199:
146:
497:
161:
226:
321:
669:
532:
283:
273:
1263:
Peters, Byron K.; Rodriguez, Kevin X.; Reisberg, Solomon H.; Beil, Sebastian B.; Hickey, David P.; Kawamata, Yu; Collins, Michael; Starr, Jeremy; Chen, Longrui; Udyavara, Sagar; Klunder, Kevin; Gorey, Timothy J.; Anderson, Scott L.; Neurock, Matthew; Minteer, Shelley D.; Baran, Phil S. (21 February
688:
site which was most negative and thus most likely to protonate. But the situation remained uncertain, because computations remained highly sensitive to transition geometry. Worse, HĂŒckel orbital and unrestricted
Hartree-Fock computations gave conflicting answers. Burnham, in 1969, concluded that
618:
The directing effects of naphthalene substituents remain relatively unstudied theoretically. Substituents adjacent to the bridge appear to direct reduction to the unsubstituted ring; ÎČ substituents (one bond further) tend to direct reduction to the substituted ring.
716:
protonation. The method began with the premise that carbanions are much more basic than the corresponding radical anions and thus protonate less selectively. Correspondingly, the two protonations in Birch reduction should exhibit an
656:
The case with electron-withdrawing groups is obvious, because the Birch alkylation serves as a trap for the penultimate dianion D. This dianion appears even in alcohol-free reactions. Thus the initial protonation is
603:
467:. The reduction can also be powered by an external potential or sacrificial anode (magnesium or aluminum), but then alkali metal salts are necessary to colocate the reactants via complexation.
684:, a position endorsed by Krapcho and Bothner-By. These conclusions were challenged by Zimmerman in 1961, who computed electron densities of the radical and diene anions, revealing that the
611:
2987:
1952:
Birch, A. J. (1992). "Steroid hormones and the
Luftwaffe. A venture into fundamental strategic research and some of its consequences: The Birch reduction becomes a birth reduction".
1808:
Guo, Z.; Schultz, A. G. (2001). "Organic synthesis methodology. Preparation and diastereoselective birch reduction-alkylation of 3-substituted 2-methyl-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-ones".
1170:
1748:
Bachi, J. W.; Epstein, Y.; Herzberg-Minzly, H.; Loewnenthal, J. E. (1969). "Synthesis of compounds related to gibberellic acid. III. Analogs of ring a of the gibberellins".
1228:
Garst, Michael E.; Lloyd J.; Shervin; N. Andrew; Natalie C.; Alfred A.; et al. (2000). "Reductions with
Lithium in Low Molecular Weight Amines and Ethylenediamine".
1899:
Birch, A. J.; Hinde, A. L.; Radom, L. (1980). "A theoretical approach to the Birch reduction. Structures and stabilities of the radical anions of substituted benzenes".
317:
The second reduction and protonation also poses mechanistic questions. Thus there are three resonance structures for the carbanion (labeled B, C and D in the picture).
5202:
809:
744:
protonation was preferred as late as 1996, Zimmerman and Wang had won the day: modern textbooks unequivocally agree that electron-donating substituents promote
540:
907:
536:
4318:
4263:
5031:
4373:
588:
solvents. Unlike traditional Birch reduction, the reaction can be conducted at temperatures higher than the boiling point of ammonia (â33 °C).
4523:
3157:
1405:
Clive, Derrick L. J. & Sunasee, Rajesh (2007). "Formation of Benzo-Fused
Carbocycles by Formal Radical Cyclization onto an Aromatic Ring".
5252:
71:
5026:
2852:
1439:
4128:
2049:
1920:
Birch, A. J.; Radom, L. (1980). "A theoretical approach to the Birch reduction. Structures and stabilities of cyclohexadienyl radicals".
331:
to account for varying interatomic distances, produces maximum electron density at the central atom 1, a result confirmed by more modern
4698:
3898:
2642:
721:: in a protiumâdeuterium medium, the radical anion should preferentially protonate and the carbanion deuterate. Indeed, a variety of
327:
Simple HĂŒckel computations lead to equal electron densities at the three atoms 1, 3 and 5, but asymmetric bond orders. Modifying the
4863:
4793:
4773:
4268:
3435:
2897:
195:
position (depending on substituents) to give the final diene. The residual double bonds do not stabilize further radical additions.
3316:
2872:
1692:
Wilds, A. L.; Nelson, N. A. (1953). "A Superior Method for
Reducing Phenol Ethers to Dihydro Derivatives and Unsaturated Ketones".
947:
Krapcho, A. P.; Bothner-By, A. A. (1959). "Kinetics of the Metal-Ammonia-Alcohol
Reductions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes1".
2085:
4618:
1719:
Birch, A. J.; Smith, H. (1958). "Reduction by metalâamine solutions: applications in synthesis and determination of structure".
5096:
5046:
3450:
4553:
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5001:
4658:
4638:
4598:
3405:
2348:
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928:
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5016:
4673:
4528:
4158:
4003:
3613:
3240:
3017:
1517:
Wooster, C. B.; Godfrey, K. L. (1937). "Mechanism of the
Reduction of Unsaturated Compounds with Alkali Metals and Water".
5267:
5051:
4363:
3853:
3528:
758:
Caine, D. (1976). "Reduction and
Related Reactions of α,ÎČ-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with Metals in Liquid Ammonia".
4073:
5262:
4976:
4838:
4628:
4593:
737:
protonation; frontier orbital densities, most analogous to the traditional computations used in past studies, did not.
218:â first order in the aromatic, first order in the alkali metal, and first order in the alcohol. This requires that the
1189:
Donohoe, Timothy J. & House, David (2002). "Ammonia Free
Partial Reduction of Aromatic Compounds Using Lithium Di-
496:
5152:
5091:
4623:
4538:
4508:
4488:
4353:
4348:
3723:
3648:
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2383:
507:
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3351:
3072:
160:
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4723:
4718:
4533:
4008:
3918:
3508:
3440:
3331:
2907:
2662:
2587:
2042:
1641:
Birch, A. J.; Mukherji, S. M. (1949). "Reduction by dissolving metals. Part VI. Some applications in synthesis".
566:
207:
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5297:
5182:
5081:
5021:
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4423:
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627:
238:
145:
97:
30:
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803:
523:
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4971:
4868:
4828:
4693:
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4413:
3958:
3943:
3808:
3598:
3266:
3022:
2702:
2677:
2647:
2238:
5232:
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4833:
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4368:
4333:
4178:
4068:
3783:
3778:
3603:
3563:
3460:
3271:
3235:
3087:
3077:
2932:
2792:
2652:
2602:
2597:
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2532:
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56:
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3485:
3220:
2927:
2707:
2672:
2577:
2268:
2203:
2035:
905:
Mander, L. N. (1991). "Partial
Reduction of Aromatic Rings by Dissolving Metals and by Other Methods".
