1423:). While other rings were found at the Birka excavations, the "Allah ring" was the only one that had this type of inscription. The Arabic historical linguist Marijn van Putten argued that the inscription on the ring was an example of pseudo-Kufic and that it has no meaning in Arabic. Nevertheless, other analysts extrapolated that the pseudo-Kufic engraving was indeed Arabic and that this was sufficient evidence to directly link Vikings to Islamic civilization. In her Twitter thread on the "Allah” textile, Stephennie Mulder drew on the work of van Putten to argue that like the textile, the ring had been similarly misunderstood. However, she acknowledged that the Arabic language—found on the ring and other objects from Birka—was appreciated by the Vikings as a sign of social status. The inscription could suggest that the ring's owner might have been one of the Viking elites who were in contact with the Islamic world via trade or travel.
800:
1396:
224:
1480:
1452:
344:
847:
from amongst the assembly and forthwith directed one of his own messengers to accompany the bishop's messenger, and to tell him that the people were unanimously inclined to accept his proposal and at the same time to tell him that, whilst their action was entirely agreeable to him, he could not give his full consent until, in another assembly, which was to be held in another part of his kingdom, he could announce this resolution to the people who lived in that district. (Chapter XXVII)
1208:
3197:
312:
662:, and, amongst other matters which they had been ordered to bring to the attention of the emperor, they informed him that there were many belonging to their nation who desired to embrace the Christian religion, and that their king so far favoured this suggestion that he would permit God's priests to reside there, provided that they might be deemed worthy of such a favour and that the emperor would send them suitable preachers. (Chapter IX)
43:
4005:
336:
1216:
328:
320:
961:(Ubsola) which the Swedes (Sueones) held in the highest esteem when it comes to the worship of the gods; here forms an inlet of the Baltic or the Barbaric Sea a port facing north which welcomes all the wild peoples all around this sea but which is risky for those who are careless or ignorant of such places ... they have therefore blocked this inlet of the troubled sea with hidden masses of rocks along more than 100
684:
them their ships and all that they possessed, whilst they themselves barely escaped on. foot to land. —With great difficulty they accomplished their long journey on foot, traversing also the intervening seas (maria), where it was possible, by ship, and eventually arrived at the
Swedish port called Birka. (Chapters X and XI)
1506:
coins have been located all around
Scandinavian countries and suggest strong trade relations existed between the medieval Middle East and Northern Europe. A dirham coin was found in the excavation of grave sites in Birka, with Arabic writing and an absence of imagery that would date the coin sometime
1494:
The brooch is understood to be typically related to female burials and also female jewelry of the Viking period. The surrounding fragments of textiles attached to these brooches, scattered around various graves across Sweden, also give an understanding of what the typical womenswear of the Viking age
1253:
on the island. Stolpe found very large amounts of amber, which is unusual since amber is not normally found in lake Mälaren. Stolpe speculated that the island may have been an important trading post, prompting him to conduct a series of archeological excavations between 1871 and 1895. The excavations
302:
since 1993. Many burial sites have been uncovered at Birka, leading to the finding of many objects including jewelry and many textile fragments. In recent years, objects from Birka have been in the public eye due to ongoing academic research connection Birka to evidence of trade with the Middle East.
1562:
Grave Bj 463 contained the skeleton of a girl from the mid-10th century. She was buried in a coffin with grave goods associated with high-status women, including a round brooch, glass beads, and a needle case. By the condition of her teeth, she was 5–6 years old at the time of her death, and further
815:
Being in great difficulty they fled to a neighbouring city (ad civitatem, quæ iuxta erat, confugerunt) and began to promise and offer to their gods—But inasmuch as the city was not strong and there were few to offer resistance, they sent messengers to the Danes and asked for friendship and alliance.
683:
It may suffice for me to say that while they were in the midst of their journey they fell into the hands of pirates. The merchants with whom they were travelling, defended themselves vigorously and for a time successfully, but eventually they were conquered and overcome by the pirates, who took from
593:
are sometimes ambiguous, which has caused some controversy as to whether Birka and the Björkö settlement are the same location. Many other locations have been suggested through the years. However, Björkö is the only location that shows remains of a town of Birka's significance, which is why the vast
1558:
Many graves contain objects such as coins, glass, and textiles that originated in foreign countries as far as the Middle East and
Eastern Asia. According to Nancy L. Wicker, these objects were either imported to Birka as luxury trade goods, or they belonged to foreign individuals who were buried at
1386:
threads if the fragment had been narrowed at some point. Larsson's drawings were speculative and not based on evidence that an expansion existed. The backlash following these criticisms led the press release on the
Uppsala University website to include a note that Larsson's research was preliminary
846:
When the day for the assembly which was held in the town of Birka drew near, in accordance with their national custom the king caused a proclamation to be made to the people by the voice of a herald, in order that they might be informed concerning the object of their mission. —The king then rose up
1273:
published the most detailed analysis of this collection in 1938, although her study was based upon only around 5% of the 4800 textile fragments preserved from the site. The collection represents a usual variety of different types of textiles showing high quality textiles manufactured by different
1125:
John seems to have been situated in Birka in order to prepare for the missionary work among the many heathen people that flooded to Birca from around the Baltic coasts. This was a logical continuation to Birka's position as the first missionary town in Sweden. Noteworthy here is that the biggest
1554:
or chamber graves. Skeletal analysis and the presence of gender-specific jewelry and objects in graves has shown that the majority of the deceased are female. Scholar Nancy L. Wicker suggests that the disproportionate number of female graves is due to the fact that female grave goods are easily
1378:, is not seen until the 15th century. Larsson had also proposed extensions to the tablet weaving that expanded beyond the original drawing by Agnes Geijer in 1938. Textile specialist Carolyn Priest-Dorman argued that the expansions are impossible because the fragment has finished edges called
1198:
The remark does not make it clear if
Adalvard found the city destroyed or if that had happened after his visit and the later remark was just to warn the future pilgrims not to go there anymore in vain. As Adalvard was back in Bremen already by 1069 and is mentioned as one of Adam's sources of
688:
Rimbert does not say where Ansgar sailed off or where he landed. Noteworthy is just his note about several "seas" that they had to cross to get to Birka from the place they had landed to. Since
Rimbert mentions them to have crossed the seas by ship "where it was possible" they clearly had the
1374:, replied to Larsson's findings in a Twitter thread. Based on the epigraphy, Mulder argued that the textile bore a simple geometric pattern and not Arabic writing because the dating of the textile was from the 10th century and the style of writing Larsson claimed was on the textile, square
1034:
From Skåne (Sconia) of the Danes one reaches
Sigtuna (Sictonam) or Birka after five days at sea, for they are indeed alike. But by land from Skåne across the Geatish people (Gothorum populos) and cities Skara (Scaranem), Telgas and Birka, one reaches Sigtuna only after a full month. (IV
1443:
mold due to the presence of casting burs on the object and the fact that similar casting molds of dragons have been found in Birka. Stylistically similar dragonheads have been discovered around the Baltic, and scholars like Anne-Sofie Gräslund believe they likely functioned as
840:
On this account I have not the power, nor do I dare, to approve the objects of your mission until I can consult our gods by the casting of lots and until I can enquire the will of the people in regard to this matter. Let your messenger attend with me the next assembly (Chapter
645:
gives the first known description of Birka. The town was the center of
Catholic missionary activities in the 9th century Sweden. Rimbert's interests were in the Christian faith, not so much in the Swedish geopolicy, so his descriptions of Birka remain approximate at best.
