Biochemical cascade

2322:. Reactome provides a qualitative framework, on which quantitative data can be superimposed. Tools have been developed to facilitate custom data entry and annotation by expert biologists, and to allow visualization and exploration of the finished dataset as an interactive process map. Although the primary curational domain is pathways from Homo sapiens, electronic projections of human pathways onto other organisms are regularly created via putative orthologs, thus making Reactome relevant to model organism research communities. The database is publicly available under open source terms, which allows both its content and its software infrastructure to be freely used and redistributed. Studying whole transcriptional profiles and cataloging protein–protein interactions has yielded much valuable biological information, from the genome or proteome to the physiology of an organism, an organ, a tissue or even a single cell. The Reactome database containing a framework of possible reactions which, when combined with expression and enzyme kinetic data, provides the infrastructure for quantitative models, therefore, an integrated view of biological processes, which links such gene products and can be systematically mined by using bioinformatics applications. Reactome data available in a variety of standard formats, including 2387:, it is possible to distill the inferences contained in the experimental literature and primary databases into knowledge bases that consist of annotated representations of biological pathways. In this case, individual genes and proteins are known to be involved in biological processes, components, or structures, as well as how and where gene products interact with each other. Pathway-oriented approaches for analyzing microarray data, by grouping long lists of individual genes, proteins, and/or other biological molecules according to the pathways they are involved in into smaller sets of related genes or proteins, which reduces the complexity, have proven useful for connecting genomic data to specific biological processes and systems. Identifying active pathways that differ between two conditions can have more explanatory power than a simple list of different genes or proteins. In addition, a large number of pathway analytic methods exploit pathway knowledge in public repositories such as 2395:), rather than inferring pathways from molecular measurements. Furthermore, different research focuses have given the word "pathway" different meanings. For example, 'pathway' can denote a metabolic pathway involving a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions of small molecules, or a signaling pathway involving a set of protein phosphorylation reactions and gene regulation events. Therefore, the term "pathway analysis" has a very broad application. For instance, it can refer to the analysis physical interaction networks (e.g., protein–protein interactions), kinetic simulation of pathways, and steady-state pathway analysis (e.g., flux-balance analysis), as well as its usage in the inference of pathways from expression and sequence data. Several functional enrichment analysis tools and algorithms have been developed to enhance data interpretation. The existing knowledge base–driven pathway analysis methods in each generation have been summarized in recent literature. 1725:). Pathway building is the process of identifying and integrating the entities, interactions, and associated annotations, and populating the knowledge base. Pathway construction can have either a data-driven objective (DDO) or a knowledge-driven objective (KDO). Data-driven pathway construction is used to generate relationship information of genes or proteins identified in a specific experiment such as a microarray study. Knowledge-driven pathway construction entails development of a detailed pathway knowledge base for particular domains of interest, such as a cell type, disease, or system. The curation process of a biological pathway entails identifying and structuring content, mining information manually and/or computationally, and assembling a knowledgebase using appropriate software tools. A schematic illustrating the major steps involved in the data-driven and knowledge-driven construction processes. 2479:, unfolded protein stress and improper removal of misfolded proteins) have been widely explored in cell lines, challenged with toxic insults or genetically modified. The central role of a-synuclein has generated many models aiming to elucidate its contribution to the dysregulation of various cellular processes. Classical cellular models appear to be the correct choice for preliminary studies on the molecular action of new drugs or potential toxins and for understanding the role of single genetic factors. Moreover, the availability of novel cellular systems, such as cybrids or induced pluripotent stem cells, offers the chance to exploit the advantages of an in vitro investigation, although mirroring more closely the cell population being affected. 1278:

mitogens promote a relatively rapid G1-S transition through cooperative action of cyclin D-CDK4/6 and cyclin E-CDK2 to inactivate Rb family proteins. p16 and p19 expression are inhibited by Hmga2-dependent chromatin regulation. Many young adult stem cells are quiescent most of the time. In the absence of mitogenic signals, cyclin-CDKs and the G1-S transition are suppressed by cell cycle inhibitors including Ink4 and Cip/Kip family proteins. As a result, Rb is hypophosphorylated and inhibits E2F, promoting quiescence in G0-phase of the cell cycle. Mitogen stimulation mobilizes these cells into cycle by activating cyclin D expression. In old adult stem cells,

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prototype. The pathway is further refined to include context-specific annotations such as species, cell/tissue type, or disease type. The pathway can then be verified by the domain experts and updated by the curators based on appropriate feedback. Recent attempts to improve knowledge integration have led to refined classifications of cellular entities, such as GO, and to the assembly of structured knowledge repositories. Data repositories, which contain information regarding sequence data, metabolism, signaling, reactions, and interactions are a major source of information for pathway building. A few useful databases are described in the following table.

807:/ARE signalling pathway has a fundamental role at fighting against oxidative stress, to which neurons are especially vulnerable due to its high oxygen consumption and high lipid content. This neuroprotective pathway involves control of neuronal activity by perisynaptic astrocytes and neuronal glutamate release, with the establishment of tripartite synapses. The Nrf2/ARE activation leads to a higher expression of enzymes involved in glutathione syntheses and metabolism, that have a key role in antioxidant response. The LKB1/NUAK1 signalling pathway regulates terminal axon branching at cortical neurons, via local immobilized mitochondria capture. Besides 1204:

factor. The non-canonical Wnt signaling can be divided in planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and Wnt/calcium pathway. It is characterized by binding of Wnt to Frizzled and activation of G proteins and to an increase of intracellular levels of calcium through mechanisms involving PKC 50. The Wnt signaling pathway plays a significant role in osteoblastogenesis and bone formation, inducing the differentiation of mesenquimal pluripotent cells in osteoblasts and inhibiting the RANKL/RANK pathway and osteoclastogenesis.

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Unified Human Interactome, OPHID – Online Predicted Human Interaction Database, EcoCyc – Encyclopaedia of E. Coli Genes and Metabolism, MetaCyc – aMetabolic Pathway database, KEGG – Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, PANTHER – Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationship database, STKE – Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment, PID – The Pathway Interaction Database, BioPP – Biological Pathway Publisher. A comprehensive list of resources can be found at

306:. Recent studies point to the role of hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target hedgehog signaling to fight diseases are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies. Most biochemical cascades are series of events, in which one event triggers the next, in a linear fashion. 970: 478:, because concentrations of oxygen and toxic substances present in the hepatic sinusoids change from periportal zone to centrilobular zone10. The hepatocytes of the intermediate zone have the appropriate morphological and functional features since they have the environment with average concentrations of oxygen and other substances. This specialized cell is capable of: 76:. Recent studies point to the role of hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target hedgehog signaling to fight diseases are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies. 208:

for the vast majority of responses as a consequence of the binding of the primary messengers to membrane receptors. This response is quick, as it involves regulation of molecules that are already present in the cell. On the other hand, the induction or repression of the expression of genes requires the binding of

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bone metabolism, because while certain purinergic receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity, others have the opposite effect. Under certain circumstances adenosine stimulates bone destruction and in other situations it promotes bone formation, depending on the purinergic receptor that is being activated.

1254:/Id (Bone morphogenetic proteins/ Mothers against decapentaplegic/ Inhibitor of differentiation), mediated by transcription factors, epigenetic regulators and others components, and they are responsible for self-renewal genes expression and inhibition of differentiation genes expression, respectively. 207:

The cellular response in signal transduction cascades involves alteration of the expression of effector genes or activation/inhibition of targeted proteins. Regulation of protein activity mainly involves phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events, leading to its activation or inhibition. It is the case

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signaling pathways. Embryonic stem cells have constitutive cyclin E-CDK2 activity, which hyperphosphorylates and inactivates Rb. This leads to a short G1 phase of the cell cycle with rapid G1-S transition and little dependence on mitogenic signals or D cyclins for S phase entry. In fetal stem cells,

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Adenosine is very relevant in bone metabolism, as it plays a role in formation and activation of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Adenosine acts by binding to purinergic receptors and influencing adenylyl cyclase activity and the formation of cAMP and PKA 54. Adenosine may have opposite effects on

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is a curated, peer-reviewed resource of human biological processes/pathway data. The basic unit of the Reactome database is a reaction; reactions are then grouped into causal chains to form pathways The Reactome data model allows us to represent many diverse processes in the human system, including

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resistance and dysregulation of glucose metabolism). Emerging evidence that dietary restriction can forestall the development of AD is consistent with a major "metabolic" component to these disorders, and provides optimism that these devastating brain disorders of aging may be largely preventable.

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For either DDO or KDO pathway construction, the first step is to mine pertinent information from relevant information sources about the entities and interactions. The information retrieved is assembled using appropriate formats, information standards, and pathway building tools to obtain a pathway

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can be divided in canonical and non-canonical. The canonical signaling involves binding of Wnt to Frizzled and LRP5 co-receptor, leading to GSK3 phosphorylation and inhibition of β-catenin degradation, resulting in its accumulation and translocation to the nucleus, where it acts as a transcription

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is the secretion of molecules that can suppress altered cells or eliminate pathogenic agents, through proliferation, differentiation and activation of these cells. Therefore, the antigenic receptors play a central role in signal transduction in lymphocytes, because when antigens interact with them

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is an essential process to epithelial cells so that epithelium can be formed and cells can be in permanent contact with extracellular matrix and other cells. Several pathways exist to accomplish this communication and adhesion with environment. But the main signalling pathways are the cadherin and

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Cells require a full and functional cellular machinery to live. When they belong to complex multicellular organisms, they need to communicate among themselves and work for symbiosis in order to give life to the organism. These communications between cells triggers intracellular signaling cascades,

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cascade. In such a multifaceted picture, it is particularly important to identify experimental models that simplify the study of the different networks of proteins and genes involved. Cellular models that reproduce some of the features of the neurons that degenerate in PD have contributed to many

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database support multiple gene annotations and species as well as custom species database creation for a potentially unlimited number of species. Pathway resources are expanded by utilizing homology information to translate pathway content between species and extending existing pathways with data

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Legend: Y – Yes, N – No; BIND – Biomolecular Interaction Network Database, DIP – Database of Interacting Proteins, GNPV – Genome Network Platform Viewer, HPRD = Human Protein Reference Database, MINT – Molecular Interaction database, MIPS – Munich Information center for Protein Sequences, UNIHI –

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and gene/protein profiling techniques have transformed biological research by enabling comprehensive monitoring of a biological system, yielding a list of differentially expressed genes or proteins, which is useful in identifying genes that may have roles in a given phenomenon or phenotype. With

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pathways, that regulate specific cellular functions. Each signal transduction occurs with a primary extracellular messenger that binds to a transmembrane or nuclear receptor, initiating intracellular signals. The complex formed produces or releases second messengers that integrate and adapt the

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tools can be used to analyze the roles of genes in metabolic pathways and show the biological relationships between genes or gene-products and may represent metabolic pathways. These two databases also provide bioinformatics tools online to combine specific biochemical information on a certain

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is activated, β-catenin degradation is inhibited and it is translocated to the nucleus where it forms a complex with transcription factors. This leads to activation of genes responsible for cell proliferation and survival. So the cadherin-catenin complex is essential for cell fate regulation.

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regulating directly gene expression. This is possible due to the lipophilic nature of those ligands, mainly hormones. In the signal transduction via transmembrane receptors, the first messenger binds to the extracellular domain of transmembrane receptor, activating it. These receptors may have

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which amplify the signal and transfer it to effector molecules, causing the cell to respond to the initial stimulus. Most biochemical cascades are series of events, in which one event triggers the next, in a linear fashion. At each step of the signaling cascade, various controlling factors are

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pathway is present in adhesion junctions or in desmosomes and it is responsible for epithelial adhesion and communication with adjacent cells. Cadherin is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor that establishes contact with another cadherin present in the surface of a neighbour cell forming an

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or Ca could also induce or repress gene expression, via transcriptional factors. This response is slower than the first because it involves more steps, like transcription of genes and then the effect of newly formed proteins in a specific target. The target could be a protein or another gene.

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resource provides a reference knowledge base for linking genomes to biological systems, categorized as building blocks in the genomic space (KEGG GENES), the chemical space (KEGG LIGAND), wiring diagrams of interaction networks and reaction networks (KEGG PATHWAY), and ontologies for pathway

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Extrinsic regulation is made by signals from the niche, where stem cells are found, which is able to promote quiescent state and cell cycle activation in somatic stem cells. Asymmetric division is characteristic of somatic stem cells, maintaining the reservoir of stem cells in the tissue and

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brain tissue from AD people have provided evidence for increased levels of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired glucose uptake in vulnerable neuronal populations. Studies of animal and cell culture models of AD suggest that increased levels of oxidative stress (membrane

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microRNA expression increases, reducing Hmga2 levels and increasing p16 and p19 levels. This reduces the sensitivity of stem cells to mitogenic signals by inhibiting cyclin-CDK complexes. As a result, either stem cells cannot enter the cell cycle, or cell division slows in many tissues.

