Big Thicket - Knowledge

2314: 2862: 2368: 2296: 2278: 2350: 2218: 2386: 2332: 2051: 2008: 2240: 2164: 755: 3731: 3974: 1819: 2258: 2200: 3755: 1001: 3355: 2036: 360: 2146: 3403: 2182: 3387: 2063: 3075: 3451: 3683: 3435: 3371: 3419: 3091: 1626: 2846: 2814: 864: 2024: 3715: 3123: 4059:(1803–1851), a French naturalist who participated in a Mexican Boundary Survey from 1828 to 1829. Although Berlandier did not survey the Big Thicket area, he did travel to Robbins Crossing, where the El Camino Real (Old San Antonio Road) crossed the Trinity River and camped May 25–29, 1829, collecting information on the Trinity River among other things. Of the lower Trinity, Berlandier wrote in his journal "Every year in May or June the water overflows its banks. These banks are covered with dense forest where one finds many nut trees , oaks, maples, elms, and pines. The banks are populated by various Indian nations of the United States of America, such as the Conchates , Kichais, and Kicapoos, who have established their village there. One also finds two villages of colonist, known as Trinidad and Atascosito, which have achieved some growth at the present time". 3139: 3107: 3155: 3771: 3910: 3894: 3699: 3942: 3958: 3787: 1131: 3171: 1487: 3878: 3926: 494:: The Big Thicket Basin has been described as shallow bowl or dish, tilted to one side, with the high rim on the interior north and low rim on the coastal south. Eastern and western rims consist of the low ridges that divide the Neches River and Sabine River drainages on the east and the Neches River and Trinity River drainages on the west. Elevations range from about 350 feet (110 m) in the north to 25–35 feet (7.6–10.7 m) in the south, dropping as low as 3 feet (1 m) at confluence of the Neches River and Pine Island Bayou. Northern regions are characterized by low gently rolling hills and well-formed drainage systems of streams and creeks in the landscape. The southern regions are comparatively flat, with poor drainage and support moderately extensive 1998:

animals, inadvertently dispersing seeds and roots along roadsides from other areas. And finally, regular cycles of mowing and cutting, as well as the use of herbicides can both inhibit and benefit various wildflowers and plant species growing there. Most plant species at any given roadside represent the association immediately adjacent to that locality, but often have a few odd of species from other areas. Roadsides are a convenient and accessible places to view wildflowers, regardless of whether they are true ecosystems. In the past some (including the National Park Service) have discussed the river edge as an ecosystem in the Big Thicket however, most ecologist do not recognize river edges as an ecosystem distinct from the one a river runs through.

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was not a conservationist, he advocated for sustainable forestry methods as a good business practice, including reforestation, maintaining soils, grasses, wildlife, and establishing parks. In 1898 the United States Bureau of Forestry asked Jones to write a report on the status of forestry in Texas. Jones condemn the destructive and wastefulness of the logging industry and predicted the forest would be gone in 25 years without changes. He recommended state and federal regulations with sustainable harvest and reforestation programs. In 1914 Jones formed the Texas Forestry Association with public officials, lumbermen, and conservationists. In collaboration with the

1345:, when sea levels were low and great rivers cut deep and wide channels in the landscape. These channels are now largely filled with sediment and deposits through which the present day rives, much smaller than in the past, wind and meander. Floodplains often occur in terraces with various swales, ridges, and levees stepping down in tiers to the water level. Some ecologists subdivide these terraces into separate ecosystems, including but not limited to, baygalls on the outer margins of higher terraces, and cypress sloughs in the lowest areas. Pine trees are uncommon or absent in the floodplains, which are dominated by deciduous canopy trees including water oak ( 751:, transitioning into one another. Ecosystems do not have universal standardized names. Many ecologist, botanist, zoologist and others have studied and classified ecosystems in the Big Thicket region (and elsewhere), defining and naming these communities as relevant to their own disciplines and studies. Although the exact names, definitions, and boundaries might vary (subdivided, compounded, or overlapping), below are summaries of ten major ecosystems recognized by most who have studied and written about the Big Thicket, starting with higher elevations in the north, and in a generalized way, moving to lower elevations in the south. 4001:(including the subgroups Akiosa, Akokisas, Bidai, Deadoses, and Patiri) occupied the Big Thicket area, living nomadically along the Gulf of Mexico in Southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana. They left evidence of hunting camps and such, although the Big Thicket area itself does not appear to have been the site of any significant permanent settlements comparable to the Caddo mound builders to the north. The Atakapa-Ishak speaking people were largely decimated by European diseases in the late eighteenth century, with only a few descendants surviving today. About the same time as the collapse of the Atakapa-Ishak people, the 1982: 2691: 580:

freezing, but freezes rarely last for more than a few days, sometimes only hours, averaging about 20 mostly nonconsecutive days each year. Snow is rare, occurring only once every ten years or so. Summer temperatures are hot, with nighttime lows averaging 69–72 °F (21–22 °C) and daytime highs averaging 89–94 °F (32–34 °C). Temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) about 110 days each year and days with temperatures above 95 °F (35 °C) and even above 100 °F (38 °C) are not uncommon. The high summer temperatures with high humidity levels can produce very high

2727: 2786: 2673: 70: 4198:, had been studying the Big Thicket for several years and completed a manuscript about the time a National Park survey team arrived in 1966 to develop the proposal. McLeod's research, which mapped over 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km) acres across nine counties, was used as the basis for the National Park's report. It was only after seven years and another 27 Big Thicket bills were introduced in Congress, both pro and con, that a resolution was reached. Congress passed the Big Thicket National Preserve legislation in 1974 which was finally signed by President 768:(aka: longleaf pine-bluestem uplands; dry upland forests; longleaf pine uplands) In its natural state, this ecosystem is often described as having a park-like appearance, with widely spaced pine and oak trees, and grasses growing in the partially shaded open areas. Longleaf pine-bluestem grass uplands are most extensive in northern areas, on higher elevation plateaus between streams and dry upper slopes, where the soils of the Catahoula, Fleming, Willis, and Bentley formations often have several feet of moderately coarse sand over an iron oxide clay or 45: 2745: 1020:(aka: longleaf - black gum savannahs; wetland longleaf pine savannas; wetland pine savannas; pine savannah wetlands) If the sandylands described above resemble a well drained and arid version of the uplands, the savanna wetlands might be described as a poorly drained, wet version. This ecosystem is characterized by the same open spaces with widely spaced pine trees as uplands and sandylands, but differs in being very flat, with a relatively thin layer of low nutrient, fine, packed sand, sitting on 4088: 1145:(aka: beech-magnolia-loblolly slopes; mesic upland forests: lower slope hardwood pine forest; beech-magnolia-loblolly pine association): Slope forest have a wide mix of conifers, deciduous, and evergreen broad-leaved trees occupying the gentle slopes between the wet bottomlands and the dryer uplands. Small spring-fed streams drain the slopes before reaching the larger creeks. The closed canopy filters the light reaching the forest floor where an ample layer of leaf litter holds water, creating a 5029: 1073:). Within the flat savannas, the slightest change in elevation can produce significantly different vegetation. Occasional mounds with two or three feet of sand, support upland habitat, while depressions of just a few inches can hold acid bogs, with low pH levels and low levels of nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium. Even the peripheral areas around acid bogs, distinguished by subtle sloping elevations of only an inch or two, sustain a distinct zone of vegetation. 2637: 1341:: (aka: sweet gum - oak floodplains; wet forests: floodplain hardwood forest; oak-gum floodplain; stream floodplains): Often referred to as bottomlands, floodplains are low laying areas adjacent to the larger creeks, bayous, and rivers which overflow and flood with some regularity. The floodwaters deposit rich alluvial soils, moderately permeable silty, sandy loams that support a wide diversity of vegetation. The major floodplains in the region were formed during the 2655: 2983:). The alligator snapping turtle is the largest freshwater turtle in North America and one of the larger freshwater turtles in the world. One record sized individual with a 31.5-inch (80 cm) shell has been documented, and another 251-pound (114 kg) captive specimen recorded, however, 35–100 pounds (16–45 kg) and 12–20 inches (30–51 cm) is the typical adult size. Alligator snapping turtles are protected as a threatened species in Texas. 1912:) at the water's edge. Bald cypress trees typically live for 600 years or more and some are known to have lived 1,200 years. Cypress is a valuable hardwood, particularly prized for its resistance to rot and highly valued for shipbuilding, docks, and bridges. Consequently, this ancient swamp forest, once common in the region, have been greatly reduced because of logging in the nineteenth century. Trees over 100 years old are rare in the area now. 77: 52: 5015: 4009: 464: 1968:. Prairies and coves were once found in the Big Thicket with some consistency, particularly in higher elevations in the south, and specifically in higher southwestern areas between the Pine Island Bayou and the Trinity River drainages. However, natural wildfires are an important factor in maintaining these areas and when fire is suppressed, trees and shrubs quickly grow in and fill in these areas. The Chinese tallow tree ( 694:: Timber, oil and gas, and agriculture continue to be significant to the economy of the area. Many people commute to work in oil refineries and related industries in the Beaumont area. Other sources list industries providing significant employment in Hardin County as: educational, health and social services, construction, recreation, accommodation and food services, finance, insurance, real estate, and rental and leasing. 1993:

ground along the clear highway easements, unlike most areas where the light is filtered by the forest canopy before it reaches the ground. Roadsides receive more rainwater, diverted from the pavement and often retained for a time in roadside ditches. Soil types not normally found at the surface are often exposed with the construction of roads, particularly deep road cuts in the low hills in the north that expose

884:(aka: arid oak-farkleberry sandylands; sand ridge savanna; sandhill pine forests; arid sandylands): Sandylands resemble and have much in common with upland forest, with open grassy areas and widely spaced trees. However, the fundamental difference lies in the soils. These areas reside on deep sand dunes deposited by ancient seas and rivers. In contrast to the uplands where a few feet of coarse sand sits on a 31: 4190:

However the idea did not die. A new Big Thicket Association was founded in 1964 by Lance Rosier and continued pushing for protected land and the governor appointed Dempsie Henley to head a proposal for a state park. However, with changing officials in state elections, lackadaisical attitudes, opposition from timber firms, and several attempts without success, Henley enlisted the aid of U.S. Senator

3818:): Damselflies typically sit with their wings together, closed over their backs. Dragonflies sit with their wings spread. Collectively over 120 species occur in the Big Thicket area. They are often associated with water where they lay their eggs. Most species have preferences in the water they frequent, such as moving water vs. still water, streams, ponds, marshes etc. The Needham's skimmer ( 4076:

with quality accommodations there by 1850. A Sour Lake post office was established in 1866 but discontinued in 1876. In the mid-nineteenth century the Big Thicket was sparsely populated by a few scattered inhabitants living in the woods off subsistence farming, hunting, and running free range hogs and cattle. It also had a reputation as a place for those avoiding conscription in the