1563:
analysis determined that her diet was similar to that of male warriors instead of a typical child's diet. Scholar
Marianne Hem Eriksen maintains that this girl is an unusual case of a high-status child burial, as children were seldom buried with identifiable grave goods.
1369:
to have discovered a textile among the finds from Birka that bore the Arabic words "Allah" and "Ali". She theorized that some of the
Vikings could have been influenced by Islam, leading to widespread media coverage. Stephennie Mulder, a professor of Islamic art at the
1352:"The site found consisted of a stone-lined depression in the Viking Age shore zone with a wooden boat slip at the bottom. The finds at the site consist of large quantities of both unused and used boat rivets, whetstones made from slate and woodworking tools."
1294:
led Geijer to theorize that some of the textiles were imported. Geijer also found remains of the three-end twill textile that has not been found anywhere else in Northern Europe. Geijer theorized that some of the fragments came from the East, possibly
1254:
soon indicated that a major settlement had been located on the island and eventually Stolpe spent two decades excavating the island. After Björkö came to be identified with ancient Birka, it has been assumed that the original name of Birka was simply
777:
This Gautbert, who at his consecration received the honoured name of the apostle Simeon, went to Sweden, and was honourably received by the king and the people; and he began, amidst general goodwill and approval, to build a church there (Chapter
1193:
During his journey he seized the opportunity to make a detour to Birka, which is now reduced to loneliness so that one can hardly find vestiges of the city; therefore impossible to come upon the tomb of the holy Archbishop Unni. (Scholia
1071:, Adam's statement is probably a misunderstanding. No place having a similar name to Birka is known to have situated on the opposite shore of Oder, so it may be possible that something similar to Jumne was located opposite to Birka.
1348:
On 15 June 2022, it was announced that archaeologists from Stockholm University's Archaeological Research Laboratory had found a Viking Age shipyard in Lake Mälaren. It was the first time a site like the shipyard had been found.
816:—Hergeir, the faithful servant of the Lord, was angry with them and said, "They will lead away your wives and sons as captives, they will burn our city (urbs) and town (vicus)" and will destroy you with the sword (Chapter XIX)
820:
As the neighbouring "city" is not mentioned in any other context than during the Danish attack as a place where people took refuge, it probably meant a nearby fortress. Eventually Danes left, sparing Birka from destruction.
575:
and Sweden. Birka and similar spellings are very common in Scandinavian place names still today leading to speculation that all references to Birka, especially those by Adam of Bremen, were not about the same location.
1911:
excluded, it is mentioned for the first time in 1281. However, it is considered possible that Södertälje was already established in the 11th century, but dating the city to be contemporary to the Björkö settlement is
1328:
Approximately 700 people lived at Birka when it was at its largest, and about 3,000 graves have been found. Its administrative center was supposedly located outside of the settlement itself, on the nearby island of
670:
then undertook the mission committed to him by the emperor, who desired that he should go to the Swedes and discover whether this people was prepared to accept the faith as their messengers had declared. (Chapter
1906:
Assuming Birka and Björkö settlement were the same, Adam's travel instructions were latest from the 10th century when Björkö settlement still existed. Södertälje is mentioned as "Tælgia" etc in medieval sources.
1290:, the quality of the textiles studied by Geijer ranged from very coarse to fine fabrics with high thread counts that required complicated techniques to create. The variety of materials and techniques to make the
768:
On one occasion he himself was sitting in an assembly of people, a stage having been arranged for a council on an open plain. He then summoned his servants and told them to carry him to his church. (Chapter
1109:
Adalvard the Elder (Adalwardus senior) was to superintend both lands of the Geats (uterque praefectus est Gothiae), Adalvard the Younger Sigtuna (Sictunam) and Uppsala (Ubsalam), Simeon (Symon) the
2922:
Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte; Kjellström, Anna; Zachrisson, Torun; Krzewińska, Maja; Sobrado, Veronica; Price, Neil; Günther, Torsten; Jakobsson, Mattias; Götherström, Anders; Storå, Jan (2017).
597:
Birka was abandoned during the latter half of the 10th century. Based on the dating of the coins, the city seems to have died out around 960. Roughly around the same time, the nearby settlement of
965:(18 km). On this anchorage, being the best sheltered within the maritime region of Sweden (Suevoniae), all the ships belonging to Danes (Danorum) known as Norwegians (Nortmannorum) as well as to
689:
alternative of going around them as well, meaning that the seas were probably the numerous lakes in southern Sweden. When Ansgar again travelled to Birka from Germany about 852, it went easier:
583:. Adam only mentions the port, but otherwise, Birka seems to have been significant to him because it was the start of Ansgar's Christian mission and because Archbishop Unni was buried there.
225:
579:
Both publications are silent on Birka's size, layout, and appearance. Based on Rimbert's account, Birka was significant because it had a port and it was the location of the regional
906:(Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church), Adam of Bremen mentions Birka many times, and the book is the main source of information on the city. After its initial release in 1075–6,
1223:
The exact location of Birka was also lost during the centuries, leading to speculation from Swedish historians. In 1450, the island of Björkö was first claimed to be Birka by the "
2366:
1487:
Many Birka grave excavations produced a number of funerary findings unique to the deceased and the region of the grave. In the excavation of grave Bj 463, a small copper alloy
1387:
and a comment regarding the criticisms. In 2020, Larsson published an article reiterating her claim that the textile bore Arabic writing, without addressing these criticisms.
790:"There are there," he said, "many great and powerful gods, and in former time a church was built there, and there are many Christians there who worship Christ" (Chapter XIX)
355:
Birka was founded around 750 AD as a trading port by a king or merchants trying to control trade. It is one of the earliest urban settlements in Scandinavia. Birka was the
1010:
Noteworthy in the following statement is the usage of the term "not far" (non longe) which was also used to describe the distance between Birka and the Uppsala temple:
2300:
3931:
1051:
For those who sail from Skåne (Sconia) of the Danes to Birka, the journey takes five days, from Birka to Russia (Ruzziam) likewise five days at sea. (Scholia 121)
1880:
discussed in Chapter IV 16 just before Estland thus meaning that Birka was not far away from Courland. Compare with Rimbert's story about an attack to Courland,
2331:
733:
to have spent time in Birka. None of them is however said to have had his residence there, as the Swedish king and his retinue periodically moved between the
744:
King Björn met Ansgar in Birka when he arrived there in 829 (Chapter XI). Later King Olof met him there as well during his last trip in 852 (Chapter XXVI).