186:
64:
4498:
2762:
289:
Solvated electrons will preferentially reduce sufficiently electronegative functional groups, such as
5307:
5212:
5066:
4946:
4918:
4888:
4803:
4733:
4688:
4663:
4583:
4483:
4443:
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3748:
3673:
3197:
3057:
3052:
3032:
2717:
2514:
2493:
2453:
2378:
653:
The reaction was difficult to understand mechanistically, with controversy lasting into the 1990s.
2198:
5272:
5162:
5142:
5006:
4848:
4758:
4728:
4708:
4603:
4558:
4388:
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4228:
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3933:
3490:
3430:
3395:
3202:
3182:
3142:
2917:
2787:
2752:
2712:
2463:
2303:
2293:
2223:
631:
599:
solution, the principal products are bicyclodec-(1,9)-ene, bicyclodec-(1,2)-ene and bicyclodecane.
4738:
1843:
Birch, A. J.; Nasipuri, D. (1959). "Reaction mechanisms in reduction by metal-ammonia solutions".
708:
In the earlier 1990s, Zimmerman and Wang developed an experiment technique to distinguish between
5356:
5242:
5101:
4951:
4893:
4818:
4798:
4518:
4468:
4328:
4293:
4233:
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3445:
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2952:
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2857:
2742:
2727:
2637:
2627:
2288:
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332:
2503:
4981:
4703:
4453:
4433:
4408:
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4203:
4173:
4153:
4123:
4088:
4043:
4018:
3993:
3878:
3803:
3583:
3276:
3212:
3012:
2737:
2657:
2343:
2318:
2095:
2090:
718:
630:, building on earlier work by Wooster and Godfrey, developed the reaction while working in the
40:
1062:
1055:
833:
5317:
4903:
4858:
4573:
4543:
4513:
4448:
4428:
4343:
4338:
4303:
4258:
4243:
4238:
4218:
4208:
4143:
4133:
4063:
4013:
3533:
3336:
2912:
2867:
2697:
2687:
2433:
2358:
2153:
2115:
1000:. Vol. B: Reactions and Synthesis (5th ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 437â439.
219:
2363:
1747:
5086:
5036:
4986:
4966:
4956:
4813:
4788:
4503:
4493:
4378:
4193:
4188:
4118:
3903:
3703:
3663:
3593:
3558:
3513:
3480:
3346:
3321:
3301:
3122:
3082:
3042:
3007:
2937:
2692:
2562:
2537:
2075:
1277:
1266:"Scalable and safe synthetic organic electroreduction inspired by Li-ion battery chemistry"
635:
328:
1089:
Zimmerman, H. E. (1963). "Base-Catalyzed Rearrangements". In De Mayo, P. (ed.).
426:) kinetically protonate, they do so at the center to afford the ÎČ,Îł-unsaturated carbonyl.
185:, which then abstracts a proton from the alcohol. The process then repeats at either the
8:
5292:
5277:
4923:
4898:
4883:
4878:
4608:
4563:
4548:
4438:
4418:
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3928:
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3281:
3102:
3047:
2817:
2667:
2612:
2483:
2398:
2258:
2183:
1870:
Burnham, D. R. (1969). "Orientation in the mechanism of the Birch reduction of anisole".
1777:"Alkylation of the Anion from Birch Reduction of o-Anisic Acid: 2-Heptyl-2-Cyclohexenone"
1447:
1323:"Alkylation of the anion from Birch reduction of o-Anisic acid: 2-Heptyl-2-cyclohexenone"
464:
298:
128:
93:
5302:
3953:
3137:
2328:
1281:
5041:
4991:
4961:
4823:
4613:
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4223:
4213:
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3908:
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3868:
3848:
3843:
3788:
3698:
3548:
3410:
3400:
3306:
3092:
3037:
2967:
2887:
2782:
2682:
2617:
2542:
2388:
2253:
2188:
2173:
2012:
1977:
1486:
Edwin M. Kaiser and Robert A. Benkeser "Î-Octalin" Org. Synth. 1970, vol. 50, p. 88ff.
1298:
1265:
1168:
Ecsery, Zoltan & Muller, Miklos (1961). "Reduction vitamin D2 with alkaly metals".
920:
442:
alkali-metal electron donors. Variants have developed to reduce either inconvenience.
124:
245:
position, subsequent investigation has revealed that protonation occurs at either the
4778:
4098:
3983:
3948:
3913:
3858:
3813:
3728:
3708:
3658:
3653:
3623:
3608:
3518:
3425:
3361:
3326:
3152:
3027:
2902:
2827:
2807:
2722:
2557:
2552:
2498:
2408:
2313:
2273:
2228:
2110:
2105:
2070:
1969:
1965:
1883:
1856:
1825:
1781:
1465:
1422:
1383:
1355:
1327:
1303:
1245:
1210:
1109:
Zimmerman, H. E.; Wang, P. A. (1990). "The Regioselectivity of the Birch Reduction".
1066:
1039:
1001:
924:
885:
849:
839:
797:
777:
422:
The result is analogous to conjugated enolates. When those anions (but not the enol
215:
178:
101:
3773:
2016:
1981:
733:(a 1:7 ratio). Moreover, modern electron density computations now firmly indicated
198:
5312:
5157:
5127:
5071:
4996:
4928:
4683:
4633:
4478:
4283:
4058:
4053:
3998:
3988:
3763:
3573:
3553:
3523:
3420:
3356:
3341:
3172:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3002:
2982:
2977:
2962:
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2837:
2832:
2772:
2757:
2747:
2592:
2582:
2448:
2438:
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2100:
2059:
2002:
1961:
1929:
1908:
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1852:
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1757:
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1701:
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1572:
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1414:
1293:
1285:
1237:
1202:
1139:
1118:
1035:
956:
916:
877:
866:
Rabideau, P. W.; Marcinow, Z. (1992). "The Birch Reduction of Aromatic Compounds".
769:
2428:
5222:
4913:
4748:
4743:
4038:
4023:
3968:
3923:
3883:
3833:
3798:
3793:
3738:
3733:
3618:
3538:
3366:
3250:
3225:
3187:
3162:
3147:
3132:
3067:
2942:
2892:
2882:
2862:
2822:
2632:
2622:
2607:
2403:
2323:
2193:
2163:
2148:
2143:
1130:
Zimmerman, H. E.; Wang, P. A. (1993). "Regioselectivity of the Birch Reduction".
