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handler. A simple falconer's hood can reduce stress on the bird, while a tether at the metatarsi could bind the bird to a perch or block. Raptors can be captured by throwing a towel over the target, then wrapping it in the towel. This technique works best when the bird is on a flat surface. Another way is to wrap your hands around the body and wings of the bird, making sure to grab the feet and pull them up to the body from behind. Once you have the bird in hand, restrain the talons and head. There are different ways of doing this, and each is dictated by what you will be doing with the bird. Owls have a defensive posture where they will lie on their back and flail at a handler with their talons. Use a towel for the owl to claw at. A trapped raptor will clamp onto the first thing it can get its talons around. While it has the towel, its legs can be secured. The talons of a large raptor must be carefully controlled! If a handler is impaled by a talon, allow the bird to move away, or risk struggle and injury. Medium-sized raptors can be restrained by a set of nylon hose for long periods of time. ()
346:
Ostrich, emu, and cassowaries: Large members of this croup have pecking beaks and long legs used to kick. The cassowary in particular has a large claw on one toe that can inflict serious lacerations and punctures, or even disembowelment. Emus can be handled with a straddling technique, where one arm goes around the body and the other behind the legs. Ostriches and cassowaries, however, need to be moved to a smaller enclosure to be physically handled. One technique is to have a special enclosure that is open until the ostrich reaches a corner. Once in the corner, the wall of the enclosure will come to the side of the ostrich, trapping it in a narrow rectangular set of walls. Other restraint techniques include lowering and directing the head of the ostrich. This is said to discourage an ostrich from kicking forward. A large wooden shield can be used to get a cassowary or an ostrich into a holding enclosure without injury to the handler. This technique is favored when handling cassowaries due to their formidable claws and aggressive behavior. ()
101:
or food can have more widespread effects and are not usually included in trapping techniques although there are some capture techniques that make use of bait with stupefying agents. The mechanism can be physical and non-lethal like a noose that tightens around the leg or lethal like in deadfall traps. Lethal techniques have been used for the control of birds considered as pests or can be used in the capture of birds for food. Traps can vary in their design to capture individual birds or large flocks and are adapted according to the habitat and behaviour of the birds. Trapping is regulated in most countries and needs to be operated by trained research personnel and failure to follow precautions can lead to injury or death of birds.
363:
thus be used under some circumstances such as in the control of birds considered as pests. Some international treaties aim to protect migratory species across national boundaries. Some organizations work to protect birds from trappers. Several organizations have emerged to identify and remove traps and help authorities. Among the volunteer organizations are Lega per l´Abolizione della Caccia (League for the
Abolition of Hunting), Centro Soccorso Animali Modena (CSA) Modena (Fauna Rescue Centre Modena), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF Italia), and LIPU (Lega Italiana Protezione Uccelli or Italian League for Bird Protection, Naples) One volunteer organization removed 150,000 illegal traps during a ten-year span.
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removal and relocation. There is no stress to the bird – no part of the trap makes contact nor does a human touch. These traps offer flexibility in bait and attraction techniques, can be outfitted with an internal catch bag for bird removal, and some include a means to send a notification to a phone or remote operator that a bird has been captured. Trap door traps are most often used for relocating small birds that have entered public buildings and structures such as warehouses, atrium and airport terminals.
38:
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262:. The spring 2010 led to the killing of over a quarter million of birds in Cyprus. Some birds with weak flight can be captured by chasing them. In India waterfowl were once captured by hunters who walked underwater with an earthen pot over their head. By walking up to floating ducks they could grab the legs of the duck. Empty pots were floated for a few days to make the birds accustomed to them.
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used as decoys during the breeding seasons to challenge and beckon other males from nearby. Larks were formerly attracted using a rotary paddle, sometimes with shiny mirrors attached, turned by a spring. The phrase "a mirror for larks" was once a common metaphor for a trap. Owls and their calls are often used to bring birds out of dense vegetations. The technique has also used by
203:", often obtained from a local tree to favourite perches is used in many parts of the world to capture small birds. Other variations include the use of a long stick daubed with birdlime that is manually placed over the bird to cause its wings to get stuck. The sale and use of birdlime is illegal in many jurisdictions, but its use was widespread in older times.