1472:
were found in graves at Birka. Missionaries, brought by Rimbert and others, lead to some converts to Christianity. 27 graves contained small pendants of
2216:
1949:
1491:
with animal motifs was found alongside the skeletal remains of a young girl from Birka, and similar ones appeared in other excavations around Birka.
1199:
information, it would have been expected that word about Birka's destruction had reached also Adam before he published his work half a decade later.
1039:"Telgas" is not mentioned anywhere else, and it remains as speculative as Birka. The most popular identification among many telge names in Sweden is
613:
and was gaining eminence as a mercantile stronghold. Historian Neil Kent has speculated that the area may have been the victim of an enemy assault.
2712:
Viking silver, hoards and containers : the archaeological and historical context of Viking-age silver coin deposits in the Baltic c. 800–1050
3898:
2828:
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1082:
that oversaw the missionary work in Scandinavia until 1103, had appointed bishops to Sweden at least from 1014 onwards, the first see being in
3251:
3089:
2116:
868:. The king was obliged to obey the common decisions made at this ting, and the most powerful man at this assembly was not the king, but the
693:
Ansgar accomplished the journey on which he had set out, and after spending nearly twenty days in a ship, he arrived at Birka (Chapter XXVI)
3924:
4024:
2420:
4179:
2269:
4057:
3965:
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405:, iron goods, and craft products, in exchange for various materials from much of Europe and Western Asia. Furs were obtained from the
276:
town some 35 km to the northeast. It has been estimated that the population in Viking Age Birka was between 500 and 1000 people.
4199:
2354:
1059:
In pity of their errors, our archbishop ordained as their diocesan capital Birka, which is in the middle of Sweden (Sueoniae) facing
902:
753:
512:
480:
in Northern Germany and elsewhere in Scandinavia start to appear. However, the vast majority of the coins found at Birka are silver
4130:
982:
Turning from the northern parts to the mouth of the Baltic Sea we first meet the Norwegians (Nortmanni), then the Danish region of
2442:
2391:
Wärmländer, Sebastian K.T.S.; Wåhlander, Linda; Saage, Ragnar; Rezakhani, Khodadad; Hamid Hassan, Saied A.; Neiß, Michael (2015).
4174:
4169:
4159:
3917:
2150:
1165:
and the tomb of the holy Archbishop Unni, and a familiar haven, it is said, for the holy confessors of our diocese. (Scholia 122)
854:
were huge open-air events, which required plenty of space. The more important ting that king Olof talked about was probably the
4184:
3955:
1611:
914:
until the death of Adam in the 1080s. Birca is described as an existing city in the original version, but then as destroyed in
539:
sources mentioning the name of the settlement, or even the settlement itself, and the original Norse name of Birka is unknown.
203:
4070:
1807:
2804:
2769:
2720:
2650:
1776:
1852:
268:
Birka was founded around AD 750 and it flourished for more than 200 years. It was abandoned c. AD 975, around the same time
4194:
2083:, Birka, in: Pulsiano, Phillip (ed.), Medieval Scandinavia. An Encyclopedia, Garland Publishing, New York / London 1993, 43
72:
1317:
called "Borgen" ("The Fortress"). The construction technique of the buildings is still unknown, but the main material was
836:
would permit him to establish the Christian religion in the kingdom during his second visit in 852, the king said to him:
3228:
2292:
295:
on the subsequent history of Europe. Generally regarded as Sweden's oldest town, Birka (along with Hovgården) has been a
1302:
Ownership of Björkö is today mainly in private hands and is used for farming and management also benefits biodiversity.
962:
2323:
1925:
where it still today is. Date 17.9.936 is written in the lead plate attached to the saint's skull. Lindqvist, Herman.
3082:
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2611:
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2012:
1977:
1934:
1666:
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A little later he built a church on his own ancestral property and served God with the utmost devotion. (Chapter XI)
2900:
3186:
3046:
2355:""Asian Silk in Scandinavian Viking Age Graves Based on the boat-and chamber graves in the Eastern Mälar Valley""
1476:
from around the 10th century. Both traditional Viking religious beliefs and Christianity were present at Birka.
1121:
For this city he ordained, as the first among our people, the abbot Hiltin, whom he wanted to call John. (IV 20)
496:
Sources from Birka are mainly archaeological remains. No texts survive from this area, though the written text
1507:
after the 7th century. Other writing on the coin indicates the location of the mint as well as the names of a
1269:
A significant collection of textiles fragments were retrieved during excavations, mostly from chamber graves.
524:
Unni, who died at Birka in 936. Saint Ansgar's work was the first attempt to convert the people of Birka from
4154:
1371:
1014:
Furthermore we have been told that there are many more islands in that sea, one of which is called the Great
986:(Sconia) stands out, and beyond these live the Geats (Gothi) for a long stretch all the way to Birka. (IV 14)
2233:
3075:
1946:
1863:
at the end of the text are later supplements, possibly by Adam himself or copyists. English translation of
1063:(Iumnem), the capital of the Slavs, and equally distant from all the coasts of the surrounding sea. (IV 20)
786:
confirms that either one of the churches was in Birka itself when he ponders if Birka should be plundered:
2984:"Don't all mothers love their children? Deposited infants as animate objects in the Scandinavian Iron Age"
4204:
3246:
2849:"Christianization, Female Infanticide, and the Abundance of Female Burials at Viking Age Birka in Sweden"
1577:
1537:
2474:"A Bit Arabic. Pseudo-Arabic Inscriptions on Viking Age Weights in Sweden and Expressions of Self-image"
1403:
A ring was found during the archeological excavations at Birka between 1872 and 1895, when archeologist
1313:). The remains are both burial-sites and buildings, and in the south part of this area, there is also a
1768:
348:
3042:
2393:"Analysis and interpretation of a unique Arabic finger ring from the Viking Age town of Birka, Sweden"
1690:
1641:
1067:
Since it is physically impossible for any Swedish town to face Jumne, the latter being situated along
3677:
1867:
is not available in public domain, and the translation of the selected parts is by Knowledge editors.
2201:
799:
705:
instead of some port in Baltic Sea, since the later account by Adam of Bremen gives the distance of
3283:
2796:
Fifty early Medieval things : materials of culture in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages
181:
1605:
Price, T. Douglas; Arcini, Caroline; Gustin, Ingrid; Drenzel, Leena; Kalmring, Sven (March 2018).
