1109:
3835:
1756:
250:
422:. On 19 October 1977, sometimes known as "Black Wednesday", 18 organisations, including the BPC and SASO, were banned by the apartheid government. As many as 70 Black Consciousness leaders were arrested on the same day. Among them were Kenny Rachidi and Drake Tshenkeng, the BPC's president and vice president respectively. Biko himself had died in custody a month earlier.
457:-aligned organisations increased and Black Consciousness organisations (though not necessarily Black Consciousness ideologies) declined in influence. When Azapo was itself banned in 1988, many more Black Consciousness-aligned youths left South Africa and joined the
372:
in 1973. His brother-in-law, Mxolisi Mvovo, became national vice president of the BPC in 1976. The BPC collaborated with other Black
Consciousness organisations, such as SASO, with whom its membership overlapped significantly. Membership was not open to whites.
442:, shortly after the 1977 crackdown. Like the BPC, Azapo was closed to whites and strongly opposed participation in the apartheid system – it even inherited the BPC's slogan, "One Azania, one people" – but it was more rigidly
393:
in 1976, black communalism was a variant of the traditional
African economic system, modified for a modern and industrialised economy. It entailed communal ownership, and state custodianship, of all land.
272:
376:
According to its constitution, the BPC's principal aim was to foster black political unity and solidarity, towards both psychological and material liberation for blacks in South Africa. The BPC opposed
651:
697:
3874:
344:, outside the universities. The shape of this national umbrella body, which became the BPC, was discussed at a series of conferences in 1971. The BPC was launched in July 1972 in
3644:
1792:
2422:
1035:
369:
790:
1713:
3894:
622:
279:
809:
3211:
830:
643:
328:
in South Africa, which gained traction in the early 1970s and increasingly became a major alternative source of ideological and organisational support for
1718:
727:
450:
joined the Black
Consciousness Movement of Azania (BCMA), established in London as Azapo's external wing before BCMA and Azapo formally merged in 1994.
340:(SASO) growing, Black Consciousness leaders called for the formation of a new Black Consciousness political organisation to engage and mobilise broader
2669:
2373:
3814:
3748:
3879:
3821:
1356:
973:
410:
organised by the BPC and SASO, leaders in the BPC and other Black
Consciousness organisations were arrested across the country. In the aftermath,
3316:
2589:
2380:
1785:
1251:
2087:
3630:
3609:
3470:
2387:
1295:
1003:
671:
3232:
2582:
1399:
1028:
1088:
3889:
3148:
3064:
2519:
2498:
1340:
1120:
938:
3602:
2468:
2429:
389:
and what it called "black communalism". As described in the BPC's "Mafikeng
Manifesto", co-written by Biko and debated at a symposium in
3884:
3839:
3281:
2637:
2258:
1778:
3864:
3665:
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2739:
1698:
1207:
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1332:
1021:
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75:
916:
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100:
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1516:
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25:
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1289:
852:
3713:
3658:
3574:
3421:
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2648:
2315:
2285:
1377:
569:
385:
means and through non-participation in the apartheid system. It also advocated for an equitable economic system based on
80:
3672:
3637:
3581:
3106:
3071:
2760:
2209:
2198:
1627:
1312:
1257:
782:
368:. Biko was closely associated with the BPC, although his political activity was seriously circumscribed following his
3456:
3323:
3302:
3260:
2802:
2475:
1760:
1743:
1436:
1307:
883:
615:
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3225:
2394:
2308:
2251:
1451:
1283:
548:
431:
329:
309:
206:
95:
3616:
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3176:
3162:
3134:
2401:
2345:
1728:
1301:
1152:
2554:
1063:
822:
3365:
3274:
3029:
2788:
1182:
553:
90:
720:
3519:
3505:
3428:
3309:
3267:
3246:
3120:
2683:
2329:
2051:
1093:
2561:
3783:
3727:
3553:
3442:
3414:
3351:
2901:
1327:
1245:
1157:
1098:
1058:
325:
301:
33:
2568:
3720:
3623:
3498:
3407:
3253:
2612:
1733:
1703:
1620:
1541:
3190:
2711:
2619:
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2352:
2230:
2129:
1673:
1506:
1446:
1197:
1177:
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563:
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3204:
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3155:
2869:
2816:
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2436:
2094:
1738:
1663:
1394:
1372:
1362:
1147:
965:
462:
1108:
430:
In the years after Black
Wednesday, many BPC and Black Consciousness activists became active in the
3546:
2809:
2461:
1708:
1683:
1471:
1351:
1268:
1172:
1044:
995:
3183:
3078:
2945:
2795:
2676:
2408:
2191:
2101:
1723:
1553:
458:
1073:
2753:
2718:
1920:
1496:
1225:
1083:
3288:
3218:
3113:
3008:
2862:
2512:
2292:
2205:
2000:
1820:
1668:
1653:
1461:
1367:
1142:
930:
382:
201:
153:
683:
3036:
2922:
2690:
2626:
2359:
2122:
2115:
2067:
1850:
1613:
419:
8:
3491:
3463:
3337:
2855:
2848:
2781:
2746:
2697:
2177:
1984:
1606:
1486:
1431:
1409:
1137:
1078:
721:"The development of Black Consciousness as a cultural and political movement (1967-2007)"
495:
415:
229:
128:
2184:
1585:
1559:
490:
908:
3769:
3755:
3092:
2908:
2732:
2322:
1912:
1842:
1658:
1578:
810:"Steve Biko returns: The persistence of Black Consciousness in Azania (South Africa)"
687:
535:
454:
148:
1770:
1068:
3693:
3057:
2767:
2547:
2237:
1992:
1960:
1896:
1688:
1547:
1384:
1263:
679:
525:
515:
485:
345:
52:
3015:
2929:
2823:
2491:
2415:
2336:
2060:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1904:
1648:
1534:
1501:
1456:
1417:
1346:
530:
510:
47:
616:"The Black Peoples' Convention (BPC): Historical background and basic documents"
438:
as an offshoot of the Soweto Action
Council, which had been formed in Chiawelo,
3762:
3484:
3358:
3001:
2915:
2598:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2244:
2170:
2016:
1976:
1466:
1273:
1187:
520:
505:
500:
216:
173:
168:
163:
143:
133:
123:
57:
844:
3853:
3679:
3400:
2505:
2484:
2454:
2447:
2156:
1491:
1476:
1278:
1240:
1192:
480:
434:(Azapo) and its subsidiary organisations. Azapo was founded in April 1978 in
353:
341:
235:
211:
178:
138:
1441:
746:
Stubbs, Aelred (2004). "Martyr of hope: A personal memoir". In Biko, Steve,
3344:
2953:
2774:
2725:
1888:
1802:
1678:
1013:
349:
158:
364:
The BPC subscribed to a Black
Consciousness philosophy, as articulated by
2937:
1880:
1599:
3512:
3050:
2163:
2108:
1968:
1952:
475:
435:
365:
222:
118:
2971:
2962:
2893:
2299:
2276:
2265:
1592:
1481:
1235:
411:
386:
378:
333:
313:
196:
418:. A second, more serious wave of government repression followed the
3741:
3239:
2884:
2008:
1865:
390:
16:
Nationalist
Liberatory Flagship of the Black Consciousness Movement
2149:
443:
403:
316:
from its establishment in 1972 until it was banned in late 1977.
2876:
2032:
1811:
439:
407:
304:
of South Africa. Envisaged as a broad-based counterpart to the
2024:
447:
742:
740:
348:. At its first national congress in December 1972, held in
3875:
Defunct civic and political organisations in South Africa
737:
453:
In the 1980s and early 1990s, however, the popularity of
446:
1800:
566:(the community projects arms of the BPC-SASO bloc)
465:, in order to receive military training in exile.
970:Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
783:"Black Consciousness Movement timeline 1903-2009"
672:"Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement"
641:
3851:
1357:People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty
884:"Black Peoples Convention – National Leadership"
764:. Johannesburg: Picador Africa. pp. 168–70.
402:On 25 September 1974, the day of an illegal pro-
2590:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1252:Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa
676:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
644:"Steve Biko: The Black Consciousness Movement"
3895:African and Black nationalism in South Africa
1786:
1029:
273:
1043:
359:
1296:South African Liberal Students' Association
300:) was a national coordinating body for the
1793:
1779:
1036:
1022:
280:
266:
823:"Trial of nine BPC and SASO leaders ends"
2663:Reconstruction and Development Programme
669:
542:
3880:National liberation movements in Africa
2259:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
628:from the original on 29 September 2020.