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and its amendments seeks to protect wild birds and allows hunting only within certain limits. According to the
Directive use of traps, bird lime (glue), nets, live decoys and poison is forbidden at all times and birds are protected during breeding and spring migration. Malta joined the European Union
122:
that are set up in two parts that come together rapidly when triggered by birds or manually controlled to enclose birds. They are usually used for ground birds but some variants are used in shallow water for the capture of waterfowl. Clap traps may be placed at a location habitually used by birds or
100:
Almost all traps involve the use of food, water or decoys to attract birds within range and a mechanism for restricting the movement, injuring or killing birds that come into range. Food, water, decoy birds and call playback may be used to bring birds to the trap. The use of chemical sprays on crops
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Raptors are adapted carnivores. Their talons and beaks are designed to rend flesh from prey. They can cause serious injury to an unwary handler! Use of heavy leather gloves is recommended when handling raptors. Though a raptor's beak and talons can pierce it, it will provide some protection for the
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Ducks, geese and other water birds can use their wings and bills to batter handlers and inflict potentially significant injuries. Loons, grebes and herons have long, sharp beaks, which they will stab at the face of a handler. These could inflict serious injury. To restrain a captured waterfowl, the
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Most countries have laws prohibiting the use of traps for capturing birds. Professional bird trapping may be regulated by licenses and researchers requiring to trap bird will usually need to obtain permissions. Hunting to some extent may however be allowed and some birds may be exempted. Traps may
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Shore birds are not difficult to handle. After carefully extracting them from the net, small birds can be held around the body, with the fingers at the back of the head. While shore birds are not aggressive, they do have sharp beaks. Some caution should be used in keeping the bird's beak away from
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Funnel traps have a narrow entrance into which birds may be lured or driven and the entrance typically leads to larger holding pen or corral (which also gives them the name of corral trap). Funnel traps can be very large and a particularly well-known large scale form was devised in the German bird
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Birds are lured into the vicinity of traps through the use of suitable habitat patches where the birds are known to visit. A specific location may be further modified by the provision of food, the use of decoy birds, the use of calls, or owls that may induce mobbing. Male birds of some species are
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has called Malta "the most savagely bird-hostile place in Europe". Trapping also affects migratory birds at important stopover sites such as the
Maltese islands. However, one book claims that peregrine falcons have again started to breed successfully since 2009 in Malta and that the main hunting
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Some birds such as partridges and pheasants can be caught in the night by stunning them with bright light beams. Before the 19th
Century, lanterns were used for hunting larks at night in Spain, Italy and England. In Italy the technique was known as lanciatoia and in England it was referred to as
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Flocking birds are sometimes trapped using a large net which is thrown using a series of synchronized cannons or rockets that shoot a weight that drags a net behind it over the entire flock. These nets are also called rocket nets or boom nets. Capturing entire flocks can be an important tool for
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Introduced in 2011, trap door traps are humane box traps with a spring-loaded lid and feeding platform. The trap attracts target birds to feed and is triggered when the bird steps on a perch. The trap then drops the bird via gravity into a quiet, comfortable space until they are ready for live
169:
Mist nets are fine nets that are suitable for capturing birds in woodlands. The fine net is strung across trees so as to lie in the flight path of a bird. A bird flies into the nearly invisible net and falls to a fold at the bottom of the net where it usually gets entangled. These nets are used
345:
Penguins: Though flightless, a penguins' wings can be used as flippers to beat handlers. Penguins must be grasped at the base of the head from behind, so as to avoid the sharp, fish catching beak. Another way to capture large penguins is to cover them in a trash can with a hole in the bottom.
254:. Around the Mediterranean birds are caught in France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Malta and other countries by traps specifically during the migratory seasons when birds travel between Europe and Africa and back. In many countries trapping of wild birds is illegal and thus represents
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in 1565. Birds are particularly vulnerable at their nest and a variety of methods to capture nesting birds exist around the world. In 2005, after a 100-year-long prohibition, the French government permitted the reintroduction of the use of stone traps ("tendelles") in the DĂ©partements
240:
A number of lethal techniques have been described for the killing of birds. Dead-fall traps, consisting of heavy slabs or branches, that fall onto the targets when they trigger it from below have been described from early times. A painting of such a trap for killing crows was made by
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Birds that walk on the ground can be captured using an array of mono-filament nooses. These are usually placed along favoured feeding, roosting or nest sites. Some raptors are trapped using live-bait and nooses on the cage holding the bait. This trap, also known as a
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studies where large numbers of birds need to be examined (such as when monitoring for viruses) or when the birds are gregarious and social. These techniques are used especially in open habitats and are particularly suited for waders and waterbirds. After examination,
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research. Wild birds may also be trapped for their display in captivity in zoological gardens or for keeping as a pet. Bird trapping was formerly unregulated, but to protect bird populations most countries have specific laws and regulations.