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are present in high concentration, they can affect the physiology of cells, but when they are present in moderated concentration they are important for acrosome reaction and capacitation. ROS can interact with cAMP/PKA and progesterone pathway, stimulating them. ROS also interacts with

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and modulate neuronal activity, contributing for intra and extracellular homeostasis regulation. Besides purinergic neurotransmitter, ATP acts as a trophic factor at cellular development and growth, being involved on microglia activation and migration, and also on axonal myelination by

1098:(T cells). These proteins after phosphorylation become activated and allow binding of others enzymes that continue the biochemical cascade. One example of a protein that binds to adaptor proteins and become activated is PLC that is very important in the lymphocyte signal pathways. 1212:

RANKL is a member of the TNF superfamily of ligands. Through binding to the RANK receptor it activates various molecules, like NF-kappa B, MAPK, NFAT and PI3K52. The RANKL/RANK signaling pathway regulates osteoclastogenesis, as well as, the survival and activation of osteoclasts.

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Stem cells show an elevated therapeutic potential, mainly in hemato-oncologic pathologies, such as leukemia and lymphomas. Little groups of stem cells were found into tumours, calling cancer stem cells. There are evidences that these cells promote tumor growth and metastasis.

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The increasing amount of genomic and molecular information is the basis for understanding higher-order biological systems, such as the cell and the organism, and their interactions with the environment, as well as for medical, industrial and other practical applications. The

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names for cloned genes of interest are scanned, then are input into GoMiner, which leveraged the GO to identify the biological processes, functions and components represented in the gene profile. Also, Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery

302:. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins, which give cells information to make the embryo develop properly and correctly into a head or a tail. When the pathway malfunctions, it can result in diseases like 1230:

Self-renewal and differentiation abilities are exceptional properties of stem cells. These cells can be classified by their differentiation capacity, which progressively decrease with development, in totipotents, pluripotents, multipotents and unipotents.

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Bode, Johannes G.; Albrecht, Ute; Häussinger, Dieter; Heinrich, Peter C.; Schaper, Fred (June 2012). "Hepatic acute phase proteins – Regulation by IL-6- and IL-1-type cytokines involving STAT3 and its crosstalk with NF-κB-dependent signaling".

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depends on fertilization by sperm. It is initiated with sperm's attraction induced by prostaglandins produced by the oocyte, which will create a gradient that will influence the sperm's direction and velocity. After fusion with the oocyte,

1712:, and Nodal and BMP are involved in embryo patterning. BMP is also responsible for formation of extra-embryonic tissues before and during gastrulation, and for early mesoderm differentiation, when Activin and FGF pathways are activated. 2637:

Antoniotti, M., Park, F., Policriti, A., Ugel, N., Mishra, B. (2003) Foundations of a query and simulation system for the modeling of biochemical and biological processes. In Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing 2003 (PSB 2003), pp.

425:. The cadherin pathway also has an important function in survival and proliferation because it regulates the concentration of cytoplasmic β-catenin. When β-catenin is free in the cytoplasm, normally it is degraded, however if the 4733:

Raju, R; Balakrishnan, L; Nanjappa, V; Bhattacharjee, M; Getnet, D; Muthusamy, B; Kurian Thomas, J; Sharma, J; Rahiman, B. A.; Harsha, H. C.; Shankar, S; Prasad, T. S.; Mohan, S. S.; Bader, G. D.; Wani, M. R.; Pandey, A (2011).

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Pathway building has been performed by individual groups studying a network of interest (e.g., immune signaling pathway) as well as by large bioinformatics consortia (e.g., the Reactome Project) and commercial entities (e.g.,

1657:(Signal Trandsducer and Activator of Transcription) is phosphorylated by JAK (Janus Kinase) and regulates gene transcription, determining cell fates. In mouse embryonic stem cells, this pathway helps maintaining pluripotency. 1383:

and other proteases, as well as their inhibitors. This will lead to degradation of the follicular wall, but limiting the damage and ensuring that the rupture occurs in the appropriate location, releasing the oocyte into the

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Yeh, C. S.; Wang, J. Y.; Cheng, T. L.; Juan, C. H.; Wu, C. H.; Lin, S. R. (2006). "Fatty acid metabolism pathway play an important role in carcinogenesis of human colorectal cancers by Microarray-Bioinformatics analysis".

1170:) play an important role because they can improve the antigen/receptor binding and initiate parallel cascade events, like activation o PI3 Kinase. PIP3 then is responsible for activation of several proteins, like 1676:(Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3) and thus formation of β-catenin destruction complex. Although there is some controversy about the effects of this pathway in embryogenesis, it is thought that WNT signalling induces 1500:. IP3 is released as a soluble structure into the cytosol and DAG remains bound to the membrane. IP3 binds to IP3 receptors, present in acrosome membrane. In addition, calcium and DAG together work to activate 2426:

organism and facilitate the interpretation of biological meanings for experimental data. By using a combined approach of Microarray-Bioinformatic technologies, a potential metabolic mechanism contributing to

1520:; however, in spermatozoon its receptors are present in plasmatic membrane. This hormone activates AKT that leads to activation of other protein kinases, involved in capacitation and acrosome reaction. When 2362:. In summary, Reactome provides high-quality curated summaries of fundamental biological processes in humans in a form of biologist-friendly visualization of pathways data, and is an open-source project. 6189:

Sagare-Patil, V; Vernekar, M; Galvankar, M; Modi, D (15 July 2013). "Progesterone utilizes the PI3K-AKT pathway in human spermatozoa to regulate motility and hyperactivation but not acrosome reaction".

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At cell cycle level there is an increase of complexity of the mechanisms in somatic stem cells. However, it is observed a decrease of self-renewal potential with age. These mechanisms are regulated by

811:, LKB1 kinase acts under other effectors enzymes as SAD-A/B and MARK, therefore regulating neuronal polarization and axonal growth, respectively. These kinase cascades implicates also Tau and others 2727:

Mishra, B. (2002) A symbolic approach to modelling cellular behaviour. In Prasanna, V., Sahni, S. and Shukla, U. (eds), High Performance Computing—HiPC 2002. LNCS 2552. Springer-Verlag, pp. 725–732.

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Hydrophobic/membrane-associated – are insoluble in water and membrane-associated, being localized at intermembrane spaces, where they can bind to membrane-associated effector proteins. Examples:

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database can be used for the analysis of microarray expression data and the analysis of each GO biological process (P), cellular component (C), and molecular function (F) ontology. In addition,

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are heterodimeric glycoprotein receptors that recognize proteins present in the extracellular matrix, like fibronectin and laminin. In order to function, integrins have to form complexes with

107:. These molecules operate as signal transducers, triggering intracellular cascades and in turn amplifying the initial signal. Two main signal transduction mechanisms have been identified, via 6309:

O'Flaherty, C; de Lamirande, E; Gagnon, C (15 August 2006). "Positive role of reactive oxygen species in mammalian sperm capacitation: triggering and modulation of phosphorylation events".

2430:(CRC) has been demonstrated Several environmental factors may be involved in a series of points along the genetic pathway to CRC. These include genes associated with bile acid metabolism, 7280:

Vastrik, I.; D'Eustachio, P.; Schmidt, E.; Joshi-Tope, G.; Gopinath, G.; Croft, D.; de Bono, B.; Gillespie, M.; Jassal, B.; Lewis, S.; Matthews, L.; Wu, G.; Birney, E.; Stein, L. (2007).

4544:(1). Iwakoshi, NN; Lee, AH; Qian, SB; Zhao, H; Yu, X; Yang, L; Tan, BK; Rosenwald, A; Hurt, EM; Petroulakis, E; Sonenberg, N; Yewdell, JW; Calame, K; Glimcher, LH; Staudt, LM: 81–93. 7331:

Joshi-Tope, G.; Gillespie, M.; Vastrik, I.; D'Eustachio, P.; Schmidt, E.; de Bono, B.; Jassal, B.; Gopinath, G. R.; Wu, G. R.; Matthews, L.; Lewis, S.; Birney, E.; Stein, L. (2005).

1504:, which goes on to phosphorylate other molecules, leading to altered cellular activity. These actions cause an increase in cytosolic concentration of Ca that leads to dispersion of 7161:

Minoru K., Susumu G., Miho F., Mao T., Mika H. (2010) KEGG for representation and analysis of molecular networks involving diseases and drugs Nucleic Acids Res. 38(1): D355-D360.

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activation and this inhibits pro-apoptotic factors like BAD and Bax. When adhesion through integrins do not occur the pro-apoptotic factors are not inhibited and resulting in

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intrinsic catalytic activity or may be coupled to effector enzymes, or may also be associated to ionic channels. Therefore, there are four main transmembrane receptor types:

111:, or via transmembrane receptors. In the first one, first messenger cross through the cell membrane, binding and activating intracellular receptors localized at nucleus or 2490:

degeneration and death of nerve cells are defining features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders. In AD, neurons in the

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is the male gamete. After ejaculation this cell is not mature, so it can not fertilize the oocyte. To have the ability to fertilize the female gamete, this cell suffers

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of these genes. The transcriptional factors are activated by the primary messengers, in most cases, due to their function as nuclear receptors for these messengers. The

1042:(T cells), do not have long cytoplasm tails, so they are anchored to signal proteins, which contain a long cytoplasmic tails with a motif that can be phosphorylated ( 7734:"GO::TermFinder–open source software for accessing Gene Ontology information and finding significantly enriched gene ontology terms associated with a list of genes" 5855:"Phospholipase C-ζ-induced Ca oscillations cause coincident cytoplasmic movements in human oocytes that failed to fertilize after intracytoplasmic sperm injection" 413:

are also involved. This complex is regulated by phosphorylation, which leads to downregulation of adhesion. Several factors can induce the phosphorylation, like

3883:"Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 facilitates neuronal glutathione synthesis by upregulating neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3 expression" 2268:) a free, open-source, stand-alone computer program is designed for organizing, analyzing, and sharing genome scale data in the context of biological pathways. 815:. An extended knowledge of these and others neuronal pathways could provide new potential therapeutic targets for several neurodegenerative chronic diseases as 4574: 6070:

Salicioni, AM; Platt, MD; Wertheimer, E. V.; Arcelay, E; Allaire, A; Sosnik, J; Visconti, P. E. (2007). "Signalling pathways involved in sperm capacitation".

2256:–receptor interaction and cell communication, various other cellular processes and human diseases, all based on extensive survey of published literature. 7875:"The protein information and property explorer: an easy-to-use, rich-client web application for the management and functional analysis of proteomic data" 908: 1602:

and in human embryonic stem cells it helps maintaining pluripotency. However, in the presence of Activin A, a TGF-β ligand, it causes the formation of

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Clarke, MF; Dick, JE (1 October 2006). "Cancer stem cells--perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR Workshop on cancer stem cells".

2346:. The next data release will cover apoptosis, including the death receptor signaling pathways, and the Bcl2 pathways, as well as pathways involved in 947:

is related with morphological changes in both leukocytes and endothelial cells, which together support leukocyte migration through the venular walls.

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Conversely, negative cascades include events that are in a circular fashion, or can cause or be caused by multiple events. Negative cascades include:

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Hierarchical layout. Extensive links to relevant databases such as NCBI, ENSEMBL, UNIPROT, HAPMAP, KEGG, CHEBI, PubMed, GO. Follows PSI-MI standards

8201: 7230: 4534:"XBP1, downstream of Blimp-1, expands the secretory apparatus and other organelles, and increases protein synthesis in plasma cell differentiation" 3062: 6761:

Wang, J; Wynshaw-Boris, A (October 2004). "The canonical Wnt pathway in early mammalian embryogenesis and stem cell maintenance/differentiation".

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Ley, K; Laudanna, C; Cybulsky, MI; Nourshargh, S (September 2007). "Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated".

5575:"Mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates luteinizing hormone-induced breakdown of communication and oocyte maturation in rat ovarian follicles" 5518: 2074:

Comprehensive collection of pathways such as human disease, signaling, genetic information processing pathways. Links to several useful databases

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activation initiated by agonist takes to a signaling cascade that leads to an increase of the cytosolic calcium concentration. Consequently, the

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Commercial mammalian biological knowledgebase about genes, drugs, chemical, cellular and disease processes, and signaling and metabolic pathways

198:. Both of them can activate cGMP and, besides of being capable of mediating independent activities, they also can operate in a coordinated mode. 1071: 1043: 280:

co-factors are activated to become active components that then catalyze the next reaction in the cascade, ultimately resulting in cross-linked

72:. Signaling proteins give cells information to make the embryo develop properly. When the pathway malfunctions, it can result in diseases like 4470: 8106:"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Perturbed Energy Metabolism and Neuronal Degeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases" 1114:

molecule, and formation of CBM complex. This complex activates Iκκ kinase, which phosphorylates I-κB, and then allows the translocation of

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Signal transduction is realized by activation of specific receptors and consequent production/delivery of second messengers, such as Ca or

1567:(Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors), and form a stable complex with co-receptors HSPG (Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans) that will promote 4339:. K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai; illustrations by David L. Baker, Alexandra (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. 95:

signal, amplifying it, by activating molecular targets, which in turn trigger effectors that will lead to the desired cellular response.

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involved to regulate cellular actions, in order to respond effectively to cues about their changing internal and external environments.

