880:
902:
976:
891:
31:
113:
Black ice grows downward from the bottom of the existing ice surface. The growth rate of the ice is proportional to the rate that heat is transferred from the water below the ice surface to the air above the ice surface. The total ice thickness can be approximated from
74:, some of which is contained in pockets in the new ice. Due to the brine pockets, congelation ice on seawater is neither as hard nor as transparent as fresh water ice.
165:
210:
226:
192:
960:
1017:
98:. Its transparency reveals the colour, usually black, of the water beneath it, hence the name. This is in contrast to
17:
287:
253:
337:
207:
169:
1051:
953:
684:
189:
1010:
926:
439:
1046:
493:
946:
95:
894:
775:
327:
230:
115:
901:
332:
8:
1003:
991:
934:
780:
110:(water saturated snow) refreezes. Snow ice is white due to the presence of air bubbles.
1036:
883:
418:
54:
280:
1041:
659:
309:
257:
214:
196:
987:
930:
864:
854:
664:
70:
Only the water freezes to ice, the salt from the seawater is concentrated into
1030:
679:
631:
616:
484:
126:
983:
689:
601:
596:
591:
489:
459:
273:
141:
130:
67:
cover, usually in the form of platelets which coalesce to form solid ice.
859:
765:
649:
621:
611:
606:
544:
529:
514:
499:
423:
387:
122:
94:. This ice has frozen without many air bubbles trapped inside, making it
795:
208:
National Snow and Ice Data Center: All About Sea Ice: Salinity and Brine
849:
729:
714:
674:
669:
549:
524:
474:
449:
353:
83:
821:
811:
790:
719:
564:
539:
519:
454:
444:
413:
408:
373:
145:
137:
121:
Black ice is very hard, strong and smooth, which makes it ideal for
63:, congelation ice is ice that forms on the bottom of an established
831:
826:
816:
785:
749:
744:
734:
586:
534:
509:
368:
363:
190:
National Snow and Ice Data Center: All About Sea Ice: Ice
Formation
60:
905:
841:
739:
709:
654:
644:
469:
403:
398:
383:
378:
358:
250:
64:
975:
770:
393:
724:
639:
554:
479:
313:
306:
227:"LAKE ICE, from Alaska Lake Ice and Snow Observation Network"
107:
71:
559:
504:
464:
30:
296:
166:"Sea Ice Types, Sea Ice Geophysics, University of Alaska"
42:
27:
Ice that forms on the bottom of an established ice cover
265:
45:
that forms on the bottom of an established ice cover.
82:On the surface of lakes, or other bodies of still
1028:
34:39 mm newly formed clear ice on a lake in Sweden
1011:
954:
281:
251:The Acoustics of Thin Ice, by Gunnar Lundmark
144:. Skating on clear ice radiates a tone whose
1018:
1004:
961:
947:
288:
274:
29:
14:
1029:
269:
148:depends on the thickness of the ice.
970:
920:
890:
24:
25:
1063:
974:
900:
889:
879:
878:
140:properties which are useful to
244:
219:
201:
183:
158:
77:
13:
1:
151:
990:. You can help Knowledge by
933:. You can help Knowledge by
7:
133:and some other ice sports.
