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57:
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183:
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909:. On 14 May, Charles issued a proclamation that the Scottish army would be destroyed if it moved to within ten miles of the border. Thus, on 3 June, when he received word that the Scots had advanced to Kelso, well within the limit, he sent a small force to investigate. Encountering Scottish units there, the English suspected they were outnumbered and retreated back across the border without a shot being fired. The Scots now felt confident to ignore the 10 mile declaration and on 5 June advanced as far as to
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Charles decided to re-assert his authority by force, using his own financial resources and thus avoiding the need to recall
Parliament to obtain tax funding. An English army of 20,000 would advance on Edinburgh from the south, while an amphibious force of 5,000 under the Marquis of Hamilton landed on
845:
in particular would be the heartland of
Royalist and Episcopalian resistance for the next 60 years. Recognising this, the Covenanter government ordered Montrose to occupy Aberdeen which fell bloodlessly on 30 March. In the following weeks, the town changed hands several times, and on 13 May, the
562:
The vast majority of Scots, whether
Covenanter or Royalist believed a "well-ordered" monarchy was divinely mandated; they disagreed on what "well-ordered" meant, and who held ultimate authority in clerical affairs. In general, Royalists viewed the monarch as head of both church and state, while
987:
before they would approve subsidies. After three weeks of stalemate, Charles dissolved
Parliament; he would have to rely on his own resources to fund the war. Meanwhile, in January 1640 the Covenanter leaders mustered their regiments, and to secure their rear, occupied Aberdeen, centre of the
866:
The First
Bishops' War was unpopular in England, and labelled "King Charles's northern follies" by many within the English media and political class. Since only Parliament could approve taxes, Charles tried to fund the war using forced "loans", impressments, and billeting. This resulted in
883:, exposing him to accusations of using foreign Catholics against his own subjects. Though both sides included large numbers of professional soldiers who had served in the European wars, the senior English commands went to Charles' favourites, who were largely inexperienced.
952:, tried to suspend it, his action was declared illegal and Parliament continued to sit. A series of acts were passed which amounted to a constitutional revolution, including Tri-annual Parliaments, and making the Covenant compulsory for all holders of public office.
867:
widespread anti-war sentiment among the civilian population from which his army was recruited, with several instances of men attacking their own officers. Internal conflict was enhanced by
Covenanter propaganda, and meant many English politicians opposed the war.
1212:
was driven by concern over the implications for
Scotland if Parliament were defeated; like Charles, the Covenanters sought political power through the creation of a unified church of Scotland and England, only one that was Presbyterian, rather than Episcopalian.
672:
backed the
Covenant. Charles agreed to defer discussion of the new canons to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, but at the same time told his supporters that he had no intention of making concessions. As a consequence, when the Assembly gathered in
657:
now argue her action was not spontaneous, but one in a series of planned and co-ordinated opposition to the Prayer book, the origin of which was as much political as religious. These culminated in
February 1638, when delegates from across Scotland agreed a
1099:, poorly-equipped, unpaid, and unenthusiastic about the war. On the march north, lack of supplies meant they looted the areas they passed through, creating widespread disorder; several units murdered officers suspected of being Catholics, then deserted.
1199:
was arguably more significant in the struggle that led to war in August 1642. Both he and
Parliament agreed on the need to suppress the revolt but neither trusted the other with control of the army raised to do so, and it was this tension that was the
563:
Covenanters held this applied only to secular matters, and "Chryst Jesus ... was King of the Kirk". However, there were many other factors, including nationalist allegiance to the Kirk, and individual motives were very complex;
550:
now imply differences in both structure and doctrine, this was not the case in the 17th century. Despite shared Protestant beliefs, Episcopalian churches were governed by bishops, usually appointed by the monarch, Presbyterian by
879:. The vast majority were untrained conscripts from the northern trained bands or militia, many armed only with bows and arrows. Charles unsuccessfully tried to compensate for this by recruiting foreign mercenaries from the
971:
for funds; in March, they approved an army of 9,000 to suppress the Covenanters, despite violent opposition from their co-religionists in Ulster. This is an example of how the Bishops Wars destabilised all three kingdoms.
1136:. One suggestion is he did not trust his ill-disciplined and mutinous troops, but morale in the rest of the army now collapsed, forcing Charles to make peace. The only other significant action of the war was the siege of
1216:
However, success in the Bishops Wars meant they overestimated their military capacity and ability to enforce this objective. Unlike Scotland, Presbyterians were a minority within the Church of England, while religious
1164:
until peace terms had been finalised. Many believed this arrangement was secretly agreed between the Parliamentary opposition and the Scots, since it allowed them to maintain pressure on London by controlling the
1094:
The Scottish army was again led by Leslie and consisted of around 20,000 well-equipped men, and possessed vastly superior artillery compared to its opponents. The English troops consisted largely of militia from
446:
from the church, turning a religious dispute into a struggle for political supremacy. The new Covenanter government raised an army to prevent Charles using force to restore his authority.