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that occur within a biological cell when initiated by a stimulus. This stimulus, known as a first messenger, acts on a receptor that is

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Self-renewal process is highly regulated from cell cycle and genetic transcription control. There are some signaling pathways, such as

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is activated and degrades cAMP, leading to cell cycle progression and oocyte maturation. The LH surge also leads to the production of

7783:"The DAVID Gene Functional Classification Tool: a novel biological module-centric algorithm to functionally analyze large gene lists" 6000:

Abou-haila, A; Tulsiani, DR (1 May 2009). "Signal transduction pathways that regulate sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction".

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Expression of C-reactive protein, globulin protease inhibitors, complement, coagulation and fibrinolytic systems and iron homeostasis

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Dailey, L; Ambrosetti, D; Mansukhani, A; Basilico, C (April 2005). "Mechanisms underlying differential responses to FGF signaling".

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Baclawski K., Niu T. (2006) Ontologies for bioinformatics. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Boca Raton (Florida): Chapman & Hall/CRC.

4990:"BMP induction of Id proteins suppresses differentiation and sustains embryonic stem cell self-renewal in collaboration with STAT3" 2171: 4262:; Hordijk, PL; Sixt, M (May 2010). "Breaching multiple barriers: leukocyte motility through venular walls and the interstitium". 1025:

to each other. The increase of cytosolic calcium also leads to shape change and TxA2 synthesis, leading to signal amplification.

5329:(8). Wigglesworth, K.; Rangarajan, A.; Kattamuri, C.; Peterson, R. T.; Eppig, J. J.; Thompson, T. B.; Matzuk, M. M.: E776–E785. 891:(PDE). This pathway can be triggered via two mechanisms: physiological stimulus (like reduced O2 tension) and activation of the 4493:"IL-2 requirement for human plasma cell generation: coupling differentiation and proliferation by enhancing MAPK-ERK signaling" 1591: 714: 6035:

Visconti, PE; Westbrook, VA (January 2002). "Novel signaling pathways involved in sperm acquisition of fertilizing capacity".

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de Jong, H. (2002) Modeling and simulation of genetic regulatory systems: a literature review. J. Comput. Biol., 9(1), 67–103.

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of the sporadic (and most common) form is still unclear and only a few molecular mechanisms have been clarified so far in the

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the pathways of intermediary metabolism, regulatory pathways, and signal transduction, and high-level processes, such as the

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provides a means to rapidly interrogate complex experimental data for pathway-level changes in a diverse range of organisms.

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lead to a cascade of signal events. These receptors, that recognize the antigen soluble (B cells) or linked to a molecule on

6888:"Expression of TGFβ family factors and FGF2 in mouse and human embryonic stem cells maintained in different culture systems" 3490:"The discovery of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its significance for cell biology, life sciences and clinical medicine" 8061:

Alberio, T.; Lopiano, L.; Fasano, M. (2012). "Cellular models to investigate biochemical pathways in Parkinson's disease".

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Li, J; Wang, G (April 2007). "MEK/ERK signaling contributes to the maintenance of human embryonic stem cell self-renewal".

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advances in our comprehension of the pathogenic flow of the disease. In particular, the pivotal biochemical pathways (i.e.

1421:. Deregulation of these pathways will lead to several diseases like, oocyte maturation failure syndrome which results in 759:) that influences the synthesis or activation of other molecules (synthesis of urea and essential amino acids), activate 8187: 1062:

is essential for signal transduction in these cells, because it is responsible for phosphorylation of ITAMs. Therefore,

187:. They are involved in regulation of kinases and phosphatases, G protein associated factors and transcriptional factors. 5319:"Growth differentiation factor 9:bone morphogenetic protein 15 heterodimers are potent regulators of ovarian functions" 4344: 4314: 3652: 3222: 3046: 2768: 2712: 2573: 2273:

derived from conserved protein interactions and coexpression. A new mode of data visualization including time-course,

5721: 4635: 4369: 2684: 2379:

and genome-wide gene engineering, it is possible to screen global gene expression profiles to contribute a wealth of

993:(TxA2) (TP receptor) and ADP (P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors) that is either released from damaged cells or secreted from 8170: 5039:"Hmga2 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal in young but not old mice by reducing p16Ink4a and p19Arf Expression" 1448:

in female reproductive tract. The signaling pathways best described for spermatozoon involve these processes. The

1426: 650: 630: 361: 129: 6097:

Breitbart, H (22 February 2002). "Intracellular calcium regulation in sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction".

3981:"Cell biology in neuroscience: Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying axon formation, growth, and branching" 3930:

Johnson, JA; Johnson, DA; Kraft, A. D.; Calkins, M. J.; Jakel, R. J.; Vargas, M. R.; Chen, P. C. (December 2008).

2592:

Ingham, P.W.; Nakano, Y.; Seger, C. (2011). "Mechanisms and functions of Hedgehog signalling across the metazoa".

2092:

Compendium of metabolic and signaling pathways built using CellDesigner. Pathways can be downloaded in SBML format

1822: 1303:

is the female cell involved in reproduction. There is a close relationship between the oocyte and the surrounding

5806:"Calcium signaling in mammalian egg activation and embryo development: the influence of subcellular localization" 5704:

Geldziler, BD; Marcello, MR; Shakes, D. C.; Singson, A (2011). "The Genetics and Cell Biology of Fertilization".

4789: 916: 1639:γ (Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C γ) hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to form IP3 (Inositoltriphosphate) and 5914:(9). Yumoto, K; Kai, Y; Sargant, HC; Mizoguchi, C; Ueda, M; Tsuchie, Y; Imajo, A; Iba, Y; Nishikori, K: 951–6. 2274: 1786: 1344: 1340: 1320: 884: 812: 491: 141: 104: 2248:

reconstruction (BRITE database). The KEGG PATHWAY database is a collection of manually drawn pathway maps for

8215: 4030:"Terminal Axon Branching Is Regulated by the LKB1-NUAK1 Kinase Pathway via Presynaptic Mitochondrial Capture" 2450:

Cellular models are instrumental in dissecting a complex pathological process into simpler molecular events.

1162:(important for the secretory apparatus formation and enhancing of protein synthesis). Also, the coreceptors ( 828: 265:

formation, and thus, the initiation of blood coagulation. The pathways are a series of reactions, in which a

161: 5865:(3). Campbell, K; Elgmati, K; Nomikos, M; Zernicka-Goetz, M; Amso, N; Lai, FA; Thomas, A; Graham, C: 742–7. 5432:(11). Freudzon, M; Mehlmann, LM; Krall, J; Movsesian, MA; Wang, H; Ke, H; Nikolaev, VO; Jaffe, LA: 1869–78. 3893:(20). Malgorn, C; Auregan, G; Berman, AE; Chen, PC; Déglon, N; Johnson, JA; Suh, SW; Swanson, RA: 7392–401. 2135: 8240: 7834:"BiNGO: a Cytoscape plugin to assess overrepresentation of Gene Ontology categories in biological networks" 5471:"Cyclic GMP signaling is involved in the luteinizing hormone-dependent meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes" 4169:"Erythrocyte-derived ATP and perfusion distribution: role of intracellular and intercellular communication" 2063: 1497: 1074:

after the antigen recognition and the conformational change of the receptor, which leads to the binding of

474:

is a complex and multifunctional differentiated cell whose cell response will be influenced by the zone in

450:

proteins and leading to actin polymerization. ERK also leads to actin polymerization through activation of

5270:"Bidirectional communication between oocytes and follicle cells: ensuring oocyte developmental competence" 1397:ζ of the spermatozoa is released into the oocyte leading to an increase in Ca2+ levels that will activate 8230: 6996:

Stromback L., Jakoniene V., Tan H., Lambrix P. (2006) Representing, storing and accessing. The MIT Press.

2784:

Tian, Xinrui; Liu, Z; Niu, B; Zhang, J; Tan, T. K.; Lee, S. R.; Zhao, Y; Harris, D. C.; Zheng, G (2011).

2535:. Recent studies suggest that AD can manifest systemic alterations in energy metabolism (e.g., increased 1481: 1183: 1095: 1090:

is present in T cells. After activation of these enzymes, some adaptor proteins are phosphorylated, like

121: 7241: 5239:(5). Song, B; Magli, MC; Gianaroli, L; Lacham-Kaplan, O; Findlay, JK; Jenkin, G; Trounson, AO: 1138–44. 1456:

in sperm cells is different from the somatic cells. Adenylyl cyclase in spermatozoon does not recognize

8235: 8220: 6715:

Kelleher, FC; Fennelly, D; Rafferty, M (2006). "Common critical pathways in embryogenesis and cancer".

6535:"Signaling pathways during maintenance and definitive endoderm differentiation of embryonic stem cells" 4118:

Ellsworth, ML; Ellis, CG; Goldman, D; Stephenson, A. H.; Dietrich, H. H.; Sprague, R. S. (April 2009).

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Publicover, S; Barratt, C (17 March 2011). "Reproductive biology: Progesterone's gateway into sperm".

3238:

Tolosano, Emanuela; Altruda, Fiorella (April 2002). "Hemopexin: Structure, Function, and Regulation".

2837:"Cadherins, catenins and APC protein: interplay between cytoskeletal complexes and signaling pathways" 4040:(7). Lee, Sohyon; Courchet, Virginie; Liou, Deng-Yuan; Aizawa, Shinichi; Polleux, Franck: 1510–1525. 3441:(7). Lai, Shuo-Lun; Lin, Hao-Yu; Hsu, Wen-Ming; Chou, Chia-Hung; Lee, Po-Huang; Rishi, Arun: e67868. 2409: 1485: 1127: 133: 125: 5422:"Cyclic GMP from the surrounding somatic cells regulates cyclic AMP and meiosis in the mouse oocyte" 2252:, genetic information processing, environmental information processing such as signal transduction, 409:, leading to polymerization. For actin polymerization through the cadherin pathway, proteins of the 8225: 6455:

Dreesen, O; Brivanlou, AH (January 2007). "Signaling pathways in cancer and embryonic stem cells".

5192:(19). Dirks, PB; Eaves, CJ; Jamieson, CH; Jones, DL; Visvader, J; Weissman, IL; Wahl, GM: 9339–44. 3722: 3380:"Molecular Functions of Thyroid Hormones and Their Clinical Significance in Liver-Related Diseases" 2498:(brain regions that subserve learning and memory functions) are selectively vulnerable. Studies of 1709: 1595: 1560: 1556: 1530: 1425:. Increasing our molecular knowledge of oocyte development mechanisms could improve the outcome of 1402: 1279: 1046:– immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) and resulting in different signal pathways. The 688: 418: 7060:"Efficient sampling algorithm for estimating subgraph concentrations and detecting network motifs" 5534:"Disruption of gap junctional communication within the ovarian follicle induces oocyte maturation" 3727:; Zimmermann, Herbert (January 2009). "Purinergic signalling in the nervous system: an overview". 3155:"Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Liver Diseases: A Novel Therapeutic Target" 1804: 5665:"The periovulatory period in cattle: progesterone, prostaglandins, oxytocin and ADAMTS proteases" 1768: 1521: 1246:(Leukemia inhibitory factor/Janus kinase/Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and 1063: 1039: 414: 153: 3343:

Dzau, VJ; Herrmann, HC (15–22 February 1982). "Hormonal control of angiotensinogen production".

2438:

metabolism pathways, supporting a hypothesis that some metabolic alternations observed in colon

2305:

Given the genetic makeup of an organism, the complete set of possible reactions constitutes its

5904:"Possible mechanism of polyspermy block in human oocytes observed by time-lapse cinematography" 2451: 1643:(Diacylglycerol), leading to activation of kinases and regulating morphogenic movements during 1461: 1449: 1262: 966:-dependent adhesion, and have important roles in regulating cell shape, adhesion and motility. 880: 816: 756: 730: 515: 354: 145: 140:

Hydrophilic/cytosolic – are soluble in water and are localized at the cytosol, including cAMP,

7536:

Karp, P. D.; Riley, M.; Saier, M.; Paulsen, I. T.; Paley, S. M.; Pellegrini-Toole, A. (2000).

3378:

Chi, Hsiang Cheng; Chen, Cheng-Yi; Tsai, Ming-Ming; Tsai, Chung-Ying; Lin, Kwang-Huei (2013).

2745:

Hinkle JL, Bowman L (2003) Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Nurs 35 (2): 114–8.

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Priami, C. (ed.) (2003) Computational Methods in Systems Biology. LNCS 2602. Springer Verlag.

5512: 3097: 1576: 1542: 1533:(PTK) that phosphorylates various proteins important for capacitation and acrosome reaction. 1328: 1200: 998: 948: 892: 783: 549: 499: 410: 334: 295: 209: 65: 6401:

Lanner, F; Rossant, J (October 2010). "The role of FGF/Erk signaling in pluripotent cells".

2757: 8117: 7976: 7113:

Kanehisa, M.; Goto, S.; Hattori, M.; Aoki-Kinoshita, K.F.; Itoh, M.; Kawashima, S. (2006).

6951: 6886:

Lifantseva, N. V.; Koltsova, A. M.; Poljanskaya, G. G.; Gordeeva, O. F. (23 January 2013).

6242: 4385:

Macian, F (June 2005). "NFAT proteins: key regulators of T-cell development and function".