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include a wide range of techniques that have their origins in the hunting of birds for food. While hunting for food does not require birds to be caught alive, some trapping techniques capture birds without harming them and are of use in
258:. Cyprus is a stepping stone in the eastern European-African flyway. Although illegal for decades bird trapping is a black market enterprise with a profitable sale of birds to restaurants that cater to their patrons serving
170:
especially in bird ringing and are typically never left unsupervised. A bird that falls is quickly removed to avoid injury to the bird and to prevent it from falling prey to predators.
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Trapping can devastate local bird populations and also impact migrants at critical stopover sites. In Malta, three local species have been extirpated by trappers and hunters—the
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The muscles of perching birds allow the toes to pull inwards with some force but there are no strong muscles to open them up. The application of sticky latex, "
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in 2004 and obtained certain exemptions from the protective laws that apply to the membership states regarding wild birds. Trapping of several types of
185:, has also been adapted to capture other birds such as shrikes. A "noose carpet" is another variant that consists of a number of tiny nooses on a mat.
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Zuberogoitia, Iñigo; MartĂnez, JosĂ© Enrique; MartĂnez, JosĂ© Antonio; Zabala, Jabi; Calvo, JosĂ© F; Azkona, Ainara; Pagán, Iluminada (2008).
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organisation openly speaks against illegal hunting and trapping. The author also suggests that claims by
Birdlife are often exaggerated.
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A study of prehistoric kitchen middens suggests that hunting by humans may have contributed to the extinction of several bird species.
1234:
578:"The Dho-gaza and Mist Net with Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Bubo bubo) Lure: Effectiveness in Capturing Thirteen Species of European Raptors"
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was phased out. Malta had about 4,700 licensed trappers in 2007 who, by exemption from
European protective laws, continue to trap
1010:* Fowler, M. E. 2011. Birds. Pages 377–410 in "Restraint and Handling of Wild and Domesticated Animals." Blackwell Publishing.
1342:
Fowler, M. E. 2011. Birds. Pages 377–410 in "Restraint and
Handling of wild and Domesticated Animals." blackwell Publishing.
996:* Fowler, M. E. 2011. Birds. "Restraint and Handling of Wild and Domesticated Animals." Pages 377–410. Blackwell Publishing.
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handlers can grasp the base of the neck and hold the wings back and immobile, much like they would a domestic waterfowl. ()
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875:
1379:
286:
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617:
Murton, R. K.; Isaacson, A. J. & Westwood, N. J. (1965). "Capturing
Columbids at the Nest with Stupefying Baits".
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465:
396:
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745:
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703:
490:
92:
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Crozier, Gaea E; Gawlik, Dale E (2003). "The use of decoys as a research tool for attracting wading birds".
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893:
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17:
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RĂ´mulo RN Alves; LĂvia ET Mendonça; Maine VA Confessor; Washington LS Vieira; Luiz CS Lopez (2009).
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Berger, Daniel D. & Mueller, Helmut C. (1959). "The Bal-Chatri: A Trap for the Birds of Prey".
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or other operations, the captured birds are usually released together rather than individually.
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395:. Further, illegal trapping continues to be a problem in Malta. In North America the
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The international impact of hunting and trapping in the
Maltese islands, May 2007
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Night-lighting: A technique for capturing birds and mammals. Biological Notes. 40
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30:"Bird catching" redirects here. For methods of capture which kill the bird, see
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Fenech, N. 2010 A Complete Guide to the Birds of Malta. Midseabooks 2010
896:"Hunting strategies used in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil"
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The international impact of hunting and trapping in the
Maltese islands
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Fitzwater, WD (1982). "Bird limes and rat glues. Sticky situations".
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1100:"Illegal hunting and trapping of wild birds in the Maltese islands"
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Fitzwater, William D. (1970). "Trapping – the oldest profession".
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Richard P. Duncan, Tim M. Blackburn and Trevor H. Worthy (2002).
977:"Frontline News on Illegal Bird Trapping in Cyprus – Spring 2010"
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Fenech, Natalino (2005). "Lark Mirrors: From Tools to Folk Art".