1083:
in the Scottish Highlands. A force of 5,000 conducted this campaign with great brutality, burning and looting across a large area, one of the most infamous acts being the destruction of
585:
succeeded as king of England in 1603, he viewed a unified Church of Scotland and England as the first step in creating a centralised, Unionist state. This policy was adopted by his son,
948:
The Kirk's General Assembly met again in August 1639 and confirmed the decisions taken at Glasgow, which were then ratified by the Scottish Parliament. When Charles' representative,
323:
641:
A general perception Protestant Europe was under attack meant increased sensitivity to changes in church practice; in 1636, a new Book of Canons replaced John Knox's
812:
829:, preventing any prospect of an Irish landing. Likewise, Hamilton's amphibious force was unable to disembark after finding the Forth estuary stoutly defended.
2515:
316:
480:, the Covenanters continued the occupation pending a final settlement, during which Charles agreed to pay their expenses. This required him to recall the
453:
began in early 1639, when minor skirmishing between the two sides took place in north-east Scotland. In June, English and Scottish armies assembled near
3657:
1233:, belonged to Independent congregations; by 1646, the Scots and their English allies viewed them as a greater threat than Charles. Defeat in the 1648
677:
in December it rejected the changes, expelled bishops from the Kirk, and affirmed its right to meet annually, not just when granted permission. The
999:
2758:
2708:
309:
1062:
556:
1144:, who had previously served with Leslie in the Swedish army. Blockaded since the end of May, starvation forced him to surrender in September.
2997:
2780:
1208:. Victory confirmed Covenanter control of government and the Kirk, and Scottish policy now focused on securing these achievements. The 1643
2866:
3341:
3502:
2753:
3271:
2876:
2570:
665:
575:
439:
363:
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In June, the Scottish Parliament met in Edinburgh, and granted Argyll a commission of 'fire and sword' against the Royalist areas of
253:
1321:
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825:
By the end of March, this complex plan had begun to unravel: the Covenanters had secured likely west coast landing places, notably
2635:
1940:
960:
941:
642:
223:
850:
where one Royalist soldier became the first casualty of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Buoyed by this victory, Royalists under
692:
3126:
2763:
1091:, preventing Strafford's Irish army from landing in Scotland and so enabling them to focus on the threatened English invasion.
564:
265:
3507:
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3131:
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2733:
2483:
2445:
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2367:
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2152:
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and Hamilton promoted to a Duke after hostilities had ended. Strafford was made an Earl between the 1st and 2nd Bishops' Wars
808:
797:
199:
2341:
The church of Christ : a treatise on the nature, powers, ordinances, discipline, and government of the Christian church
678:
175:
3687:
3264:
2800:
2785:
2717:
2701:
2625:
2501:
898:
890:
241:
56:
2105:
3351:
2770:
2743:
2673:
2594:
2464:
2426:
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2133:
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1960:
1242:
1141:
1102:
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211:
1870:
The church of Christ: a treatise on the nature, powers, ordinances, discipline, and government of the Christian church
1132:; they still had to take Newcastle, but to Leslie's surprise, when they arrived on 30 August, Conway had withdrawn to
937:
3037:
2990:
2748:
2615:
851:
187:
567:
was a Covenanter in 1639 and 1640 before becoming a Royalist, and switching sides was common throughout the period.
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3326:
3062:
3047:
3042:
3032:
2815:
2610:
1607:
1201:
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3517:
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2200:
2056:
1920:
1225:, who claimed he would fight rather than agree to such an outcome. Many of the political radicals known as the
1166:
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to Covenanters under Montrose on 19 June. This was the only significant engagement of the First Bishops' War.
3346:
3057:
1169:
from Newcastle, while only Parliament could levy the taxes needed to pay the occupation costs. The so-called
929:. However, both sides viewed this as a truce, and continued preparations for another military confrontation.
465:, which Charles hoped would reverse their earlier decisions. Instead, they were re-confirmed, leading to the
645:
and excommunicated anyone who denied the King's supremacy in church matters. When followed in 1637 by a new
606:
remained widespread, despite the fact it was restricted to parts of the Scottish aristocracy and the remote
3552:
3321:
3308:
3121:
3022:
2983:
2738:
2335:
1864:
559:. This meant arguments over bishops were as much about politics and royal authority as religious practice.
17:
822:
On 21 March 1639, the Covenanters occupied Edinburgh Castle, marking the start of the First Bishops' War.
3662:
3381:
3376:
3276:
3224:
3094:
1221:
opposed any state church, let alone one dictated by the Scots. One of their most prominent opponents was
921:
Neither side was anxious to fight and opened negotiations on 11 June, concluding with the signing of the
649:, the result was anger and widespread rioting, said to have been set off with the throwing of a stool by
488:
ended the Bishops' Wars, political differences between Charles and Parliament led to the outbreak of the
1109:, the usual starting point for invading England. On 17 August, cavalry units under Montrose crossed the
3672:
3667:
3391:
3371:
3087:
2524:
2401:
A Relation of Proceedings Concerning the Affairs of the Kirk of Scotland: From August 1637 to July 1638
1310:
1209:
396:
333:
48:
31:
1331:
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that assembled in November 1640 asserted its power by executing Strafford in May 1641. By August, the
3652:
3647:
3251:
3234:
2964:
2651:
855:
669:
589:, but the two were very different in doctrine; many in both Scotland and England considered Charles'
2419:
Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston, Lord Wariston; The Preservation of the Honours of Scotland, 1651–52
3594:
3489:
3449:
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359:
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2944:
2851:
2562:
2546:
1246:
1205:
1196:
1174:
922:
837:
Support for the Covenant was widespread in Scottish society, but less so in north-east Scotland.