3932:"The Nrf2-ARE pathway: an indicator and modulator of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration" 3835: 3501: 3442: 1630: 1323:, ensuring follicular development. Concomitantly, oocyte growth is initiated by binding of 920: 796: 752: 526: 303: 217: 213: 116: 73: 6885: 3076:

Berridge, Michael J. (10 April 2012). "Cell Signalling Biology: Module 1 - Introduction".

2330:

and PSI-MI, and also enable data exchange with other pathway databases, such as the Cycs,

8: 1708:

and promote gene transcription. Activin is necessary for mesoderm and specially endoderm

1568: 1352: 867:

delivery to the tissues, and this transfer occurs by diffusion and is determined by the O

598: 405:, and p120 is essential for its stabilization and regulation. This complex then binds to 347: 254: 242: 91: 46: 38: 8121: 7980: 6955: 6322: 6246: 3839: 3505: 3446: 2182:

Literature-curated human signaling network, the largest human signaling network database

1594:(Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase) regulates gene 8141: 8129: 8086: 7999: 7964: 7899: 7874: 7809: 7782: 7758: 7733: 7660: 7635: 7504: 7479: 7455: 7430: 7406: 7381: 7308: 7281: 7139: 7114: 7031: 6974: 6939: 6915: 6740: 6657: 6648: 6632: 6608: 6583: 6564: 6480: 6426: 6373: 6348: 6266: 6215: 6166: 6141: 6122: 5977: 5952: 5928: 5903: 5879: 5854: 5830: 5805: 5781: 5756: 5732: 5713: 5681: 5664: 5640: 5615: 5495: 5470: 5446: 5421: 5394: 5369: 5345: 5318: 5294: 5269: 5209: 5166: 5112: 5087: 5063: 5038: 5019: 4965: 4940: 4916: 4889: 4865: 4840: 4813: 4784: 4760: 4735: 4677: 4652: 4603: 4578: 4410: 4287: 4241: 4193: 4168: 4144: 4119: 4054: 4029: 4005: 3980: 3956: 3931: 3907: 3882: 3858: 3823: 3799: 3774: 3752: 3724: 3697: 3672: 3620: 3595: 3571: 3546: 3522: 3489: 3465: 3430: 3406: 3379: 3179: 3154: 3056: 3041:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. 2986: 2961: 2812: 2785: 2617: 2504: 1367:

disruption and breakdown of communication between the oocyte and the follicular cells.

602: 483: 34: 7611: 7586: 7562: 7537: 7357: 7332: 7191:"GenMAPP, a new tool for viewing and analyzing microarray data on biological pathways" 6110: 6048: 5153: 5136: 5088:"Stem cells and niches: mechanisms that promote stem cell maintenance throughout life" 5006: 4989: 3321: 2902: 2877: 2853: 2836: 2563: 747:

The hepatocyte also regulates other functions for constitutive synthesis of proteins (

8133: 8078: 8074: 8043: 8004: 7945: 7904: 7855: 7814: 7763: 7714: 7709: 7684: 7665: 7616: 7567: 7509: 7460: 7411: 7362: 7313: 7260: 7212: 7189:

Dahlquist, K. D.; Salomonis, N.; Vranizan, K.; Lawlor, S. C.; Conklin, B. R. (2002).

7144: 7081: 7023: 6979: 6907: 6868: 6822: 6778: 6732: 6697: 6662: 6613: 6556: 6515: 6511: 6472: 6418: 6378: 6326: 6289: 6270: 6258: 6207: 6171: 6114: 6079: 6052: 6017: 5982: 5968: 5933: 5884: 5870: 5835: 5786: 5737: 5717: 5686: 5645: 5596: 5555: 5500: 5451: 5399: 5350: 5299: 5250: 5229:"Gene expression profiling of human oocytes following in vivo or in vitro maturation" 5201: 5158: 5117: 5068: 5011: 4970: 4921: 4870: 4818: 4765: 4682: 4631: 4608: 4555: 4514: 4451: 4402: 4365: 4340: 4310: 4279: 4259: 4233: 4198: 4184: 4149: 4100: 4059: 4010: 3961: 3912: 3863: 3804: 3744: 3702: 3648: 3625: 3576: 3527: 3470: 3411: 3360: 3356: 3325: 3283: 3255: 3218: 3184: 3135: 3116: 3042: 3017: 2991: 2942: 2907: 2858: 2817: 2764: 2708: 2680: 2609: 2569: 2459: 2427: 2355: 1722: 1571:

of the intracellular domain of FGFR and consequent activation of four main pathways:

1453: 1445: 1410: 1389: 1139: 944: 888: 791: 388: 314: 246: 176: 108: 8145: 8090: 7940: 7923: 7890: 7850: 7833: 7749: 7076: 7059: 7035: 7006:

Brazma, A.; Krestyaninova, M.; Sarkans, U. (2006). "Standards for systems biology".

6744: 6568: 6484: 6219: 6126: 5170: 2621: 2128:

Domain experts curated biological connection maps and associated mathematical models

1529:

that leads to activation of Ras, MEK and MEK-like proteins. These proteins activate

8125: 8070: 8035: 7994: 7984: 7935: 7894: 7886: 7845: 7804: 7794: 7753: 7745: 7704: 7696: 7655: 7647: 7606: 7598: 7557: 7549: 7499: 7491: 7450: 7442: 7401: 7393: 7352: 7344: 7303: 7293: 7202: 7134: 7126: 7071: 7015: 6969: 6959: 6919: 6899: 6860: 6812: 6770: 6724: 6689: 6652: 6644: 6603: 6595: 6546: 6507: 6464: 6430: 6410: 6368: 6360: 6318: 6250: 6199: 6161: 6153: 6106: 6044: 6009: 5972: 5964: 5923: 5915: 5874: 5866: 5825: 5817: 5776: 5768: 5727: 5709: 5676: 5635: 5627: 5586: 5545: 5490: 5482: 5441: 5433: 5389: 5381: 5340: 5330: 5289: 5281: 5240: 5213: 5193: 5148: 5107: 5099: 5058: 5050: 5023: 5001: 4960: 4952: 4911: 4901: 4860: 4852: 4808: 4798: 4755: 4747: 4713: 4672: 4664: 4598: 4590: 4545: 4504: 4441: 4414: 4394: 4291: 4271: 4245: 4225: 4188: 4180: 4139: 4131: 4090: 4049: 4041: 4000: 3992: 3951: 3943: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3853: 3843: 3794: 3786: 3756: 3736: 3692: 3684: 3615: 3607: 3566: 3558: 3517: 3509: 3460: 3450: 3401: 3391: 3352: 3317: 3247: 3174: 3166: 3127: 3085: 3039:

Histology : a text and atlas : with correlated cell and molecular biology

3011: 2981: 2973: 2934: 2897: 2889: 2848: 2807: 2797: 2601: 2468: 2384: 2335: 1677: 1618: 1526: 1501: 1465: 1360: 1324: 1147: 1103: 904: 900: 722: 643: 619: 584: 576: 495: 451: 372: 180: 157: 7636:"Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium" 7480:"Reactome pathway analysis to enrich biological discovery in proteomics data sets" 6864: 6693: 5486: 5197: 4471:"Signal Transduction Events Involved in Lymphocyte Activation and Differentiation" 3431:"Interleukin-6 Mediates Angiotensinogen Gene Expression during Liver Regeneration" 3012:

Eugene R. Schiff; Willis C. Maddrey; Michael F. Sorrell, eds. (12 December 2011).

2875: 1815:

Elegant and comprehensive presentation of the interactions, entities and evidences

8191: 8174: 8039: 7989: 6964: 6817: 6800: 4579:"Effectors and memories: Bcl-6 and Blimp-1 in T and B lymphocyte differentiation" 4550: 4533: 3455: 2938: 2376: 2293:

export of analyses for entire sets of pathways as organized web pages. In short,

1876: 1636: 1599: 1508:

and consequently promotes plasmatic membrane and outer acrosome membrane fusion.

1493: 1469: 1394: 1385: 1099: 1055: 1051: 824: 726: 696: 511: 195: 172: 4668: 2977: 1405:, leading to the resumption of meiosis. The increased Ca levels will induce the 973:

The leukocyte adhesion cascade steps and the key molecules involved in each step

6599: 5616:"Control of ovulation in mice by progesterone receptor-regulated gene networks" 5103: 5054: 4736:"A comprehensive manually curated reaction map of RANKL/RANK-signaling pathway" 4718: 4701: 4572: 4135: 4095: 4078: 4045: 3740: 3251: 3131: 2528: 2350:. Other topics currently under development include several signaling pathways, 1701: 1640: 1621:(Protein Kinase B). This kinase is involved in cell survival and inhibition of 1517: 1376: 1304: 1251: 990: 820: 558: 475: 426: 327: 288: 221: 58: 8104:

Mattson, M. P.; Pedersen, W. A.; Duan, W.; Culmsee, C.; Camandola, S. (1999).

7965:"Ten Years of Pathway Analysis: Current Approaches and Outstanding Challenges" 6938:

Viswanathan, G. A.; Seto, J.; Patil, S.; Nudelman, G.; Sealfon, S. C. (2008).

6903: 6774: 6728: 6468: 6203: 6013: 5919: 5370:"Protein tyrosine kinase signaling during oocyte maturation and fertilization" 4856: 4751: 3790: 2925:

Gilcrease, Michael Z. (March 2007). "Integrin signaling in epithelial cells".

2876:

Conacci-Sorrell, Maralice; Zhurinsky, Jacob; Ben-Ze'ev, Avri (15 April 2002).

803:, and P2 binding to ATP or ADP, presenting different signalling cascades. The 8209: 7799: 7585:

Ogata, H.; Goto, S.; Sato, K.; Fujibuchi, W.; Bono, H.; Kanehisa, M. (1999).

6506:(4). Wang, C; Zhao, Y; Zhang, H; Tan, Z; Song, Z; Ding, M; Deng, H: 299–307. 4906: 4509: 4492: 4427: 3611: 3562: 2472: 2388: 2359: 1607: 1550: 1513: 1477: 1332: 1171: 969: 955: 952: 856: 718: 7298: 5757:"Sperm and oocyte communication mechanisms controlling C. elegans fertility" 5631: 5335: 5245: 5228: 3947: 3848: 3308:

Edwards, Peter A; Kennedy, Matthew A; Mak, Puiying A (April 2002). "LXRs;".

1665:

function in gene transcription, once the interaction between WNT ligand and

8137: 8082: 8047: 8008: 7949: 7908: 7859: 7818: 7767: 7718: 7669: 7571: 7513: 7495: 7464: 7415: 7366: 7317: 7216: 7148: 7085: 7027: 6983: 6911: 6872: 6844: 6826: 6782: 6736: 6701: 6679: 6666: 6617: 6560: 6519: 6476: 6422: 6382: 6330: 6262: 6211: 6175: 6118: 6083: 6078:. Wertheimer, EV; Arcelay, E; Allaire, A; Sosnik, J; Visconti, PE: 245–59. 6056: 6021: 5986: 5937: 5888: 5839: 5790: 5741: 5690: 5649: 5600: 5559: 5504: 5455: 5403: 5354: 5303: 5254: 5205: 5162: 5121: 5072: 5015: 4974: 4956: 4925: 4874: 4822: 4769: 4686: 4612: 4559: 4518: 4455: 4446: 4429: 4406: 4283: 4237: 4202: 4153: 4104: 4063: 4014: 3965: 3916: 3867: 3808: 3748: 3706: 3629: 3580: 3544: 3531: 3474: 3415: 3329: 3259: 3188: 3139: 2995: 2946: 2911: 2821: 2702: 2613: 2278: 1654: 1644: 1626: 1509: 1441: 1437: 1372: 1364: 1239: 1143: 1135: 924: 860: 844: 663: 538: 534: 443: 277: 234: 191: 57:

formation, and thus, the initiation of blood coagulation. Another example,

7700: 7620: 7602: 7553: 7446: 6551: 6534: 6283: 6188: 5572: 4699: 3996: 3396: 3364: 2862: 2802: 1662: 402: 398: 7397: 7348: 7330: 7130: 6801:"Tgf-beta superfamily signaling in embryonic development and homeostasis" 5591: 5574: 5550: 5533: 3545:

Blumenschein GR, Jr; Mills, GB; Gonzalez-Angulo, AM (10 September 2012).

2508: 2491: 1648: 1422: 1107: 1034: 840: 299: 190:

Gaseous – can be widespread through cell membrane and cytosol, including

69: 8184: 8167: 6157: 3513: 3277: 2081: 1339:

and stop in prophase I. This arrest is maintained by elevated levels of

520:

Expression of enzymes for synthesis, storage and distribution of glucose

7279: 6414: 6364: 5772: 5532:

Sela-Abramovich, S; Edry, I; Galiani, D; Nevo, N; Dekel, N (May 2006).

5531: 5437: 4215: 3307: 3170: 3089: 2499: 2435: 2431: 2371: 2347: 2319: 2289:

also offers innovative ways to display and share data by incorporating

2249: 1457: 1418: 1406: 1348: 1258: 1059: 1018: 940: 896: 848: 787: 610: 471: 258: 50: 7431:"Reactome: a database of reactions, pathways and biological processes" 7207: 7190: 6308: 5821: 5385: 4945:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4890:"An emerging role for adenosine and its receptors in bone homeostasis" 4700:

Kobayashi, Yasuhiro; Maeda, Kazuhiro; Takahashi, Naoyuki (July 2008).