1098:(Adalwardum) and Tadicum, and furthermore Simeon (Symeonem) and the monk John (Iohannem). (III 70)
3562:
2108:
1508:
1079:
1006:(Ostrogothia) extends along the sea, that is called the Baltic Sea, all the way to Birka. (IV 23)
639:
1135:
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1305:
The archaeological remains are located in the north part of Björkö and span an area of about 7
20:
1395:
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Fifty early medieval things: materials of culture in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages
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2188:
2176:
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1607:"Isotopes and human burials at Viking Age Birka and the Mälaren region, east central Sweden"
238:
56:
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2007:. London: Pasold Research Fund in association with Sotheby Parke Bernet. pp. 220–221.
1527:
There is no deity but Allah alone he has no equal For God Muhammad is the messenger of God.
1186:
551:
is the contemporary, unhistorical Swedish form. The Latin name is probably derived from an
452:
Foreign goods found from the graves of Birka include glass and metalware, pottery from the
2038:"Sweden's First Restoration of an Ancient Monument - the burial ground Hemlanden on Birka"
1479:
391:
8:
4116:
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1224:
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752:
Ansgar's missionary work resulted in first churches to be built in Sweden. Talking about
610:
556:
360:
299:
140:
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4004:
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2080:
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1661:. London: Pasold Research Fund in association with Sotheby Parke Bernet. p. 245.
1189:, the bishop of Sigtuna and later that of Skara, Adam or a later copyist has written:
957:
Gothorum), situated in the middle of Sweden (Suevoniae), not far (non longe) from the
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3256:
3174:
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3139:
3025:
3013:
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2681:
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2607:
2606:. London: Pasold Research Fund in association with Sotheby Parke Bernet. p. 24.
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2571:. London: Pasold Research Fund in association with Sotheby Parke Bernet. p. 22.
2548:
2536:
2412:
2224:
2037:
2018:
2008:
1983:
1973:
1972:. London: Pasold Research Fund in association with Sotheby Parke Bernet. p. 71.
1930:
1827:
which Rimbert uses about Birka can also be translated as "market place" or "village".
1772:
1672:
1662:
1336:
The most recent large excavation was undertaken between 1990 and 1995 in a region of
1154:
1117:
Furthermore, the following was said about John's location after talking about Birka:
1003:
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384:
253:
as well as many parts of the European continent and the Orient. Björkö is located in
2896:
2499:
718:
476:, and plaited cords of high quality. From the ninth century onwards coins minted at
433:, and other species. Reindeer antlers and objects carved from reindeer antlers like
4189:
3880:
3610:
3205:
3159:
3134:
3003:
2995:
2951:
2935:
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2515:"'The gleaming mane of the serpent': the Birka dragonhead from Black Earth Harbour"
2485:
2404:
2064:
2045:
1922:
1804:
1620:
937:. He was also very familiar with Rimbert's work. Adam himself never visited Birka.
851:
580:
413:, and people in Northwestern Russia, as well as from local trappers. Furs included
380:
292:
19:
This article is about the Viking-age trading center in Sweden. For other uses, see
3835:
3739:
3442:
2999:
2143:"Exhibition: Viking Age patterns may be Kufic script – Uppsala University, Sweden"
977:(Scithiae) peoples use to convene every year for sundry necessary commerce. (I 62)
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discovered it in a 9th-century Viking woman's burial. It is made of high-quality
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288:
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3223:
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1404:
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364:
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inscription found on the ring's glass that resembles the word Allah (Arabic:
1383:
1365:
In 2017, Annika Larsson, a textile researcher, claimed in a press release by
1235:
808:
783:
722:
702:
473:
372:
311:
87:
74:
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2759:
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2022:
1987:
1836:
Scandinavian sources omit King Olof from the list of kings that reigned in
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1411:
alloy and is set with a pink-violet oval glass. The ring, preserved at the
1270:
1207:
1113:(Scritefingos), John (Iohannes) the islands of the Baltic Sea. (Scholia 94)
884:
634:
544:
498:
461:
388:
273:
3979:
3427:
2864:
1703:
1322:
1086:. Several bishops were appointed for Sweden in 1060s, one also for Birka.
1018:(Aestland) – And this island is told to be quite close to the Woman Land (
889:
280:
152:
4090:
3775:
3724:
3585:
3547:
3432:
3357:
3330:
3238:
3109:
2675:
2531:
2514:
2490:
1555:
identifiable, but male graves without objects are difficult to identify.
1547:
1275:
1238:
was the first to attempt excavations on Björkö in the late 17th century.
1110:
605:
area. The reasons for Birka's decline are disputed. The Baltic island of
406:
250:
3703:
2880:
2848:
2601:
2566:
2002:
1967:
1656:
773:
Another church was also built in Sweden, however location is left open:
4111:
4097:
4037:
3729:
3635:
3467:
3457:
3164:
3051:
3008:
2939:
2758:
Deliyannis, Deborah Mauskopf; Dey, Hendrik W; Squatriti, Paolo (2019).
1520:
1337:
1246:
873:
869:
658:
Meanwhile it happened that Swedish ambassadors had come to the Emperor
521:
465:
356:
246:
128:
3800:
3422:
3315:
2408:
1473:
1456:
1139:
1022:), which is not far (non longe) away from Birka of the Swedes. (IV 17)
679:, and set forth to Sweden. Rimbert describes the trip very generally:
602:
254:
3749:
3708:
3672:
3625:
3615:
3580:
3522:
3447:
3407:
3347:
2050:
1543:
1440:
1314:
1249:
by education, arrived on Björkö to study fossilized insects found in
974:
617:
552:
453:
258:
193:
3320:
3300:
3196:
2473:
1435:. Sven Kalmring and Lena Holmquist maintain that the dragonhead was
1330:
287:, make up an archaeological complex which illustrates the elaborate
284:
42:
4080:
3870:
3845:
3815:
3795:
3657:
3652:
3620:
3572:
3472:
3372:
1877:
1516:
1215:
1095:
1091:
970:
922:
764:
Herigar's church was not far from the place where tings were held:
477:
335:
27:
3605:
3552:
3527:
3502:
3325:
1715:
1431:
The Birka dragonhead is a 45mm long decorative object made from a
1127:
983:
327:
319:
262:
4101:
4085:
3865:
3825:
3790:
3765:
3667:
3437:
3310:
3218:
2390:
2324:"A String Geek's Stash: Viking Age Tablet Weaving: Kufic or Not?"
1837:
1711:
1436:
1379:
1306:
1131:
1027:
1015:
954:
926:
865:
861:
698:
676:
642:
606:
598:
568:
503:
469:
269:
3497:
3288:
1956:. Original text. Translation in English is by Knowledge editors.
3944:
3805:
3600:
3352:
3342:
3305:
3067:
3062:
2443:"The Viking ring from Birka got a lot of attention 3 years ago"
1551:
1503:
1488:
1408:
1181:
After having consistently described Birka as an existing city,
1162:
706:
667:
621:
572:
559:" which probably means a market place. Related to this was the
507:
481:
438:
430:
422:
395:
296:
242:
60:
3362:
4032:
3875:
3850:
3647:
3630:
3595:
3557:
3537:
3367:
3293:
2757:
1876:
Note that Adam's words "cum illa superior" may also refer to
1420:
1375:
1296:
1279:
1250:
1083:
1060:
995:
966:
930:
594:
majority of scholars regard Björkö as the location of Birka.