512:
489:
485:
400:
355:
3582:
3570:
3522:
3459:
3219:
3191:
3106:
2959:
2886:
2554:
2231:"Covenanter Propaganda and Conceptualizations of the Public during the Bishops Wars, 1638–1640"
1218:
964:
926:
910:
681:, Charles' chief advisor on Scottish affairs, now advised him there was no alternative to war.
462:
408:
351:
3619:
3532:
3527:
3363:
2795:
1238:
968:
956:
646:
481:
3565:
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3239:
3206:
3201:
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3027:
2949:
2841:
2668:
2656:
906:
847:
611:
586:
419:
163:
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resulted in Charles I's execution, while a failed invasion of England intended to restore
8:
3599:
3497:
3441:
3246:
3077:
3052:
3014:
3006:
2896:
1114:
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in Angus. As they had done in the First Bishops' War, the Covenanter forces also seized
3614:
3474:
3454:
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3143:
2918:
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2179:
2016:
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1931:
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876:
607:
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427:
388:
218:
206:
158:
122:
117:
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His advisors convinced Charles the only way to finance a second war was to recall the
3577:
3287:
2790:
2479:
2460:
2441:
2422:
2382:
2363:
2351:
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles I : 1625–1626
2321:
2294:
2275:
2250:
2215:
2196:
2183:
2148:
2129:
2090:
2071:
2052:
2033:
1956:
1916:
1899:
1673:
1129:
1113:, followed by the rest of Leslie's army. The Scots bypassed the town, and headed for
659:
473:
431:
62:
2339:
1868:
925:
on 19 June. This referred all disputed questions either to the General Assembly, or
3560:
3512:
3464:
3336:
3331:
3176:
3166:
2954:
2923:
2856:
2242:
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2068:
The Autobiography and Diary of Mr. James Melville, with a Continuation of the Diary
2008:
1979:
1891:
1156:
negotiated in October 1640, the Scots were paid £850 per day and allowed to occupy
1137:
1096:
1088:
976:
826:
619:
1187:, leader of the English Parliamentary opposition; defeat forced Charles to recall
3424:
3419:
3186:
3171:
2901:
2861:
1222:
1188:
1170:
1153:
1133:
854:
were able to retake Aberdeen then lead a force south where they lost the ensuing
654:
477:
484:
to raise money for this purpose and ratify the treaty. Although the August 1641
3414:
3316:
3161:
1230:
1157:
902:
623:
615:
582:
423:
2246:
1195:
While defeat forced Charles to call a Parliament he could not get rid of, the
3641:
3542:
3429:
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2911:
2493:
2254:
1903:
1161:
1084:
816:
897:
The English faced a Scottish force of 16,500 led by the experienced veteran
301:
3082:
2846:
2012:
819:, where he would join forces with the MacDonalds and other Royalist clans.
650:
546:
529:
505:
3626:
1895:
3298:
3111:
1110:
875:
In May, an English army of around 15,000 assembled at the border town of
570:
435:
134:
2262:
2230:
610:. Scots volunteers and mercenaries fought on the Protestant side in the
3604:
3181:
2939:
2020:
1991:
1177:
was signed and the Scottish army finally evacuated Northern England.
1125:
984:
959:, and in December 1639, he issued writs for the first time since 1629.
842:
807:
the east coast, where it would link up with Royalist troops led by the
631:
590:
552:
2975:
1879:
30:
For the religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire in 1592–1604, see
2162:
Stephen, Jeffrey (2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism".
1469:
1226:
533:
2360:
An Uncounselled King: Charles I and the Scottish Troubles, 1637–1641
1983:
1913:
The Bishops' Wars: Charles I's Campaigns against Scotland, 1638–1640
3293:
2175:
1999:
Kishlansky, Mark (2005). "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity".
1184:
1076:
1072:
980:
627:
594:
537:
392:
86:
3609:
3153:
1457:
1433:
1080:
674:
90:
614:, while Scotland had close economic and cultural links with the
2438:
Charles I and the Making of the Covenanting Movement, 1625–1641
1118:
602:
443:
2049:
The Jacobean Kirk, 1567–1625: Sovereignty, Polity and Liturgy
1105:, the English commander in the north, focused on reinforcing
886:
1970:
Kaplan, Lawrence (1979). "Charles I's Flight to the Scots".
383:
were two separate conflicts fought in 1639 and 1640 between
1554:
1552:
1550:
1445:
1180:
520:
1972:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
1625:
1421:
1397:
2379:
The road to revolution: Scotland under Charles I, 1625–37
1794:
1758:
1686:
1588:
1409:
653:
during a service in St. Giles Cathedral. Historians like
2193:
Scottish Revolution, 1637–44: Triumph of the Covenanters
1842:
1782:
1710:
1637:
1547:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1385:
476:, occupied parts of northern England. Under the interim
2716:
1830:
1373:
944:, and organiser of the King's forces for the Second War
630:
universities, the majority of which were suppressed by
430:. Strongly opposed by many Scots, this led to the 1638
1576:
1535:
1361:
1349:
1337:
626:. In addition, many Scots had been educated in French
27:
British wars 1639–1640 concerning religion in Scotland
1818:
1806:
1698:
1493:
1481:
2028:
Mackie, JD; Lenman, Bruce; Parker, Geoffrey (1986).