1480:

and it interacts with receptors in spermatozoon. So, ZP3 can activate

1138:

is also an example of a signal mechanism in lymphocytes, induced by a

958:

are involved in the principal leukocyte signaling pathways underlying

923:

on endothelial cells, triggering the synthesis and release of several

442:

proteins. For adhesion to the extracellular matrix, ILK activate the

6349:"FGF signalling: diverse roles during early vertebrate embryogenesis" 4732: 3016:(11th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 2893: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2495: 2476: 2464: 2455: 2439: 2200:

Compendium of several highly structured, assembled signaling pathways

1869:

Database and analysis system of binary and multi-protein interactions

1622: 1356: 1131: 1119: 1022: 978: 959: 932: 852: 800: 772: 768: 764: 760: 459: 431: 238: 8105: 7382:"Reactome knowledge base of human biological pathways and processes" 7019: 6887: 6848: 6254: 5662: 5285: 4594: 4398: 4275: 4229: 4130:(2). Goldman, D; Stephenson, AH; Dietrich, HH; Sprague, RS: 107–16. 3688: 3547:"Targeting the hepatocyte growth factor-cMET axis in cancer therapy" 2605: 1460:, so it is stimulated by bicarbonate and Ca ions. Then, it converts 6069: 4803: 4117: 2564:

Bastien D. Gomperts; Peter E.R. Tatham; Ijsbrand M. Kramer (2004).

2310: 2306: 1681: 1669: 1603: 1572: 1006: 1002: 1001:(VWF) serves as an essential accessory molecule. In general terms, 994: 986: 982: 963: 936: 912: 567: 393: 340: 273: 250: 184: 7651: 6043:(1–2). Chertihin, O; Demarco, I; Sleight, S; Diekman, AB: 133–50. 5703: 5573:

Sela-Abramovich, S; Chorev, E; Galiani, D; Dekel, N (March 2005).

2835:

Barth, Angela IM; Näthke, Inke S; Nelson, W James (October 1997).

2834: 2527:

and metabolic compromise may thereby render neurons vulnerable to

2117: 1948: 1894: 1685: 1546: 1115: 911:(CFTR), and a final conduit that transport ATP to vascular lumen ( 136:(LGICs). Second messengers can be classified into three classes: 7112: 6940:"Getting Started in Biological Pathway Construction and Analysis" 5036: 4987: 4079:"Carving Axon Arbors to Fit: Master Directs One Kinase at a Time" 3942:. Kraft, AD; Calkins, MJ; Jakel, RJ; Vargas, MR; Chen, PC: 61–9. 2536: 2516: 2512: 2487: 2380: 2351: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2269: 2265: 1693: 1380: 1336: 1047: 748: 320: 266: 112: 7477: 7282:"Reactome: a knowledgebase of biological pathways and processes" 7188: 6284:

Ashok Agarwal; R. John Aitken; Juan G. Alvarez (17 March 2012).

3821: 2507:, in particular) may disrupt neuronal energy metabolism and ion 1488:, that leads to production of PLC. PLC cleaves the phospholipid 1327:

to its receptor KIT in the oocyte, leading to the activation of

1158:, allowing immunoglobulin genes transcription and activation of 249:

or signaling networks, in which enzymes are usually involved to

6633:"The activation of Akt/PKB signaling pathway and cell survival" 6532: 5663:

Fortune, JE; Willis, EL; Bridges, PJ; Yang, CS (January 2009).

5368:

McGinnis, LK; Carroll, DJ; Kinsey, WH (October–November 2011).

4988:

Ying, QL; Nichols, J; Chambers, I; Smith, A (31 October 2003).

4428:

Mercedes Rincón; Richard A Flavell & Roger J Davis (2001).

2398: 2323: 2253: 1840: 1398: 1300: 1266: 1111: 1087: 1079: 935:

adhesion cascade includes many steps mentioned in Table 1. The

879:

and cause a change in vascular caliber, through the pathway of

679: 667: 626: 281: 270: 262: 54: 7379: 7115:"From genomics to chemical genomics: new developments in KEGG" 6714: 6142:"Acrosome reaction: relevance of zona pellucida glycoproteins" 5037:

Nishino, J; Kim, I; Chada, K; Morrison, SJ (17 October 2008).

4120:"Erythrocytes: oxygen sensors and modulators of vascular tone" 3929: 3822:

Habas, A.; Hahn, J.; Wang, X.; Margeta, M. (21 October 2013).

2878:"The cadherin-catenin adhesion system in signaling and cancer" 1858: 8162: 7380:

Matthews, L.; Gopinath, G.; Gillespie, M.; Caudy, M. (2009).

5367: 3979:

Lewis, T. L.; Courchet, J.; Polleux, F. (16 September 2013).

3212: 2568:(Pbk. ed., . ed.). Amsterdam : Elsevier Academic Press. 2422: 2414: 2189: 1673: 1505: 1368: 1316: 1312: 1243: 1179: 1151: 808: 710: 675: 447: 422: 406: 253:

the reactions. For example, the tissue factor pathway in the

149: 7099: 6937: 5137:"Socializing with the neighbors: stem cells and their niche" 4258: 3978: 3390:. Tsai, Ming-Ming; Tsai, Chung-Ying; Lin, Kwang-Huei: 1–16. 164:, being then involved in phosphorylation mediated responses. 8196: 7478:

Haw, R.; Hermjakob, H.; D'Eustachio, P.; Stein, L. (2011).

5708:. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 106. pp. 343–75. 2418: 2392: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2290: 2244: 2226: 2099: 1614: 1587: 1564: 1308: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1123: 1091: 804: 743:

Cell growth, proliferation, survival, invasion and motility

738: 734: 594: 591: 562: 503: 439: 168: 8179: 8103: 7171: 7005: 5706:

Caenorhabditis elegans: Molecular Genetics and Development

4838: 4653:"Secreted and Transmembrane Wnt Inhibitors and Activators" 3645:

Signaling pathways in liver diseases : with 15 tables

2314: 2216:

Repository of biological pathways built using CellDesigner

1779:

200,000 documented biomolecular interactions and complexes

1146:

bind to a specific receptor, which leads to activation of

786:

has an essential role at interactions between neurons and

4702:"Roles of Wnt signaling in bone formation and resorption" 4503:(1). Delaloy, C; Rossille, D; Tarte, K; Fest, T: 161–73. 3377: 3237: 2786:"E-Cadherin/β-Catenin Complex and the Epithelial Barrier" 2454:(PD) is multifactorial and clinically heterogeneous; the 1912: 1705: 1617:(Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase) results in activation of 1473: 1414: 1274: 1270: 1175: 1083: 1075: 1067: 1050:

receptor and signal protein form a stable complex, named

507: 455: 435: 39:

transduced to the cell interior through second messengers

16:

Series of chemical reactions resulting in a cell response

7057: 5950: 4531: 2959: 2703:

Jeremy M. Berg; John L. Tymoczko; Lubert Stryer (2007).

2153: 875:). The erythrocyte is able to feel the tissue need for O 7058:

Kashtan, N.; Itzkovitz, S.; Milo, R.; Alon, U. (2004).

5754: 5613: 5134: 4027: 3824:"Neuronal activity regulates astrocytic Nrf2 signaling" 2754: 7584: 5999: 2232: 2016: 1512:

is a steroid hormone produced in cumulus oophorus. In

1070:, in lymphocytes B and T, respectively, phosphorylate 7535: 7428: 6034: 5267: 5085: 4430:"Signal transduction by MAP kinases in T lymphocytes" 2960:

Campbell, I. D.; Humphries, M. J. (19 January 2011).

1998: 397:

adhesion complex. This adhesion complex is formed by

378: 8060: 6760: 6454: 6232: 5468: 4839:

Mediero, Aránzazu; Cronstein, Bruce N. (June 2013).

4166: 3037:

Pawlina, Michael H. Ross, Wojciech (23 April 2011).

2034: 1977: 6842: 6630: 5953:"Oocyte maturation failure: a syndrome of bad eggs" 4938: 3775:"The Nrf2-ARE cytoprotective pathway in astrocytes" 3673:"Purinergic signalling in neuron-glia interactions" 3278:Jean-Francois Dufour; Pierre-Alain Clavien (2010). 2511:, by impairing the function of membrane ion-motive 1331:, allowing oocyte survival and development. During 1178:pathway, which consequently leads to activation of 1122:, for example. Others transcriptional factors like 1118:to the nucleus and transcription of genes encoding 985:(glycoprotein (GP) VI receptor), locally generated 909:

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

228: 7333:"Reactome: a knowledgebase of biological pathways" 6581: 6539:The International Journal of Developmental Biology 6533:Sui, Lina; Bouwens, Luc; Mfopou, Josué K. (2013). 4076: 3670: 2962:"Integrin Structure, Activation, and Interactions" 2756: 1417:, used by sperm to penetrate the oocyte, blocking 1343:within the oocyte. It was recently suggested that 7962: 6631:Song, G; Ouyang, G; Bao, S (January–March 2005). 6500:Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity 5951:Beall, S; Brenner, C; Segars, J (December 2010). 4939:Watt, F. M.; Driskell, R. R. (24 November 2009). 4650: 4490: 3772: 3487: 3217:(5th ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2707:(6. ed., 3. print. ed.). New York: Freeman. 2591: 2391:(GO) or Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes ( 1468:. PKA leads to protein tyrosine phosphorylation. 8207: 8024: 7429:Croft, D.; O'Kelly, G.; Wu, G.; Haw, R. (2011). 6400: 6139: 6072:Society of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement 5803: 5614:Kim, J; Bagchi, IC; Bagchi, MK (December 2009). 5419: 5135:Fuchs, E; Tumbar, T; Guasch, G (19 March 2004). 5086:Morrison, SJ; Spradling, AC (22 February 2008). 3342: 2763:(11th ed.). New York, N.Y., : McGraw-Hill. 1130:complex are also important for transcription of 7587:"Kegg: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes" 7100:"KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes" 6933: 6931: 6929: 5852: 5481:(3). Hsieh, M; Menniti, FS; Conti, M: 595–604. 5323:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5274:Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 4028:Courchet, Julien; Lewis, Tommy L. (June 2013). 3880: 3828:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3428: 2783: 2755:Carneiro, Luiz Carlos; Junqueira, José (2005). 2338:, and molecular interaction databases, such as 1207: 1072:immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs 6849:"BMP signaling and early embryonic patterning" 5183: 2408:A program package MatchMiner was used to scan 2365: 2285:database to support analysis of complex data. 1216: 927:, like nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI 795:oligodendrocytes. There are two main types of 7963:Khatri, P.; Sirota, M.; Butte, A. J. (2012). 6763:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 6346: 5908:Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 5226: 4785:"Biology of RANK, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin" 3718: 3716: 3593: 3429:Lai, Hong-Shiee; Lin, Wen-Hsi (3 July 2013). 3102:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 2027:Human metabolic pathways and the human genome 1700:ligands bind to their receptors and activate 1613:Phosphorylation of membrane phospholipids by 1549:pathways, regulate the processes involved in 1307:which is crucial to the development of both. 1287:production of specialized cells of the same. 98: 6926: 5755:Han, SM; Cottee, PA; Miller, MA (May 2010). 5469:Vaccari, S; Weeks JL, 2nd (September 2009). 4887: 4782: 4651:Cruciat, CM.; Niehrs, C. (19 October 2012). 4532:Shaffer, AL; Shapiro-Shelef, M (July 2004). 3596:"An overview of the c-MET signaling pathway" 3159:International Journal of Biological Sciences 3061:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2399:Applications of pathway analysis in medicine 2045:Collection of databases for several organism 1905:Based on specific experiments and literature 1452:leads to sperm cells capacitation; however, 1058:, in B or T cells, respectively. The family 989:(PAR1 and PAR4 receptors), platelet-derived 895:(IPR). This pathway includes heterotrimeric 156:. Their main targets are protein kinases as 5901: 5517:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4625: 4077:Satoh, Daisuke; Arber, Silvia (June 2013). 3723:Abbracchio, Maria P.; Burnstock, Geoffrey; 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2482: 2445: 1988:Entire genome and biochemical machinery of 1559:(Fibroblast Growth Factor) ligands bind to 8110:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6798: 6637:Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 6584:"AKT/PKB signaling: navigating downstream" 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 5316: 5268:Kidder, GM; Vanderhyden, BC (April 2010). 4834: 4832: 4657:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 3936:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3713: 3494:Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 3303: 3301: 3299: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3007: 3005: 2966:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2403: 1110:and Ca, which leads to phosphorylation of 454:. Recruitment of FAK by integrin leads to 7998: 7988: 7939: 7898: 7849: 7808: 7798: 7757: 7708: 7659: 7633: 7610: 7561: 7503: 7454: 7405: 7356: 7307: 7297: 7206: 7138: 7075: 6973: 6963: 6816: 6656: 6607: 6582:Manning, BD; Cantley, LC (29 June 2007). 6550: 6497: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6372: 6165: 6096: 5976: 5927: 5878: 5829: 5780: 5731: 5680: 5639: 5590: 5549: 5494: 5445: 5415: 5413: 5393: 5344: 5334: 5293: 5244: 5152: 5111: 5062: 5005: 4964: 4941:"The therapeutic potential of stem cells" 4915: 4905: 4864: 4812: 4802: 4759: 4717: 4676: 4602: 4549: 4508: 4445: 4192: 4143: 4094: 4053: 4004: 3955: 3906: 3857: 3847: 3798: 3768: 3766: 3696: 3666: 3664: 3619: 3570: 3521: 3464: 3454: 3405: 3395: 3215:The liver : biology and pathobiology 3178: 2985: 2924: 2901: 2852: 2811: 2801: 2370:In the post-genomic age, high-throughput 2264:Gene Map Annotator and Pathway Profiler ( 1759:1. Protein-protein interactions databases 1319:receptors on follicular cells activating 1033:The main goal of biochemical cascades in 7682: 6892:Russian Journal of Developmental Biology 6838: 6836: 6756: 6754: 6342: 6340: 5804:Miao, YL; Williams, CJ (November 2012). 4845:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 4330: 4328: 4326: 4167:Sprague, RS; Ellsworth, ML (July 2012). 3600:Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology 3213:Irwin M. Arias; Harvey J. Alter (2009). 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3075: 2790:Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2698: 2696: 2674: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 1941:Comprehensive human protein interactions 1688:(Transforming Growth Factor β) pathway, 1472:(PLC) is involved in acrosome reaction. 1194: 1086:kinase is specific of lymphocytes B and 968: 691:/THRE (thyroid hormone response element) 8020: 8018: 6437: 6140:Gupta, SK; Bhandari, B (January 2011). 6002:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 4829: 3773:Vargas, MR; Johnson, JA (3 June 2009). 3296: 3266: 3036: 3002: 2641: 1715: 1351:arrest. During meiotic maturation, the 883:release, which requires an increase in 704:Regenerate itself by hepatocyte mitosis 670:/GHRE (growth hormone response element) 8208: 7265:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6794: 6792: 6389: 5810:Molecular Reproduction and Development 5410: 5374:Molecular Reproduction and Development 4491:Le Gallou, S; Caron, G (1 July 2012). 4384: 3763: 3671:Fields, RD; Burnstock, G (June 2006). 3661: 3642: 1959:Combines PPI from BIND, HPRD, and MINT 1851:Experimentally determined interactions 498:/TORC (transducers of regulated CREB)/ 7872: 7831: 7780: 7731: 6833: 6751: 6337: 6286:Studies on men's health and fertility 4334: 4323: 4304: 4264:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 3594:Organ, SL; Tsao, MS (November 2011). 3195: 2693: 2550: 2442:may occur in the development of CRC. 1625:, cellular growth and maintenance of 1541:Various signalling pathways, as FGF, 1490:phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 1347:cooperates with cAMP to maintain the 84: 8015: 7924:"A global pathway crosstalk network" 6853:Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 6682:Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 6347:Dorey, K; Amaya, E (November 2010). 6192:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 6099:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 5420:Norris, RP; Ratzan, WJ (June 2009). 5317:Peng, J.; Li, Q. (4 February 2013). 3881:Escartin, C; Won, SJ (18 May 2011). 3779:Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 3280:Signaling pathways in liver diseases 3152: 2633: 2631: 2587: 2585: 1797:Experimentally verified interactions 1134:. The differentiation of B cells to 1082:kinases to ITAM and its activation. 541:/APRE (acute phase response element) 202: 6789: 6323:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.027 6311:Free Radical Biology & Medicine 5902:Mio, Y; Iwata, K (September 2012). 5853:Swann, K; Windsor, S (March 2012). 4573:Crotty, Shane; Johnston, Robert J; 4359: 2677:O eSsencial em… Sinalização Celular 2233:Pathway-related databases and tools 1154:protein is translated and inhibits 383: 13: 8130:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07824.x 7921: 7538:"The ecocyc and metacyc databases" 6649:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00337.x 6037:Journal of Reproductive Immunology 5714:10.1016/B978-0-12-544172-8.00013-X 1833:Yeast interactions. A part of MIPS 919:(VDAC)). The released ATP acts on 379:Cell-specific biochemical cascades 294:, is one of the key regulators of 261:is the primary pathway leading to 64:, is one of the key regulators of 14: 8252: 8156: 7685:"The KEGG databases at GenomeNet" 4468: 4337:Cellular and molecular immunology 3282:(2. ed.). Berlin: Springer. 2882:Journal of Clinical Investigation 2628: 2582: 1923:Physical and genetic interactions 1464:into cyclic AMP, which activates 981:are activated by locally exposed 269:(inactive enzyme precursor) of a 130:serine/threonine kinase receptors 8097: 8075:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08516.x 8054: 7956: 7915: 7866: 7825: 7774: 7725: 7676: 7627: 7578: 7529: 7520: 7471: 7422: 7373: 7324: 7273: 7223: 7182: 7164: 7155: 7106: 7092: 7051: 7042: 6999: 6990: 6879: 6512:10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00143.x 5969:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.02.037 5871:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.12.013 5227:Jones, GM; Cram, DS (May 2008). 4790:Arthritis Research & Therapy 4185:10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00158.x 3120:European Journal of Cell Biology 2759:Basic histology text & atlas 2383:data to the public domain. With 2146:Repository of canonical pathways 1427:assisted reproduction procedures 1017:is activated and the binding to 977:After a vascular injury occurs, 362:Mitogen-activated protein kinase 229:Examples of biochemical cascades 6799:Wu, MY; Hill, CS (March 2009). 6708: 6673: 6624: 6575: 6526: 6491: 6302: 6277: 6226: 6182: 6133: 6090: 6063: 6028: 5993: 5944: 5895: 5846: 5797: 5748: 5697: 5656: 5607: 5566: 5525: 5462: 5361: 5310: 5261: 5220: 5177: 5128: 5079: 5030: 4981: 4932: 4881: 4841:"Adenosine and bone metabolism" 4776: 4726: 4693: 4644: 4619: 4566: 4525: 4484: 4462: 4421: 4378: 4353: 4298: 4252: 4209: 4160: 4111: 4070: 4021: 3972: 3923: 3874: 3815: 3636: 3587: 3538: 3488:Nakamura, T; Mizuno, S (2010). 3481: 3422: 3371: 3336: 3231: 3146: 3110: 3069: 3030: 2953: 2918: 2869: 2841:Current Opinion in Cell Biology 2828: 2777: 1432: 1315:produced by the oocyte bind to 917:voltage-dependent anion channel 309:Biochemical cascades include: 79: 4706:Japanese Dental Science Review 3899:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6577-10.2011 3643:Dufour, Jean-François (2005). 3014:Schiff's diseases of the liver 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2275:single nucleotide polymorphism 2054:3. Signaling Pathway databases 1968:2. Metabolic Pathway databases 1887:PDZ Domain containing proteins 1379:that induce the expression of 1028: 834: 465: 1: 7941:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn200 7891:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn363 7851:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti551 7750:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth456 7441:(Database issue): D691–D697. 7392:(Database issue): D619–D622. 7125:(Database issue): D354–D357. 7077:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth163 6865:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.04.002 6694:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.01.007 6111:10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00704-3 6049:10.1016/S0165-0378(01)00103-6 5487:10.1095/biolreprod.109.077768 5198:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3126 5154:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00255-7 5007:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00847-X 4628:Encyclopedia of life sciences 4362:Encyclopedia of life sciences 3384:BioMed Research International 3322:10.1016/S1537-1891(02)00175-1 2854:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80122-6 2543: 2475:impairment and dysfunctional 2210:Manual and Automated Curation 2039:Manual and Automated Curation 2021:Manual and Automated Curation 1982:Manual and Automated Curation 1935:Manual and Automated Curation 1899:Manual and Automated Curation 1845:Manual and Automated Curation 1827:Manual and Automated Curation 1522:ROS (reactive oxygen species) 1476:is a glycoprotein present in 1225: 829:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 637:Degradate of toxic substances 8040:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.03.050 7990:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002375 6965:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0040016 6818:10.1016/j.devcel.2009.02.012 5620:Molecular Human Reproduction 4551:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.06.010 3551:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3456:10.1371/journal.pone.0067868 3357:10.1016/0024-3205(82)90272-7 2939:10.1016/j.canlet.2006.03.031 2675:Fardilha, Margarida (2012). 2281:, has been implemented with 2009:Pathways of over 165 species 1692:(Bone Morphogenic Protein), 1498:inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 1208:RANKL/RANK signaling pathway 767:, transporter expression of 587:/LXRE (LXR response element) 7: 7343:(Database issue): D428–32. 4783:Boyce, BF; Xing, L (2007). 4669:10.1101/cshperspect.a015081 3985:The Journal of Cell Biology 3887:The Journal of Neuroscience 3677:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2978:10.1101/cshperspect.a004994 2366:Pathway-oriented approaches 2300: 1482:G protein coupled receptors 1429:, facilitating conception. 1217:Adenosine signaling pathway 887:, and are regulated by the 863:have as main function the O 790:, allowing these to detect 122:G protein coupled receptors 10: 8257: 6600:10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.009 6288:. New York: Humana Press. 6146:Asian Journal of Andrology 5104:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.038 5055:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.017 4894:Frontiers in Endocrinology 4888:Ham, J; Evans, BA (2012). 4719:10.1016/j.jdsr.2007.11.002 4387:Nature Reviews. Immunology 4218:Nature Reviews. Immunology 4136:10.1152/physiol.00038.2008 4096:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.047 4046:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.021 3741:10.1016/j.tins.2008.10.001 3252:10.1089/104454902753759717 3132:10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.09.008 2259: 1667:G protein-coupled receptor 1598:through successive kinase 1536: 1450:cAMP/PKA signaling pathway 1294: 1021:allows the aggregation of 778: 292:hedgehog signaling pathway 99:Transductors and effectors 62:hedgehog signaling pathway 8173:16 September 2014 at the 6904:10.1134/S1062360413010050 6775:10.1016/j.gde.2004.07.013 6729:10.1080/02841860600602946 6469:10.1007/s12015-007-0004-8 6204:10.1016/j.mce.2013.04.005 6014:10.1016/j.abb.2009.02.003 5920:10.1007/s10815-012-9815-x 4857:10.1016/j.tem.2013.02.001 4307:Fundamentos de Imunologia 3791:10.1017/S1462399409001094 3092:(inactive 25 April 2024). 