532:
446:
442:
426:
410:
1542:
Over 3,000 grave sites are located in Birka, including both
3855:
3744:
3662:
3512:
2262:"#Viking 'Allah' textile actually doesn't have Allah on it"
2173:"Viking Age Script Deciphered – Mentions 'Allah' and 'Ali'"
1523:. The coin's inscription in Arabic translates into English:
1512:
1318:
1310:
1287:
1283:
1138:
in the Middle Ages, covering also Östergötland and eastern
1068:
946:
547:
form given in the written sources by Rimbert and Adam; and
434:
414:
2386:
2384:
1325:, an estate that housed the King's retinue during visits.
1850:
Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
1445:
1432:
675:
Ansgar was already experienced in the missionary work in
418:
402:
1604:
1515:, which place the coin's origins in al-Shah, modern day
1360:
1185:
of IV 29 describes Birka's sudden demise. Talking about
807:
Danes attacked Birka, accompanied with the deposed king
3058:
Reconstructions of Bone Flutes like the ones from Birka
2381:
1299:, due the use of gold and silver wire as well as silk.
1055:
The following definition remains even more mysterious:
649:
531:
Both Rimbert and Adam were German clergymen writing in
921:
One of Adam's main sources had been the German bishop
803:
An entry point in a Viking-era defensive wall on Birka
2293:"Did Viking Couture Really Feature the Word 'Allah'?"
1390:
624:
suffered a serious decline at roughly the same date.
601:supplanted Birka as the main trading center in the
3939:
1415:, became known as the "Allah ring" because of the
1340:, believed to be the site of the main settlement.
1153:of IV 20 locates the tomb of Hamburg's archbishop
949:port town and had gathered many details about it.
3954:For official site names, see each article or the
2512:
2359:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
4146:
2642:VIKING WORLDS : things, spaces and movement
1026:Adam also had travel instructions from Skåne to
876:. Locally important tings were the Westrogothic
4112:Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain, Falun
2924:"A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics"
1742:Historien om Sverige. Islossning till kungarike
895:
737:, parts of the network of royal estates called
567:) which regulated the life of market places in
401:As a trading center, Birka most likely offered
3925:
3083:
2513:Kalmring, Sven; Holmquist, Lena (June 2018).
2321:
2095:The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Issue 1
1495:may have been in the 9th and 10th centuries.
1399:Ring theorized to read "Allah" found at Birka
1202:
2708:
2217:"'Allah' Is Found on Viking Funeral Clothes"
2109:"Unique Viking shipyard discovered at Birka"
609:was also in a better strategic position for
516:(Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church) by
437:were important items of trade. The trade of
2799:. Hendrik W. Dey, Paolo Squatriti. Ithaca.
860:, which was held at the end of February in
811:, which caused great distress in the town.
3932:
3918:
3237:
3090:
3076:
2827:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2792:
2743:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2322:Priest-dorman, Carolyn (12 October 2017).
1321:. An adjacent island holds the remains of
1145:
717:Several Swedish kings of the 9th century,
506:(c. 865) describes the missionary work of
41:
3007:
2955:
2928:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2530:
2489:
2071:, Göteborgs universitet, 2011, pp. 71–77.
2049:
2035:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1624:
1234:In search of Birka, National Antiquarian
903:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
513:Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum
4025:Agricultural landscape of southern Öland
2471:
2214:
1478:
1450:
1394:
1214:
1206:
798:
697:This might mean that he sailed off from
627:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
249:trading center which handled goods from
2981:
2352:
2215:Anderson, Christina (14 October 2017).
1463:
709:and Birka to be only five days at sea.
484:from the Middle East while English and
387:. Birka is the site of the first known
347:Map of Björkö, late 17th century, from
237:in medieval sources), on the island of
16:Archaeological site on Björkö in Sweden
4147:
3956:List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden
2846:
2680:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
2599:
2564:
2290:
2000:
1965:
1747:
1654:
1612:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
638:("The life of Ansgar") monk and later
528:to Christianity. It was unsuccessful.
279:The archaeological sites of Birka and
3913:
3899:WikiProject Norse history and culture
3071:
2982:Eriksen, Marianne Hem (27 May 2017).
2977:
2975:
2903:from the original on 17 November 2021
2842:
2840:
2838:
2793:Deliyannis, Deborah Mauskopf (2019).
2673:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2560:
2558:
2369:from the original on 13 December 2021
2334:from the original on 28 November 2021
2303:from the original on 10 November 2021
2256:
2254:
2252:
2153:from the original on 10 November 2021
2136:
2134:
2092:
1531:
257:, 30 kilometers west of contemporary
241:(lit. "Birch Island") in present-day
2272:from the original on 9 December 2021
1758:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
940:
910:was complemented with supplementary
794:
650:Bridgehead of Christian missionaries
4071:Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland
4066:Church Village of Gammelstad, Luleå
2853:Journal of the History of Sexuality
654:This is how it all started in 829:
491:
13:
4003:
2972:
2835:
2628:
2555:
2249:
2140:
2131:
1897:can also be translated "close by".
1859:, online text in Latin. Note that
1382:and the band would have shown cut
1090:For Sweden, six were consecrated:
14:
4216:
4180:Former populated places in Sweden
3036:
2423:from the original on 17 July 2021
2291:Samuel, Sigal (17 October 2017).
2119:from the original on 16 June 2022
1591:
1355:
468:with extremely fine gold thread,
4200:Archaeological museums in Sweden
4135:Shared with nine other countries
3195:
3097:
1483:Tortoise brooches found at Birka
1094:(Adalwardum) and Acilinum, also
953:Birka is the main Geatish town (
824:
291:of Viking Scandinavia and their
283:, on the neighbouring island of
3047:Swedish National Heritage Board
2915:
2786:
2751:
2702:
2667:
2593:
2506:
2465:
2435:
2346:
2315:
2284:
2208:
2165:
2101:
2086:
2074:
2058:
2029:
1994:
1959:
1940:
1915:
1900:
1887:
1870:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1798:
1498:
1173:, Unni had died in 936 (I 64).
1080:Archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen
4175:Archaeology of Northern Europe
4170:Archaeological sites in Sweden
4160:World Heritage Sites in Sweden
2069:Särkland och dess källmaterial
1785:
1734:
1729:Sveriges historia – medeltiden
1721:
1696:
1683:
1648:
1633:
1176:
1:
4185:Geography of Stockholm County
3990:Royal Domain of Drottningholm
3000:10.1080/00438243.2017.1340189
2097:. Cambridge University Press.