647:
511:
457:
302:
1776:
1460:
1378:
1350:
1322:
881:
773:
680:
attack, corresponding to the location of greatest electron density in a neutral
602:
5227:
5137:
5076:
4168:
4078:
4048:
3823:
3678:
3415:
3192:
3062:
2877:
2847:
2547:
2443:
2218:
2080:
2027:
5340:
5237:
4938:
4783:
4678:
4473:
3863:
3828:
3818:
3753:
3743:
3633:
3470:
3286:
2997:
2972:
2842:
2488:
2473:
2458:
2353:
2283:
2263:
2178:
1643:
1624:
1605:
1586:
1567:
1548:
1491:
853:
835:
Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 3rd edition
596:
562:
439:
135:
105:
2007:
1990:
1289:
4278:
3638:
3390:
3167:
2767:
2567:
2418:
2413:
2278:
2133:
1829:
1426:
1307:
1249:
1214:
722:
681:
484:
266:
120:
1973:
1158:
Paufler, R. M. (1960) Ph.D. Thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
2777:
2423:
2393:
2158:
1734:
1721:
1652:
1633:
1614:
1595:
1576:
1557:
1503:
1227:
868:
829:
760:
570:
450:
320:
294:
182:
154:
139:
1933:
1912:
1761:
1705:
1530:
1143:
1122:
960:
5061:
4588:
3938:
592:
488:
435:
222:
be the conversion of radical anion B to the cyclohexadienyl radical C.
1821:
1584:
Birch, A. J. (1946). "Reduction by dissolving metals. Part III".
1418:
1241:
1206:
610:
173:
A solution of sodium in liquid ammonia consists of the intensely blue
1565:
Birch, A. J. (1945). "Reduction by dissolving metals. Part II".
1320:
668:
515:
174:
138:, Birch reduction does not reduce the aromatic ring all the way to a
132:
1546:
Birch, A. J. (1944). "Reduction by dissolving metals. Part I".
1026:
Zimmerman, H. E. (1961). "Orientation in Metal Ammonia Reductions".
2468:
2138:
1622:
Birch, Arthur J. (1947). "Reduction by dissolving metals. Part V".
1404:
423:
225:
1774:
531:
2128:
1898:
643:
578:
574:
463:
To avoid direct alkali, there are chemical alternatives, such as
258:
237:
That step also determines the structure of the product. Although
230:
203:
116:
112:
1603:
Birch, A. J. (1947). "Reduction by dissolving metals. Part IV".
282:
272:
1443:
1188:
946:
639:
519:
290:
1376:
676:
For electron-donating substituents, Birch initially proposed
585:
581:
480:
306:
109:
89:
1167:
1458:
1348:
1262:
1129:
1108:
865:
996:
Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J. (2007).
168:
16:
Organic reaction used to convert arenes to cyclohexadienes
1691:
591:
For the reduction of naphthalene with lithium in a mixed
446:
312:
1842:
445:
Many amines serve as alternative solvents: for example,
806: — another reaction using solvated electrons
701:
substitutions would occur with a slight preference for
483:
formed in the Birch reduction is trapped by a suitable
241:
originally argued that the protonation occurred at the
693:
attack; Birch and Radom, in 1980, concluded that both
261:(1). Electron-withdrawing substituents tend to induce
1919:
1807:
1718:
672:
Benzoic acid reduction, including possible alkylation
96:. The reaction is named after the Australian chemist
5203:
ErlenmeyerâPlöchl azlactone and amino-acid synthesis
1640:
650:later discovered that lithium gives better yields.
972:
970:
1321:Taber, D. F.; Gunn, B. P.; Ching Chiu, I. (1983).
1054:
740:Although Birch remained reluctant to concede that
4264:Divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement
1673:
1661:
5338:
1621:
1025:
967:
2057:
1775:Taber, D. F.; Gunn, B.P; Ching Chiu, I (1983).
991:
989:
987:
985:
88:is an organic reaction that is used to convert
4524:Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons
3158:Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons
1869:
1516:
5253:Lectka enantioselective beta-lactam synthesis
2513:
2043:
995:
904:
5032:Inverse electron-demand DielsâAlder reaction
2853:Heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross-coupling
1988:
1951:
1602:
982:
828:
4374:Lobry de BruynâVan Ekenstein transformation
1537:
1093:. New York: Interscience. pp. 350â352.
2050:
2036:
1991:"The Birch reduction in organic synthesis"
1890:
1102:
1100:
1084:
1082:
689:the trustworthiest computations supported
265:protonation, as shown in the reduction of
257:protonation, as shown in the reduction of
253:position. Electron donors tend to induce
4864:Petrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis
4319:FritschâButtenbergâWiechell rearrangement
2006:
1942:
1297:
1088:
1052:
1021:
1019:
1017:
942:
940:
757:
5027:Intramolecular DielsâAlder cycloaddition
1519:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1459:Vogel, E.; Klug, W.; Breuer, A. (1974).
1377:Paquette, L. A.; Barrett, J. H. (1969).
667:
609:
601:
530:
224:
197:
1097:
1079:
1046:
169:Reaction mechanism and regioselectivity
5339:
5047:Metal-centered cycloaddition reactions
4699:DebusâRadziszewski imidazole synthesis
2643:BodrouxâChichibabin aldehyde synthesis
1349:Kuehne, M. E.; Lambert, B. F. (1963).
1057:Quantum Mechanics for Organic Chemists
1014:
937:
313:Secondary protonation regioselectivity
5193:Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
5097:Vinylcyclopropane (5+2) cycloaddition
5002:Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
4774:HurdâMori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis
4269:DowdâBeckwith ring-expansion reaction
3436:HurdâMori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis
2512:
2349:LFER solvent coefficients (data page)
2031:
1679:
1667:
1583:
1564:
1545:
1061:. New York: Academic Press. pp.
976:
751:
665:, as seen in the B-C transformation.
552:
546:forms the 1,1-cyclohexadiene product.