48:
10:
1068:
969:
919:
52:
925:This article relating to
873:
840:
804:
758:
702:
685:Short-track speed skating
630:
582:
573:
432:
346:
320:
303:
136:Thin, clear ice also has
106:, which is formed, when
295:
35:
33:
55:Formation of sea ice
781:Iceman (occupation)
102:, sometimes called
1052:Oceanography stubs
333:Crystalline phases
256:2008-12-04 at the
213:2009-12-18 at the
195:2009-12-30 at the
36:
999:
998:
942:
941:
914:
913:
895:Wikimedia Commons
698:
697:
116:Stefan's equation
18:Black ice (lakes)
16:(Redirected from
1059:
1020:
1013:
1006:
978:
971:
963:
956:
949:
921:
904:
893:
892:
882:
881:
580:
579:
290:
283:
276:
267:
266:
260:
248:
242:
241:
239:
238:
229:. Archived from
223:
217:
205:
199:
187:
181:
180:
178:
177:
168:. Archived from
162:
90:is often called
21:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
968:
967:
917:
915:
910:
869:
836:
800:
754:
694:
626:
575:
569:
440:Albedo feedback
428:
342:
328:Amorphous solid
316:
299:
294:
264:
263:
258:Wayback Machine
249:
245:
236:
234:
225:
224:
220:
215:Wayback Machine
206:
202:
197:Wayback Machine
188:
184:
175:
173:
164:
163:
159:
154:
88:congelation ice
80:
57:
51:
39:Congelation ice
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1000:
997:
996:
979:
966:
965:
958:
951:
943:
940:
939:
912:
911:
909:
908:
897:
886:
874:
871:
870:
868:
867:
865:Snowball Earth
862:
857:
855:Little Ice Age
852:
846:
844:
838:
837:
835:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
808:
806:
802:
801:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
760:
756:
755:
753:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
706:
704:
700:
699:
696:
695:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
665:Figure skating
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
634:
628:
627:
625:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
583:
577:
571:
570:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
450:Circle or disc
447:
442:
436:
434:
430:
429:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
350:
348:
344:
343:
341:
340:
335:
330:
324:
322:
318:
317:
304:
301:
300:
293:
292:
285:
278:
270:
262:
261:
243:
218:
200:
182:
156:
155:
153:
150:
79:
76:
50:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1064:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:Skating stubs
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
986:article is a
985:
980:
977:
973:
972:
964:
959:
957:
952:
950:
945:
944:
938:
936:
932:
928:
923:
922:
918:
907:
903:
898:
896:
887:
885:
876:
875:
872:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
845:
843:
839:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
803:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
761:
757:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
705:
703:Constructions
701:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
680:Speed skating
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
635:
633:
629:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
581:
578:
572:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
495:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
435:
431:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
389:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
349:
345:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
302:
298:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
271:
268:
259:
255:
252:
247:
233:on 2009-09-30
232:
228:
222:
216:
212:
209:
204:
198:
194:
191:
186:
172:on 2008-03-05
171:
167:
161:
157:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
127:skate sailing
124:
119:
117:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
73:
68:
66:
62:
56:
46:
44:
40:
32:
19:
992:expanding it
984:oceanography
981:
935:expanding it
924:
916:
690:Tour skating
490:Frost flower
321:Major phases
246:
235:. Retrieved
231:the original
221:
203:
185:
174:. Retrieved
170:the original
160:
142:tour skaters
135:
131:ice yachting
120:
112:
103:
99:
91:
87:
81:
69:
58:
38:
37:
860:Pleistocene
574:Ice-related
485:Frost heave
419:Stalactites
123:ice skating
96:transparent
78:Fresh water
1031:Categories
906:Wiktionary
850:Glaciology
805:Other uses
675:Ice racing
670:Ice hockey
645:Iceboating
576:activities
347:Formations
338:Superionic
237:2009-11-25
176:2009-11-25
152:References
84:freshwater
53:See also:
1037:Water ice
617:Sculpture
433:Phenomena
146:frequency
104:slush ice
92:black Ice
884:Category
842:Ice ages
796:YakhchÄl
776:Icehouse
602:Climbing
597:Blocking
592:Blasting
510:Hair ice
460:Crystals
254:Archived
211:Archived
193:Archived
138:acoustic
100:snow ice
61:seawater
49:Seawater
1042:Sea ice
927:skating
766:Cutting
740:Pykrete
660:Cycling
655:Curling
650:Cricket
622:Skating
612:Rafting
607:Fishing
587:Bathing
530:Nucleus
515:Jacking
494:sea ice
492: (
424:Volcano
388:calving
386: (
384:Iceberg
379:Glacier
65:sea ice
899:
888:
877:
771:Icebox
730:Palace
715:Bridge
632:Sports
550:Slurry
525:Needle
475:Frazil
394:Icicle
354:Anchor
982:This
929:is a
822:Cream
812:Chips
791:Trade
725:Igloo
720:Hotel
640:Bandy
565:Storm
555:Slush
545:Shuga
540:Shove
500:Glaze
480:Frost
455:Clear
445:Black
414:Spike
409:Sheet
374:Field
314:water
310:state
307:solid
108:slush
72:brine
988:stub
931:stub
832:Pack
827:Cube
817:Core
786:Pick
759:Work
750:Road
745:Rink
735:Pier
560:Snow
535:Rime
520:NƩvƩ
505:Hail
465:Firn
369:Dune
364:Cave
305:The
710:Bar
470:Fog
404:Sea
399:Jam
359:Cap
312:of
297:Ice
59:On
43:ice
41:is
1033::
129:,
125:,
118:.
86:,
1019:e
1012:t
1005:v
994:.
962:e
955:t
948:v
937:.
496:)
390:)
289:e
282:t
275:v
240:.
179:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