1561:receptors tyrosine kinase 1516:it binds to receptors in 1486:tyrosine kinase receptors 1186:(can also activate PLC). 931:). The current model of 552:(acute phase independent) 550:Regulate iron homeostasis 134:ligand-gated ion channels 126:tyrosine kinase receptors 8112:(Submitted manuscript). 7800:10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r183 4907:10.3389/fendo.2012.00113 4630:. Hoboken, NJ : Wiley . 4510:10.4049/jimmunol.1200301 4364:. Hoboken, NJ : Wiley . 3612:10.1177/1758834011422556 3563:10.1200/JCO.2011.40.3774 2679:. Edições Afrontamento. 2483:Alzheimer's disease (AD) 2446:Parkinson's disease (PD) 2227:http://www.pathguide.org 1189: 1174:(leads to activation of 1040:Antigen Presenting Cells 245:cascades participate in 45:An example would be the 7299:10.1186/gb-2007-8-3-r39 5957:Fertility and Sterility 5859:Fertility and Sterility 5475:Biology of Reproduction 5336:10.1073/pnas.1218020110 4752:10.1093/database/bar021 4575:Schoenberger, Stephen P 3948:10.1196/annals.1427.036 3849:10.1073/pnas.1208764110 3729:Trends in Neurosciences 2594:Nature Reviews Genetics 2404:Colorectal cancer (CRC) 2315:http://www.reactome.org 2237: 2172:Human signaling network 1661:The WNT pathway allows 1531:protein tyrosine kinase 609:Exocrine production of 392:integrin pathways. The 210:transcriptional factors 117:transcriptional factors 8190:1 January 2016 at the 7496:10.1002/pmic.201100066 5761:Developmental Dynamics 4957:10.1098/rstb.2009.0149 4447:10.1038/sj.onc.1204382 4305:Roitt, Ivan M (2013). 1462:adenosine triphosphate 974: 939:-mediated adhesion of 355:Acetylcholine receptor 298:and is present in all 68:and is present in all 7781:Huang, D. W. (2007). 7732:Boyle, E. I. (2004). 7634:Ashburner, M (2000). 6552:10.1387/ijdb.120115ls 5632:10.1093/molehr/gap082 5246:10.1093/humrep/den085 4497:Journal of Immunology 4360:Cox, Michael (2005). 3997:10.1083/jcb.201305098 3647:. Berlin : Springer. 3310:Vascular Pharmacology 1201:Wnt signaling pathway 1195:Wnt signaling pathway 1142:. In this case, some 999:von Willebrand factor 972: 893:prostacyclin receptor 784:Purinergic signalling 335:Wnt signaling pathway 296:embryonic development 66:embryonic development 8216:Biological processes 7683:Kanehisa, M (2002). 5592:10.1210/en.2004-1006 5551:10.1210/en.2005-1011 4626:Michael Cox (2005). 4335:Baker, Abul (2012). 4309:. GUANABARA KOOGAN. 3240:DNA and Cell Biology 1716:Pathway construction 1631:embryonic stem cells 1150:. Consequently, the 997:dense granules. The 921:purinergic receptors 797:purinergic receptors 657:Endocrine production 527:acute phase proteins 304:basal cell carcinoma 237:, several important 218:secondary messengers 214:regulatory sequences 115:, which then act as 74:basal cell carcinoma 8241:Signal transduction 8122:1999NYASA.893..154M 7981:2012PLSCB...8E2375K 7701:10.1093/nar/30.1.42 7603:10.1093/nar/27.1.29 7554:10.1093/nar/28.1.56 7447:10.1093/nar/gkq1018 6956:2008PLSCB...4...16V 6247:2011Natur.471..313P 6158:10.1038/aja.2010.72 5669:Animal Reproduction 4577:(19 January 2010). 3840:2013PNAS..11018291H 3834:(45): 18291–18296. 3725:Verkhratsky, Alexei 3606:(1 Suppl): S7–S19. 3514:10.2183/pjab.86.588 3506:2010PJAB...86..588N 3447:2013PLoSO...867868L 3397:10.1155/2013/601361 3078:Biochemical Journal 2803:10.1155/2011/567305 2566:Signal transduction 2523:transporters. Such 2452:Parkinson's disease 1746:GO Annotation (Y/N) 1569:autophosphorylation 1401:which will degrade 1355:peak that precedes 1335:, oocytes initiate 1102:is responsible for 613:and other compounds 348:Adrenergic receptor 255:coagulation cascade 243:signal transduction 92:signal transduction 47:coagulation cascade 23:biochemical cascade 8231:Chemical processes 7398:10.1093/nar/gkn863 7349:10.1093/nar/gki072 7247:on 3 February 2013 7131:10.1093/nar/gkj102 6805:Developmental Cell 6415:10.1242/dev.050146 6365:10.1242/dev.037689 5773:10.1002/dvdy.22202 5438:10.1242/dev.035238 5233:Human Reproduction 3171:10.7150/ijbs.7.536 3153:Wang, Hua (2011). 3090:10.1042/csb0001001 2505:lipid peroxidation 975: 855:) are produced by 827:disease, and also 771:and conversion of 484:glucose metabolism 411:Rho GTPases family 247:metabolic pathways 85:Signaling cascades 35:chemical reactions 25:, also known as a 8236:Complement system 8221:Chemical kinetics 7969:PLOS Comput. Biol 7934:(12): 1442–1447. 7885:(18): 2110–2111. 7873:Ramos, H (2008). 7844:(16): 3448–3449. 7832:Maere, S (2005). 7744:(18): 3710–3715. 7689:Nucleic Acids Res 7591:Nucleic Acids Res 7542:Nucleic Acids Res 7490:(18): 3598–3613. 7435:Nucleic Acids Res 7386:Nucleic Acids Res 7337:Nucleic Acids Res 7208:10.1038/ng0502-19 7119:Nucleic Acids Res 7070:(11): 1746–1758. 6457:Stem Cell Reviews 6295:978-1-61779-775-0 5822:10.1002/mrd.22078 5386:10.1002/mrd.21326 5380:(10–11): 831–45. 4951:(1537): 155–163. 4740:Database (Oxford) 4583:Nature Immunology 4440:(19): 2490–2497. 3289:978-3-642-00149-9 3023:978-0-470-65468-2 2460:neurodegenerative 2428:colorectal cancer 2356:phototransduction 2222: 2221: 2154:Ingenuity Systems 1723:Ingenuity Systems 1446:acrosome reaction 1411:cortical granules 1390:Oocyte activation 1140:cytokine receptor 945:endothelial cells 889:phosphodiesterase 792:action potentials 763:, utilization of 343:signaling pathway 330:Signaling Pathway 323:Signaling Pathway 315:Complement system 287:Another example, 203:Cellular response 177:phosphatidic acid 109:nuclear receptors 33:, is a series of 31:signaling pathway 27:signaling cascade 8248: 8150: 8149: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8069:(7): 1146–1155. 8058: 8052: 8051: 8022: 8013: 8012: 8002: 7992: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7943: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7902: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7853: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7812: 7802: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7761: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7712: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7663: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7614: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7565: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7507: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7458: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7409: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7360: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7311: 7301: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7264: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7246: 7240:. Archived from 7235: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7210: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7142: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7079: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6977: 6967: 6944:PLOS Comput Biol 6935: 6924: 6923: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6840: 6831: 6830: 6820: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6660: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6611: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6554: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6452: 6435: 6434: 6398: 6387: 6386: 6376: 6344: 6335: 6334: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6169: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6032: 6026: 6025: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5980: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5931: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5833: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5784: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5735: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5684: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5643: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5594: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5508: 5498: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5449: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5397: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5348: 5338: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5297: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5248: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5156: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5115: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5066: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5009: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4968: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4919: 4909: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4868: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4806: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4763: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4680: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4606: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4553: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4512: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4332: 4321: 4320: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4196: 4173:Microcirculation 4164: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4089:(7): 1425–1426. 4074: 4068: 4067: 4057: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4008: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3959: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3910: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3861: 3851: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3802: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3700: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3525: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3468: 3458: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3409: 3399: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3305: 3294: 3293: 3275: 3264: 3263: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3210: 3193: 3192: 3182: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3126:(6–7): 496–505. 3114: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3093: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3052: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2989: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2905: 2894:10.1172/JCI15429 2873: 2867: 2866: 2856: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2815: 2805: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2762: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2672: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2625: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2561: 2469:oxidative stress 2385:RNA interference 1732: 1731: 1678:primitive streak 1502:protein kinase C 1466:Protein kinase A 1454:adenylyl cyclase 1329:PI3K/Akt pathway 1305:follicular cells 1148:MAPK/ERK pathway 1106:activation, via 905:protein kinase A 901:adenylyl cyclase 799:, P1 binding to 651:ABC transporters 631:ABC transporters 577:lipid metabolism 384:Epithelial cells 373:Ischemic cascade 181:arachidonic acid 8256: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8226:Enzyme kinetics 8206: 8205: 8192:Wayback Machine 8175:Wayback Machine 8159: 8154: 8153: 8102: 8098: 8059: 8055: 8023: 8016: 7975:(2): e1002375. 7961: 7957: 7920: 7916: 7871: 7867: 7830: 7826: 7779: 7775: 7730: 7726: 7681: 7677: 7632: 7628: 7583: 7579: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7476: 7472: 7427: 7423: 7378: 7374: 7329: 7325: 7278: 7274: 7258: 7257: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7238:www.genmapp.org 7233: 7231:"Archived copy" 7229: 7228: 7224: 7187: 7183: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7111: 7107: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7020:10.1038/nrg1922 7004: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6936: 6927: 6884: 6880: 6841: 6834: 6797: 6790: 6759: 6752: 6717:Acta Oncologica 6713: 6709: 6678: 6674: 6629: 6625: 6580: 6576: 6531: 6527: 6496: 6492: 6453: 6438: 6409:(20): 3351–60. 6399: 6390: 6359:(22): 3731–42. 6345: 6338: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6282: 6278: 6255:10.1038/471313a 6241:(7338): 313–4. 6231: 6227: 6187: 6183: 6138: 6134: 6105:(1–2): 139–44. 6095: 6091: 6068: 6064: 6033: 6029: 5998: 5994: 5949: 5945: 5900: 5896: 5851: 5847: 5802: 5798: 5753: 5749: 5724: 5702: 5698: 5661: 5657: 5612: 5608: 5571: 5567: 5530: 5526: 5510: 5509: 5467: 5463: 5418: 5411: 5366: 5362: 5315: 5311: 5286:10.1139/y10-009 5266: 5262: 5225: 5221: 5186:Cancer Research 5182: 5178: 5133: 5129: 5084: 5080: 5035: 5031: 4986: 4982: 4937: 4933: 4886: 4882: 4837: 4830: 4797:(Suppl 1): S1. 4781: 4777: 4731: 4727: 4698: 4694: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4624: 4620: 4595:10.1038/ni.1837 4571: 4567: 4530: 4526: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4469:Weiss, Arthur. 4467: 4463: 4426: 4422: 4399:10.1038/nri1632 4383: 4379: 4372: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4333: 4324: 4317: 4303: 4299: 4276:10.1038/nrm2889 4257: 4253: 4230:10.1038/nri2156 4214: 4210: 4165: 4161: 4116: 4112: 4075: 4071: 4026: 4022: 3977: 3973: 3928: 3924: 3879: 3875: 3820: 3816: 3771: 3764: 3721: 3714: 3689:10.1038/nrn1928 3669: 3662: 3655: 3641: 3637: 3592: 3588: 3557:(26): 3287–96. 3543: 3539: 3486: 3482: 3427: 3423: 3376: 3372: 3351:(7–8): 577–84. 3341: 3337: 3306: 3297: 3290: 3276: 3267: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3211: 3196: 3151: 3147: 3115: 3111: 3095: 3094: 3074: 3070: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3010: 3003: 2958: 2954: 2923: 2919: 2874: 2870: 2833: 2829: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2673: 2642: 2636: 2629: 2606:10.1038/nrg2984 2590: 2583: 2576: 2562: 2551: 2546: 2485: 2448: 2434:metabolism and 2406: 2401: 2377:DNA microarrays 2368: 2303: 2262: 2240: 2235: 2194:Manual Curation 2176:Manual Curation 2158:Manual Curation 2140:Manual Curation 2122:Manual Curation 2104:Manual Curation 2086:Manual Curation 2068:Manual Curation 2003:Manual Curation 1953:Manual Curation 1917:Manual Curation 1881:Manual Curation 1863:Manual Curation 1809:Manual Curation 1791:Manual Curation 1773:Manual Curation 1718: 1710:differentiation 1680:, mesoderm and 1600:phosphorylation 1539: 1494:diacyl glycerol 1470:Phospholipase C 1435: 1386:fallopian tubes 1297: 1228: 1219: 1210: 1197: 1192: 1031: 1016: 1012: 930: 878: 874: 870: 866: 837: 781: 697:Angiotensinogen 468: 386: 381: 231: 205: 196:carbon monoxide 101: 87: 82: 53:which leads to 17: 12: 11: 5: 8254: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8182: 8177: 8165: 8158: 8157:External links 8155: 8152: 8151: 8116:(1): 154–175. 8096: 8053: 8034:(2): 297–308. 8028:Cancer Letters 8014: 7955: 7928:Bioinformatics 7922:Li, Y (2008). 7914: 7879:Bioinformatics 7865: 7838:Bioinformatics 7824: 7773: 7738:Bioinformatics 7724: 7675: 7626: 7577: 7528: 7519: 7470: 7421: 7372: 7323: 7272: 7222: 7181: 7163: 7154: 7105: 7091: 7064:Bioinformatics 7050: 7041: 7014:(8): 593–605. 6998: 6989: 6925: 6878: 6843:Kishigami, S; 6832: 6788: 6750: 6707: 6672: 6623: 6594:(7): 1261–74. 6574: 6525: 6490: 6436: 6388: 6336: 6301: 6294: 6276: 6225: 6198:(1–2): 82–91. 6181: 6132: 6089: 6062: 6027: 5992: 5963:(7): 2507–13. 