M. & Eizirik, E. (2012).
361:
1009:
Hambali, K.; Fazli, N. F. M.; Amir, A.; Fauzi, N.; Hassin, N. H.; Abas, M. A.; Karim, M. F. A. & Sow, A. Y. (2021).
1416:
803:
Young, T. P. & Evans, M. E. (1993). "Alpine vertebrates of Mount Kenya, with particular notes on the rock hyrax".
216:
1452:
1752:
1719:"Interview: Shaaz Jung opens up about the blood, sweat and years behind the viral images of a rare black panther"
1578:
447:
than forming rosettes. The face and underparts are paler and dappled, like those of ordinary spotted leopards.
330:
256:
193:
55:
744:
Burma, its people and productions; or, Notes on the fauna, flora, and minerals of
Tenasserim, Pegu, and Burma
356:
of melanism in
Peninsular Malaysia. In 2019, a black individual was photographed outside a protected area in
329:. In May 2012, a black leopard was photographed at an elevation of 4,300 m (14,100 ft) in Nepal's
34:
1196:
781:
758:
666:
1773:
341:
314:
1664:
Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S. & O'Brien, S. J. (2003).
1631:
Wiig, Ă.; Da Silva
Teixeira, K.; Sena, L.; Santos de Oliveira, H.C. & Mendes-Oliveira, A.C. (2023).
181:
1201:
735:
531:
97:, with black leopards in Africa and Asia, and black jaguars in South America. Melanism is caused by a
584:
318:
30:
689:
1047:
614:
Observations et MĂ©moires sur la
Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts et MĂ©tiers, etc.
712:
639:(in German). Vol. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394â396.
1743:
542:
511:
499:
419:
129:
963:(Report). Bangkok: WWF Thailand, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation.
251:
than in other parts of the country. Black leopards were also frequently encountered in southern
1433:
507:
502:. In 2009, a black jaguar was photographed by a camera trap for the first time in Costa Rica's
345:
632:
1630:
428:
400:
609:
1245:
1102:
235:). By the late 19th century, the occurrence of black and spotted leopard cubs in the same
8:
1231:
373:
150:
1377:
1249:
1106:
1031:
1010:
958:
The ecology and conservation of tigers and their prey in
Kuiburi National Park, Thailand
1695:
1312:
1268:
1233:
1177:
1125:
1086:
843:
411:
381:
1682:
1665:
1520:
633:"Ăber de la Metheries schwarzen Panther [About de la Metheries black Panther]"
1778:
1687:
1663:
1633:"Identifying individual jaguars from camera-trap images using the HotSpotter program"
1483:
1412:
1273:
1169:
1130:
995:
167:
90:
1699:
1316:
847:
491:
1783:
1677:
1644:
1549:
1304:
1292:
1263:
1253:
1181:
1161:
1120:
1110:
1026:
991:
955:
936:
835:
821:
481:
423:
407:. The typical spots and rosettes are present but hidden due to the excess melanin.
396:
236:
98:
523:
1258:
1115:
1084:
578:
546:
299:
283:
276:
197:
185:
102:
94:
515:
495:
1649:
1632:
1293:"Taxonomic uniqueness of the Javan Leopard; an opportunity for zoos to save it"
980:
563:
519:
415:
248:
212:
204:
125:
1737:
1308:
941:
924:
1767:
1602:"Onça-preta é monitorada na AmazÎnia por pesquisadores do Instituto Mamirauå"
1554:
1537:
568:
440:
404:
388:). Based on records from camera traps, melanistic leopards occur foremost in
357:
322:
310:
228:
1363:
Felid Taxon
Advisory Group North American Regional Collection Plan 2003â2005
1691:
1277:
1234:"How the leopard hides its spots: ASIP mutations and melanism in wild cats"
1134:
1087:"Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in leopards (
1008:
432:
353:
260:
1468:
1438:
Essais sur l'histoire naturelle des quadrupedes de la province du Paraguay
1173:
884:
Sayyed, A. & Mahabal, A. (2015). "Second record of melanistic leopard
721:
The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1
1045:
865:(Linnaeus) from Western Ghats area of Maharashtra and Karnataka, India".