434:Traditional Birch reduction requires
4004:Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation
3241:Methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane
1863:
1836:
438:temperatures to liquify ammonia and
4129:AllenâMillarâTrippett rearrangement
638:. Birch's original procedure used
470:
181:add to the aromatic ring to give a
13:
5268:Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition
5263:Niementowski quinazoline synthesis
5052:Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition
4977:Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition
4839:Niementowski quinazoline synthesis
4594:Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition
3899:MeerweinâPonndorfâVerley reduction
3451:LeimgruberâBatcho indole synthesis
921:10.1016/B978-0-08-052349-1.00237-7
518:to generate the least-substituted
495:
319:
281:
271:
159:
144:
14:
5368:
5092:Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition
4794:JohnsonâCoreyâChaykovsky reaction
4659:CadoganâSundberg indole synthesis
4639:BohlmannâRahtz pyridine synthesis
4599:BaeyerâEmmerling indole synthesis
3406:CadoganâSundberg indole synthesis
2898:JohnsonâCoreyâChaykovsky reaction
5188:CookâHeilbron thiazole synthesis
5017:Hexadehydro DielsâAlder reaction
4844:Niementowski quinoline synthesis
4674:CookâHeilbron thiazole synthesis
4619:BischlerâMöhlau indole synthesis
4529:TiffeneauâDemjanov rearrangement
4159:BakerâVenkataraman rearrangement
3317:HornerâWadsworthâEmmons reaction
2988:Mizoroki-Heck vs. Reductive Heck
2873:HornerâWadsworthâEmmons reaction
2384:Neighbouring group participation
800: — the reducing agent
567:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
508:electron-withdrawing substituent
429:
4724:Fiesselmann thiophene synthesis
4554:WestphalenâLettrĂ© rearrangement
4534:Vinylcyclopropane rearrangement
4364:KornblumâDeLaMare rearrangement
4009:Epoxidation of allylic alcohols
3919:Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation
3854:KornblumâDeLaMare rearrangement
3529:GallagherâHollander degradation
1801:
1768:
1741:
1712:
1685:
1510:
1496:
1480:
1452:
1433:
1398:
1370:
1342:
1314:
1256:
1221:
1182:
1161:
1152:
500:Birch Alkylation Org Synth 1990
153:An example is the reduction of
5183:Chichibabin pyridine synthesis
4669:Chichibabin pyridine synthesis
4629:BlumâIttah aziridine synthesis
4464:Ring expansion and contraction
2733:Cross dehydrogenative coupling
898:
859:
822:
584:in low molecular weight alkyl
1:
5153:BischlerâNapieralski reaction
5111:Heterocycle forming reactions
4764:Hemetsberger indole synthesis
4624:BischlerâNapieralski reaction
4539:WagnerâMeerwein rearrangement
4509:SommeletâHauser rearrangement
4489:SeyferthâGilbert homologation
4354:IrelandâClaisen rearrangement
4349:HofmannâMartius rearrangement
4109:2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement
3724:CoreyâWinter olefin synthesis
3649:BartonâMcCombie deoxygenation
3292:CoreyâWinter olefin synthesis
3246:SeyferthâGilbert homologation
3113:SeyferthâGilbert homologation
816:
524:electron-donating substituent
506:In substituted aromatics, an
123:(traditionally sodium) and a
5258:LehmstedtâTanasescu reaction
5218:GabrielâColman rearrangement
5173:Bucherer carbazole synthesis
5168:BorscheâDrechsel cyclization
5148:Bernthsen acridine synthesis
5133:Bamberger triazine synthesis
5118:AlgarâFlynnâOyamada reaction
4829:Nazarov cyclization reaction
4694:De Kimpe aziridine synthesis
4649:Bucherer carbazole synthesis
4644:BorscheâDrechsel cyclization
4414:Nazarov cyclization reaction
4394:MeyerâSchuster rearrangement
4324:GabrielâColman rearrangement
4074:WolffensteinâBöters reaction
3959:Reduction of nitro compounds
3809:Grundmann aldehyde synthesis
3614:AlgarâFlynnâOyamada reaction
3023:Olefin conversion technology
3018:NozakiâHiyamaâKishi reaction
2813:GabrielâColman rearrangement
2703:Claisen-Schmidt condensation
2648:Bouveault aldehyde synthesis
1966:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90080-S
1884:10.1016/0040-4020(69)85023-4
1857:10.1016/0040-4020(59)85008-0
1230:Journal of Organic Chemistry
1195:Journal of Organic Chemistry
1053:Zimmerman, Howard E (1975).
1040:10.1016/0040-4020(61)80067-7
812: — an application
810:Synthesis of methamphetamine
214:The reaction is known to be
7:
5352:Organic reduction reactions
5233:Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
5012:Enoneâalkene cycloadditions
4834:Nenitzescu indole synthesis
4754:Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
4719:FerrarioâAckermann reaction
4369:Kowalski ester homologation
4334:Halogen dance rearrangement
4179:Benzilic acid rearrangement
3604:Akabori amino-acid reaction
3564:Von Braun amide degradation
3509:BarbierâWieland degradation
3461:Nenitzescu indole synthesis
3441:KharaschâSosnovsky reaction
3332:JuliaâKocienski olefination
3236:Kowalski ester homologation
2933:Kowalski ester homologation
2908:JuliaâKocienski olefination
2663:CadiotâChodkiewicz coupling
2588:Aza-BaylisâHillman reaction
2533:Acetoacetic ester synthesis
2244:Dynamic binding (chemistry)
2234:Conrotatory and disrotatory
2209:Charge remote fragmentation
882:10.1002/0471264180.or042.01
791:
774:10.1002/0471264180.or023.01
614:Modified Benkeser reduction
164:naphthalene Birch Reduction
10:
5373:
5298:RobinsonâGabriel synthesis
5248:Kröhnke pyridine synthesis
5082:Retro-DielsâAlder reaction
5022:Imine DielsâAlder reaction
4809:Kröhnke pyridine synthesis
4424:NewmanâKwart rearrangement
4399:MislowâEvans rearrangement
4309:FischerâHepp rearrangement
4254:Di-Ï-methane rearrangement
4034:Stephen aldehyde synthesis
3769:EschweilerâClarke reaction
3486:Williamson ether synthesis
2803:FujiwaraâMoritani reaction
2708:Combes quinoline synthesis
2673:Carbonyl olefin metathesis
2374:More O'FerrallâJencks plot
2299:GrunwaldâWinstein equation
2269:Electron-withdrawing group
2204:Catalytic resonance theory
1796:, vol. 7, p. 249
1442:, Institute of Chemistry,
1393:, vol. 5, p. 467
1365:, vol. 5, p. 400
1337:, vol. 7, p. 249
998:Advanced Organic Chemistry
622:
526:has the opposite effect.