397:
3852:
2740:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
101:Zanempilo Community Health Care Centre
1774:
1017:
955:Johannesburg: Picador Africa. p. 243.
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
833:from the original on 16 October 2011.
750:Johannesburg: Picador Africa. p. 203.
684:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.83
613:
609:
607:
605:
1290:People Against Gangsterism and Drugs
966:"President Cyril Ramaphosa: Profile"
941:from the original on 6 January 2013.
804:
802:
800:
777:
775:
773:
771:
759:
733:from the original on 16 August 2017.
718:
700:from the original on 2 December 2018
665:
663:
661:
637:
635:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
559:South African Students' Organisation
338:South African Students' Organisation
306:South African Students' Organisation
3890:1972 establishments in South Africa
2670:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2316:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
1378:Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign
1006:from the original on 25 March 2012.
919:from the original on 25 March 2015.
793:from the original on 3 August 2020.
308:, the BPC was active in organising
13:
1313:Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front
1258:Congress of South African Students
1107:
976:from the original on 18 March 2018
867:
468:
14:
3906:
3885:Organizations established in 1972
3822:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3457:South African Party (Cape Colony)
855:from the original on 15 June 2015
797:
768:
658:
654:from the original on 3 June 2020.
632:
582:
356:was elected its first president.
3834:
3833:
1755:
1754:
1548:"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)
1284:Lesbian and Gay Equality Project
324:The BPC was an outgrowth of the
249:
248:
207:Internal resistance to apartheid
3471:South African Party (1977–1980)
3464:South African Party (1911–1934)
3380:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3177:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1302:South African Students Congress
988:
958:
945:
923:
901:
837:
570:South African Students Movement
2789:2019 service delivery protests
2775:#FeesMustFall student protests
2520:1983 constitutional referendum
1216:South Africa political parties
815:
753:
712:
670:Hadfield, Leslie Anne (2017).
1:
3865:Azanian People's Organisation
3247:Johannesburg Reform Committee
2476:Israel–South Africa Agreement
1869:
1854:
1831:
1824:
1452:(Don't) touch me on my studio
1308:South African Wine Initiative
996:"Dr Mamphela Aletta Ramphele"
849:South African History Archive
787:South African History Archive
575:
549:Azanian People's Organisation
432:Azanian People's Organisation
3870:Black Consciousness Movement
3860:Anti-Apartheid organisations
2902:Black Consciousness Movement
2656:Government of National Unity
1400:Unemployed Peoples' Movement
1246:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
1000:South African History Online
935:South African History Online
913:South African History Online
888:South African History Online
827:South African History Online
425:
336:. With the influence of the
326:Black Consciousness movement
319:
302:Black Consciousness movement
7:
2613:Saint James Church massacre
2499:Weapons of mass destruction
1628:No Land! No House! No Vote!
1542:No Land! No House! No Vote!
554:Black Allied Workers' Union
10:
3911:
2353:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2231:South West Africa campaign
2130:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2095:French Huguenot settlement
564:Black Community Programmes
3831:
3808:African National Congress
3797:
3703:
3536:
3268:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2991:
2982:
2840:
2636:
2606:1992 apartheid referendum
2275:
2220:
2139:
2077:
2050:
2043:
1809:
1752:
1641:
1568:
1526:
1425:
1408:
1395:Treatment Action Campaign
1373:Landless Peoples Movement
1341:South Africa trade unions
1326:
1223:
1206:
1130:
1119:
1105:
1051:
648:Google Arts & Culture
463:African National Congress
412:nine BPC and SASO leaders
360:Activities and principles
294:Black People's Convention
3261:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3254:Labour Party (1910–1958)
2810:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
2768:#RhodesMustFall protests
2367:1960 republic referendum
1714:Political assassinations
1390:Social Justice Coalition
1352:Mandela Park Backyarders
1045:Politics of South Africa
931:"Aaron Mosibudi Mangena"
3706:terrorist organisations
2796:2019 Johannesburg riots
2409:Constructive engagement
2374:International isolation
2192:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
1554:One Settler, One Bullet
642:Steve Biko Foundation.