1939:(PhD). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
1770:
1746:
1734:
1722:
975:
Charles hoped this would provide an example for the
662:, pledging resistance to liturgical "innovations".
2145:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
1649:
1523:
2027:
1953:Rebellion: Britain's First Stuart Kings, 1567–1642
1475:
1463:
1439:
1245:was followed by Scotland's incorporation into the
1124:On 28 August, the Scots forced a passage over the
2353:. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts.
2066:Melville, James (2015) . Pitcairn, Robert (ed.).
983:, Parliament demanded he address grievances like
3639:
1672:(Reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
461:. Its terms included a new General Assembly and
2457:Robert Baillie and the Second Scots Reformation
1608:"127 Cooper v Billops | British History Online"
846:Royalists won a small victory at the so-called
457:, but withdrew without fighting, following the
426:, imposed changes in religious practice on the
2523:
832:
2991:
2702:
2509:
1564:
801:Key locations of The First Bishops' War, 1639
331:
317:
2476:The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637–1642
979:, which assembled in April; however, led by
472:The Scots invaded, and after victory at the
2410:History of Scots Affairs, from 1637 to 1641
1311:"Cogadh Sìobhalta Shasainn - Ath-shealladh"
395:. They were the first of the 1639 to 1653
2998:
2984:
2709:
2695:
2516:
2502:
2334:
2318:The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie
1998:
1863:
1451:
1327:
440:General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
364:Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
324:
310:
3658:17th-century military history of Scotland
2228:
2190:
1631:
1427:
916:
870:
2435:
2416:
2288:
2065:
2046:
1667:
1391:
1355:
1179:
936:
885:
593:to the Church of England as essentially
569:
499:
3005:
2473:
2320:(2019 ed.). Hardpress Publishing.
2209:
2161:
1929:
1643:
1558:
1518:Edinburgh Castle Under Siege, 1639–1745
1379:
961:Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
942:Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
861:
504:Riots over the Prayer book, set off by
14:
3640:
2407:
2395:
2357:
2344:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: T. T. Clark.
2315:
2272:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy
2269:
2084:
1969:
1950:
1910:
1877:
1873:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: T. T. Clark.
1824:
1812:
1800:
1764:
1704:
1692:
1594:
1504:
1487:
1415:
1403:
1367:
1343:
991:
2979:
2690:
2497:
2454:
2348:
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1848:
1788:
1776:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1655:
1582:
1541:
1529:
1266:
1264:
1262:
755:
684:
305:
2123:
1836:
2719:Scotland in the early modern period
2376:
1121:, and a valuable bargaining point.
815:would invade western Scotland from
434:, whose supporters became known as
24:
2459:. University of California Press.
1946:from the original on 9 March 2014.
1259:
811:. Lastly, an Irish army under the
25:
3699:
2103:
1570:
1249:, a union made on English terms.
1140:, held by the Royalist commander
1048:
741:
727:
574:Covenanter political leader, the
424:king of both Scotland and England
65:in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh
2381:. University of Illinois Press.
2291:Britain in revolution: 1625–1660
1933:Civil Wars in Britain; 1640–1646
1670:Britain in revolution: 1625–1660
1520:. National Museums of Scotland
1476:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1986
1464:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1986
1440:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1986
1117:, centre of the coal trade with
1047:
1033:
1019:
1005:
998:
782:
768:
754:
740:
726:
712:
699:
698:
691:
259:
247:
235:
217:
205:
193:
181:
169:
157:
150:
128:
116:
55:
2308:
1661:
1600:
1510:
1020:
1006:
963:, his most capable advisor and
893:; Covenanter military commander
783:
713:
368:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2595:Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
2362:. Cambridge University Press.
1915:. Cambridge University Press.
1303:
1277:
1243:Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
1034:
600:This mattered because fear of
13:
1:
2674:Franco-Spanish War, 1635–1659
2421:(2017 ed.). Hansebooks.
1297:
668:and six other members of the
495:
3132:Colonization of the Americas
2867:Seventeenth-century religion
2662:Anglo-Spanish War, 1625–1630
2417:Johnston, Archibald (1841).
2412:(2012 ed.). Ulan Press.
2214:. Amberley. pp. 74–79.
2106:"Scottish National Covenant"
1884:Huntington Library Quarterly
1880:"The Blindness of Charles I"
1252:
1147:
932:
769:
519:, informally referred to as
77:21 March 1639–September 1640
7:
2919:Union with England Act 1707
2455:McCoy, Florence N. (1974).
2436:Macinnes, Allan I. (2003).
1930:Gericke, Bradley T (2001).
1516:Caldwell, David H. (2019).
833:Struggle for the North East
10:
3704:
3688:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
3127:Economy in the Middle Ages
3088:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
2877:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
2525:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
2191:Stevenson, David (2003) .