5308:Urech hydantoin synthesis
5288:PomeranzâFritsch reaction
5213:Fischer oxazole synthesis
5110:
4947:1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
4937:
4919:Urech hydantoin synthesis
4889:Reissert indole synthesis
4874:PomeranzâFritsch reaction
4804:Knorr quinoline synthesis
4734:Fischer oxazole synthesis
4664:Camps quinoline synthesis
4584:1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
4572:
4484:Semipinacol rearrangement
4459:RambergâBĂ€cklund reaction
4444:Piancatelli rearrangement
4384:McFadyenâStevens reaction
4139:Alpha-ketol rearrangement
4087:
3894:McFadyenâStevens reaction
3839:KilianiâFischer synthesis
3759:Elbs persulfate oxidation
3684:BouveaultâBlanc reduction
3644:BaeyerâVilliger oxidation
3582:
3499:
3476:SchottenâBaumann reaction
3379:
3352:RambergâBĂ€cklund reaction
3259:
3231:KilianiâFischer synthesis
3211:
3073:RambergâBĂ€cklund reaction
3058:Pinacol coupling reaction
3053:Piancatelli rearrangement
2948:LiebeskindâSrogl coupling
2798:FujimotoâBelleau reaction
2521:
2515:List of organic reactions
2379:Negative hyperconjugation
2124:
2066:
1351:"1,4-Dihydrobenzoic acid"
1193:-butylbiphenyl (LiDBB)".
804:BouveaultâBlanc reduction
725:aromatics exhibited less
127:source (traditionally an
78:
52:Organic Chemistry Portal
46:
21:
5283:PictetâSpengler reaction
5198:EinhornâBrunner reaction
5163:Boger pyridine synthesis
5057:Oxo-DielsâAlder reaction
4972:Aza-DielsâAlder reaction
4869:PictetâSpengler reaction
4769:HofmannâLöffler reaction
4759:Hegedus indole synthesis
4729:Fischer indole synthesis
4604:Bartoli indole synthesis
4559:Willgerodt rearrangement
4389:McLafferty rearrangement
4299:Ferrier carbocyclization
4114:2,3-Wittig rearrangement
4104:1,2-Wittig rearrangement
3944:ParikhâDoering oxidation
3934:Oxygen rebound mechanism
3599:AdkinsâPeterson reaction
3491:Yamaguchi esterification
3431:Hegedus indole synthesis
3396:Bartoli indole synthesis
3267:BamfordâStevens reaction
3183:Weinreb ketone synthesis
3143:Stork enamine alkylation
2918:Knoevenagel condensation
2788:Ferrier carbocyclization
2678:CastroâStephens coupling
2304:Hammett acidity function
2294:Free-energy relationship
2239:CurtinâHammett principle
2224:Conformational isomerism
1492:10.15227/orgsyn.050.0088
1091:Molecular Rearrangements
632:Dyson Perrins Laboratory
539:to a Birch reduction of
157:in ammonia and ethanol:
5347:Organic redox reactions
5243:Knorr pyrrole synthesis
5178:BuchererâBergs reaction
5123:AllanâRobinson reaction
5102:Wagner-Jauregg reaction
4894:Ring-closing metathesis
4819:Larock indole synthesis
4799:Knorr pyrrole synthesis
4654:BuchererâBergs reaction
4519:Stieglitz rearrangement
4499:SkattebĂžl rearrangement
4469:Ring-closing metathesis
4329:Group transfer reaction
4294:Favorskii rearrangement
4234:Cornforth rearrangement
4164:Bamberger rearrangement
4069:WolffâKishner reduction
3889:MarkĂłâLam deoxygenation
3784:FlemingâTamao oxidation
3779:FischerâTropsch process
3466:Oxymercuration reaction
3446:Knorr pyrrole synthesis
3272:BartonâKellogg reaction
3178:Wagner-Jauregg reaction
3098:Ring-closing metathesis
3088:ReimerâTiemann reaction
3078:RauhutâCurrier reaction
2993:Nef isocyanide reaction
2953:Malonic ester synthesis
2923:Knorr pyrrole synthesis
2858:High dilution principle
2793:FriedelâCrafts reaction
2728:Cross-coupling reaction
2653:BuchererâBergs reaction
2638:Blanc chloromethylation
2628:Blaise ketone synthesis
2603:BaylisâHillman reaction
2598:BartonâKellogg reaction
2573:AllanâRobinson reaction
2479:WoodwardâHoffmann rules
2214:Charge-transfer complex
2008:10.1351/pac199668030553
1290:10.1126/science.aav5606
1171:Magyar KĂ©miai FolyĂłirat
5208:FeistâBenary synthesis
4982:Bradsher cycloaddition
4952:4+4 Photocycloaddition
4909:SimmonsâSmith reaction
4854:PaternĂČâBĂŒchi reaction
4714:FeistâBenary synthesis
4704:Dieckmann condensation
4454:Pummerer rearrangement
4434:Oxy-Cope rearrangement
4409:Myers allene synthesis
4359:Jacobsen rearrangement
4274:Electrocyclic reaction
4249:Demjanov rearrangement
4204:Buchner ring expansion
4174:Beckmann rearrangement
4154:Aza-Cope rearrangement
4149:ArndtâEistert reaction
4124:Alkyne zipper reaction
4044:Transfer hydrogenation
4019:Sharpless oxyamination
3994:Selenoxide elimination
3879:Lombardo methylenation
3804:Griesbaum coozonolysis
3714:CoreyâItsuno reduction
3689:BoylandâSims oxidation
3629:AngeliâRimini reaction
3277:Boord olefin synthesis
3221:ArndtâEistert reaction
3213:Homologation reactions
3013:Nitro-Mannich reaction
2928:KolbeâSchmitt reaction
2738:Cross-coupling partner
2658:Buchner ring expansion
2578:ArndtâEistert reaction
2344:Kinetic isotope effect
2091:Rearrangement reaction
673:
615:
607:
547:
501:
324:
286:
276:
234:
211:
165:
150:
115:(traditionally liquid
41:Organic redox reaction
5067:PausonâKhand reaction
4904:Sharpless epoxidation
4859:Pechmann condensation
4739:FriedlÀnder synthesis
4689:DavisâBeirut reaction
4544:Wallach rearrangement
4514:Stevens rearrangement
4449:Pinacol rearrangement
4429:Overman rearrangement
4344:Hofmann rearrangement
4339:Hayashi rearrangement
4304:Ferrier rearrangement
4259:Dimroth rearrangement
4244:Curtius rearrangement
4239:Criegee rearrangement
4219:Claisen rearrangement
4209:Carroll rearrangement
4144:Amadori rearrangement
4134:Allylic rearrangement
4014:Sharpless epoxidation
3749:DessâMartin oxidation
3674:BohnâSchmidt reaction
3534:Hofmann rearrangement
3337:Kauffmann olefination
3260:Olefination reactions
3198:WurtzâFittig reaction
3033:PalladiumâNHC complex
2913:Kauffmann olefination
2868:Homologation reaction
2718:CoreyâHouse synthesis
2698:Claisen rearrangement
2494:YukawaâTsuno equation
2454:SwainâLupton equation
2434:Spherical aromaticity
2369:MöbiusâHĂŒckel concept
2154:Aromatic ring current
2116:Substitution reaction
1989:Birch, A. J. (1996).