5943: 5894: 5845: 5816:(11): 742–56. 5796: 5767:(5): 1265–81. 5747: 5722: 5696: 5655: 5606: 5585:(3): 1236–44. 5565: 5524: 5461: 5409: 5360: 5309: 5280:(4): 399–413. 5260: 5219: 5176: 5127: 5098:(4): 598–611. 5078: 5029: 4980: 4931: 4880: 4851:(6): 290–300. 4828: 4804:10.1186/ar2165 4775: 4725: 4692: 4663:(3): a015081. 4643: 4636: 4618: 4589:(2): 114–120. 4565: 4524: 4483: 4461: 4420: 4377: 4370: 4352: 4346:978-1437715286 4345: 4322: 4316:978-8527721424 4315: 4297: 4251: 4208: 4159: 4110: 4069: 4020: 3991:(6): 837–848. 3971: 3922: 3873: 3814: 3762: 3712: 3660: 3654:978-3540229346 3653: 3635: 3586: 3537: 3500:(6): 588–610. 3480: 3421: 3370: 3335: 3316:(4): 249–256. 3295: 3288: 3265: 3246:(4): 297–306. 3230: 3224:978-0470723135 3223: 3194: 3165:(5): 536–550. 3145: 3109: 3084:: csb0001001. 3068: 3048:978-0781772006 3047: 3029: 3022: 3001: 2972:(3): a004994. 2952: 2927:Cancer Letters 2917: 2888:(8): 987–991. 2868: 2847:(5): 683–690. 2827: 2776: 2770:978-0071440912 2769: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2714:978-0716787242 2713: 2692: 2685: 2640: 2627: 2600:(6): 393–406. 2581: 2575:978-0122896323 2574: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2529:excitotoxicity 2484: 2481: 2447: 2444: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2367: 2364: 2302: 2299: 2261: 2258: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1717: 1714: 1684:formation. In 1659: 1658: 1652: 1634: 1611: 1538: 1535: 1434: 1431: 1377:prostaglandins 1296: 1293: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1094:(B cells) and 1030: 1027: 1014: 1010: 991:thromboxane A2 928: 876: 872: 868: 864: 836: 833: 780: 777: 745: 744: 741: 706: 705: 701: 700: 693: 692: 684: 683: 672: 671: 659: 658: 654: 653: 649:Expression of 647: 639: 638: 634: 633: 625:Expression of 623: 615: 614: 606: 605: 590:Expression of 588: 580: 579: 572: 571: 565: 554: 553: 546: 545: 542: 530: 529: 522: 521: 518: 487: 486: 476:hepatic lobule 467: 464: 427:Wnt signalling 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 375: 366: 365: 358: 351: 344: 337: 331: 328:Sonic hedgehog 324: 317: 230: 227: 204: 201: 200: 199: 188: 165: 100: 97: 86: 83: 81: 78: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8253: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8163:KEGG resource 8161: 8160: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8057: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8019: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7652:10.1038/75556 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7262: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7109: 7101: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7008:Nat Rev Genet 7002: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6859:(3): 265–78. 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847:(June 2005). 6846: 6839: 6837: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6811:(3): 329–43. 6810: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6755: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6723:(4): 375–88. 6722: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6688:(2): 233–47. 6687: 6683: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6341: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6317:(4): 528–40. 6316: 6312: 6305: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6152:(1): 97–105. 6151: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5723:9780125441728 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5626:(12): 821–8. 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5579:Endocrinology 5576: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5544:(5): 2280–6. 5543: 5539: 5538:Endocrinology 5535: 5528: 5520: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5414: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5147:(6): 769–78. 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5049:(2): 227–39. 5048: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5003: 5000:(3): 281–92. 4999: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4833: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4637:9780470015902 4633: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4393:(6): 472–84. 4392: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4371:9780470015902 4367: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4270:(5): 366–78. 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260:Nourshargh, S 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4224:(9): 678–89. 4223: 4219: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3683:(6): 423–36. 3682: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345:Life Sciences 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3105: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2686:9789723612530 2682: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2634: 2632: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2549: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2473:mitochondrial 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2389:Gene Ontology 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2360:hematopoeisis 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2313:, located at 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2230: 2228: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1741:Curation Type 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1704:that bind to 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1608:neuroectoderm 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:transcription 1593: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1551:embryogenesis 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514:somatic cells 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478:zona pelucida 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413:that degrade 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:embryogenesis 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1223: 1214: 1205: 1202: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 971: 967: 965: 961: 957: 956:small GTPases 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 862: 858: 857:hematopoiesis 854: 850: 846: 842: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 789: 785: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707: 703: 702: 698: 695: 694: 690: 686: 685: 681: 677: 674: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660: 656: 655: 652: 648: 645: 641: 640: 636: 635: 632: 628: 624: 621: 617: 616: 612: 608: 607: 604: 600: 596: 593: 589: 586: 582: 581: 578: 574: 573: 569: 566: 564: 560: 556: 555: 551: 548: 547: 543: 540: 536: 532: 531: 528: 525:Synthesis of 524: 523: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488: 485: 481: 480: 479: 477: 473: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 390: 374: 371: 370: 369: 363: 359: 356: 352: 349: 345: 342: 338: 336: 332: 329: 325: 322: 318: 316: 312: 311: 310: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 272: 268: 264: 260: 257:of secondary 256: 252: 248: 244: 241:cascades and 240: 236: 226: 223: 219: 215: 211: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 138: 137: 135: 132:(RSTKs), and 131: 127: 123: 118: 114: 110: 106: 96: 93: 77: 75: 71: 67: 63: 60: 56: 52: 49:of secondary 48: 43: 40: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8066: 8063:FEBS Journal 8062: 8056: 8031: 8027: 7972: 7968: 7958: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7882: 7878: 7868: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7695:(1): 42–46. 7692: 7688: 7678: 7646:(1): 25–29. 7643: 7639: 7629: 7597:(1): 29–34. 7594: 7590: 7580: 7548:(1): 56–59. 7545: 7541: 7531: 7522: 7487: 7483: 7473: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7340: 7336: 7326: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7249:. Retrieved 7242:the original 7237: 7225: 7201:(1): 19–20. 7198: 7194: 7184: 7175: 7166: 7157: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7094: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7044: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6992: 6947: 6943: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6856: 6852: 6808: 6804: 6769:(5): 533–9. 6766: 6762: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6643:(1): 59–71. 6640: 6636: 6626: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6542: 6538: 6528: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6460: 6456: 6406: 6402: 6356: 6352: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6285: 6279: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6008:(1): 72–81. 6005: 6001: 5995: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5705: 5699: 5675:(1): 60–71. 5672: 5668: 5658: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5513:cite journal 5478: 5474: 5464: 5429: 5425: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5046: 5042: 5032: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4848: 4844: 4794: 4788: 4778: 4743: 4739: 4728: 4712:(1): 76–82. 4709: 4705: 4695: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4627: 4621: 4586: 4582: 4568: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4474:. Retrieved 4464: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4361: 4355: 4336: 4306: 4300: 4267: 4263: 4254: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4179:(5): 430–9. 4176: 4172: 4162: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4037: 4033: 4023: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3782: 3778: 3735:(1): 19–29. 3732: 3728: 3680: 3676: 3644: 3638: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3313: 3309: 3279: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3214: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3098:cite journal 3081: 3077: 3071: 3038: 3032: 3013: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2758: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2705:Biochemistry 2704: 2676: 2597: 2593: 2565: 2486: 2449: 2407: 2369: 2304: 2263: 2241: 2223: 2053: 2052: 1989: 1967: 1966: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1727: 1719: 1660: 1645:gastrulation 1627:pluripotency 1555: 1540: 1510:Progesterone 1492:(PIP2) into 1442:capacitation 1438:Spermatozoon 1436: 1433:Spermatozoon 1415:ZP receptors 1373:progesterone 1365:gap junction 1361:MAPK pathway 1298: 1289: 1285: 1256: 1233: 1229: 1220: 1211: 1198: 1144:interleukins 1136:plasma cells 1032: 976: 962:-stimulated 925:vasodilators 861:erythrocytes 845:erythrocytes 838: 825:Huntington's 782: 746: 469: 387: 367: 308: 286: 278:glycoprotein 235:biochemistry 232: 206: 192:nitric oxide 102: 88: 80:Introduction 44: 30: 26: 22: 20: 18: 8168:DAVID tools 7793:(9): R183. 7787:Genome Biol 7286:Genome Biol 7176:genmapp.org 6898:(1): 7–18. 6545:(1): 1–12. 6463:(1): 7–17. 6403:Development 6353:Development 5426:Development 2933:(1): 1–25. 2509:homeostasis 2492:hippocampus 2277:(SNP), and 1751:Description 1649:neurulation 1579:, PLCγ and 1527:ERK pathway 1423:infertility 1363:leading to 1035:lymphocytes 1029:Lymphocytes 871:tension (PO 841:blood cells 835:Blood cells 821:Parkinson's 817:Alzheimer's 466:Hepatocytes 300:bilaterians 70:bilaterians 8210:Categories 7640:Nat. Genet 7484:Proteomics 7292:(3): R39. 7251:12 January 7195:Nat. Genet 6950:(2): e16. 6845:Mishina, Y 4746:: bar021. 4124:Physiology 2544:References 2500:postmortem 2494:and basal 2436:fatty acid 2432:glycolysis 2372:sequencing 2348:hemostasis 2320:cell cycle 2250:metabolism 1496:(DAG) and 1458:G proteins 1419:polyspermy 1407:exocytosis 1359:activates 1349:cell cycle 1226:Stem cells 1019:fibrinogen 941:leukocytes 913:pannexin 1 897:G proteins 849:leukocytes 788:glia cells 699:expression 682:expression 611:bile salts 570:expression 472:hepatocyte 259:hemostasis 51:hemostasis 8197:Pathguide 6271:205062974 4476:8 January 3057:cite book 2533:apoptosis 2525:oxidative 2521:glutamate 2496:forebrain 2477:mitophagy 2465:apoptosis 2456:aetiology 2440:carcinoma 2354:, visual 2118:Biomodels 1672:inhibits 1663:β-catenin 1623:apoptosis 1357:ovulation 1321:SMADs 2/3 1132:cytokines 1120:cytokines 1023:platelets 979:platelets 960:chemokine 933:leukocyte 853:platelets 801:adenosine 773:thyroxine 769:vitamin A 765:vitamin K 761:vitamin D 575:Regulate 482:Regulate 460:apoptosis 432:Integrins 403:α-catenin 399:β-catenin 239:enzymatic 124:(GPCRs), 8188:Archived 8171:Archived 8146:23438312 8138:10672236 8091:22244998 8083:22314200 8048:15885896 8009:22383865 7950:18434343 7909:18635572 7860:15972284 7819:17784955 7768:15297299 7719:11752249 7670:10802651 7572:10592180 7514:21751369 7465:21067998 7416:18981052 7367:15608231 7318:17367534 7261:cite web 7217:11984561 7149:16381885 7086:15001476 7036:35398897 7028:16847461 6984:18463709 6912:23659078 6873:15871922 6827:19289080 6783:15380245 6745:24282171 6737:16760173 6702:15863038 6667:15784165 6618:17604717 6569:38544740 6561:23585347 6520:17286604 6485:25311665 6477:17873377 6423:20876656 6383:20978071 6331:16863985 6263:21412330 6220:25689637 6212:23623968 6176:21042299 6127:24124381 6119:11988321 6084:17644966 6057:11730911 6022:19217882 5987:20378111 5938:22695746 5889:22217962 5840:22888043 5791:20034089 5742:22118284 5691:20390049 5650:19815644 5601:15576461 5560:16439460 5505:19474061 5456:19429786 5404:21681843 5355:23382188 5304:20555408 5255:18346995 5206:16990346 5171:18494303 5163:15035980 5122:18295578 5073:18957199 5016:14636556 4975:20008393 4926:23024635 4875:23499155 4823:17634140 4770:21742767 4687:23085770 4613:20084069 4560:15345222 4538:Immunity 4519:22634617 4456:11402343 4434:Oncogene 4407:15928679 4284:20414258 4238:17717539 4203:22775760 4154:19364913 4105:23791171 4064:23791179 4015:24043699 3966:19076431 3917:21593323 3868:24145448 3809:19490732 3749:19008000 3707:16715052 3630:22128289 3581:22869872 3532:20551596 3475:23844114 3435:PLOS ONE 3416:23878812 3330:12449021 3260:12042069 3189:21552420 3140:22093287 2996:21421922 2947:16725254 2912:11956233 2822:22007144 2638:116–127. 2622:33769324 2614:21502959 2488:Synaptic 2311:Reactome 2307:reactome 2301:Reactome 2279:splicing 2100:Reactome 2017:HumanCyc 1736:Database 1682:endoderm 1670:Frizzled 1604:mesoderm 1581:JAK/STAT 1573:MAPK/ERK 1261:-CDK4/6- 1007:integrin 1003:platelet 995:platelet 987:thrombin 983:collagen 964:integrin 937:integrin 568:Hepcidin 394:cadherin 389:Adhesion 357:Pathways 350:Pathways 341:JAK-STAT 276:and its 274:protease 251:catalyze 185:ceramide 128:(RTKs), 8185:GoMiner 8180:GenMAPP 8118:Bibcode 8000:3285573 7977:Bibcode 7900:2638980 7810:2375021 7759:3037731 7661:3037419 7621:9847135 7505:4617659 7456:3013646 7407:2686536 7309:1868929 7140:1347464 6975:2323403 6952:Bibcode 6920:8167222 6658:6741304 6609:2756685 6431:1380227 6374:3747497 6243:Bibcode 6167:3739397 5978:2946974 5929:3463667 5880:3334266 5831:3502661 5782:2963114 5733:3275088 5682:2853051 5641:2776476 5496:2731981 5447:2680110 5395:3186829 5346:3581982 5295:3025001 5214:8791540 5113:4505728 5064:2582221 5024:7201396 4966:2842697 4917:3444801 4900:: 113. 4866:3669669 4814:1924516 4761:3170171 4678:3578365 4604:2864556 4415:2460785 4292:9669661 4246:1871230 4194:3324633 4145:2725440 4055:3729210 4006:3776347 3957:2605641 3908:3339848 3859:3831500 3836:Bibcode 3800:5563256 3785:: e17. 3757:7653609 3698:2062484 3621:3225017 3572:3434988 3523:3081175 3502:Bibcode 3466:3700864 3443:Bibcode 3407:3708403 3365:7040893 3180:3088876 2987:3039929 2863:9330872 2813:3191826 2796:: 1–6. 2537:insulin 2517:glucose 2513:ATPases 2381:genomic 2352:mitosis 2295:GenMAPP 2287:GenMAPP 2283:GenMAPP 2270:GenMAPP 2266:GenMAPP 2260:GenMAPP 2082:PANTHER 1999:MetaCyc 1990:E. 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