2709: 4128:"Prince of the Pines", started the Kirby Lumber Company about 1900 which ultimately held mineral and timber rights to a million acres in the region. By the 1920s East Texas timber was nearing depletion and most of the operations practiced a cut-out and get-out policy and moved on, many to the Pacific coast, leaving vast areas of clear-cut forest behind. The 1670:). Some of the most extensive and well preserved palmetto-oak flats are found around Pine Island Bayou and Little Pine Island Bayou, the area known as the "Traditional Thicket" or "Hunter's Thicket". Flats, often several miles wide, are old river channels and floodplains and their associated bars and levees, filled with centuries of sediments and 4185:

Science, the ETBTA instigated a biological survey that was conducted by Hal B. Parks and Victor L. Cory in 1936 defining the Big Thicket as a 3,350,000-acre (13,600 km) area of East Texas. With this survey and growing support of newspapers and the scientific community, the ETBTA lobbied the government for a national park. However, four

2050: 1858:). Water tupelo often grow in deeper water and bald cypress in shallower parts or at the periphery, although both are adapted to growing in permanently submerged areas or on dry land with sufficient moisture. Understory trees and shrubs found growing around cypress sloughs include water or Carolina ash ( 746:

present in a relatively small area. The National Park Service identifies eight plant communities in Big Thicket National Preserve. Some biologist and plant ecologists identify as many as nine, ten, or eleven ecosystems in the Big Thicket. In nature these ecosystems are not always found in pure, large

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can increase annual rainfall to over 100 inches (250 cm). Humidity stays well above 60% most of the time and exceeds 90% often. Winters are mild, with nighttime lows averaging 38–48 °F (3–9 °C) and daytime highs 55–65 °F (13–18 °C). Winter cold fronts can drop temperatures to

4005:, originally two closely associated tribes living in adjacent areas of Alabama, began a westward migration about 1763 due to the encroachment of Europeans. The Alabama-Coushatta settled into the northern sections of the Big Thicket area by 1780, prior to the acquisition of their reservation in 1854. 1682:

properties, meaning the soil moves, shrinking and swelling with moisture content. Palmetto-oak flats alternate between flooded and dry conditions, with a few inches of water standing for days, weeks, even months after rains, to dry periods in which the soils dry, leaving large and deep cracks in the

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understory. The soils are relatively fertile with fine, loamy, sands and are well to moderately drained. The purest examples of slope forest are found on the soils of the Willis Formation with red clay in Jasper, Newton, Polk, and Tyler counties, but they extend well into the lower, southern regions

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silt that can be over a hundred feet deep, with little clay and low fertility. Although these areas receive the same rainfall as the rest of the region, water drains quickly in the deep sand which dries in the sun leaving an arid surface. The ground cover can be meager in places with sparse grasses,

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William Goodrich Jones (1860–1950), "the father of Texas forestry" was a bank president and civic leader in Temple, Texas. He had some exposure to good forestry practices in Germany and understood the commercial benefits of well-managed forests and he was appalled with what he saw in East Texas. He

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Well over 90 species of fishes are known from the area. The Big Thicket National Preserve inventoried 92 species in the preserve's waters and another 20 species are noted as possible occurrences. The National Park Service checklist includes 104 species. Others source note 98 species and 94 species.

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gives the region a climate of mild winters, hot summers, and high humidity most of the year. Average precipitation is 55 inches (140 cm) a year, with northern areas receiving about 50 inches (130 cm), and southern areas receiving about 60 inches (150 cm). However, tropical storms and

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and its tributaries: Village Creek and its smaller tributaries (Beach, Theuvenins, Turkey, Hickory, Kimball, Big Sandy, and Cypress creeks) in the north; Pine Island Bayou and its smaller tributaries (Little Pine Island Bayou and Mayhaw Bayou) in the south. Eastern regions, including eastern Jasper

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and delta deposits from the streams and rivers of the continent laid down the succession of strata, each new layer burying and compacting the previous. At some point there was an approximately 1% tilting of the layers. Some say it was caused by the rising of the Rocky Mountains, while others say it

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and warmer interglacial interludes. Although glaciers never extended as far south as Texas, it was during these cold periods that enough water was frozen in polar regions to lower sea levels and the Big Thicket area was dry land well above sea level. Conversely, during the warmer interludes, enough

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in the Big Thicket area. More than 160 species of trees and shrubs, 800 herbs and vines, and 340 types of grasses are known to occur in the Big Thicket, and estimates as high as over 1000 flowering plant species and 200 trees and shrubs have been made, plus ferns, carnivorous plants, and more. The

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Springs around 1835, the oldest extant town in the county. With Texas independence (1836), and the early years of statehood in the United States, Anglo-Saxon settlers began drifting into the area. Entrepreneurs bottled the water from the Sour Lake Springs and Jackson had developed a health resort

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Well over 500 species of vertebrates occur in the Big Thicket region, including more than 50 mammals, 300 birds, 60 reptiles, 30 amphibians, and over 90 fishes. The records and numbers below for mammals, reptiles, and amphibians are based on county records for Hardin, Jasper, Liberty, Montgomery,

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are often said to exemplify and epitomize the Big Thicket. Baygalls typically form at the base of slopes where seeps, springs, and rainwater drain onto the margins of the flat floodplains and bottomlands, away from the main channels. The drainage from the slopes maintain saturated, muddy soils in

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which is very near the surface. The nearly impervious hardpan both inhibits drainage in wet periods as well as prevents moisture from rising in dry periods. The severity of the fluctuating water table, along with occasional low-intensity ground fires that are necessary to sustain this ecosystem,

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soils or where the formations are thin near transition zones supporting the growth of plants not normally occurring in the surrounding habitat, allowing for more diverse plants species to grow. The "corridor effect" of traffic, both human (vehicles, tourists, and road crews) and birds and other

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and river edge: Although not a natural or even stable plant assemblage, some have recognized roadsides as an ecosystem in the Big Thicket. Proponents of the concept have identified a number of distinguishing characteristics of roadsides from the other ecosystems. Sunlight and heat can reach the

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had recently been established in East Texas, more oil was discovered in Polk County, there was resistance from the lumber industry, and World War II brought an increased demand for lumber, all undermining their efforts. By the 1950s, the ETBTA existed primarily on paper and eventually expired.

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What came to be a 50-year struggle to protect a portion of the Big Thicket for posterity begin in 1927 when R. E. Jackson, a railroad conductor, formed the East Texas Big Thicket Association (ETBTA) which sought to preserve 435,000 acres (1,760 km). With Don Baird, of the Texas Academy of

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The 1860 census showed there were about 200 sawmills statewide, but most were located near the Gulf Coast or north of the Big Thicket. Compared to other states, lumber production in Texas was small. As late as 1870, the majority of the forest of East Texas remained untouched. However that soon

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settled in the northeast about 1780. Spanish explorers and missionaries generally avoided the area and routed their roads around it. Logging in the late 19th and 20th centuries dramatically reduced the forest concentration. Efforts to save the Big Thicket from the devastation of oil and lumber

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area of Liberty County that preyed on their free ranging hogs in the forest. That same year 182 bears were killed within a 10-mile (16 km) radius of Tarkington Prairie and annual hunting continued until 1900 when the last two bears were killed in that area. Currently, extremely rare bear

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and the assistance of T.L.L. Temple Foundation, a series of books on the Big Thicket (Maxine Johnston, series editor). The series included both new works and reprints of outstanding books of continuing interest, with subjects ranging from folklore, to cultural history, to biology and botany.

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more typical of Chambers and Jefferson counties to the south, in areas mostly found where the forest and coastal prairies transition. Prairies are dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants, some are the same as those found longleaf pine savannas, but others are distinctive like Indian grass

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Sixty-one species of reptiles are known from the Big Thicket area including the alligator, 15 turtles, 12 lizards, and 33 snakes. Along with birds, reptiles are among the more commonly seen wildlife and they are an important part of the forest community or ecosystems. The American alligator

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of the various formations at the surface have shifted and intermingled through erosion and other factors over time and can be locally quite complex. The Big Thicket contains a greater variety of soils than any area of comparable size in the United States. Sources vary, but from 50 to 100

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Counties, as well. Several attempts to define the boundaries of the Big Thicket have been made, including a biological survey in 1936 which included over 3,350,000 acres (13,600 km) covering 14 counties. A later botanical based study in 1972 included a region of over 2,000,000 acres

3522:), retain their gills from the larva stage and live their entire lives in the muddy waters of east Texas and consequently, although not rare, are seldom seen except by an occasional fisherman or those who specifically go look for them. Likewise, mole salamanders (members of the genus 3627:), are identical in appearance and can only be distinguished by subtle differences in their calls or by laboratory analysis. The East Texas toad, commonly seen in the Big Thicket, has been controversial among herpetologist and taxonomist, some arguing that it is a distinct species ( 2861: 595:: In 2010, the United States Census Bureau reported a population of 54,635 for Hardin County, with an average of 61.3 inhabitants per square mile (23.7/km) in a county of 890.5 square miles (2,306 km). The larger towns (and populations from 2010 census) in Hardin County are 1842:) and their buttresses and protruding knees are impressive environments. Cypress sloughs occupy low laying areas in the floodplains of creeks and rivers set back from the main channels, with still or very slow moving permanent, or semi permanent, water, like secondary channels, 1324:). Wildfires are much less important to the ecology of the humid slope forest than in the uplands and sandylands, both of which will slowly revert into slope forest when fire is suppressed and slope vegetation that is not tolerant of fire takes hold and fills in the open areas. 2023: 434:

are said to occur in Hardin County alone. The surface soils tend to be slightly to strongly acidic, and only occasionally neutral in much of the Big Thicket Basin. However, calcareous or alkaline soils do occur in the region, particularly along the Trinity River, in the

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It is my observation that the Thicket communicates best with solitary wanderers, but it also speaks to companionable spirits. An important trick on the trail is to shift one's focus from the big scene to the minuscule. Take your time, folks. The Big Thicket is not a

4246:. It consists of nine separate land units as well as six water corridors and as of October 22, 2019, the preserve includes 113,122 acres (457.79 km) spread over seven counties. Centered about Hardin County, Texas, the BTNP extends into parts of surrounding 688:, Harris County, with a population of 2,320,268 (greater metropolitan area over 7,000,000) is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the US with its central, downtown area located 75 miles (121 km) by air southwest of the town of Kountze, Hardin County. 2886:), although somewhat uncommon, occurs throughout the Big Thicket where sufficient water is found. However, alligators are abundant in the open marshland of Chambers and Jefferson counties to the south, where they bask in the sun unobstructed by forest trees. 846:(adapted and resistant to wildfire), and wildfires are a critical factor in maintaining this ecosystem. Historically, naturally occurring fires would periodically eliminate non-pyrophytic plant species encroaching on this plant community. However, decades of 3805:

In the smaller tributaries the most abundant species are minnows, killifishes, darters, bass, and bullhead catfish, while larger creeks and bayous are dominated by channel, blue, and flathead catfish, sunfishes, largemouth and spotted bass, and crappie.