1461:"1,6-Methanoannulene"
671:
613:
606:The Benkeser reaction
605:
534:
514:, will stabilize the
499:
323:
285:
275:
228:
201:
163:
148:
5273:PaalâKnorr synthesis
5143:BartonâZard reaction
5087:Staudinger synthesis
5037:Ketene cycloaddition
5007:DielsâAlder reaction
4987:Cheletropic reaction
4967:Alkyne trimerisation
4849:PaalâKnorr synthesis
4814:Kulinkovich reaction
4789:Jacobsen epoxidation
4709:DielsâAlder reaction
4504:Smiles rearrangement
4494:Sigmatropic reaction
4379:Lossen rearrangement
4229:CoreyâFuchs reaction
4194:Boekelheide reaction
4189:Bergmann degradation
4119:Achmatowicz reaction
3904:Methionine sulfoxide
3704:Clemmensen reduction
3664:Bergmann degradation
3594:Acyloin condensation
3559:Strecker degradation
3514:Bergmann degradation
3481:Ullmann condensation
3347:Peterson olefination
3322:Hydrazone iodination
3302:Elimination reaction
3203:ZinckeâSuhl reaction
3123:Sonogashira coupling
3083:Reformatsky reaction
3043:Peterson olefination
3008:Nierenstein reaction
2938:Kulinkovich reaction
2753:DielsâAlder reaction
2713:CoreyâFuchs reaction
2693:Claisen condensation
2563:Alkyne trimerisation
2538:Acyloin condensation
2504:ÎŁ-bishomoaromaticity
2464:ThorpeâIngold effect
2076:Elimination reaction
1735:10.1039/qr9581200017
1653:10.1039/jr9490002531
1634:10.1039/jr9470001642
1615:10.1039/jr9470000102
1596:10.1039/jr9460000593
1577:10.1039/jr9450000809
1558:10.1039/JR9440000430
1379:"2,7-Dimethyloxepin"
636:University of Oxford
361:HĂŒckel (1st approx)
297:, but do not attack
5293:Prilezhaev reaction
5278:Pellizzari reaction
4957:(4+3) cycloaddition
4924:Van Leusen reaction
4899:Robinson annulation
4884:Pschorr cyclization
4879:Prilezhaev reaction
4609:Bergman cyclization
4564:Wolff rearrangement
4549:Weerman degradation
4439:Pericyclic reaction
4419:Neber rearrangement
4314:Fries rearrangement
4199:Brook rearrangement
4184:Bergman cyclization
4029:Staudinger reaction
3974:Rosenmund reduction
3964:Reductive amination
3929:Oppenauer oxidation
3719:CoreyâKim oxidation
3694:Cannizzaro reaction
3569:Weerman degradation
3544:Isosaccharinic acid
3456:Mukaiyama hydration
3312:Hofmann elimination
3297:Dehydrohalogenation
3282:Chugaev elimination
3103:Robinson annulation
3048:Pfitzinger reaction
2818:Gattermann reaction
2763:WulffâDötz reaction
2743:DakinâWest reaction
2668:Carbonyl allylation
2613:Bergman cyclization
2399:Kennedy J. P. Orton
2319:Hammond's postulate
2289:FlippinâLodge angle
2259:Electromeric effect
2184:Beta-silicon effect
2169:BakerâNathan effect
1934:10.1021/ja00532a016
1913:10.1021/ja00530a012
1762:10.1021/jo00838a030
1706:10.1021/ja01117a064
1531:10.1021/ja01282a504
1282:2019Sci...363..838P
1144:10.1021/ja00059a015
1123:10.1021/ja00159a078
961:10.1021/ja01523a042
838:, New York: Wiley,
465:M-SG reducing agent
229:Birch reduction of
202:Birch reduction of
149:The Birch reduction
94:1,4-cyclohexadienes
5042:McCormack reaction
4992:Conia-ene reaction
4824:Madelung synthesis
4614:Biginelli reaction
4404:Mumm rearrangement
4289:Favorskii reaction
4224:Cope rearrangement
4214:Chan rearrangement
3979:Rubottom oxidation
3909:Miyaura borylation
3874:Lipid peroxidation
3869:Lindgren oxidation
3849:Kornblum oxidation
3844:Kolbe electrolysis
3789:Fukuyama reduction
3699:Carbonyl reduction
3549:Marker degradation
3411:Diazonium compound
3401:Boudouard reaction
3380:Carbon-heteroatom
3307:Grieco elimination
3093:Rieche formylation
3038:Passerini reaction
2968:Meerwein arylation
2888:Hydroxymethylation
2783:Favorskii reaction
2683:Chan rearrangement
2618:Biginelli reaction
2543:Aldol condensation
2389:2-Norbornyl cation
2364:Möbius aromaticity
2359:Markovnikov's rule
2254:Effective molarity
2199:BĂŒrgiâDunitz angle
2189:Bicycloaromaticity
908:Compr. Org. Synth.
752:Additional reading
674:
616:
608:
559:Benkeser reduction
553:Benkeser reduction
548:
502:
329:exchange integrals
325:
287:
277:
235:
220:rate-limiting step
212:
179:solvated electrons
166:
151:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5318:WohlâAue reaction
4962:6+4 Cycloaddition
4779:Iodolactonization
4099:1,2-rearrangement
4064:WohlâAue reaction
3984:Sabatier reaction
3949:Pinnick oxidation
3914:Mozingo reduction
3859:Leuckart reaction
3814:Haloform reaction
3729:Criegee oxidation
3709:Collins oxidation
3659:Benkeser reaction
3654:Bechamp reduction
3624:Andrussow process
3609:Alcohol oxidation
3519:Edman degradation
3426:Haloform reaction
3375:
3374:
3362:Takai olefination
3327:Julia olefination
3153:Takai olefination
3028:Olefin metathesis
2903:Julia olefination
2828:Grignard reaction
2808:Fukuyama coupling
2723:Coupling reaction
2688:ChanâLam coupling
2558:Alkyne metathesis
2553:Alkane metathesis
2409:Phosphaethynolate
2314:George S. Hammond
2274:Electronic effect
2229:Conjugated system
2111:Stereospecificity
2106:Stereoselectivity
2071:Addition reaction
2060:organic reactions
1948:See diagrams in:
1928:(12): 4074â4080.
1907:(10): 3370â3376.
1822:10.1021/jo005693g
1794:Collected Volumes
1782:Organic Syntheses
1700:(21): 5360â5365.
1473:Collected Volumes
1466:Organic Syntheses
1419:10.1021/ol070849l
1413:(14): 2677â2680.