459:Pan Africanist Congress
2719:Attack on Kennedy Road
2330:Congress of the People
1921:South African Republic
1512:Anti-Chinese sentiment
1497:White monopoly capital
1363:Poor People's Alliance
1113:
3289:Natal Indian Congress
3009:Afrikaner Broederbond
2863:Afrikaner nationalism
2649:1994 general election
2620:Bophuthatswana crisis
2513:Church Street bombing
2293:Apartheid legislation
2286:1948 general election
2206:South Africa Act 1909
2001:Union of South Africa
1821:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1801:Political history of
1699:Legacies of apartheid
1560:"Each One, Teach One"
1517:Anti-Indian sentiment
1462:Proudly South African
1368:Abahlali baseMjondolo
1143:Afrikaner nationalism
1111:
543:Related organisations
414:were tried under the
202:Apartheid legislation
2923:Greater South Africa
2761:2014 platinum strike
2627:Shell House massacre
2555:Transkei coup d'état
2360:Sharpeville massacre
2123:Battle of Blaauwberg
2116:Battle of Muizenberg
2068:Battle of Salt River
1851:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1719:Political repression
1614:Long Walk to Freedom
1112:Flag of South Africa
953:I Write What I Like.
951:Biko, Steve (2004).
760:Biko, Steve (2004).
748:I Write What I Like.
420:1976 Soweto Uprising
398:Government crackdown
3815:Democratic Alliance
2992:Civic and political
2856:Afrikaner Calvinism
2849:African nationalism
2698:African Renaissance
2388:UNSC Resolution 591
2309:Internal resistance
2210:National Convention
2178:Transvaal Civil War
2102:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
1985:Orange River Colony
1709:Phala Phala robbery
1607:I Write What I Like
1432:African Renaissance
1158:Black consciousness
1138:African nationalism
762:I Write What I Like
496:Tshenuwani Farisani
230:I Write What I Like
129:Tshenuwani Farisani
53:Death of Steve Biko
34:Black Consciousness
2562:Ciskei coup d'état
2381:UN Resolution 1761
2346:Women's March 1956
2199:South African Wars
2185:Mineral Revolution
1114:
719:Seleoane, Mandla.
614:Buthelezi, Sipho.
3847:
3846:
3800:political parties
3793:
3792:
3770:Orde van die Dood
3387:Progressive Party
3093:Congress Alliance
2909:Cape Independence
2841:Political culture
2836:
2835:
2803:COVID-19 pandemic
2733:Marikana massacre
2569:Venda coup d'état
2323:Defiance Campaign
1913:Orange Free State
1843:Dutch Cape Colony
1768:
1767:
1659:Cape Independence
1637:
1636:
1579:African Communist
1535:Amandla Ngawethu!
1437:Alternative media
1426:Political culture
1418:South African law
1322:
1321:
1208:Political parties
909:"Mthuli ka Shezi"
808:Tafira, Kenneth.