359: 2062: 1836:; swamp-cypress tupelo forest; slough, oxbows, and cypress-tupelo swamps): Recognized as a distinct ecosystem by some, regarded as a component found within the flats, floodplains, and baygall bogs by others, cypress sloughs with older bald cypress ( 905:) are conspicuous indicators of sandylands in the humid Big Thicket climate. Although found throughout the region, some of the largest and best examples are in the vicinity of the Neches River and Village Creek. In the more arid sites bluejack oak ( 2615:) "constitute one of the most serious conservation threats in Texas." They prey on natural populations of invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, ground nesting birds, and rodents and are known to play a role in the transmission of disease including 370:

The Big Thicket is notable for the unusually high diversity of plants concentrated in a relatively small area. A major factor enabling this diversity is an unusually high diversity of soils. The exposed surface soils are relatively recent, late

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levels of 4.5 are common. The high acid levels are a significant factor in distinguishing baygalls from the floodplain and flats ecosystems. Although baygall waters are generally shallow and torpid, they sometimes form small, highly acidic

1747:) thrives, typically growing to about 4 feet (1.2 m), although occasional specimens can be found up to 10 to 15 feet (3.0 to 4.6 m) tall. Some regard the larger specimens as a different species or variety, the Louisiana palmetto ( 4044:. The Spanish established a settlement called Atascosito on the Atascosito Road at the Trinity River in 1756, renamed Villa de la Santissima Trinidad de la Libertad (Village of the Most Holy Trinity of Liberty) in 1831, later shortened to 1150:

where soils and topography are suitable, particularly along the slopes of the waterways. A variety of trees co-dominate slope forest and these can vary with elevation and moisture. In higher and less humid areas, forest shortleaf pine (

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stratum. The permeable sands and topography provide good drainage in the uplands which are relatively dry. Smaller fragments of this type are also found throughout the south where higher ridges, hills, and knolls occur. Longleaf pine

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sightings in east Texas are believed to be wandering individuals from reintroduction efforts in adjacent areas of Louisiana. They are now a threatened species in Texas and the National Park Service list them as "probably present".

993:) which is also an endangered species. Like the uplands, periodic wildfires are essential to keeping the understory open and preserving this ecosystem. These areas are said to have been preferred habitation sites for the nomadic 3754: 2277: 1025:

limit the plants that can grow there. Savanna wetlands are most often found to the south of the uplands, on the Montgomery and recent Bentley formations, although they are not entirely restricted to this zone. Longleaf pine (

2955:) spend much or their time foraging at the bottom of the murky waters but, occasionally can be seen basking or even on land moving between streams and ponds. Powerful swimmers, the largely aquatic spiny soft-shelled turtle ( 2349: 4132:

marked the end of the bonanza era for lumbering in East Texas. The population of Hardin County dropped to 13.936 (12.8%) in the 1930 census. Many of the towns in the Big Thicket emerged during this time in support of the

3973: 3053:), from east Texas are from the early and mid-twentieth century when they were popular pets, and are thought to represent released or escaped pets and not the species natural range. Two invasive species, the brown anole ( 2521:) a threatened species in Texas. Although many of these species are common, they can be highly secretive and are seldom seen in the dense woodlands. Many prominent species that once occurred in the Big Thicket have been 1622:). Some baygalls and hanging bogs are no more than a small pool, while others can be a mile across. One author states that the Jack Gore Baygall Unit of the BTNP, at 12 square miles, is the largest baygall in the world. 2073:

Exact numbers of plant and animal species occurring in the Big Thicket region are difficult to state objectively due to a number of factors including: the imprecise boundaries of the area; which (if any) accidental and

3354: 2919:) all occur there. The worldwide distribution of the Sabine map turtle is limited to the Sabine and Neches rivers and adjacent drainages of southwest Louisiana. The once ubiquitous and abundant three-toed box turtle ( 2385: 1773:). The ancient levees and bars deposited along the old river channels, varying in size from less than an acre up to 10 acres (4.0 ha), are slightly higher with better drainage supporting stands of loblolly pine ( 1513:

these already damp and humid areas, where pools, bogs, and stagnant drainages form in depressions on the flat landscape. With sphagnum mosses and high peat content, baygall soils and water have very high acidity,

4071:(holding grants for 3,743,163 acres (15,148.04 km) in Texas) in hopes of colonizing the land, but they had minimal success. Stephen Jackson received 4,428 acres (17.92 km) in Hardin County, settling at 2331: 2239: 7663: 1815:) may be found floating or growing at the water's edge. Drainage patterns are significant in shaping and maintaining these ecosystems and drainage alterations have reduced the historical size of this community. 3074: 3402: 4211:

Don't plan to hike the Big Thicket. A hiker expects to cover distance. Plan to stroll the Thicket - or saunter, to use Thoreau's word, pausing often to let your eyes squint and your ears pick up rustling and

3308:), both for prey and its burrows for shelter, and both species occupy longleaf pine uplands, savanna, and sandyland, habitat which is dependent on periodic cycles of wildfires to maintain an open understory. 2163: 3682: 3386: 2845: 3090: 2813: 447:

levels (acidic, neutral, or alkaline) and many species will only grow in areas with a specific soil type. Claude A. McLeod's study stated that the Big Thicket was "an edaphicmesophytic climax forest" –

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Geological formations (diagonal center) of the Big Thicket Basin and the epochs in which they were formed (lower right). This is a generalized illustration and it is not accurate in scale or proportion.

2199: 2257: 7888: 3450: 3122: 3909: 3714: 3434: 3370: 1522:, slowly moving into the larger creeks and bayous. Hanging bogs occur where water pools on irregular flat and low areas on the slopes above the bottomlands. The name baygall is derived from sweet 638:

Tyler County had a total population of 21,766, with an average population of 23.5 inhabitants per square mile (9.1/km) in 924.5 square miles (2,394 km). The larger towns in Tyler County are

4369:. Bragg Road, as it is more formally known, was constructed in 1934 on the bed of a former railroad line that had serviced the lumber industry. In the 1940s, stories began to circulate about a 3418: 3138: 3106: 7738: 850:

has allowed a wide mixture of species to invade and in time has turned many of the upland localities into beech-magnolia-loblolly slope forest or oak-hickory forest. Additionally, many areas

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land grants in 1829 and sought to interest capitalists in New York without success. In 1830, Zavala formed the Galveston Bay and Texas Land Company in New York City with Joseph Vehlein and

3893: 2181: 513:. Western regions including central Liberty, northeastern San Jacinto, northern Walker counties and southwest Polk County (via Kickapoo, Long King, and Menard creeks) are drained by the 3770: 3698: 3323:) are both uncommon to rare. Timber rattlesnakes are a threatened species in Texas, as they are in most states where they occur and are protected by state laws. The Texas coral snake ( 1978:

in prairie habitat in the region. Prairies are also often the first areas to be developed for farming and residential housing. Unfortunately, prairies in the Big Thicket are now rare.

7048: 8459: 3941: 959:) is the dominant shrub in the understory. Several rare wildflowers with limited distributions in Texas can be found in this environment; examples include Oklahoma prairie clover ( 8371: 8366: 4636:

MacRoberts, M.H., MacRoberts, B.R. and Rudolph, D.C. (2010). "Vertebrate Richness and Biogeography in the Big Thicket of Texas." The American Midland Naturalist, 164(1), pp.37-43.

3957: 2797: 3830:) submerges for up to two hours while depositing eggs. The nymphs are aquatic. Both the larva and adults are fierce predators, feeding primarily on insects. They are frequently 443:

to the north, and northern areas of the Willis Formation where the layer is thin and erosion and road cuts have exposed the Fleming Formation. Most plants are sensitive to soil

3302:) is known form historical records in the Big Thicket but might be extirpated from the area now. The Louisiana pine snake is closely associated with the Baird's pocket gopher ( 4279: 4124:, and a rapid growth in population, development, and infrastructure. The population of Hardin County went from 1,870 in 1880 to 15,983 in 1920 according to the Census Bureau. 3170: 806:). Plant ecologist Geraldine Watson stated the U.S. Forest Service grass herbarium in Louisiana has over 200 species of grasses from this range and various bluestem grasses ( 8376: 8246: 7612: 3925: 3877: 3786: 669:

Polk County had a total population of 45,413, with an average of 43 inhabitants per square mile (17/km) in an area of 1,057.1 square miles (2,738 km) in 2010 including

8103: 1846:, sloughs, and ponds. Cypress sloughs are found throughout the region but, are perhaps more extensive in the low laying south. The dominant trees are the bald cypress ( 1919: 1731: 3552:) spend much of their lives underground and are infrequently seen except for few short weeks each year during their breeding seasons. The southern dusky salamander ( 2627:. Their forging habits involve rooting up and disturbing soils, reducing both the numbers of individual plants and animals and the number species in any given area. 983: 3224:), both commonly grow to 42 inches (110 cm); 60-inch (150 cm) individuals are not rare, and they occasionally grow even larger. The North American racer ( 8361: 5565: 5467: 8261: 8216: 7773: 6065: 5902:

In Hermann, Sharon M. (ed.). Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference J. No. 18, The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: ecology, restoration and management.

2171: 1948: 3029:) prefers areas of dense grasses with sandy soils. Three lizards barely range into peripheral counties, including two rare skinks, the southern prairie skink ( 977: 961: 337:

One's fondness for the area is hard to explain. It has no commanding peak or awesome gorge, no topographical feature of distinction. Its appeal is more subtle.

6539: 5642: 4377:, that could be seen on and near the road at night. No adequate explanation of the light has been offered. The various ghost stories include reference to the 4334:, U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Big Creek Scenic Area (1,420 acres (5.7 km)), Little Lake Creek Wilderness (3,855 acres (15.60 km)) 754: 8630: 8452: 6934: 6043: 4052:(Tevis Bluff) was established in 1826 and Fort Teran, a long abandoned site in Tyler County on the Neches River were both primarily stops for river traffic. 3242:). The harmless watersnakes bear a resemblance and share habitats with venomous cottonmouths, including three common species, the yellow-bellied watersnake ( 7067: 6089:

Ernst, Carl H. and Jeffrey E. Lovich (2009) Turtles of the United States and Canada, second edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 827 pp.