1391:Collected Volumes
1384:Organic Syntheses
1363:Collected Volumes
1356:Organic Syntheses
1335:Collected Volumes
1328:Organic Syntheses
1276:(6429): 838â845.
1242:10.1021/jo0008136
1236:(21): 7098â7104.
1207:10.1021/jo0257593
1201:(14): 5015â5018.
1007:978-0-387-44899-2
955:(14): 3658â3666.
930:978-0-08-052349-1
798:Solvated electron
537:1,4-dibromobutane
420:
419:
206:, also available
102:organic reduction
100:and involves the
82:
81:
5364:
5313:Wenker synthesis
5303:Stollé synthesis
5158:Bobbitt reaction
5128:Auwers synthesis
5072:Povarov reaction
4997:Cyclopropanation
4935:
4934:
4929:Wenker synthesis
4684:Darzens reaction
4634:Bobbitt reaction
4479:Schmidt reaction
4284:Enyne metathesis
4059:Whiting reaction
4054:Wharton reaction
3999:Shapiro reaction
3989:Sarett oxidation
3954:Prévost reaction
3764:Emde degradation
3574:Wohl degradation
3554:Ruff degradation
3524:Emde degradation
3421:Grignard reagent
3357:Shapiro reaction
3342:McMurry reaction
3209:
3208:
3173:Ullmann reaction
3138:Stollé synthesis
3128:Stetter reaction
3118:Shapiro reaction
3108:Sakurai reaction
3003:Negishi coupling
2983:Minisci reaction
2978:Michael reaction
2963:McMurry reaction
2958:Mannich reaction
2838:Hammick reaction
2833:Grignard reagent
2773:Enyne metathesis
2758:Doebner reaction
2748:Darzens reaction
2593:Barbier reaction
2583:Auwers synthesis
2510:
2509:
2484:Woodward's rules
2449:Superaromaticity
2439:Spiroaromaticity
2339:Inductive effect
2334:Hyperconjugation
2309:Hammett equation
2249:Edwards equation
2101:Regioselectivity
2052:
2045:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2010:
1985:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1922:J. Am. Chem. Soc
1916:
1901:J. Am. Chem. Soc
1894:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1816:(6): 2154â2157.
1805:
1799:
1797:
1790:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1694:J. Am. Chem. Soc
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1637:
1618:
1599:
1580:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1456:
1450:
1440:Birch Reductions
1437:
1431:
1430:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1331:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1138:(6): 2205â2216.
1132:J. Am. Chem. Soc
1126:
1117:(3): 1280â1281.
1111:J. Am. Chem. Soc
1104:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1060:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1034:(1â4): 169â176.
1023:
1012:
1011:
993:
980:
974:
965:
964:
949:J. Am. Chem. Soc
944:
935:
934:
902:
896:
895:
863:
857:
856:
826:
787:
477:Birch alkylation
471:Birch alkylation
338:
337:
303:carboxylic acids
208:in animated form
74:
59:
22:Birch reduction
19:
18:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5322:
5223:Gewald reaction
5106:
4933:
4914:Skraup reaction
4749:Graham reaction
4744:Gewald reaction
4575:
4568:
4090:
4083:
4039:Swern oxidation
4024:Stahl oxidation
3969:Riley oxidation
3924:Omega oxidation
3884:Luche reduction
3834:Jones oxidation
3799:Glycol cleavage
3794:Ganem oxidation
3739:Davis oxidation
3734:Dakin oxidation
3669:Birch reduction
3619:Amide reduction
3585:
3578:
3539:Hooker reaction
3501:
3495:
3383:
3381:
3371:
3367:Wittig reaction
3255:
3251:Wittig reaction
3226:Hooker reaction
3207:
3188:Wittig reaction
3163:Thorpe reaction
3148:Suzuki reaction
3133:Stille reaction
3068:Quelet reaction
2943:Kumada coupling
2893:Ivanov reaction
2883:Hydrovinylation
2863:Hiyama coupling
2823:Glaser coupling
2633:Blaise reaction
2623:Bingel reaction
2608:Benary reaction
2525:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2404:Passive binding
2324:Homoaromaticity
2174:Baldwin's rules
2149:Antiaromaticity
2144:Anomeric effect
2120:
2062:
2056:
2026:
1995:Pure Appl. Chem
1947:
1943:
1895:
1891:
1868:
1864:
1841:
1837:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1773:
1769:
1746:
1742:
1717:
1713:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1542:
1538:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1497:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1457:
1453:
1438:
1434:
1407:Organic Letters
1403:
1399:
1389:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1319:
1315:
1261:
1257:
1226:
1222:
1187:
1183:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1105:
1098:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1051:
1047:
1024:
1015:
1008:
994:
983:
975:
968:
945:
938:
931:
903:
899:
892:
864:
860:
846:
827:
823:
819:
794:
784:
754:
729:deuterium than
648:Alfred L. Wilds
625:
555:
544:-butyl benzoate
512:carboxylic acid
491:, for example:
473:
458:ethylenediamine
432:
356:Bond Order 1â2
353:Bond Order 2â3
350:Density Atom 1
347:Density Atom 2
344:Density Atom 3
315:
279:
171:
86:Birch reduction
70:
57:birch-reduction
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5370:
5360:
5359:
5357:Name reactions
5354:
5349:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5228:Hantzsch ester
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5138:Banert cascade
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5077:Prato reaction
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4169:Banert cascade
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4089:Rearrangement
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4079:Zinin reaction
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4049:Wacker process
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Hydrogenolysis
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:Ătard reaction
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Bosch reaction
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:Organic redox
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:Esterification
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:Wurtz reaction
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Prins reaction
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Hydrocyanation
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Henry reaction
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Aldol reaction
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2522:Carbon-carbon
2519:
2518:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2499:Zaitsev's rule
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Steric effects
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Redox reaction
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:Polymerization
2078:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2001:(3): 553â556.
1986:
1960:(8): 363â377.
1941:
1939:
1938:
1917:
1889:
1878:(4): 897â904.
1862:
1851:(2): 148â153.
1835:
1800:
1767:
1740:
1711:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1638:
1619:
1600:
1581:
1562:
1536:
1509:
1495:
1479:
1451:
1432:
1397:
1369:
1341:
1313:
1255:
1220:
1181:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1127:
1096:
1078:
1071:
1045:
1013:
1006:
981:
966:
936:
929:
897:
890:
858:
844:
820:
818:
815:
814:
813:
807:
801:
793:
790:
789:
788:
782:
753:
750:
719:isotope effect
624:
621:
554:
551:
550:
549:
504:
503:
472:
469:
431:
428:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
341:Approximation
335:computations.