2164:Journal of British Studies
1857:
1210:Solemn League and Covenant
1066:The Newburn campaign, 1640
901:, who had served with the
397:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
49:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
29:
3551:
3488:
3440:
3405:
3362:
3307:
3230:Convention of the Estates
3200:
3152:
3013:
2932:
2834:
2726:
2652:European Wars of Religion
2644:
2603:
2531:
2349:Bruce, John, ed. (1858).
2289:Woolrych, Austin (2009).
2247:10.1017/S0018246X08007310
2229:Waureghen, Sarah (2009).
1668:Woolrych, Austin (2009).
1612:www.british-history.ac.uk
1288:Cogaidhean nan Easbaigean
856:Battle of the Brig of Dee
620:fighting for independence
405:Second English Civil Wars
399:, which also include the
343:
287:
274:
140:
109:
69:
54:
46:
41:
2579:Second English Civil War
2547:Irish Catholic Rebellion
2474:Russell, Conrad (1995).
2210:Thomson, Oliver (2018).
2085:Pearce, Dominic (2015).
1235:Second English Civil War
459:Treaty of Berwick (1639)
391:, supported by Scottish
360:Second English Civil War
3683:Wars involving Scotland
2563:First English Civil War
2316:Ballie, Robert (1841).
2270:Wilson, Peter (2012) .
2195:. David & Charles.
2170:(1, Scottish Special).
2143:Royle, Trevor (2006) .
2126:The Leveller Revolution
2047:McDonald, Alan (1998).
1270:Leslie was ennobled as
1206:First English Civil War
1197:Irish Rebellion of 1641
923:Pacification of Berwick
513:Reformation in Scotland
490:First English Civil War
411:, and the 1650 to 1652
356:First English Civil War
32:Strasbourg Bishops' War
3678:Wars involving England
3583:Court of the Lord Lyon
2555:Irish Confederate Wars
2408:Gordon, James (1841).
2358:Donald, Peter (2004).
2293:. Oxford Univ. Press.
2235:The Historical Journal
1878:Cressy, David (2015).
1287:
1192:
965:Lord Deputy of Ireland
945:
927:Parliament of Scotland
917:Negotiations and truce
894:
871:Standoff at the border
670:Scottish Privy Council
666:The Marquess of Argyll
578:
508:
409:Irish Confederate Wars
352:Irish Confederate Wars
141:Commanders and leaders
3220:Estates of Parliament
2587:Irish Cromwellian War
2539:Scottish Bishops' War
2377:Lee, Maurice (1985).
2030:A History of Scotland
1911:Fissel, Mark (1994).
1896:10.1353/hlq.2015.0031
1183:
988:Royalist north-east.
969:Parliament of Ireland
940:
889:
647:Book of Common Prayer
573:
503:
482:Parliament of England
288:Casualties and losses
3327:Early modern warfare
3058:Wars of Independence
2032:. Hippocrene Books.
2013:10.1093/pastj/gti027
1951:Harris, Tim (2014).
1406:, pp. 269, 278.
1063:class=notpageimage|
862:Reception of the war
798:class=notpageimage|
557:ministers and elders
266:Marquess of Montrose
176:Marquess of Hamilton
135:Scottish Covenanters
3117:Glorious Revolution
3078:Union of the Crowns
3053:Davidian Revolution
3007:Kingdom of Scotland
2897:Massacre of Glencoe
2892:Glorious Revolution
2478:. Clarendon Press.
2124:Rees, John (2016).
1851:, pp. 609–611.
1839:, pp. 118–119.
1803:, pp. 347–348.
1791:, pp. 127–128.
1767:, pp. 345–346.
1719:, pp. 107–108.
1695:, pp. 145–147.
1597:, pp. 637–656.
1478:, pp. 205–206.
1418:, pp. 787–778.
1142:Sir Patrick Ruthven
1115:Newcastle-upon-Tyne
992:Second Bishops' War
881:Spanish Netherlands
679:Marquis of Hamilton
467:Second Bishops' War
463:Scottish Parliament
3663:Church of Scotland
3620:Saint Andrew's Day
3590:Royal coat of arms
3455:Church of Scotland
3282:Secretary of State
3272:Acts of Parliament
3144:Union with England
2571:Scottish Civil War
1229:, and much of the
1193:
1107:Berwick-upon-Tweed
957:English Parliament
946:
895:
877:Berwick-upon-Tweed
809:Marquess of Huntly
685:First Bishops' War
643:Book of Discipline
579:
576:Marquess of Argyll
540:. While the terms
532:in structure, and
517:Church of Scotland
509:
455:Berwick-upon-Tweed
451:First Bishops' War
428:Church of Scotland
413:Anglo-Scottish War
254:Marquess of Argyll
200:Marquess of Huntly
101:Covenanter victory
3673:Conflicts in 1640
3668:Conflicts in 1639
3635:
3634:
3538:Scottish baronial
3347:Lord High Admiral
3288:Regiam Majestatem
3038:Early Middle Ages
2973:
2972:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2669:Thirty Years' War
2664:
2657:Eighty Years' War
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2485:978-0-19-820588-3
2447:978-1-904607-03-8
2388:978-0-252-01136-8
2369:978-0-521-52007-2
2300:978-0-19-927268-6
2274:. Belknap Press.
2154:978-0-349-11564-1
2096:978-1-4456-4555-1
1679:978-0-19-927268-6
1646:, pp. 56–57.