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656:(4 ed.). Burgess Publishing Company. pp. 432–433.
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Proceedings of the Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1982)
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1022:"Killing of eagle highlights Italy's wild bird slaughter"
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Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
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the handler's face, as is the case with any bird. ().
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1160:"The first sound of spring is illegal bird slaughter"
947:"Update: Protest against Stone Crush Traps in France"
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1687:Conservation and restoration of insect specimens
1387:
1297:"Prehistoric bird extinctions and human hunting"
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375:was allowed for five years until 2009 when the
52:Winter Landscape with Ice skaters and Bird trap
1052:"Conservation of wild birds (Birds Directive)"
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807:"Two capture methods for Black-billed Magpies"
132:observatory at Heligoland and are termed as a
1373:
1190:"The fight against Malta's illegal bird hunt"
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805:Doerr, ED; VAJ Doerr & PB Stacey (1998).
667:Petrides, GA (1946). "Snares and Deadfalls".
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883:. Natural History Survey Division, Illinois.
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126:
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1074:"Italy's fight against illegal bird hunts"
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704:"Construction and use of Heligoland traps"
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900:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
746:"A noose trap for catching nesting birds"
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228:Other methods used in control and hunting
118:Clap traps are spring-loaded frames with
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399:and its amendments protect wild birds.
266:Restraint and handling of trapped birds
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702:Woodford J & Hussell, DJT (1961).
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485:. New York: Cornell University Press.
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215:Netting larks at night with a lantern
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945:Proact France (September 17, 2009).
652:Pettingill, Olin Sewall Jr. (1970).
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96:Crows in a trap on a farm in England
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654:Ornithology in Laboratory and Field
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1158:Clover, Charles (March 17, 2010).
669:The Journal of Wildlife Management
619:The Journal of Wildlife Management
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25:
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1278:"Maltese falcon makes a comeback"
1072:Pettifer, Julian (June 1, 2005).
1020:Peter Popham (January 13, 2007).
975:BirdLifeCyprus (August 5, 2010).
397:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
296:and remove advice or instruction.
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1276:Alexander, Adam (October 2015).
1242:. BirdLife Malta. Archived from
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314:Waterfowl and long billed birds
27:Methods of capturing wild birds
1233:Raine, André F. Raine (2007).
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483:Bird trapping and bird banding
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358:Capturing gannets with a noose
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543:Journal of Field Ornithology
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123:can include luring devices.
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874:Labisky, Ronald F. (1959).
744:Gartshore, Mary E. (1978).
453:. Edinburgh: David Douglas.
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61:techniques to capture wild
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753:North American Bird Bander
582:Journal of Raptor Research
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1133:"Derogations of Trapping"
863:. University of Nebraska.
555:10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.53
470:. University of Nebraska.
127:Funnel traps/corral traps
74:
1519:Flight interception trap
836:"Bird-catching in India"
520:10.1179/flk.2005.44.1.30
243:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
1677:Bait (luring substance)
1401:Animal trapping methods
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1313:10.1098/rspb.2001.1918
1223:, July 26, 2010, p. 48
913:10.1186/1746-4269-5-12
447:Macpherson HA (1897).
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1454:Gun-powered mousetrap
1301:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
1218:"Emptying the Skies,"
1112:on September 26, 2011
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323:Shore birds and gulls
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41:Painting of a lethal
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1753:at Wikimedia Commons
1388:Wildlife and animal
1188:(October 17, 2009).
1139:on November 21, 2010
840:Avicultural Magazine
450:A history of fowling
366:In Europe, the 1979
294:rewrite this section
1722:Professional hunter
1426:Terrestrial animals
834:Harper, EW (1903).
595:10.3356/JRR-05-31.1
207:Spot-light trapping
88:Trapping techniques
1786:Cruelty to animals
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1749:Media related to
1507:and invertebrates
1411:Insect collecting
1307:(1490): 517–521.
1214:Franzen, Jonathan
403:Ecological impact
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287:a manual or guide
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1539:Pheromone trap
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1221:The New Yorker
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797:
762:
736:
717:(3): 125–141.
694:
675:(3): 234–238.
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625:(3): 647–649.
609:
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389:golden plovers
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146:Cannon-netting
144:Main article:
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1444:Foothold trap
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1416:Fish trapping
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1406:Bird trapping
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1249:on 2011-07-25
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846:(8): 262–268.