693:978-0-19-027773-4
536:Mamphela Ramphele
491:Sathasivan Cooper
332:to the system of
290:
289:
149:Mamphela Ramphele
3902:
3837:
3836:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3704:Paramilitary and
3696:
3694:Umkosi Wezintaba
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3539:social movements
3537:Trade unions and
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3058:Boerestaat Party
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2989:
2988:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2829:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2548:Dakar Conference
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2471:
2469:Israeli alliance
2464:
2457:
2450:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2423:Sporting boycott
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2395:Academic boycott
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2252:Great Depression
2247:
2240:
2238:Maritz rebellion
2233:
2213:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2088:Dutch settlement
2070:
2063:
2061:Bantu migrations
2048:
2047:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1993:Transvaal Colony
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1961:Nieuwe Republiek
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1897:Natalia Republic
1892:
1884:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1866:Ndwandwe Kingdom
1861:
1859:
1856:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1694:Land occupations
1689:Labour brokering
1621:Molotov Cocktail
1524:
1523:
1385:Reclaim the City
1333:Social movements
1264:Earthlife Africa
1163:Environmentalism
1128:
1127:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
962:
956:
949:
943:
942:
927:
921:
920:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
880:
865:
864:
862:
860:
841:
835:
834:
819:
813:
806:
795:
794:
779:
766:
765:
757:
751:
744:
735:
734:
732:
725:
716:
710:
709:
707:
705:
667:
656:
655:
639:
630:
629:
627:
620:
611:
526:Malusi Mpumlwana
516:Mosibudi Mangena
486:Mosibudi Mangena
346:Pietermaritzburg
282:
275:
268:
252:
251:
21:
20:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3205:HNP (Herstigte)
3203:
3198:HNP (Herenigde)
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3016:Afrikaner Party
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2984:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2944:
2935:
2930:Honorary whites
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2832:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2691:Soweto bombings
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2492:Soweto Uprising
2490:
2483:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2416:Tar Baby Option
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:Freedom Charter
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2216:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1937:Griqualand West
1935:
1929:Griqualand East
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1805:
1799:
1769:
1764:
1748:
1729:Sexual violence
1649:Corrective rape
1633:
1570:
1564:
1522:
1502:Ungovernability
1457:Freedom Charter
1421:
1404:
1347:Equal Education
1331:
1318:
1227:
1219:
1202:
1122:
1115:
1103:
1047:
1042:
1012:
1011:
994:
993:
989:
979:
977:
964:
963:
959:
950:
946:
929:
928:
924:
907:
906:
902:
892:
890:
882:
881:
868:
858:
856:
843:
842:
838:
821:
820:
816:
807:
798:
781:
780:
769:
758:
754:
745:
738:
730:
723:
717:
713:
703:
701:
694:
668:
659:
640:
633:
625:
618:
612:
583:
578:
545:
540:
531:Cyril Ramaphosa
511:Mthuli ka Shezi
471:
469:Notable members
428:
400:
362:
322:
286:
241:
240:
192:
184:
183:
154:Onkgopotse Tiro
114:
106:
105:
71:
63:
62:
48:Soweto uprising
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3908:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3845:
3844:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3763:Ossewabrandwag
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3506:Unionist Party
3502:
3495:
3488:
3485:Torch Commando
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3359:Orde Boerevolk
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3135:DP (1989–2000)
3131:
3128:DP (1973–1977)
3124:
3121:Dominion Party
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
3002:Afrikaner Bond
2997:
2995:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2916:Day of the Vow
2912:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2684:Floor crossing
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2599:Bisho massacre
2595:
2594:
2593:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2541:Operation Vula
2537:
2534:Rubicon speech
2530:
2527:Langa massacre
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2245:Rand Rebellion
2241:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2171:Boer Republics
2167:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2017:Bophuthatswana
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1977:Klein Vrystaat
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1862:
1847:
1839:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Tenderpreneurs
1474:
1469:
1467:Rainbow nation
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1337:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1274:Khanya College
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Pan-Africanism
1185:
1183:Libertarianism
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1009:
987:
957:
944:
922:
900:
866:
836:
814:
796:
767:
752:
736:
711:
692:
657:
631:
580:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
567:
561:
556:
551:
544:
541:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
521:Aubrey Mokoape
518:
513:
508:
506:Priscilla Jana
503:
501:Nkwenkwe Nkomo
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
472:
470:
467:
427:
424:
399:
396:
361:
358:
321:
318:
288:
287:
285:
284:
277:
270:
262:
259:
258:
257:
256:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
226:
219:
217:Black theology
214:
209:
204:
199:
193:
191:Related topics
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
174:Nkwenkwe Nkomo
171:
169:Mosiuoa Lekota
166:
164:Strini Moodley
161:
156:
151:
146:
144:Aubrey Mokoape
141:
136:
134:Mapetla Mohapi
131:
126:
124:Barney Pityana
121:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
58:SASO/BPC trial
55:
50:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3907:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3842:
3841:
3830:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:Die Spoorbund
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:Workers Party
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:Radio Freedom
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:Oranjewerkers
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:organisations
2990:
2987:
2985:organisations
2981:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:Tshwane riots
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:Project Coast
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:Mafeje affair
2482:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:Durban Moment
2452:
2449:
2448:Rivonia Trial
2445:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:Disinvestment
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:1820 Settlers
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2127:
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845:"Crackdown!"