534:
between 2003 and 2018. Black jaguars were also recorded in the Brazilian
349:
326:
303:
295:
291:
861:
Sayyed, A. & Mahabal, A. (2013). "Records of the melanistic Leopard
118:
1535:
1346:) space within EAZA collections". In Hiddinga, B.; Brouwer, K. (eds.).
1165:
956:
Steinmetz, R.; Seuaturien, N.; Chutipong, W. & Poonnil, B. (2009).
313:, black leopards were sighted and photographed in 2010 and 2012 in the
244:
839:
1360:
922:
558:
498:
in Paraguay. In 2004, a female black jaguar was recorded in Mexico's
365:
337:
171:
133:
1570:
1148:
Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance of the black form of the leopard
576:, a black leopard in Rudyard Kipling's 1894 short story collection
573:
321:
in 2012. In 2015, a dead black leopard was found on a highway near
66:
588:
252:
86:
70:
1666:"Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family"
535:
170:
on a female black leopard at the Rhino and Lion Nature Reserve,
160:
510:, black jaguars were recorded in 2013. In the mountains of the
460:
272:
189:
143:
78:
268:
264:
240:
494:
described a black jaguar observed by local people near the
220:
1481:
888:(Linnaeus) from Satara, Maharashtra: a case of roadkill".
275:
in India. Black leopards were thought to be common on the
1536:
Mooring, M. S.; Eppert, A. A. & Botts, R. T. (2020).
1342:
Richardson, D. M. (2001). "A simple analysis of leopard (
1290:
474:
1568:
1440:. Vol. 1. Paris: Charles Pougens. pp. 114â132.
1739:
The Real Black Panther â Black Leopard Spotted in Kenya
1361:
Swanson, B.; Fletchall, N. & Shoemaker, A. (2003).
923:
Ngoprasert, D.; Lynam, A. J. & Gale, G. A. (2007).
906:
93:
are also present. They have been documented mostly in
1350:. Amsterdam: EAZA Executive Office. pp. 391â392.
883:
860:
541:
Melanism in the jaguar is caused by deletions in the
336:
At least one black leopard was photographed in mixed
149:
A melanistic leopard in Out of Africa Wildlife Park,
1052:, in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java"
352:
between 1996 and 2009 were black, indicating a near-
85:). Black panthers of both species have excess black
1048:"Population dynamics and ecology of Javan leopard,
805:
Journal of the East African Natural History Society
360:. Both black and spotted leopards were recorded in
243:. Black leopards were thought to be more common in
348:. Most leopards recorded at 16 sites south of the
1606:Instituto de Desenvolvimento SustentĂĄvel MamirauĂĄ
1341:
1765:
1453:"First documentation of melanism in the jaguar (
522:. Five black jaguars have been monitored in the
390:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
710:
694:Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
630:
184:described a black leopard that was kept in the
1450:
1225:
1750:
867:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
786:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
779:
763:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
756:
723:. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 67â71.
671:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
664:
660:
658:
1657:
1431:
1409:Leopards: Natural History & Conservation
1194:
1147:
607:
15:
1482:NĂșñez, M. C. & JimĂ©nez, E. C. (2009).
802:
687:
655:
612:[Description of a black Panther].
395:Melanism in the leopard is conferred by a
16:
1681:
1648:
1553:
1451:Dinets, V. & Polechla, P. J. (2005).
1291:Gippoliti, S. & Meijaard, E. (2007).
1267:
1257:
1124:
1114:
1078:
1030:
940:
773:
733:
259:had skins of black leopards collected in
1569:Yacelga, M. & Craighead, K. (2019).