1634:, pp. 63–86.
1585:, pp. 89–94.
1561:, pp. 74–79.
1544:, pp. 89–90.
1454:, pp. 43–50.
1430:, pp. 45–46.
1394:, pp. 75–76.
1382:, pp. 55–58.
1370:, pp. 53–54.
1346:, pp. 39–41.
1272:1st Earl of Leven
1130:Battle of Newburn
907:Thirty Years' War
660:National Covenant
612:Thirty Years' War
474:Battle of Newburn
432:National Covenant
376:
375:
300:
299:
224:Earl of Strafford
105:
104:
63:National Covenant
16:(Redirected from
3695:
3653:1640 in Scotland
3648:1639 in Scotland
3337:Royal Scots Navy
3332:Royal Scots Army
3322:Medieval warfare
3122:Maritime history
3063:Late Middle Ages
3048:Late Middle Ages
3043:High Middle Ages
3000:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2924:Jacobite risings
2857:Marian civil war
2720:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2672:
2660:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2470:
2451:
2432:
2413:
2404:
2392:
2373:
2354:
2345:
2336:Bannerman, James
2331:
2304:
2285:
2266:
2225:
2206:
2187:
2158:
2139:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2100:
2081:
2070:. Arkose Press.
2062:
2043:
2024:
2001:Past and Present
1995:
1966:
1947:
1945:
1938:
1926:
1907:
1874:
1865:Bannerman, James
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1491:
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1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1291:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1191:in November 1640
1175:Treaty of London
1138:Edinburgh Castle
1097:Southern England
1089:Dumbarton Castle
1051:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1009:
1008:
1002:
977:Short Parliament
899:Alexander Leslie
891:Alexander Leslie
786:
785:
772:
771:
758:
757:
744:
743:
730:
729:
716:
715:
702:
701:
695:
492:in August 1642.
486:Treaty of London
338:
326:
319:
312:
303:
302:
264:
263:
262:
252:
251:
250:
242:Alexander Leslie
240:
239:
238:
222:
221:
210:
209:
198:
197:
196:
186:
185:
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174:
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172:
162:
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155:
154:
153:
133:
132:
131:
121:
120:
71:
70:
59:
39:
38:
21:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3547:
3484:
3436:
3425:Scottish people
3420:Scottish Gaelic
3401:
3358:
3303:
3277:Lord Chancellor
3225:General Council
3204:
3196:
3148:
3009:
3004:
2974:
2969:
2928:
2902:Seven ill years
2862:Union of Crowns
2830:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2685:
2680:
2640:
2599:
2527:
2522:
2492:
2486:
2467:
2448:
2429:
2389:
2370:
2328:
2311:
2301:
2282:
2222:
2203:
2155:
2136:
2114:
2112:
2097:
2087:Henrietta Maria
2078:
2059:
2040:
1984:10.2307/4048612
1963:
1943:
1936:
1923:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
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1787:
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1536:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1452:Kishlansky 2005
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1328:Bannerman 1868b
1326:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1284:Scottish Gaelic
1282:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1255:
1223:Oliver Cromwell
1171:Long Parliament
1150:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1010:
994:
967:also asked the
935:
919:
873:
864:
852:Viscount Aboyne
848:Trot of Turriff
835:
804:
803:
802:
800:
794:
793:
792:
791:
787:
779:
778:
777:
773:
765:
764:
763:
759:
751:
750:
749:
745:
737:
736:
735:
731:
723:
722:
721:
717:
709:
708:
707:
703:
687:
655:Mark Kishlansky
498:
478:Treaty of Ripon
377:
372:
339:
335:
332:
330:
270:
260:
258:
248:
246:
236:
234:
228:
216:
204:
194:
192:
188:Viscount Aboyne
182:
180:
170:
168:
156:
151:
149:
129:
127:
115:
93:
61:Signing of the
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Highland dance
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3415:Scots language
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Gaelic warfare
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
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3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
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2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2899:
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2879:
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2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
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2783:
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2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2636:Worcestershire
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2471:
2466:978-0520023857
2465:
2452:
2446:
2433:
2428:978-3337008871
2427:
2414:
2405:
2393:
2387:
2374:
2368:
2355:
2346:
2332:
2327:978-1318509577
2326:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2286:
2281:978-0674062313
2280:
2267:
2226:
2221:978-1445677958
2220:
2207:
2201:
2188:
2176:10.1086/644534
2159:
2153:
2140:
2135:978-1784783907
2134:
2121:
2104:Plant, David.
2101:
2095:
2082:
2077:978-1343621848
2076:
2063:
2057:
2044:
2039:978-0880290401
2038:
2025:
2007:(189): 41–80.
1996:
1978:(3): 207–223.
1967:
1962:978-0199209002
1961:
1948:
1927:
1921:
1908:
1890:(4): 637–656.
1875:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1827:, p. 208.
1817:
1815:, p. 207.
1805:
1793:
1781:
1779:, p. 108.
1769:
1757:
1755:, p. 111.
1745:
1743:, p. 109.
1733:
1731:, p. 110.
1721:
1709:
1707:, p. 380.
1697:
1685:
1678:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1632:Waureghen 2009
1624:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1509:
1507:, p. 374.