2591:, interviewed a hog farmer and bear hunter named Ab Carter in 1904. Carter reported that in 1883, he and a neighbor set out to exterminate the bears in the 1818: 1334:

are dominated by hardwood trees and pine trees are uncommon or absent. Big Thicket National Preserve, Big Sandy Creek Unit, Polk Co. Texas, USA; 12 May 2020

1037:), often stunted, make up much of the overstory, being among the few trees that grow in the severe conditions. Ground cover is dominated by rushes, sedges ( 5895: 2690: 2570:) was the target of a concerted effort to extirpate them from east Texas in the late nineteenth century. Reports of field naturalists in 1902 indicated: 2112:) once dominating the region. Big Thicket National Preserve has introduced programs to re-establish this dominance, including one of the US's most active 1000: 7377: 4194:

in 1965. Yarborough was enthusiastic and introduced a bill to establish a 75,000-acre (300 km) national park in 1966. Claude McLeod, a biologist at

2029:

The same vicinity as previous image five months after the fire. Big Thicket National Preserve, Hickory Creek Savannah Unit, Tyler Co. Texas; 20 Aug 2020

6469:, Vols. I – II. Texas State Historical Association in cooperation with the Center for Studies in Texas History, University of Texas at Austin, 672 pp. 5733: 2098:

changes and taxonomic instability. These and other factors all contribute to what sometimes appear as inconsistent or contradictory counts and numbers.

2056:

Baygall blackwater (left) mixing with typical muddy water (right). Big Thicket National Preserve, Jack Gore Baygall Unit, Hardin Co. Texas; 3 April 2020

8499: 7531: 7506: 7241: 6625:

Forstall, Richard L. ed. (1996). Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 225 pp.

6349: 4048:. However, this was little more than an outpost on the road and a stop on the river and interior areas were not developed in colonial times. Likewise, 2829: 1787: 8620: 8574: 7451: 1741:). The shade of the canopy and the severity of the wet and dry conditions limit the species that grow in the understory. However the dwarf palmetto ( 2116:

programs. With the National Park Service's centennial occurring in 2016, efforts were made to plant between 100,000 and 300,000 longleaf pines. The

1447:). Although the floodplains in the region share much in common with one another, each river varies with some unique elements and plant species. The 8615: 8605: 8445: 7501: 6273: 1822: 971: 544:, just southeast of the Big Thicket. The other large lakes in the region were constructed in the decades following the Second World War, including 5713: 8625: 8156: 4055:

After Mexican independence (c. 1810–1836), the region remained largely undeveloped. One of the earliest European naturalists to survey Texas was

1004: 69: 6963: 6899: 4306:

in 1981. National preserves differ from national parks in that some public hunting, trapping, oil/gas exploration and extraction are permitted.

3504:) is one of the larger salamanders in the world and can grow over 30 inches (76 cm). Three salamanders, including the three-toed amphiuma ( 1138:

stream flowing through mixed deciduous and evergreen woodlands. Big Thicket National Preserve, Big Sandy Creek Unit, Polk Co. Texas; 23 Mar 2020

8635: 8610: 8509: 8316: 8301: 8236: 7354: 6775: 533:

bogs. Floodplains and bottomlands in the south, can retain surface water for days and weeks after rain. The Sabine and Neches rivers flow into

2044:

or "acid bogs" with pH levels as low as 4.5 occur in the region. Big Thicket National Preserve, Turkey Creek Unit, Tyler Co. Texas; 1 May 2020

8640: 7456: 7359: 6868: 3188:

With 33 species, the highest diversity among the reptiles are the snakes. Some of the more common species include the eastern hognose snake (

723: 7045: 7010: 8306: 8296: 8276: 7319: 6508: 6133:

Movement patterns and habitat selection by native and repatriated Louisiana pine snakes (Pituophis ruthveni): implications for conservation

4112:

in January 1901, just south of the Big Thicket. The frenzy of activity that followed saw rampant drilling and exploration, the founding of

4108:

in remote areas, where employees were often at the mercy of their employers. In the midst of the lumbering activity, oil was discovered at

1625: 6233: 1929:: Prairies (small patches are sometimes called coves), are sometimes included as a Big Thicket ecosystem. These are isolated fragments of 120: 8554: 8519: 7938: 7271: 6837: 6570: 6392: 5926: 863: 2925:) is still occasionally encountered in east Texas but its numbers plummeted in the late twentieth century, while the ornate box turtle ( 2437:

About 54 species of mammals occur in the Big Thicket (not counting extirpated species), including such species as the Virginia opossum (

44: 8579: 8544: 8226: 7349: 7124: 6682: 5944: 5329: 2672: 6651: 6601: 2431:

records for a given species in the region and not all of the species are ubiquitous or evenly distributed throughout the Big Thicket.

8564: 8161: 7918: 7304: 5428: 1674:

deposits. They are some of the flattest and lowest areas in the Big Thicket. Flats are typically poorly drained areas with very deep

6744: 6713: 1641:) growing on tree limb at the top of photo. Big Thicket National Preserve, Lance Rosier Unit, Hardin Co. Texas, USA: 23 October 2019 8479: 8266: 7491: 6806: 3047:), common to the west, but rare in a few western Big Thicket counties. Most records of the state reptile, the Texas horned lizard ( 742:(a.k.a. post-oak savanna). Within the Big Thicket, a major component in the high diversity of plants and animals is the variety of 4405:(born 1945, Beaumont, Jefferson County), American painter that often draws inspiration and paints the landscape of Southeast Texas 4385:

looking for their buried treasure, a decapitated railroad worker, and a lost night hunter eternally searching for a way out. Less

4100:

changed as the "bonanza era" (c. 1880–1930) of Texas lumbering began, facilitated by a rapidly developed railroad system. In 1877

8326: 8171: 7943: 7728: 7262: 5916:

Bridges, E. L. and S. L. Orzell. 1989. Longleaf pine communities of the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Natural Areas Journal 9:246-263.

4435:(1909, Polk County – 1967) known as "Moon Mullican, King of the Hillbilly Piano Players", country-western musician and songwriter 411:

was the weight of the successive deposits that eventually caused the Gulf of Mexico to subside. The older Pliocene, Miocene, and

406:

ice melted to increase sea levels and submerge Southeast Texas in the sea. It was during those warmer periods of submersion that

4411:(born 1948, resident of Woodville, Tyler County) U.S. representative from Texas's 36th congressional district since January 2015 2408: 8514: 8409: 7788: 7536: 7415: 7405: 7334: 7234: 7167: 7029: 4337: 4177:, the Texas Forestry Association drafted legislation to establish the Texas Department of Forestry, which, in 1926, became the 260:

industries started as early as the 1920s with the founding of the East Texas Big Thicket Association by Richard Elmer Jackson.

7105: 5384: 1459:, alkaline soils supporting vegetation that is seldom seen in other watersheds, including bois d'arc also called horse apple ( 8534: 8529: 8311: 7516: 7496: 7471: 6317: 6297: 6258: 6196: 6094: 5825: 5806: 5787: 5559: 5323: 5235: 3846:) can be seen in their adult form year round. Others are limited to a few weeks or mouths each year like the calico pennant ( 252: 6214: 5845: 4662:

A Summary of Biological Inventory Data Collected at Big Thicket National Preserve: Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories

2708: 8484: 7863: 7688: 7592: 7521: 7250: 6991: 6017: 1222:). In the lowest, flatter areas of the south, beech trees tend to drop out and are replaced by chestnut oak or basket oak ( 256: 6430: 2726: 1130: 8559: 8426: 8386: 8256: 8251: 8206: 7853: 7476: 255:

are known to have lived and hunted in the area nomadically, but did not establish permanent settlements there before the

2636: 1486: 8131: 8118: 7597: 7526: 7461: 7086: 6388: 5424: 4983: 4853: 4831: 4817: 4803: 4781: 4767: 4732: 4690: 4676: 4648: 4631: 4617: 4588: 4545: 4510: 4482: 4164: 4041: 2785: 2420: 521:, with east and west forks. Additional wetlands are extensive, including innumerable nameless swamps, cypress sloughs, 510: 304: 6061: 1683:

hard baked surface. The canopy is made up of several hardwoods species of which the swamp chestnut oak or basket oak (

8524: 8504: 8394: 8191: 7511: 7486: 7466: 7344: 7294: 7284: 7227: 7214: 7202: 7192: 6630: 6474: 6454: 6333: 6176: 6156: 5980: 5677: 5461: 4962: 4954: 4940: 4924: 4910: 4880: 4718: 4567: 4531: 4496: 4468: 4454: 4291: 3345:). Venomous snakes deserve caution and respect, but are safely observed when distances of 15–20 feet are maintained. 2017:) upland habitat after a recent fire. Big Thicket National Preserve, Hickory Creek Unit, Tyler Co. Texas; 23 Mar 2020 1753:), others do not recognize it a valid species. Other understory species found on the flats are creeping spot-flower ( 1985:

Texas State Highway 1276 in the Big Thicket National Preserve, Big Sandy Creek Unit, Polk County, Texas; 12 May 2020

8569: 8221: 8166: 8146: 8098: 7446: 7441: 7423: 7400: 7177: 6531: 5630: 4343: 4266:

counties. It was established in 1974 in an attempt to protect the many plant and animal species within. Along with

2971:) is found only in the New World with two genera, both represented in the Big Thicket, the common snapping turtle ( 2068:

Lush vegetation in the Village Creek floodplain. Roy E. Larsen Sandyland Sanctuary, Hardin Co. Texas; 30 April 2010

836:) grow in the deeper shade. Streams flowing through these areas can support large stands of southern bracken fern ( 7064: 6922: 6040: 3023:) are not uncommon, but limited to open areas with sandy soils, whereas the legless western slender glass lizard ( 244:

and plant diversity that is particularly remarkable. Biologists have identified at least eight, and up to eleven,

8404: 8321: 8231: 8186: 8136: 8038: 7873: 7783: 7546: 7481: 7309: 4299: 4243: 1930: 1327: 877:) growing among the sparse groundcover. Roy E. Larsen Sandyland Sanctuary, Hardin Co. Texas, USA; 6 November 2019 731: 229: 5892: 5358: 3230:) occurs in three color variations in the Big Thicket, some recognize them as subspecies, the buttermilk racer ( 8201: 7968: 7928: 7878: 7808: 7625: 7602: 7324: 4997: 4976: 4932: 4902: 4888: 4845: 4795: 4746: 4727:(Louise Lindsey Merrick Texas Environment Series #2). Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 100 pp. 4704: 4669: 4609: 4581: 4559: 5925:

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Ecological Site Description:

4036:; in the south as the Atascosito Road running from southwest Louisiana to Southeast Texas; to the west by the 2654: 8489: 8399: 8356: 8063: 8008: 7923: 7838: 7798: 7698: 7678: 7559: 7382: 6346: 5730: 4267: 3994: 2931:), at its eastern range limits, is known from a few county records in the area, as is the yellow mud turtle ( 1915: 953:) emerge over the oaks. Longleaf pine is characteristic of sandylands, but not always dominant. Farkleberry ( 680:, Jefferson County, located at the southeast corner of the Big Thicket area with a population of 118,296 and 3673:

and Mexico but, it does not appear pose an ecological threat to other species as invasive species often do.