314:
311:
170:
167:
106:aromatic rings
80:
79:
76:
75:
68:
61:
60:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
38:
37:Reaction type
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5369:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5238:Herz reaction
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4939:Cycloaddition
4936:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Isay reaction
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Cycloaddition
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4574:Ring forming
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Rupe reaction
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Ley oxidation
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Hydroxylation
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Hydrogenation
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:DNA oxidation
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Deoxygenation
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Aromatization
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Reed reaction
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:bond forming
3378:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Cope reaction
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Nef synthesis
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Methylenation
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Heck reaction
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:bond forming
2520:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Y-aromaticity
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Walsh diagram
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Taft equation
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:ÎŁ-aromaticity
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Marcus theory
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:HĂŒckel's rule
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Evelyn effect
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Electron-rich
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Bema Hapothle
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1644:J. Chem. Soc.
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1625:J. Chem. Soc.
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1606:J. Chem. Soc.
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:J. Chem. Soc.
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1568:J. Chem. Soc.
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1549:J. Chem. Soc.
1544:
1543:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1475:, vol. 6
1474:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1072:0-12-781650-X
1068:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
988:
986:
978:
973:
971:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
941:
932:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:
901:
893:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:
862:
855:
851:
847:
845:9780471854722
841:
837:
836:
831:
825:
821:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
795:
785:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:
756:
755:
749:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
679:
670:
666:
664:
660:
654:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
620:
612:
604:
600:
598:
597:dimethylamine
594:
589:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
569:, especially
568:
564:
563:hydrogenation
560:
545:
543:
538:
533:
529:
528:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
498:
494:
493:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
453:
448:
443:
441:
437:
430:Modifications
427:
425:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
339:
336:
334:
330:
322:
318:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
280:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
227:
223:
221:
217:
209:
205:
200:
196:
194:
193:
189:
184:
183:radical anion
180:
177:salt e. The
176:
162:
158:
156:
147:
143:
141:
137:
136:hydrogenation
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
39:
36:
35:
32:
29:
26:
25:
20:
4279:Ene reaction
3668:
3639:Autoxidation
3500:Degradation
3391:Azo coupling
3168:Ugi reaction
2768:Ene reaction
2568:Alkynylation
2419:Polyfluorene
2414:Polar effect
2279:Electrophile
2194:Bredt's rule
2164:Baird's rule
2134:Alpha effect
1998:
1994:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1925:
1921:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1813:
1810:J. Org. Chem
1809:
1803:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1753:
1750:J. Org. Chem
1749:
1743:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1642:
1623:
1604:
1585:
1566:
1547:
1539:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1502:
1498:
1482:
1472:
1464:
1454:
1435:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1326:
1316:
1273:
1269:
1258:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1135:
1131:
1114:
1110:
1090:
1056:
1048:
1031:
1027:
997:
952:
948:
912:
906:
900:
873:
867:
861:
834:
830:March, Jerry
824:
765:
759:
745:
741:
739:
734:
730:
726:
723:methoxylated
713:
709:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
682:benzene ring
677:
675:
662:
661:rather than
658:
655:
652:
628:Arthur Birch
626:
617:
590:
571:naphthalenes
558:
556:
541:
510:, such as a
505:
485:electrophile
476:
474:
462:
454:-propylamine
451:
444:
433:
421:
326:
316:
295:nitro groups
288:
278:
267:benzoic acid
262:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:Arthur Birch
236:
213:
191:
187:
172:
152:
131:). Unlike
121:alkali metal
98:Arthur Birch
85:
83:
72:RXNO:0000042
67:ontology ID
47:Identifiers
31:Arthur Birch
27:Named after
2778:Ethenolysis
2424:Ring strain
2394:Nucleophile
2219:Clar's rule
2159:Aromaticity
1872:Tetrahedron
1845:Tetrahedron
1756:: 126â135.
1722:Quart. Rev.
1504:Merck Index
1028:Tetrahedron
915:: 489â521.
869:Org. React.
761:Org. React.
401:3rd approx
381:2nd approx
216:third order
155:naphthalene
140:cyclohexane
5341:Categories
5062:Ozonolysis
4589:Annulation
3939:Ozonolysis
2058:Topics in
1725:(review).
1680:Birch 1946
1668:Birch 1945
1525:(3): 596.
1507:, 13th Ed.
1178:: 330â332.
977:Birch 1944
911:(review).
891:0471264180
872:(review).
817:References
783:0471264180
764:(review).
593:ethylamine
489:haloalkane
487:such as a
440:pyrophoric
119:) with an
4576:reactions
4091:reactions
3586:reactions
3502:reactions
3384:reactions
2526:reactions
1729:(1): 17.
1448:Macedonia
876:: 1â334.
854:642506595
768:: 1â258.
516:carbanion
449:or mixed
436:cryogenic
175:electride
133:catalytic
2469:Vinylogy
2139:Annulene
2086:Reagents
2017:41494178
1982:24827957
1954:Steroids
1830:11300915
1647:: 2531.
1628:: 1642.
1427:17559217
1308:30792297
1250:11031034
1215:12098328
832:(1985),
792:See also
748:attack.
424:tautomer
299:alcohols
2129:A value
1974:1519267
1609:: 102.
1590:: 593.
1571:: 809.
1552:: 430.
1299:7001862
1278:Bibcode
1270:Science
1264:2019).
644:ethanol
634:at the
623:History
579:calcium
575:lithium
561:is the
535:Adding
291:ketones
269:(2).
259:anisole
231:anisole
204:benzene
129:alcohol
117:ammonia
113:solvent
2015:
1980:
1972:
1828:
1444:Skopje
1425:
1306:
1296:
1248:
1213:
1069:
1004:
927:
888:
852:
842:
780:
640:sodium
586:amines
573:using
520:olefin
416:0.562
413:0.802
410:0.368
404:0.316
396:0.564
393:0.802
390:0.365
384:0.317
376:0.578
373:0.788
370:0.333
364:0.333
307:ethers
125:proton
108:in an
90:arenes
2013:S2CID
1978:S2CID
1063:154â5
746:ortho
742:ortho
735:ortho
727:ortho
710:ortho
703:ortho
695:ortho
686:ortho
582:metal
522:; an
481:anion
407:0.00
387:0.00
367:0.00
305:, or
255:ortho
247:ortho
188:ortho
110:amine
1970:PMID
1826:PMID
1789:: 59
1423:PMID
1304:PMID
1246:PMID
1211:PMID
1191:tert
1067:ISBN
1002:ISBN
925:ISBN
886:ISBN
850:OCLC
840:ISBN
778:ISBN
731:meta
714:meta
712:and
705:.
699:meta
697:and
691:meta
678:meta
663:ipso
659:para
642:and
557:The
542:tert
479:the
456:and
263:para
251:para
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