1921:Unni's head was taken to the
1584:
1426:
1372:University of Texas at Austin
1219:July 2004 excavation of Birka
1211:1991 excavation in dark earth
882:in Skara and the Ostrogothic
394:in Sweden, founded in 831 by
351:. Engraving by Willem Swidde.
339:Map of Björkö and Birka today
2764:. Cornell University Press.
2709:Gruszczynski, Jacek (2019).
1580:on display in Birka's museum
896:Adam of Bremen's description
640:archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen
7:
4195:Museums in Stockholm County
3229:Exploration of the Americas
2478:Current Swedish Archaeology
2036:Schönbeck, Mattias (2023).
1761:A Concise History of Sweden
1759:Kent, Neil (12 June 2008).
1578:Uppland Runic Inscription 6
1566:
1538:Birka female Viking warrior
1361:"Allah" textile controversy
1343:
1161:There is the port of Saint
1126:islands in the Baltic Sea,
888:in the vicinity of today's
10:
4221:
3063:The Swedish History Museum
1769:Cambridge University Press
1535:
1455:Pendent of Thor's hammer,
1241:In the late 19th century,
1203:Björkö archaeological site
945:Adam described Birka as a
832:When Ansgar asked if King
502:("The Life of Ansgar") by
349:Suecia antiqua et hodierna
306:
141:UNESCO World Heritage Site
25:
18:
4125:
4056:
4015:
4001:
3964:
3951:
3894:
3758:
3717:
3686:
3571:
3486:
3393:
3269:
3204:
3193:
3125:
3105:
2847:WICKER, NANCY L. (2012).
1814:. Translation in English.
1626:10.1016/j.jaa.2017.10.002
1105:appends this as follows:
1074:
747:
510:around 830 at Birka, and
323:Reconstruction of housing
261:, in the municipality of
213:
209:
199:
189:
174:
166:
158:
147:
138:
134:
124:
116:
108:
103:
66:
52:
40:
4038:Naval Port of Karlskrona
2603:A history of textile art
2568:A History of Textile Art
2472:Fernstål, Lotta (2021).
2353:Larsson, Annika (2020).
2004:A History of Textile Art
1969:A History of Textile Art
1731:(Falköping, 2002), p. 51
1658:A History of Textile Art
1391:"Allah" ring controversy
782:The exiled Swedish King
756:, the prefect of Birka:
712:
204:Europe and North America
26:Not to be confused with
3563:Death in Norse paganism
2677:Women in the Viking age
2645:. : OXBOW Books. 2019.
1952:6 February 2012 at the
1855:7 February 2005 at the
1810:8 November 2014 at the
1793:Encyclopædia Britannica
1691:Encyclopædia Britannica
1642:Encyclopædia Britannica
1146:Location of Unni's tomb
729:, are all mentioned in
331:Reconstruction of boats
4048:Grimeton Radio Station
4043:Rock Carvings in Tanum
4009:
3252:Varangian Trade Routes
2674:Jesch, Judith (1991).
2600:Geijer, Agnes (1979).
2565:Geijer, Agnes (1979).
2196:Cite journal requires
2001:Geijer, Agnes (1979).
1966:Geijer, Agnes (1979).
1655:Geijer, Agnes (1979).
1529:
1484:
1460:
1413:Swedish history museum
1400:
1262:), an earlier form of
1220:
1212:
1196:
1167:
1123:
1115:
1100:
1065:
1053:
1037:
1024:
1008:
988:
979:
849:
843:
818:
804:
792:
780:
771:
762:
695:
686:
673:
664:
520:in 1075 describes the
352:
340:
332:
324:
316:
47:Ansgars Cross in Birka
21:Birka (disambiguation)
4007:
2865:10.1353/sex.2012.0043
2328:A String Geek's Stash
1744:. 1996. See page 165.
1536:Further information:
1525:
1482:
1454:
1398:
1292:tablet woven textiles
1218:
1210:
1191:
1159:
1119:
1107:
1088:
1057:
1049:
1047:of IV 20 tells also:
1032:
1012:
1000:
980:
973:(Semborum) and other
959:temple called Uppsala
951:
844:
838:
813:
802:
788:
775:
766:
758:
691:
681:
665:
656:
628:Rimbert's description
535:. There are no known
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
88:59.33611°N 17.54528°E
4155:Viking Age in Sweden
3985:Engelsberg Ironworks
3941:World Heritage Sites
2532:10.15184/aqy.2018.50
2491:10.37718/CSA.2008.04
2093:Helle, Knut (2003).
2042:Internet Archaeology
1927:Historien om Sverige
1464:Wearable accessories
1187:Adalvard the Younger
1136:diocese of Linköping
1096:Adalvard the Younger
923:Adalvard the Younger
611:Rus'-Byzantine trade
449:is also documented.
4117:Struve Geodetic Arc
4102:Kvarken Archipelago
3247:Viking Trade Routes
3052:Birka and Hovgården
3043:Birka and Hovgården
2453:on 29 December 2021
2175:. 13 October 2017.
1740:Lindqvist, Herman.
1702:Some of them being
1645:, article "Sweden".
1282:. Mostly made from
1258:(sometimes spelled
1225:Chronicle of Sweden
1134:, were part of the
361:Dnieper Trade Route
300:World Heritage Site
245:, was an important
84: /
37:
4205:Viking Age museums
4010:
3170:Old Norse religion
3145:Pre-Roman Iron Age
2940:10.1002/ajpa.23308
2715:. Abingdon, Oxon.
2221:The New York Times
1947:Prosaiska krönikan
1795:. Article "Birka".
1693:. Article "Birca".
1573:List of runestones
1532:Birka burial sites
1485:
1461:
1401:
1367:Uppsala University
1229:Prosaiska krönikan
1221:
1213:
1092:Adalvard the Elder
857:Ting of all Swedes
805:
620:trade stations in
526:the Norse religion
353:
341:
333:
325:
317:
315:Location in Sweden
190:Reference no.
93:59.33611; 17.54528
57:Ekerö Municipality
35:
4142:
4141:
4030:Hanseatic Town of
3907:
3906:
3265:
3264:
3257:Volga Trade Route
3175:Germanic paganism
3155:Germanic Iron Age
3140:Nordic Bronze Age
2988:World Archaeology
2806:978-1-5017-3028-3
2771:978-1-5017-2589-0
2722:978-1-351-24365-0
2652:978-1-78925-210-1
2409:10.1002/sca.21189
2237:on 1 January 2022
2081:Ambrosiani, Björn
2065:Thunberg, Carl L.
1778:978-0-521-01227-0
990:Having described
941:Location and port
879:Ting of all Geats
795:Probable fortress
385:Abbasid Caliphate
272:was founded as a
217:
216:
185:
4212:
4031:
3995:Skogskyrkogården
3978:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3235:
3234:
3199:
3187:Christianization
3160:Migration Period
3135:Nordic Stone Age
3092:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3030:
3029:
3011:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2734:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2534:
2525:(363): 742–757.