2889:

Turtle diversity in the American Gulf Coast states is among the highest in the world. The red-eared slider (

1493:

habitat in the Big Thicket National Preserve, Jack Gore Baygall Unit, Hardin Co. Texas, USA; 6 November 2019

8351: 8291: 8088: 8083: 7973: 6365: 6328:

Hudson, Charles M. (1976). The Southeastern Indians. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. p. 492.

4316: 4174: 2427:

Polk, San Jacinto, Tyler, and Walker counties, which in a few cases may reflect marginal, peripheral, and

8600: 8336: 8058: 8043: 7993: 7908: 7843: 7569: 4331: 4025: 2903: 2416: 647: 6270: 5691:

Geology of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas, Austin (Accessed 7 December 2019)

3811:

Studies have documented nearly 1,800 species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) in the Big Thicket.

1602:), baygalls harbor many small and obscure wildflowers such as four species of carnivorous bladderworts ( 7978: 7963: 7933: 7898: 7868: 7793: 7778: 7314: 5710: 5065: 4322: 3665: 3031: 2882: 1236: 739: 2553:

reported what he considered reliable accounts of jaguars in east Texas, including one killed south of

893:

lichen, or even exposed sand in some spots. Plants adapted to arid environments like Louisiana yucca (

8126: 8048: 8018: 7988: 7913: 7903: 7813: 7693: 7648: 6956: 6891: 5759: 4195: 3834:

and males and females may have different colors and patterns. Some species like the roseate skimmer (

3670: 3611: 3593: 3494: 3480:. Some of the more commonly encountered salamanders in the region include the smallmouth salamander ( 2592: 1964:). One author distinguished prairies from longleaf pine savannas by the presence of pimple mounds or 1884: 518: 346: 308: 284: 7197: 6767: 6010:

Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas: with keys, taxonomic synopses, bibliography, and distribution maps

8549: 8539: 8346: 8286: 8093: 8003: 7948: 7763: 7753: 7587: 7554: 7433: 7392: 5042: 4222:

The headquarters of Big Thicket National Preserve (BTNP) are located 8 miles (13 km) north of

3659:

species, spending much of its time in crayfish burrows and other small cavities in the ground. One

3554: 3274: 3019: 2698: 2517: 2505: 1666: 1637: 735: 415:

formations are exposed in the north (Polk, San Jacinto, and Tyler counties), while the more recent

312: 6860: 5891:

P. A. Harcombe, P. A., J. S. Glitzenstein, R. G. Knox, S. L. Orzell, & E. L. Bridges. (1993).

4149:, (1894), was named for Nathan D. Silsbee an east coast investor in the railroads, others include 4104:

and G. Bedell Moore started the first major mill in Orange, Texas. Others followed, many building

2744: 1648:(aka: palmetto-oak flats; wet forests; palmetto-hardwood flats): Dense stands of dwarf palmettos ( 8196: 8078: 8053: 7953: 7858: 7833: 7768: 7369: 7007: 5594:

Biological survey of the East Texas Big Thicket area: The fauna and flora of the Big Thicket area

4402: 4251: 3599: 3292: 3286: 2915: 2773: 2769: 2550: 1896: 1769: 1719: 1467: 1383: 1296: 1176: 1123: 1069: 826: 782:) is a common species in this ecosystem and one of the dominant trees along with shortleaf pine ( 6500: 3333:, and seldom seen. Two of the most common snakes, venomous or non-venomous, are the copperhead ( 3311:

There are five species of venomous snakes in the area. Two rattlesnakes, the pygmy rattlesnake (

1258:). A rich diversity of wildflowers are found in slope forest such as three jack-in-the pulpits ( 8013: 7828: 7758: 7743: 7713: 7564: 7279: 6230: 4429:(1913, Livingston, Polk County – 1955) stage and theater director nicknamed "The Texas Tornado" 4283: 3860: 3488: 3341: 3335: 3280: 3220: 3037: 2979: 2945: 2933: 2588: 2475: 2357: 1320: 1242: 832: 303:

geological formations to the north. Broader interpretations have included the area between the

6829: 6562: 6378: 1079:

mosses and carnivorous plants are adapted to these environments, including the pitcher plant (

8068: 8023: 7883: 7823: 7733: 7723: 5142:

MacRoberts, M.H. (2010). "Vertebrate Richness and Biogeography in the Big Thicket of Texas".

4310: 4298:

that established the 84,550-acre (342.2 km) preserve. The BTNP was also designated as a

4255: 4239: 4056: 3244: 3214: 3190: 3061: 3025: 2951: 2939: 2117: 1981: 1954: 1556: 1448: 1290: 761:

upland habitat. Big Thicket National Preserve, Turkey Creek Unit, Tyler Co. Texas; 1 May 2020

549: 514: 320: 292: 280: 217: 186: 7153: 7121: 6674: 5938: 5549: 5451: 5313: 5225: 212:

in the United States. This area represents a portion of the mixed pine-hardwood forests or "

8281: 8108: 7893: 7673: 6643: 6593: 5616:

The Big Thicket Forest of Eastern Texas: A Brief Historical Botanical and Ecological Report

4259: 4247: 4178: 3651: 3645: 3605: 3542: 3506: 3500: 3043: 3013: 2994: 2909: 2644: 2527: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2375: 2303: 2265: 2224: 1942: 1860: 1725: 1660: 1407: 1342: 1302: 1194: 1111: 847: 628: 545: 394: 324: 316: 276: 264: 8437: 5414: 4790:, revised ed. (Bridwell Texas History Series). University of Texas Press, Austin. 156 pp. 3468:

There are 31 species of amphibians found in the Big Thicket area, including 11 species of

1825:

habitat. Big Thicket National Preserve, Turkey Creek Unit, Hardin Co. Texas; 16 April 2020

730:. The Big Thicket is located in the southwest of the Piney Woods and transitions into the 8: 8028: 7998: 7958: 7748: 7718: 7639: 6736: 6705: 4414: 4370: 4263: 3836: 3826: 3633: 3587: 3530: 3313: 3266:). Some less common species that are occasionally encountered are the western mud snake ( 3226: 3202: 3049: 3007: 3001: 2988: 2973: 2091: 1811: 1714: 1544: 1528: 1272: 1260: 1105: 919: 895: 873: 838: 616: 272: 6798: 4949:(Temple Big Thicket Series #4).University of North Texas Press. Denton. 272 pp. 4. 4739:

In the Big Thicket on the Trail of the Wild Man: Exploring Nature's Mysterious Dimension

8271: 8241: 8073: 7683: 7668: 7658: 7579: 5159: 5082: 5034: 4554:(Philosophy and Environment, Vol. 2). University of North Texas Press, Denton. 229 pp. 4420: 4328:

Roy E. Larsen Sandyland Sanctuary, The Nature Conservancy (5,654 acres (22.88 km))

4186: 4033: 3854: 3831: 3820: 3563: 3548: 3298: 3208: 2921: 2897: 2716: 2539: 2481: 2207: 2153: 2095: 1936: 1908: 1902: 1848: 1838: 1799: 1759: 1717:

species. Other trees and shrubs filling in the canopy and understory include sweetgum (

1691: 1592: 1580: 1574: 1431: 1314: 1278: 1230: 1093: 1087: 955: 913: 901: 854:

for lumber have been replanted with rows of the faster growing, non-native slash pine (

814: 436: 268: 5596:. Special Publication sponsored by the Texas Academy of Sciences. Privately Published. 2557:

a few years earlier, along the Neches River near Beaumont, and in the timber south of

1654:) are an indicator of this ecosystem and it can have an exotic and tropical look with 8468: 8141: 7848: 7818: 7708: 7703: 7188: 7158: 6626: 6470: 6450: 6383: 6329: 6313: 6293: 6254: 6192: 6172: 6152: 6090: 6013: 5976: 5673: 5555: 5554:. #5 in Temple Big Thicket Series (Third ed.). University of North Texas Press. 5457: 5419: 5319: 5231: 4993: 4979: 4972: 4958: 4950: 4936: 4928: 4920: 4906: 4898: 4884: 4876: 4849: 4841: 4827: 4813: 4799: 4791: 4777: 4763: 4742: 4728: 4714: 4700: 4686: 4672: 4665: 4644: 4627: 4613: 4605: 4584: 4577: 4563: 4555: 4541: 4527: 4506: 4492: 4478: 4464: 4450: 4374: 4356: 4275: 4142: 4060: 4002: 3617: 3482: 3319: 3262: 3256: 2957: 2891: 2734: 2662: 2493: 2457: 2285: 2133: 1970: 1878: 1737: 1709: 1685: 1613: 1473: 1353: 1308: 1266: 1248: 1224: 1188: 1117: 1099: 670: 643: 509:

and Newton counties, are drained by several relatively short creeks running into the

440: 296: 237: 7164: 7026: 6131:

Himes, John G., Laurence M. Hardy, D. Craig Rudolph, and Shirley J. Burgdorf (2006)

5163: 4917:

Reflections on the Neches: A Naturalist's Odyssey along the Big Thicket's Snow River

4897:(Temple Big Thicket Series #2) University of North Texas Press, Denton, TX. 256 pp. 4751:

Shafer, Harry J., Edward P. Baxter, Thomas B. Stearns, and James Phil Dering (1975)

1504:; Acid bog baygalls): With dense undergrowth and twisted vines growing in stagnant, 8033: 7983: 7102: 5380: 5151: 4287: 4191: 4138: 4129: 4125: 4101: 4077: 4072: 4013: 3848: 3660: 3639: 3569: 3536: 3518: 3304: 3268: 3250: 2927: 2680: 2601: 2566: 2469: 2463: 2393: 2339: 2087: 1975: 1960: 1890: 1866: 1793: 1598: 1519: 1505: 1479: 1461: 1425: 1413: 1284: 1135: 1081: 1009: 925: 651: 608: 600: 5822: 5803: 5784: 7184: 7171: 7128: 7109: 7090: 7071: 7052: 7033: 7014: 6995: 6434: 6353: 6277: 6237: 6218: 6211: 6047: 5948: 5899: 5893:

Vegetation of the Longleaf Pine Region of the West Gulf Coastal Plain. 83-104 pp.