624:
528:MamirauĂĄ Sustainable Development Reserve
518:Valley between 2016 and 2018, mostly in
504:Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve
399:. It is thought that melanism confers a
302:, a black leopard was photographed by a
24:This is an accepted version of this page
298:in the winter of 1989â1990. In Kenya's
14:
1766:
1444:
1406:
1375:
1066:from the original on 27 September 2021
1011:"The discovery of a melanistc Leopard
215:described a black leopard kept in the
1746:from the original on 3 November 2021.
1581:from the original on 29 November 2021
1502:from the original on 29 November 2021
1056:Journal of Indonesian Natural History
826:) living in Laikipia County, Kenya".
1716:
1388:from the original on 24 October 2018
1365:. Bay Lake: Disney's Animal Kingdom.
422:between the Javan leopard and other
1612:from the original on 20 August 2022
1488:(Carnivora: Felidae) in Costa Rica"
1323:from the original on 8 October 2019
1213:from the original on 13 August 2022
1032:10.11609/jott.6060.13.1.17513-17516
362:Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
48:
1411:. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press.
610:"Description d'une PanthĂšre noire"
49:
1795:
1710:
1599:
1484:"A new record of a black jaguar,
782:"The Panthers and Ounces of Asia"
667:"The Panthers and Ounces of Asia"
587:, a Marvel superhero and king of
418:black leopards and the extent of
996:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x
970:from the original on 2 May 2021.
473:
459:
239:had been repeatedly recorded in
159:
142:
117:
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854:
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643:from the original on 5 May 2024
217:MĂ©nagerie du Jardin des plantes
1742:(Video). San Diego Zoo. 2019.
1571:"Melanistic jaguars in Panama"
796:
750:
727:
704:
681:
601:
331:Kanchenjunga Conservation Area
257:Natural History Museum, London
194:Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer
56:Black panther (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1683:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3
1542:Tropical Conservation Science
759:"Black panthers â an inquiry"
594:
51:Variant of leopard and jaguar
1259:10.1371/journal.pone.0050386
1197:"Malaysian Mystery Leopards"
1116:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378
608:Delamétherie, J.-C. (1788).
7:
1608:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
552:
480:A melanistic jaguar at the
342:Kaeng Krachan National Park
315:Kas Plateau Reserved Forest
223:. Cuvier proposed the name
219:that had been brought from
10:
1800:
1650:10.1515/mammalia-2023-0071
1202:National Wildlife Magazine
1019:Journal of Threatened Taxa
828:African Journal of Ecology
530:in the Brazilian State of
188:and had been brought from
108:
53:
1309:10.1163/18759866-07601005
1013:Panthera pardus delacouri
942:10.1017/S0030605307001102
717:. The Leopard or Panther"
450:
319:Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
101:in the leopard, and by a
1555:10.1177/1940082920910364
1297:Contributions to Zoology
711:Blanford, W. T. (1888).
631:Meyer, F. A. A. (1794).
545:gene and conferred by a
182:Jean-Claude Delamétherie
31:latest accepted revision
1457:) from northern Mexico"
1348:EAZA Yearbook 1999/2000
543:melanocortin 1 receptor
512:Cordillera de Talamanca
500:Sierra Madre Occidental
439:) was exhibited at the
368:between 2005 and 2017.
166:Particularly prominent
130:Nagarhole National Park
1751:SvidraitÄ, J. (2020).
1723:Business Insider India
824:Panthera pardus pardus
780:Pocock, R. I. (1930).
757:Pocock, R. I. (1929).
665:Pocock, R. I. (1930).
508:Barbilla National Park
346:Kui Buri National Park
69:colour variant of the
1471:on 26 September 2006.
1432:Azara, F. de (1801).
1195:Sunquist, F. (2007).
1050:Panthera pardus melas
429:Species Survival Plan
340:forest in Thailand's
290:) was sighted in the
1467:: 18. Archived from
247:and in the hills of
89:, but their typical
54:For other uses, see
1407:Gamble, C. (2004).