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814:Western Birds
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283:This section
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236:A baited trap
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59:Bird trapping
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:deadfall trap
39:
33:
19:
1651:Lobster trap
1646:Fishing weir
1548:
1524:Malaise trap
1486:Trapping pit
1471:Sherman trap
1466:Pitfall trap
1405:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1282:The Guardian
1281:
1271:
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1244:the original
1235:
1228:
1220:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1163:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1107:the original
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1025:
1015:
992:
980:. Retrieved
955:. Retrieved
951:the original
940:
903:
899:
889:
876:
869:
859:
852:
843:
839:
817:
813:
800:
778:(1): 18–26.
775:
772:Bird-Banding
771:
765:
756:
752:
739:
714:
711:Bird-Banding
710:
697:
672:
668:
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653:
647:
622:
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581:
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546:
542:
536:
514:(1): 30–47.
511:
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466:
459:
449:
426:
406:
385:turtle doves
365:
361:
344:
335:
326:
317:
302:January 2014
299:
292:Please help
284:
260:ambelopoulia
239:
218:
198:
180:
177:
168:
149:
130:
117:
108:
99:
82:birdwatchers
78:
58:
57:
50:
1776:Ornithology
1682:Camera trap
1626:Fish corral
1606:Barrier net
1514:Bottle trap
222:bat-fowling
174:Noose traps
140:Cannon nets
68:ornithology
1765:Categories
1702:Booby trap
1636:Fish wheel
1583:Rocket net
1558:Bal-chatri
1476:Timms trap
1253:2011-02-01
1199:August 12,
1170:August 12,
1143:August 14,
1116:August 13,
1083:August 12,
1057:August 12,
1032:August 12,
982:August 12,
957:August 14,
906:(12): 12.
492:0801483123
431:References
377:derogation
182:bal-chatri
114:Clap traps
1729:Fur trade
1631:Fish nest
1616:Crab trap
1601:Almadraba
1568:Harp trap
1529:Moth trap
1449:Mousetrap
1164:The Times
759:(1): 1–2.
588:: 48–51.
549:: 53–58.
528:194028324
508:Folk Life
159:Mist nets
47:Bruegel's
18:Bird trap
1712:Hand net
1697:Trapline
1661:Trabucco
1621:Eel buck
1578:Mist net
1563:Birdlime
1551:and bats
1534:Pan trap
1461:Rat trap
1434:Deadfall
1390:trapping
1331:11886645
1194:BBC News
1166:. London
1078:BBC News
1028:. London
932:19386121
820:: 55–58.
604:85698511
563:86310724
415:and the
413:barn owl
256:poaching
201:birdlime
195:Birdlime
189:Birdlime
165:Mist net
1771:Fowling
1734:Mantrap
1717:Hunting
1593:Fishing
1505:Insects
1322:1690920
923:2678999
792:4510726
731:4510880
689:3795838
639:3798071
417:jackdaw
373:finches
332:Raptors
252:Aveyron
153:ringing
120:netting
32:hunting
1329:
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920:
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687:
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561:
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489:
411:, the
248:Lozère
75:Luring
1751:Traps
1692:Decoy
1549:Birds
1481:Snare
1247:(PDF)
1240:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
1103:(PDF)
881:(PDF)
810:(PDF)
788:JSTOR
749:(PDF)
727:JSTOR
707:(PDF)
685:JSTOR
635:JSTOR
600:S2CID
559:S2CID
524:S2CID
381:quail
63:birds
49:1565
1611:Corf
1439:Cage
1327:PMID
1201:2010
1172:2010
1145:2010
1118:2010
1085:2010
1059:2010
1034:2010
984:2010
959:2010
928:PMID
487:ISBN
391:and
350:Laws
250:and
1317:PMC
1309:doi
1305:269
1186:BBC
918:PMC
908:doi
780:doi
719:doi
677:doi
627:doi
590:doi
551:doi
516:doi
1767::
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1315:.
1303:.
1299:.
1280:.
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1192:.
1162:.
1076:.
1050:.
1024:.
1001:^
967:^
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902:.
898:.
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838:.
826:^
818:29
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812:.
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522:.
512:44
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439:^
419:.
387:,
383:,
136:.
84:.
1381:e
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1367:v
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910::
904:5
844:1
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782::
757:3
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679::
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629::
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592::
565:.
553::
530:.
518::
495:.
304:)
300:(
289:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