2510:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2449:. Archived from
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2258:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2231:. Archived from
2212:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:10.11141/ia.62.4
2033:
2027:
2026:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1963:
1957:
1944:
1938:
1923:Bremen Cathedral
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1756:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1727:Harrison, Dick,
1725:
1719:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1602:
1468:10 small silver
1459:, found at Birka
1274:techniques like
1020:terrae feminarum
492:Written accounts
488:coins are rare.
381:Byzantine Empire
289:trading networks
232:
231:
230:
228:
179:
99:
98:
96:
95:
94:
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
45:
38:
34:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4121:
4052:
4029:
4011:
3999:
3976:
3960:
3947:
3938:
3908:
3903:
3890:
3781:Bardy-Świelubie
3754:
3713:
3682:
3567:
3518:Walpurgis Night
3489:
3482:
3389:
3273:
3261:
3233:
3200:
3191:
3180:Norse mythology
3121:
3101:
3096:
3039:
3034:
3033:
2980:
2973:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2845:
2836:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2791:
2787:
2772:
2756:
2752:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2707:
2703:
2688:
2672:
2668:
2653:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2579:
2563:
2556:
2511:
2507:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2389:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2260:
2259:
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2141:Naylor, David.
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2091:
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2079:
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2015:
1999:
1995:
1980:
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1954:Wayback Machine
1945:
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1937:. See page 226.
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1857:Wayback Machine
1848:
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1823:The Latin word
1822:
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1812:Wayback Machine
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998:, Adam writes:
943:
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660:Louis the Pious
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4008:Flag of Sweden
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3694:Æsir–Vanir War
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3150:Roman Iron Age
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3037:External links
3035:
3032:
3031:
2994:(3): 338–356.
2971:
2934:(4): 853–860.
2914:
2859:(2): 245–262.
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2403:(2): 131–137.
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2198:|journal=
2164:
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2100:
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2013:
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1978:
1958:
1939:
1914:
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1405:Hjalmar Stolpe
1392:
1389:
1362:
1359:
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1356:Björkö objects
1354:
1345:
1342:
1243:Hjalmar Stolpe
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1144:
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3735:Tyrfing Cycle
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2016:
2014:0-85667-055-3
2010:
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1997:
1989:
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1805:Vita Ansgarii
1801:
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1780:
1774:
1771:. p. 9.
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1474:Thor's hammer
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1236:Johan Hadorph
1232:
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1169:According to
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992:Västergötland
987:
985:
978:
976:
972:
969:(Sclavorum),
968:
964:
960:
956:
950:
948:
938:
936:
933:as hinted in
932:
929:and later of
928:
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919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:
893:
891:
887:
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867:
864:, during the
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791:
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784:Anund Uppsale
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474:passementerie
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39:
33:
29:
22:
4129:Shared with
3973:
3953:
3785:
3699:Fimbulwinter
3643:Nithing pole
3099:Norse people
2991:
2987:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2856:
2852:
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2676:
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2641:
2602:
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2567:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2451:the original
2446:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2400:
2396:
2371:. Retrieved
2362:
2358:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2327:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2297:The Atlantic
2296:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2265:
2239:. Retrieved
2234:the original
2220:
2210:
2189:cite journal
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2146:
2121:. Retrieved
2113:ScienceDaily
2112:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2041:
2031:
2003:
1996:
1968:
1961:
1942:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1884:Chapter XXX.
1882:Vita Ansgari
1881:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1845:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1760:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1698:
1685:
1657:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1616:
1610:
1561:
1557:
1541:
1526:
1502:
1499:Dirham coins
1493:
1486:
1467:
1430:
1417:pseudo-Kufic
1402:
1364:
1351:
1347:
1335:
1327:
1304:
1301:
1271:Agnes Geijer
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1247:entomologist
1240:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1078:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1013:
1009:
1004:Östergötland
1001:
989:
981:
952:
944:
934:
920:
915:
911:
907:
901:
899:
883:
877:
855:
850:
845:
839:
831:
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819:
814:
806:
789:
781:
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772:
767:
763:
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751:
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716:
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692:
687:
682:
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666:
657:
653:
635:Vita Ansgari
633:
631:
615:
596:
590:
587:Vita Ansgari
586:
585:
578:
560:
548:
540:
530:
511:
499:Vita Ansgari
497:
495:
464:, Byzantine
462:Chinese silk
451:
409:people, the
400:
396:Saint Ansgar
392:congregation
376:
368:
359:link in the
354:
278:
267:
255:Lake Mälaren
234:
219:
218:
120:10th century
32:
4091:Erik-Anders
3759:Settlements
3725:Poetic Edda
3548:Runic magic
3490:and worship
3463:Urðarbrunnr
3453:Mímisbrunnr
3433:Ginnungagap
3380:Jörmungandr
3358:Hel (being)
3331:Light elves
3239:Trade route
3214:Norse–Gaels
3110:Scandinavia
3054:– at UNESCO
3009:10852/65628
2373:13 December
2365:: 107–148.
1548:inhumations
1183:Scholia 138
1177:Destruction
1151:Scholia 122
1111:Sami people
1045:Scholia 121
935:Scholia 119
916:Scholia 138
885:Lionga ting
565:bjärköarätt
561:Bjärköa law
486:Carolingian
251:Scandinavia
112:8th century
91: /
67:Coordinates
4149:Categories
4098:High Coast
4076:Gästgivars
3831:Köpingsvik
3750:Runestones
3730:Prose Edda
3673:Berserkers
3636:Runemaster
3478:Jötunheimr
3468:Yggdrasill
3458:Hvergelmir
3336:Dark elves
3165:Viking Age
2907:6 December
2815:1033548555
2780:1031955948
2731:1085890965
2661:1079918049
2427:6 December
2338:6 December
2307:6 December
2276:6 December
2241:6 December
2181:1953471363
2157:6 December
1708:Köpingsvik
1585:References
1544:cremations
1521:Uzbekistan
1446:dress pins
1427:Dragonhead
1338:dark earth
1157:in Birka:
1103:Scholia 94
1069:River Oder
1041:Södertälje
1002:Beyond it
874:Tiundaland
870:lawspeaker
739:Uppsala öd
522:Archbishop
472:with gold
466:embroidery
460:including
247:Viking Age
175:Designated
151:Birka and
129:Viking Age
79:17°32′43″E
76:59°20′10″N
3980:Hovgården
3709:Wild Hunt
3653:Longships
3626:Old Norse
3616:Mead hall
3523:Midsummer
3448:Niflheimr
3428:Fólkvangr
3408:Vanaheimr
3395:Cosmology
3373:Valkyries
3348:Einherjar
3276:mythology
3224:Garðaríki
3206:Expansion
3026:197856941
3018:0043-8243
2948:1096-8644
2873:1043-4070
2823:cite book
2739:cite book
2549:165630468
2541:0003-598X
2519:Antiquity
2484:(1): 61.