1492:
1490:, p. 372.
1480:
1468:
1466:, p. 204.
1456:
1444:
1442:, p. 203.
1432:
1428:Stevenson 2003
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1358:, p. 370.
1348:
1336:
1320:
1315:gd.eferrit.com
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1276:
1273:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1231:New Model Army
1167:export of coal
1158:Northumberland
1149:
1146:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1003:
997:
996:
995:
993:
990:
934:
931:
918:
915:
872:
869:
863:
860:
834:
831:
813:Earl of Antrim
796:
795:
789:
788:
781:
780:
775:
774:
767:
766:
761:
760:
753:
752:
747:
746:
739:
738:
733:
732:
725:
724:
719:
718:
711:
710:
705:
704:
697:
696:
690:
689:
688:
686:
683:
622:from Catholic
616:Dutch Republic
583:James VI and I
497:
494:
442:then expelled
374:
373:
371:
370:
344:
341:
340:
336:Three Kingdoms
329:
328:
321:
314:
306:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
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284:
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26:
9:
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3561:National flag
3559:
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3529:
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3504:
3501:
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3496:
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3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Country dance
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
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3431:
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3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3252:Privy Council
3250:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3192:Orange-Nassau
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:Darien scheme
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2966:
2965:Privy Council
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2912:Darien scheme
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Bishops' Wars
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:. Ballantyne.
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:. Routledge.
2050:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1658:, p. 94.
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1532:, p. 85.
1531:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1392:McDonald 1998
1388:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1356:Melville 2015
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:cause of the
1203:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:County Durham
1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:Airlie Castle
1082:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1001:
989:
986:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
950:Lord Traquair
943:
939:
930:
928:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
888:
884:
882:
878:
868:
859:
857:
853:
849:
844:
840:
839:Aberdeenshire
830:
828:
823:
820:
818:
817:Carrickfergus
814:
810:
799:
762:Carrickfergus
694:
682:
680:
676:
671:
667:
663:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
572:
568:
566:
560:
558:
555:, elected by
554:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:
523:
518:
514:
507:
502:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:Bishops' Wars
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Bishops' Wars
346:
345:
342:
337:
327:
322:
320:
315:
313:
308:
307:
304:
295:
292:
291:
286:
282:
280:20,000–25,000
279:
278:
273:
267:
257:
255:
245:
243:
233:
232:
230:
225:
220:
215:
213:
208:
203:
201:
191:
189:
179:
177:
167:
165:
160:
148:
147:
145:
144:
139:
136:
126:
124:
119:
114:
113:
108:
100:
97:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
42:Bishops' Wars
40:
37:
33:
19:
3600:Crown Jewels
3595:Royal Banner
3508:Early Modern
3490:Architecture
3407:Demographics
3286:
3265:Early Modern
3154:Royal Houses
3100:Commonwealth
3083:Jacobean era
2933:Institutions
2907:Colonisation
2882:Commonwealth
2871:
2847:Rough Wooing
2821:Witch trials
2734:Architecture
2538:
2475:
2456:
2437:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2397:Leslie, John
2378:
2359:
2350:
2340:
2317:
2309:Bibliography
2290:
2271:
2241:(1): 63–86.
2238:
2234:
2211:
2192:
2167:
2163:
2144:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:
2089:. Amberley.
2086:
2067:
2048:
2029:
2004:
2000:
1975:
1971:
1952:
1932:
1912:
1887:
1883:
1869:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1669:
1663:
1651:
1644:Gericke 2001
1639:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1559:Thomson 2018
1537:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1380:Stephen 2010
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1279:
1247:Commonwealth
1219:Independents
1215:
1194:
1151:
1123:
1101:
1093:
1070:
974:
954:
947:
920:
896:
874:
865:
836:
824:
821:
805:
664:
651:Jenny Geddes
640:
601:
599:
580:
561:
547:Episcopalian
545:
542:Presbyterian
541:
530:Presbyterian
525:
521:
510:
506:Jenny Geddes
471:
466:
450:
448:
417:
380:
378:
347:
110:Belligerents
47:Part of the
36:
18:Bishops Wars
3299:Covenanters
3256:Government
3112:Popish Plot
3107:Restoration
3095:Interregnum
3073:Reformation
3068:Renaissance
3033:Roman times
3028:Prehistoric
2887:Restoration
2852:Reformation
2842:Renaissance
2759:agriculture
2590:(1649–1653)
2582:(1648–1649)
2574:(1644–1645)
2566:(1642–1646)
2558:(1642–1649)
2542:(1639–1640)
2115:25 November
2110:BCW Project
1825:Kaplan 1979
1813:Kaplan 1979
1801:Harris 2014
1765:Harris 2014
1705:Harris 2014
1693:Pearce 2015
1595:Cressy 2015
1505:Harris 2014
1488:Harris 2014
1416:Wilson 2012
1404:Fissel 1994
1368:Harris 2014
1344:Harris 2014
1332:pp. 260–295
1111:River Tweed
1103:Lord Conway
436:Covenanters
334:Wars of the
212:Lord Conway
89:, Northern
3642:Categories
3605:Scots pine
3566:Union Flag
3543:Neoclassic
3498:Vernacular
2960:Parliament
2801:Literature
2786:Government
2749:Demography
2626:Shropshire
2440:. Donald.