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2938:Rooi gevaar
2817:2021 unrest
2747:Nkandlagate
2576:Third Force
2437:Rugby union
2035:(1981–1994)
2027:(1979–1994)
2019:(1977–1994)
2011:(1976–1994)
2003:(1910–1961)
1995:(1902–1910)
1987:(1902–1910)
1979:(1886–1891)
1971:(1885–1887)
1963:(1884–1888)
1955:(1882–1885)
1947:(1882–1883)
1939:(1870–1873)
1931:(1861–1879)
1923:(1856–1902)
1915:(1854–1902)
1907:(1843–1910)
1899:(1839–1843)
1891:(1816–1897)
1883:(1795–1910)
1881:Cape Colony
1873: 1780
1858: 1780
1845:(1652–1806)
1835: 1220
1828: 1075
1744:Third Force
1734:Shack fires
1571:periodicals
1052:By province
383:non-violent
3854:Categories
3749:Greyshirts
3513:Volksparty
3051:Black Sash
2712:Xenophobia
2705:Travelgate
2462:Border War
2266:Bantustans
2164:Great Trek
2109:Xhosa Wars
1969:Upingtonia
1953:Stellaland
1507:Xenophobia
1447:Corruption
1198:Trotskyism
1178:Liberalism
1168:Federalism
1131:Ideologies
1089:North West
1084:Mpumalanga
1064:Free State
893:5 December
576:References
476:Steve Biko
436:Roodepoort
366:Steve Biko
330:resistance
310:resistance
223:Frank Talk
119:Steve Biko
2972:Volkstaat
2963:Uitlander
2894:Boerehaat
2870:Anarchism
2677:Arms Deal
2640:apartheid
2300:Pass laws
2277:Apartheid
2222:1910–1948
2141:1815–1910
2079:1652–1815
1739:Terrorism
1669:e-tolling
1664:Elections
1593:ANC Today
1569:Books and
1482:Toyi-toyi
1269:Keep Left
1236:AfriForum
1226:political
1148:Anarchism
1123:movements
1121:Political
426:Aftermath
406:rally in
387:socialism
379:apartheid
334:apartheid
320:Formation
314:apartheid
197:Apartheid
3840:Category
3742:Boeremag
3240:Jeugkrag
3191:Het Volk
2885:Baasskap
2827:incident
2430:Olympics
2009:Transkei
1812:polities
1810:Defunct
1761:Category
1724:Protests
1684:HIV/AIDS
1472:Renaming
1359:(PASSOP)
1173:Feminism
1153:Anti-war
1004:Archived
974:Archived
939:Archived
917:Archived
853:Archived
831:Archived
791:Archived
728:Archived
698:Archived
652:Archived
623:Archived
455:Congress
391:Mafikeng
381:through
254:Category
26:a series
24:Part of
3645:SAAPAWU
2983:Defunct
2946:Slavery
2150:Mfecane
1704:Lindela
1586:Amandla
1527:Slogans
1304:(SASCO)
1298:(SALSA)
1292:(PAGAD)
1260:(COSAS)
1079:Limpopo
1069:Gauteng
444:Marxist
404:FRELIMO
370:banning
3596:FOSATU
3450:SAYRCO
3422:SADECO
3338:Occupy
2877:Azania
2825:Lady R
2754:Racism
2583:CODESA
2044:Events
2033:Ciskei
1945:Goshen
1875:–1819)
1860:–1817)
1487:Ubuntu
1442:Azania
1315:(ZACF)
1286:(LGEP)
1224:Other
812:(PDF).
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440:Soweto
408:Durban
113:People
42:Events
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3631:NURHS
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3568:CNETU
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3443:SAYCO
3331:NUSAS
3212:IDASA
3023:AITUP
2638:Post-
2025:Venda
1654:Crime
1642:Other
1248:(AWB)
731:(PDF)
724:(PDF)
626:(PDF)
619:(PDF)
448:exile
96:AZAPO
3784:SANF
3714:APLA
3659:SAIF
3638:PAWE
3624:NEUM
3617:MUSA
3582:FCWU
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3436:SASO
3429:SAIC
3415:SABP
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3100:COSG
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3072:CNIP
1600:Biko
1416:see
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861:2021
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688:ISBN
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81:SASM
76:SASO
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312:to
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