1376:Parham, D. (2017).
1250:2012PLoSO...750386S
1107:2017PLoSO..1270378D
688:Cuvier, G. (1809).
637:Zoologische Annalen
466:A melanistic jaguar
401:selective advantage
374:Indochinese leopard
151:Camp Verde, Arizona
21:Page version status
1774:Felid color morphs
1166:10.1007/BF00958904
1025:(1): 17513â17516.
984:Journal of Zoology
734:Mason, F. (1882).
424:leopard subspecies
382:Sri Lankan leopard
203:for this cat, the
27:
1717:Dash, S. (2020).
840:10.1111/aje.12586
740:, L. The leopard"
39:15 September 2024
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437:P. p. orientalis
397:recessive allele
163:
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121:
99:recessive allele
95:tropical forests
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1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1289:
1285:
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1226:
1216:
1214:
1193:
1189:
1150:Panthera pardus
1146:
1142:
1101:(4): e0170378.
1089:Panthera pardus
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1079:
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1040:
1007:
1003:
979:
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579:The Jungle Book
555:
547:dominant allele
488:
487:
486:
485:
484:
478:
469:
468:
467:
464:
453:
378:P. p. delacouri
300:Laikipia County
284:African leopard
277:Malay Peninsula
255:. By 1929, the
198:scientific name
186:Tower of London
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
164:
155:
154:
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147:
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111:
105:in the jaguar.
103:dominant allele
75:Panthera pardus
59:
52:
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26:
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1711:External links
1709:
1706:
1705:
1676:(5): 448â453.
1656:
1643:(6): 602â605.
1623:
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1561:
1528:
1513:
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1443:
1434:"L'Yagouarété"
1424:
1418:978-0896586567
1417:
1399:
1378:"Black Beauty"
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1283:
1244:(12): e50386.
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1187:
1160:(1): 190â197.
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492:FĂ©lix de Azara
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249:southern India
213:Georges Cuvier
205:Indian leopard
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126:Indian leopard
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1577:(70): 39â41.
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1455:Panthera onca
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615:
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405:immune system
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358:Jeli District
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311:Western Ghats
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279:and on Java.
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196:proposed the
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496:ParanĂĄ River
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288:P. p. pardus
287:
281:
261:South Africa
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208:
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890:Zoo's Print
792:(1): 65â82.
564:Black tiger
350:Kra Isthmus
327:Maharashtra
309:In India's
304:camera trap
296:Mount Kenya
292:alpine zone
233:P. p. melas
225:Felis melas
209:P. p. fusca
201:Felis fusca
192:. In 1794,
1768:Categories
1757:BoredPanda
1600:Cunha, J.
1392:24 October
700:: 136â164.
647:14 January
595:References
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414:status of
245:Travancore
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738:F. pardus
559:Black cat
490:In 1801,
443:in 2017.
412:taxonomic
366:West Java
338:deciduous
317:, and in
180:In 1788,
172:Kromdraai
134:Karnataka
1779:Leopards
1744:Archived
1700:19021807
1692:12620197
1637:Mammalia
1610:Archived
1585:14 April
1579:Archived
1575:Cat News
1548:: 1â15.
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1506:12 April
1500:Archived
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1461:Cat News
1386:Archived
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1278:23251368
1238:PLOS ONE
1211:Archived
1154:Genetica
1135:28379961
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1064:Archived
965:Archived
910:Cat News
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641:Archived
574:Bagheera
553:See also
532:Amazonas
354:fixation
282:A black
168:rosettes
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1784:Jaguars
1382:Zoonooz
1269:3520955
1246:Bibcode
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1103:Bibcode
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538:state.
416:captive
253:Myanmar
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273:Kanara
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227:, the
190:Bengal
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1696:S2CID
1313:S2CID
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1178:S2CID
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241:India
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1329:2019
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