2202:0715363026
2147:. Abacus.
2058:185928373X
1922:0521466865
1849:Royle 2006
1789:Royle 2006
1777:Royle 2006
1753:Royle 2006
1741:Royle 2006
1729:Royle 2006
1717:Royle 2006
1656:Royle 2006
1583:Royle 2006
1542:Royle 2006
1530:Royle 2006
1298:References
1189:Parliament
1152:Under the
1126:River Tyne
985:ship money
632:Louis XIII
553:presbyters
515:created a
496:Background
469:in 1640.
3615:St Andrew
3523:Palladian
3475:Mythology
3364:Geography
2781:Geography
2771:Education
2744:Childhood
2532:Conflicts
2338:(1868a).
2255:0018-246X
2184:144730991
2128:. Verso.
1904:1544-399X
1867:(1868b).
1837:Rees 2016
1253:Footnotes
1227:Levellers
1202:proximate
1148:Aftermath
1055:Newcastle
933:Interlude
827:Dumbarton
748:Edinburgh
734:Dumbarton
608:Highlands
587:Charles I
534:Calvinist
528:that was
420:Charles I
418:In 1637,
393:Royalists
164:Charles I
3578:Heraldry
3533:Georgian
3528:Jacobean
3518:Churches
3503:Medieval
3480:Religion
3309:Military
3260:Medieval
3240:Guardian
3235:Monarchy
3202:Politics
3023:Timeline
2796:Language
2791:Identity
2616:Cornwall
2399:(1830).
2263:40264158
1941:Archived
1185:John Pym
1077:Badenoch
1073:Lochaber
981:John Pym
706:Aberdeen
628:Huguenot
595:Catholic
565:Montrose
538:doctrine
522:the Kirk
385:Scotland
275:Strength
87:Scotland
82:Location
3627:Unicorn
3610:Thistle
3553:Symbols
3513:Castles
3465:Cuisine
3442:Culture
3387:Palaces
3382:Islands
3377:Castles
3342:History
3247:Peerage
3177:Balliol
3167:Dunkeld
3015:History
2816:Warfare
2811:Society
2754:Economy
2645:Related
2611:Bristol
2604:By area
2212:Zealots
2021:3600749
1992:4048612
1955:. OUP.
1858:Sources
1617:4 April
1241:in the
1239:his son
1128:at the
1081:Rannoch
1027:Berwick
1013:Newburn
905:in the
790:Turriff
720:Berwick
675:Glasgow
634:in the
618:, then
591:reforms
444:bishops
422:, then
389:England
296:300–600
293:300–400
123:England
91:England
3397:Shires
3392:Places
3372:Burghs
3187:Stuart
3172:Sverre
2835:Events
2776:Family
2727:Topics
2631:Tarvin
2621:Dorset
2550:(1641)
2482:
2463:
2444:
2425:
2385:
2366:
2324:
2297:
2278:
2261:
2253:
2218:
2199:
2182:
2151:
2132:
2093:
2074:
2055:
2036:
2019:
1990:
1959:
1919:
1902:
1676:
1134:Durham
1119:London
1041:Durham
903:Swedes
603:popery
438:. The
407:, the
283:20,000
98:Result
3352:Ships
3294:Whigs
3215:Court
3182:Bruce
3162:Alpin
2945:Court
2826:Women
2806:Music
2764:trade
2259:JSTOR
2180:S2CID
2017:JSTOR
1988:JSTOR
1944:(PDF)
1937:(PDF)
1571:Plant
1154:truce
843:Banff
636:1620s
624:Spain
581:When
401:First
3571:list
3430:list
3205:and
2955:Navy
2940:Army
2480:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2295:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2251:ISSN
2216:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2117:2017
2091:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2034:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1900:ISSN
1674:ISBN
1619:2023
1160:and
1079:and
911:Duns
841:and
776:Duns
544:and
511:The
449:The
403:and
387:and
379:The
74:Date
3450:Art
3207:law
2950:Law
2739:Art
2243:doi
2172:doi
2009:doi
2005:189
1980:doi
1892:doi
536:in
3644::
2257:.
2249:.
2239:52
2237:.
2233:.
2178:.
2168:49
2166:.
2108:.
2015:.
2003:.
1986:.
1976:11
1974:.
1898:.
1888:78
1886:.
1882:.
1610:.
1549:^
1495:^
1330:,
1313:.
1286::
1261:^
1075:,
913:.
638:.
597:.
415:.
366:•
362:•
358:•
354:•
350:•
2999:e
2992:t
2985:v
2710:e
2703:t
2696:v
2677:)
2671:(
2665:)
2659:(
2517:e
2510:t
2503:v
2488:.
2469:.
2450:.
2431:.
2391:.
2372:.
2330:.
2303:.
2284:.
2265:.
2245::
2224:.
2205:.
2186:.
2174::
2157:.
2138:.
2119:.
2099:.
2080:.
2061:.
2042:.
2023:.
2011::
1994:.
1982::
1965:.
1925:.
1906:.
1894::
1682:.
1621:.
1573:.
1334:.
1317:.
1290:)
526:,
325:e
318:t
311:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