5849: 5842: 5829: 5810: 5791: 5763: 5737: 5717: 4992:(Temple Big Thicket Series #6). University of North Texas Press, Denton. 848 pp. 4990:

The Big Thicket Guidebook: Exploring the Backroads and History of Southeast Texas

4919:(Temple Big Thicket Series #3). University of North Texas Press, Denton. 376 pp. 4788:

Big Thicket People: Larry Jene Fisher's Photographs of the Last Southern Frontier

4362: 4227: 4134: 4068: 4049: 3623: 3512: 3196: 2428: 2121: 2113: 2108: 2075: 1749: 1703: 1618: 1562: 1550: 1437: 1389: 1371: 1359: 1254: 1182: 1170: 1033: 1027: 943: 937: 856: 778: 677: 655: 620: 553: 391: 209: 97: 6988: 4417:(born 1958, Livingston, Polk County) historian and Pulitzer Prize winning author 4012:

Historical limits of the Big Thicket region defined by the Spanish prior to the

3643:) found to the east. Two rare and highly secretive frogs are the pickerel frog ( 1809:) grow in and near permanent or semi permanent water and the disc water-hyssop ( 1013:). Big Thicket National Preserve, Turkey Creek Unit, Tyler Co. Texas; 1 May 2020 8181: 7803: 6427: 5155: 4378: 4235: 4223: 4150: 4146: 4045: 3581: 3325: 2963: 1854: 1805: 1697: 1568: 1419: 1395: 1377: 1365: 1218: 1152: 907: 796: 784: 681: 663: 639: 624: 604: 596: 571: 538: 504:: Hardin, Tyler, western Jasper and southeast Polk counties are drained by the 402: 208:

is the name given to a somewhat imprecise region of a heavily forested area of

108: 5095: 4087: 1103:). A number of orchids are found in savannas including the grass pink orchid ( 454:, meaning the soil is a greater influence on the plants than the climate, and 8594: 5028: 4432: 4231: 4158: 4154: 4105: 4029: 3558:), once widespread in Southeast Texas, now appears to be in serious decline. 3055: 2967:) prefers the larger rivers, creeks, and bayous. The snapping turtle family ( 2606: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2499: 2487: 1781: 1586: 1538: 1443: 1347: 1146: 989: 758: 612: 135: 122: 7083: 2895:) is the most common of the pond and river turtles, although river cooters ( 2106:

The area contains over 100 species of trees and shrubs, with longleaf pine (

1922:

in the Big Thicket region of southeast Texas. Liberty Co. Texas; 22 May 2020

654:, the county seat (2,586) with smaller unincorporated communities including 8176: 8151: 7219: 5020: 4382: 4295: 4037: 3575: 2620: 2599:

Conversely other species have been introduced to the area like the nutria (

2580:

Sour Lake: "Still common in the swamps near here; a few killed every year."

2041: 1872: 1843: 1212: 1164: 1063: 1039: 931: 860:) eliminating much of the longleaf pine-bluestem grass uplands from Texas. 842:). Longleaf pine, bluestem grass, and many other plants in these areas are 820: 632: 557: 505: 372: 288: 6191:, Vol. I & II. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 982 pp. 747:

tracts of land, and often occur in intertwined and checkerboard mixes and

419:

Period formations are exposed in the south (Hardin and Liberty counties).

8211: 4971:(Temple Big Thicket Series #5). University of North Texas Press. 152 pp. 4875:(Temple Big Thicket Series #1). University of North Texas Press. 256 pp. 4426: 4408: 4366: 4290:

was its most powerful proponent in Congress and the bill was proposed by

4199: 3842: 3469: 2968: 2624: 2616: 2533: 1965: 1775: 1743: 1650: 1631: 1609: 1604: 1401: 1206: 1158: 949: 941:) are dominant hardwoods. With increasing moisture levels longleaf pine ( 727: 659: 611:(1,813). Smaller unincorporated communities in the Hardin County include 561: 534: 522: 401:

are not greatly deformed. The strata were laid down in several cycles of

384: 249:

Big Thicket has historically been the most dense forest region in Texas.

213: 4475:

The 35 Best Ghost Towns in East Texas and 220 Other Towns We Left Behind

2961:) is found throughout the region, while the smooth soft-shelled turtle ( 1234:). Understory trees and shrubs include Hercules-club or toothache tree ( 684:, Liberty County (8,397), on the southern edge of the Big Thicket area. 328:(8,100 km). This same habitat extends into Louisiana and eastward. 4386: 4319:, Houston Parks and Recreation Department (4,786 acres (19.37 km)) 4117: 4109: 4081: 4064: 3615:). Two other frequently encountered tree frogs, Cope's gray tree frog ( 2752: 2522: 2511: 2247: 2083: 1994: 1675: 1452: 1331: 1200: 1051: 843: 824:) grow in the lighter, semi-shaded areas, while Texas Dutchman's-pipe ( 808: 802: 743: 581: 576: 456: 450: 416: 241: 7207: 5117: 4423:(1931, Saratoga, Hardin County – 2013) country musician and songwriter 7143: 6118:

Axtell, Ralph W. (1996) Interpretive Atlas of Texas Lizards: No. 16.

6105:

Axtell, Ralph W. (1994) Interpretive Atlas of Texas Lizards: No. 13.

5354: 4390: 3656: 3524: 3330: 2611: 2574:

Conroe: "A few still found in the big thicket 15 mile south of here."

2321: 1679: 1655: 1186:) are also common. More humid areas tend to shift to American beech ( 889: 812:) are the dominant ground cover. Wildflowers like purple pleat-leaf ( 769: 431: 412: 245: 5832:. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 1 July 2020 5813:. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 1 July 2020 5794:. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 1 July 2020 5118:"Sam Houston State University Archives Collection - The Big Thicket" 4168:

The Southern Pine Lumber Company sawmills near Diboll, Texas in 1907

2871:) adult and immature plumage, Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge 1210:), but include a wide variety of other hardwoods such as white oak ( 7185:

Saving the Big Thicket: from exploration to preservation, 1685–2003

4760:

Backwoodsmen: Stockmen and Hunters along a Big Thicket River Valley

4713:. Texas A&M. University Press. College Station, Texas. 169 pp. 4113: 4024:

1521–1810, defining the Big Thicket's boundaries with the north as

3631:) while others argue that it is a hybrid between Woodhouse's toad ( 2564:

Although once common in the Big Thicket, the American black bears (

2189: 1671: 1075: 1057: 888:

stratum, sandylands sit on layers of fine sand with thin layers of

851: 748: 495: 407: 388: 380: 6062:"Big Thicket searches seek giant woodpecker that might be extinct" 5975:, 6th revised edition. University of Texas Press, Austin. 501 pp. 5453:

Saving the Big Thicket From Exploration to Preservation, 1685–2003

5315:

Wild Flowers of the Big Thicket: East Texas, and Western Louisiana

4947:

Saving the Big Thicket From Exploration to Preservation, 1685–2003

4461:

Wild Flowers of the Big Thicket: East Texas, and Western Louisiana

4008: 3868:) are endemic to southeast Texas and adjacent areas of Louisiana. 1584:) can grow impressively large. Larger trees include swamp tupelo ( 1548:) are dominant and other common shrubs include southern bayberry ( 463: 6223: 4463:. Texas A&M University Press. College Station, Texas 361 pp. 4271: 3998: 3815: 3212:). Two large, common, but harmless species, the coachwhip snake ( 2525:

from their historical ranges. Examples include hog-nosed skunks (

2079: 1509: 1508:, acid bogs, under a shadowy canopy of swamp tupelo and cypress, 1490: 1045: 1021: 994: 885: 790: 772: 685: 541: 530: 526: 398: 376: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 5587: 5585: 5583: 4683:

The Big Thicket of Texas: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography

3997:

occupied areas just to the north of the Big Thicket region. The

467:

Texas county map with five interpretations of the Big Thicket: *

6249:

Thomas, Chad, Timothy H. Bonner, and Bobby G. Whiteside (2007)

6149:

Texas Snakes, Identification, Distribution, and Natural History

5775:

City-Data.com: Hardin County, Texas (Accessed 10 December 2019)

5670:

Realms of Beauty: A Guide to the Wilderness Areas of East Texas

4862:

The University of North Texas Press, Denton, co-published with

4524:

Realms of Beauty: A Guide to the Wilderness Areas of East Texas

4449:. Stephen F. Austin University Press, Nacogdoches. ?? pp. 4303: 4121: 2129: 300: 233: 5672:, revised edition. University of Texas Press, Austin. 120 pp. 4863: 4526:, revised edition. University of Texas Press, Austin. 120 pp. 4016:

in the 1830s. Deforestation has dramatically reduced its size.

2577:

Beaumont: "A few still found in the forest northwest of here."

1629:

Palmetto-oak and hardwood flats habitat with dwarf palmettos (

236:. Although the diversity of animals in the area is high for a 30: 7254: 6022: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5629:

MacRoberts, Michael H.; MacRoberts, Barbara R. (March 2004).

5580: 4893:

Loughmiller, Campbell & Lynn Loughmiller, editors (2002)

4810:

The Texas Legacy Project: Stories of Courage and Conservation

4340:, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (30,000 acres (120 km)) 3477: 3473: 2412: 1900:) can be seen growing in shallow water with cardinal flower ( 1411:). Among the many wildflowers are three irises, yellow iris ( 673:(5,335), the county seat and the largest town in the county. 16:

Heavily forested area of Southeast Texas in the United States

6085: 6083: 196: 8467: 7148: 6859:

Wooster, Robert; Sanders, Christine Moor (April 2, 2019) .