2229:0362-4331
2147:www.uu.se
1912:unlikely.
1893:The word
1710:and even
1704:Linköping
1619:: 19–38.
1441:soapstone
1433:tin alloy
1323:Hovgården
1315:hill fort
971:Sembrians
890:Linköping
618:Varangian
553:Old Norse
545:Latinised
454:Rhineland
389:Christian
379:) to the
377:Holmsgard
293:influence
281:Hovgården
274:Christian
259:Stockholm
153:Hovgården
117:Abandoned
4081:Jon-Lars
3871:Timerevo
3861:Sarskoye
3846:Ralswiek
3836:Lindholm
3816:Jomsborg
3811:Holmgard
3796:Gnezdovo
3771:Aldeigja
3704:Ragnarök
3678:Emporium
3621:Holmgang
3543:Calendar
3473:Valhalla
3413:Miðgarðr
3271:Paganism
2966:28884802
2901:Archived
2897:44682045
2889:22606749
2881:41475079
2696:23769931
2500:13709473
2421:Archived
2417:25707897
2397:Scanning
2367:Archived
2332:Archived
2301:Archived
2270:Archived
2177:ProQuest
2151:Archived
2117:Archived
1950:Archived
1929:, 1992.
1878:Courland
1861:Scholias
1853:Archived
1808:Archived
1567:See also
1517:Tashkent
1457:Mjöllnir
1380:selvages
1344:Shipyard
1307:hectares
975:Scythian
963:stadions
912:Scholias
828:assembly
478:Haithabu
470:brocades
458:textiles
383:and the
373:Novgorod
369:Aldeigja
363:through
167:Criteria
162:Cultural
53:Location
28:Birkaria
4190:Uppland
4165:Mälaren
4131:Finland
4086:Bommars
3866:Sigtuna
3841:Menzlin
3826:Kaupang
3791:Dierkow
3766:Alaborg
3718:Sources
3668:Vikings
3573:Society
3488:Rituals
3438:Helheim
3423:Bifröst
3418:Vígríðr
3403:Ásgarðr
3316:Völundr
3311:Sigmund
3219:Normans
3127:History
3115:History
3045:at the
2957:5724682
2622:5871922
2587:5871922
2457:13 June
2447:Twitter
2266:Twitter
2123:16 June
2023:5871922
1988:5871922
1838:Uppsala
1712:Saltvik
1677:5871922
1559:Birka.
1552:coffins
1511:and an
1470:crosses
1439:from a
1140:Småland
1132:Gotland
1028:Sigtuna
1016:Estland
955:oppidum
947:Geatish
927:Sigtuna
866:Disting
862:Uppsala
754:Herigar
699:Hamburg
677:Denmark
643:Rimbert
607:Gotland
603:Mälaren
599:Sigtuna
569:Denmark
543:is the
504:Rimbert
482:dirhams
441:tusks,
307:History
270:Sigtuna
182:session
170:iii, iv
125:Periods
109:Founded
104:History
3945:Sweden
3881:Vanaja
3806:Hedeby
3801:Grobin
3776:Arkona
3687:Events
3648:Skalds
3601:Thrall
3353:Fenrir
3343:Dvergr
3321:Vættir
3306:Sigurd
3301:Jötunn
3024:
3016:
2964:
2954:
2946:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2813:
2803:
2778:
2768:
2729:
2719:
2694:
2684:
2659:
2649:
2620:
2610:
2585:
2575:
2547:
2539:
2498:
2415:
2227:
2179:
2044:(62).
2021:
2011:
1986:
1976:
1933:
1775:
1675:
1665:
1509:caliph
1504:Dirham
1489:brooch
1409:silver
1331:Adelsö
1264:Björkö
1260:Bjärkö
1256:Bierkø
1163:Ansgar
1075:Bishop
748:Church
735:Husbys
707:Scania
703:Bremen
668:Ansgar
622:Russia
573:Norway
555:word "
508:Ansgar
445:, and
439:walrus
431:beaver
423:marten
371:) and
365:Ladoga
357:Baltic
297:UNESCO
285:Adelsö
243:Sweden
239:Björkö
227:listen
200:Region
180:(17th
61:Sweden
4058:North
4033:Visby
4017:South
3974:Birka
3886:Wolin
3876:Truso
3851:Reric
3786:Birka
3631:Runes
3611:Thing
3606:Félag
3596:Thegn
3586:Clans
3558:Galdr
3553:Völva
3538:Gothi
3528:Hörgr
3503:Seiðr
3368:Norns
3326:Elves
3294:Vanir
3022:S2CID
2893:S2CID
2877:JSTOR
2545:S2CID
2496:S2CID
1909:Gesta
1895:iuxta
1865:Gesta
1825:vicus
1791:2006
1716:Åland
1689:2006
1639:2006
1376:Kufic
1311:acres
1297:China
1280:twill
1276:tabby
1251:amber
1245:, an
1171:Gesta
1128:Öland
1084:Skara
1061:Jumne
996:Skara
984:Skåne
967:Slavs
931:Skara
908:Gesta
852:Tings
841:XXVI)
809:Anund
723:Anund
719:Björn
713:Kings
591:Gesta
549:Birka
541:Birca
537:Norse
533:Latin
447:honey
443:amber
435:combs
427:otter
411:Finns
263:Ekerö
235:Birca
220:Birka
178:1993
36:Birka
3966:East
3856:Ribe
3821:Kaup
3745:Saga
3663:Ergi
3591:Jarl
3513:Yule
3498:Blót
3289:Æsir
3284:Gods
3274:and
3014:ISSN
2962:PMID
2944:ISSN
2909:2021
2885:PMID
2869:ISSN
2829:link
2811:OCLC
2801:ISBN
2776:OCLC
2766:ISBN
2745:link
2727:OCLC
2717:ISBN
2692:OCLC
2682:ISBN
2657:OCLC
2647:ISBN
2618:OCLC
2608:ISBN
2583:OCLC
2573:ISBN
2537:ISSN
2459:2023
2429:2021
2413:PMID
2375:2021
2340:2021
2309:2021
2278:2021
2243:2021
2225:ISSN
2202:help
2159:2021
2125:2022
2019:OCLC
2009:ISBN
1984:OCLC
1974:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1673:OCLC
1663:ISBN
1546:and
1513:Amir
1437:cast
1421:الله
1384:weft
1319:wood
1309:(17
1288:flax
1286:and
1284:wool
1278:and
1194:138)
1155:Unni
1130:and
994:and
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826:Ting
778:XIV)
769:XIX)
731:Vita
727:Olof
725:and
616:The
589:and
581:ting
557:birk
415:bear
407:Sami
403:furs
159:Type
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3658:Nīþ
3581:Law
3363:Dís
3004:hdl
2996:doi
2952:PMC
2936:doi
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