6253:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 202 pp. 6012:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 447 pp. 4859:

University of North Texas Press, Temple Big Thicket Series

4812:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 296 pp. 4643:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 256 pp. 4505:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 237 pp. 2765: 2125: 426: 8137:

Barrington Living History Farm at Washington-on-the-Brazos

6143: 6141: 5905: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5756: 5318:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. 5230:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. 1451:

basin in particular stands out in contrast to others with

6080: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 4969:

Big Thicket Plant Ecology: An Introduction, Third Edition

4741:. Paraview Press, Old Chelsea Station, New York. 188 pp. 4393:, and automobile headlights filtering through the trees. 1381:) which can grow in and around standing water, sweetgum ( 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 4824:

Land of Bears and Honey: A Natural History of East Texas

4664:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 76 pages 4657:. Sam Houston State University Press, Huntsville. 33 pp. 6206: 6204: 6138: 5835: 5135: 4313:, Texas Parks and Wildlife (2,083 acres (8.43 km)) 3824:) lay their eggs in flight, while the ebony jewelwing ( 1946:). Common grasses of these areas include Indian grass ( 1514: 1456: 444: 240:

with over 500 vertebrates, it is the complex mosaic of

6489:. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas. 296 pp. 6210:

National Park Service: Big Thicket National Preserve,

6122:. Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. 52 pp. 6109:. Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. 31 pp. 5854: 5841:

National Park Service, Big Thicket National Preserve,

5373: 5349: 5347: 4753:

Archeological Assessment Big Thicket National Preserve

4576:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 74 pp. 4346:, Texas Parks and Wildlife (1,090 acres (4.4 km)) 2772:, a state and federal endangered species. The extinct 676:

Larger towns and cities in the greater region include

228:) within the region in 1974 and it is recognized as a 6962:. National Park Service U.S. Department of Interior. 6171:. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 587 pp. 5170: 4697:

The Big Thicket of Texas: America's Ecological Wonder

4325:, Texas Parks and Wildlife (705 acres (2.85 km)) 3329:) is not uncommon however, they are secretive, often 1596:). In addition to the prominent fragrant water-lily ( 7187:. University of North Texas. Denton, Texas. 289 pp. 6201: 5628: 5010: 4641:

Sawdust Empire: The Texas Lumber Industry, 1830–1940

4477:. Best of East Texas Publishers, Lufkin ?? pp. 3561:

Common toads and frogs include the Gulf Coast toad (

2128:

that can also be found in the thicket, including 20

7378:

El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail

5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5687: 5685: 5344: 4774:

Nameless Towns: Texas Sawmill Communities 1880–1942

4626:. University of North Texas Press, Denton. 216 pp. 4226:, and approximately 30 miles (48 km) north of 487:= Big Thicket Basin, geological/ecological analysis 7178:Defining the Bick Thicket: Prelude to Preservation 6621: 6619: 5694: 5618:. Huntsville, Texas: Sam Houston State University. 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 4808:Todd, David & David Weisman, editors. (2010). 4755:. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 4491:.Galt/Mirrin Publishing, LLC, Scottsdale. 390 pp. 3260:), and the uncommon Mississippi green watersnake ( 1429:), as well as the fragrant ladies tresses orchid ( 1375:). Other important trees include the overcup oak ( 397:. Other than some slight and uniform tilting, the 6135:. Herpetological Natural History. 9 (2): 103–116. 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5413:Abernethy, Francis Edward (September 30, 2020) . 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 3296:). The rare and endangered Louisiana pine snake ( 1785:) with understory species such as Hooker eryngo ( 867:Arid sandyland habitat with longleaf pine trees ( 299:on the south, to the higher elevations and older 8592: 6467:Journey to Mexico: During the years 1826 to 1834 5954: 5743: 5682: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 4762:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. 328 pp. 4639:Maxwell, Robert S. & Robert D. Baker (2000) 4574:Finding the Big Thicket: A Cartographic Approach 3041:) in the northeast; and the Texas spiny lizard ( 794:). Understory shrubs include flowering dogwood ( 7063:U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 6616: 6161: 6059: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5592:Parks, H. B.; Cory, V. L.; et al. (1936). 5399: 5071:. Land Resource Division, National Park Service 4840:. Arcadia Publishing Library Editions. 130 pp. 3852:) flying April - August and Needham's skimmer ( 2764:Three hundred species of migratory and nesting 2411:, plant and animal species from many different 1974:) is a particularly aggressive and problematic 7664:Albert and Bessie Kronkosky State Natural Area 6858: 5456:. University of North Texas Press. p. 4. 5244: 2419:, the Big Thicket was home to most species of 1288:). Orchids include the yellow lady's-slipper ( 734:immediately to the south. To the west are the 8453: 7235: 7180:. East Texas Historical Journal 31(2): 57-71. 6449:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 236 pp. 6312:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 448 pp. 6302: 6292:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 266 pp. 6282: 6151:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 437 pp. 5600: 5482: 4826:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 198 pp. 4776:. University of Texas Press, Austin. 271 pp. 4723:Pittman, Blair & William A. Owens (1978) 4685:. Sable Publishing Corp., Arlington. 225 pp. 4538:The Big Thicket: A Challenge for Conservation 4361:A dirt road leading north out of the town of 3872:Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) gallery 3858:) flying May - September. The Texas emerald ( 1405:), often with a dense mid-story of ironwood ( 8631:Protected areas of San Jacinto County, Texas 7320:Military Working Dog Teams National Monument 7249: 7165:Bragg Road - The Ghost Road of Hardin County 5985: 5657: 4595:The Murder of Silence: The Big Thicket Story 4205: 2986:Lizards commonly seen include green anoles ( 6530:Reichstein, Andreas V. (January 1, 1995) . 6417:. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. 272 pp. 6181: 6169:Salamanders of the United States and Canada 5357:. National Park Service. October 25, 2021. 4822:Truett, Joe C. & Daniel W. Lay (1994). 4772:Sitton, Thad & James H. Conrad (1998). 4552:The Big Thicket: An Ecological Reevaluation 3317:) and the canebrake or timber rattlesnake ( 2583:Rockland: "Now very rare or quite extinct." 1658:draping from the trees, like Spanish moss ( 8460: 8446: 7242: 7228: 7198:Fun365Days.com – regional tourism web site 6529: 6415:A Pictorial History of the American Indian 6147:Werler, John E. and James R. Dixon (2000) 5551:Big Thicket Plant Ecology: An Introduction 5141: 4725:The Natural World of the Texas Big Thicket 7305:Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument 7006:Houston Parks and Recreation Department, 6828:Maxwell, Robert S. (February 15, 2012) . 6041:Federal and State Listed Species in Texas 5591: 5412: 4517:Farewell to Texas: a Vanishing Wilderness 4447:Let The River Run Wild! Saving The Neches 4091:Oil derricks in Sour Lake, Hardin County 3864:) and the rare and sarracenia spiketail ( 3059:) and the nocturnal Mediterranean gecko ( 8621:Protected areas of Liberty County, Texas 6673:Kleiner, Diana J. (November 17, 2020) . 5449: 5383:. National Park Service. July 13, 2020. 5311: 5066:"Listing of acreage – December 31, 2014" 4871:Francis Edward Abernethy, editor (2002) 4163: 4086: 4007: 3248:), southern or broad-banded watersnake ( 2587:Vernon Bailey, chief naturalist for the 2120:lists more than one thousand species of 1980: 1914: 1817: 1624: 1485: 1326: 1129: 999: 862: 753: 552:(1956–65) on the Neches River drainage, 517:. Areas farther west are drained by the 462: 358: 263:Conservatively the area occupies all of 8616:Protected areas of Hardin County, Texas 8606:Biosphere reserves of the United States 8469:National Preserves of the United States 7209:The Big Thicket: A Vanishing Wilderness 6890:Maxwell, Robert S. (February 1, 1995). 6889: 6871:from the original on September 17, 2020 6840:from the original on September 29, 2020 6827: 6765: 6734: 6703: 6672: 6641: 6591: 6560: 5631:"The Big Thicket: Typical or Atypical?" 5227:Nature Lover's Guide to the Big Thicket 5223: 4711:Nature Lover's Guide to the Big Thicket 4699:. Little, Brown and Co. Boston. 89 pp. 3637:) found to the west and Fowler's toad ( 2768:occur in the Big Thicket including the 711:Nature Lover's Guide to the Big Thicket 8626:Protected areas of Tyler County, Texas 8593: 6969:from the original on November 22, 2015 6937:from the original on November 19, 2016 6920: 6902:from the original on November 11, 2021 6898:. Texas State Historical Association. 6867:. Texas State Historical Association. 6836:. Texas State Historical Association. 6809:from the original on November 11, 2021 6805:. Texas State Historical Association. 6796: 6778:from the original on November 11, 2021 6774:. Texas State Historical Association. 6747:from the original on November 11, 2021 6743:. Texas State Historical Association. 6716:from the original on November 11, 2021 6712:. Texas State Historical Association. 6685:from the original on November 11, 2021 6681:. Texas State Historical Association. 6654:from the original on November 11, 2021 6650:. Texas State Historical Association. 6604:from the original on November 11, 2021 6600:. Texas State Historical Association. 6569:. Texas State Historical Association. 6538:. Texas State Historical Association. 6532:"Galveston Bay and Texas Land Company" 6511:from the original on September 5, 2020 6507:. Texas State Historical Association. 6376: 5613: 5568:from the original on December 12, 2023 5547: 5470:from the original on December 12, 2023 5431:from the original on November 11, 2021 5387:from the original on December 22, 2019 5332:from the original on December 12, 2023 5060: 5058: 4365:is the core of the area's predominant 4338:Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge 3993:In pre-Columbian times, people of the 3663:, the small Rio Grande chirping frog ( 2609:, now common in the area. Feral pigs ( 287:Counties, including areas between the 8636:Protected areas of Polk County, Texas 8611:Reportedly haunted locations in Texas 8441: 7223: 7203:UNSCEO Biosphere Reserve: Big Thicket 6957:"Big Thicket National Preserve Texas" 6892:"Jones, William Goodrich (1860–1950)" 6766:Wooster, Robert (December 1, 1994) . 6735:Wooster, Robert (February 1, 1995) . 6561:Wooster, Robert (January 10, 2018) . 6542:from the original on January 28, 2021 6498: 6189:Frogs of the United States and Canada 6060:Michael Graczyk (February 21, 2007). 5361:from the original on October 26, 2019 5096:"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report" 5088: 5083:National Park Service Acreage Reports 4786:Sitton, Thad & C. E. Hunt (2008) 4028:(Old San Antonio Road), a trail from 3528:), including the spotted salamander ( 2977:) and the alligator snapping turtle ( 1007:wetland habitat with pitcher plants ( 354: 8641:National Park Service areas in Texas 7864:Government Canyon State Natural Area 7739:Chinati Mountains State Natural Area 6395:from the original on August 18, 2021 6229:National Park Service: Big Thicket, 1678:soils of a high clay content having 1204:) co-dominating with loblolly pine ( 564:(1970–73) on the San Jacinto River. 8427:Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 7789:Devil's Sinkhole State Natural Area 6592:Kleiner, Diana J. (May 24, 2021) . 6426:Alabama-Coushattas Tribe of Texas, 6310:Dragonflies of Texas, A Field Guide 6290:Damselflies of Texas, A Field Guide 5055: 4145:(1895) was named after John Kirby: 2515:), and Rafinesque's big-eared bat ( 76: 51: 13: 6704:Wooster, Robert (April 1, 1995) . 6642:Wooster, Robert (March 1, 1995) . 6573:from the original on July 26, 2021 6499:Estep, Raymond (March 21, 2019) . 6389:Texas State Historical Association 6068:from the original on July 26, 2023 5425:Texas State Historical Association 4280:United States National Park System 3649:) and the southern crawfish frog ( 3035:) in the west and the coal skink ( 2776:once occurred in the Big Thicket. 2415:moved into the area. Before their 2086:; whether to count introduced and 1832:(aka: sweet gum - oak floodplains 587: 471:= Traditional "Hunter's Thicket" * 14: 8652: 7804:Enchanted Rock State Natural Area 7215:Texas Archive of the Moving Image 7137: 7120:University of North Texas Press, 7046:Roy E. Larsen Sandyland Sanctuary 6377:Couser, Dorothy (July 1, 1995) . 5645:from the original on July 9, 2020 5122:Texas Archive of the Moving Image 4445:Abernethy, Frances Edward (2014) 4396: 4282:when both were authorized by the 726:, the Big Thicket is part of the 460:meaning a medium moisture level. 7383:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 7084:Trinity National Wildlife Refuge 7082:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 6501:"Zavala, Lorenzo de (1788–1836)" 5548:Watson, Geraldine Ellis (2006). 5027: 5013: 4655:The Big Thicket of Eastern Texas 4604:. Eakin Press, Woodway. 142 pp. 4519:. McGraw-Hill, New York. 242 pp. 3972: 3956: 3940: 3924: 3908: 3892: 3876: 3785: 3769: 3753: 3729: 3713: 3697: 3681: 3449: 3433: 3417: 3401: 3385: 3369: 3353: 3169: 3153: 3137: 3121: 3105: 3089: 3073: 2913:), and the rare chicken turtle ( 2860: 2844: 2828: 2812: 2796: 2784: 2743: 2725: 2707: 2689: 2671: 2653: 2635: 2384: 2366: 2348: 2330: 2312: 2294: 2276: 2256: 2238: 2216: 2198: 2180: 2162: 2144: 2061: 2049: 2034: 2022: 2006: 1441:), and the aquatic spatterdock ( 556:(1966–69) on the Trinity River, 483:= Primitive Big Thicket Region * 75: 68: 50: 43: 29: 7874:Hill Country State Natural Area 7784:Devils River State Natural Area 7416:National Wild and Scenic Rivers 7310:Castner Range National Monument 7114: 7095: 7076: 7057: 7038: 7019: 7000: 6981: 6949: 6914: 6883: 6852: 6821: 6797:Bowman, Bob (April 19, 2016) . 6790: 6759: 6728: 6697: 6666: 6635: 6585: 6554: 6523: 6492: 6479: 6459: 6439: 6420: 6407: 6370: 6358: 6339: 6322: 6269:Big Thicket National Preserve, 6263: 6243: 6125: 6112: 6099: 6053: 5931: 5919: 5816: 5804:Western Gulf coastal grasslands 5797: 5778: 5769: 5723: 5709:Big Thicket National Preserve: 5703: 5622: 5443: 5355:"Big Thicket National Preserve" 5144:The American Midland Naturalist 4967:Watson, Geraldine Ellis (2006) 4915:Watson, Geraldine Ellis (2013) 4439: 4373:, sometimes referred to as the 4244:U.S. Department of the Interior 4020:The Spaniards ruled the region 2937:). The Mississippi mud turtle ( 2094:vs. resident species; frequent 1572:). Vines like muscadine grape ( 1500:(aka: bay-gallberry holly bogs 997:people in Pre-Columbian times. 732:Western Gulf coastal grasslands 724:ecoregions of the United States 8372:Ruth Bowling Nichols Arboretum 7969:Lost Maples State Natural Area 7919:Lake Casa Blanca International 7879:Honey Creek State Natural Area 7626:Padre Island National Seashore 7325:Waco Mammoth National Monument 6921:Cozine, James (October 1993). 6465:Berlandier, Jean Louis. 1980. 5110: 4945:Cozine, Jr., James J. (2004). 3609:), and southern leopard frog ( 3591:), eastern narrow-mouth toad ( 3290:), and Slowinski's cornsnake ( 1888:). Plants like lizard's tail ( 1791:), and sharp-sepal penstemon ( 1763:), lance-leaved water-willow ( 1578:), supplejack or rattan-vine ( 311:on the west including much of 155:113,122 acres (457.79 km) 1: 7679:Barton Warnock Visitor Center 7621:Big Thicket National Preserve 7149:Big Thicket National Preserve 6927:East Texas Historical Journal 6345:Texas Historical Commission, 5635:East Texas Historical Journal 5450:James J., Cozine Jr. (2004). 5048: 4681:Parker, Lois Williams (1977) 4660:National Park Service (2013) 4597:. Texian Press, Waco. 274 pp. 4350: 4286:on October 11, 1974. Senator 4268:Big Cypress National Preserve 4137:, as evidenced by names like 4092: 4021: 3995:Caddoan Mississippian culture 3814:Dragonflies and damselflies ( 3567:), Blanchard's cricket frog ( 3234:), the yellow-bellied racer ( 3206:), and the rough greensnake ( 2807:), Hal Scott Reserve, Florida 2696:Rafinesque's big-eared bats ( 2467:), southern flying squirrel ( 1174:) co-dominate, but sweetgum ( 717: 709:Maxine Johnston, Foreword in 222:Big Thicket National Preserve 197:Big Thicket National Preserve 84:Show map of the United States 24:Big Thicket National Preserve 7008:Lake Houston Wilderness Park 6187:Dodd Jr., C. Kenneth (2013) 6039:Texas Parks & Wildlife, 4501:Donovan, Richard M. (2006). 4317:Lake Houston Wilderness Park 4274:, the BTNP became the first 4238:. It is administered by the 4175:United States Forest Service 3760:Eastern narrow-mouth toad, ( 3498:). The three-toed amphiuma ( 2901:), Mississippi map turtles ( 2851:Yellow-crowned night-heron ( 1566:), and Virginia sweetspire ( 899:) and prairie prickly pear ( 331: 7: 8377:Olive Scott Petty Arboretum 8157:Confederate Reunion Grounds 7065:Sam Houston National Forest 7013:September 16, 2020, at the 6487:Naturalists of the Frontier 6485:Geiser, Samuel Wood. 1948. 6271:Research in the Big Thicket 5971:Schimidly, David J. (2004) 5757:United States Census Bureau 5006: 4988:Bonney, Lorraine G. (2011) 4864:The Big Thicket Association 4515:Douglas, William O. (1967) 4332:Sam Houston National Forest 4026:El Camino Real de los Tejas 3983:) Rapides Parish, Louisiana 3903:), male, San Jacinto County 3840:) and common green darner ( 3254:), diamondback watersnake ( 3218:) and the Texas rat snake ( 3017:). Six-lined race runners ( 2949:), and common musk turtle ( 2904:Graptemys pseudogeographica 2819:Scissor-tailed flycatcher ( 2078:to count; whether to count 1735:), and arrowwood viburnum ( 1351:), chestneu or basket oak ( 1121:), and snake mouth orchid ( 599:, the county seat (2,123), 216:" of the Southeast US. The 10: 8657: 8197:Fort Richardson State Park 7834:Fort Richardson State Park 7315:Chamizal National Memorial 7101:Texas Parks and Wildlife, 7027:Martin Dies Jr. State Park 7025:Texas Parks and Wildlife, 6987:Texas Parks and Wildlife, 6923:"Defining the Big Thicket" 6768:"Camden, TX (Polk County)" 6251:Freshwater Fishes of Texas 6240:(accessed 4 November 2019) 6167:Petranka, James W. (1998) 6050:, accessed 2 November 2019 6046:December 28, 2019, at the 5947:December 21, 2019, at the 5937:Texas Parks and Wildlife: 5898:December 21, 2019, at the 5823:East Central Texas forests 5740:(accessed 7 December 2019) 5720:(accessed 7 December 2019) 5711:The Climate of Big Thicket 5156:10.1674/0003-0031-164.1.37 4873:Tales from the Big Thicket 4602:Outlaws in the Big Thicket 4572:Gunter, Pete A. Y. (2015) 4550:Gunter, Pete A. Y. (1993) 4536:Gunter, Pete A. Y. (1971) 4354: 4323:Martin Dies Jr. State Park 4141:established in the 1890s, 3988: 3919:) female, Harris Co County 3688:Small-mouthed salamander ( 3666:Syrrhophus cystignathoides 3621:) and the gray tree frog ( 3082:Alligator mississippiensis 3032:Plestiodon septentrionalis 2943:), razorback musk turtle ( 2883:Alligator mississippiensis 2678:Southern flying squirrel ( 2479:), eastern spotted skunk ( 2461:), Baird's pocket gopher ( 2443:), nine-banded armadillo ( 1237:Zanthoxylum clava-herculis 1109:), yellow fringed orchid ( 935:), and mockernut hickory ( 740:East Central Texas forests 697: 178:137,722 (in 2011) 163:October 11, 1974 8475: 8422: 8385: 8335: 8117: 7689:Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley 7647: 7638: 7611: 7578: 7545: 7434:National Wildlife Refuges 7432: 7414: 7393:National Recreation Areas 7391: 7368: 7355:Palo Alto Battlefield NHP 7335:National Historical Parks 7333: 7293: 7270: 7261: 7211:(1970) (educational film) 7127:October 30, 2019, at the 7122:Temple Big Thicket Series 7108:October 30, 2019, at the 7089:November 5, 2019, at the 7051:October 30, 2019, at the 7032:October 30, 2019, at the 6994:November 8, 2019, at the 6433:October 28, 2019, at the 6276:November 4, 2019, at the 6236:November 4, 2019, at the 6217:November 4, 2019, at the 6107:Cnemidophorus sexlineatus 5848:November 3, 2019, at the 5736:December 8, 2019, at the 5716:December 8, 2019, at the 5312:Ajilvsgi, Geyata (1979). 4836:Wells, Renee Hart (2018) 4653:McLeod, Claude A. (1972) 4622:Landrey, Wanda A. (1990) 4600:Landrey, Wanda A. (1976) 4206:Protected and public land 4196:Sam Houston State College 4040:; and to the east by the 3967:), female, Houston County 3762:Gastrophryne carolinensis 3722:Notophthalmus viridescens 3612:Lithobates sphenocephalus 3594:Gastrophryne carolinensis 3546:), and tiger salamander ( 3510:), Gulf Coast water dog ( 3495:Notophthalmus viridescens 3284:), Louisiana milk snake ( 3200:), western ribbon snake ( 2549:). In 1902 ornithologist 1885:Cephalanthus occidentalis 1876:), eastern hop-hornbean ( 1664:) and resurrection fern ( 1635:) and resurrection fern ( 1542:). These and swamp titi ( 1477:), and Texas sugarberry ( 1168:), and southern red oak ( 1097:), and small butterwort ( 1049:), and grasses including 788:) and a variety of oaks ( 347:University of Texas Press 192: 182: 174: 159: 151: 114: 104: 93: 37: 28: 23: 8322:Washington-on-the-Brazos 8297:San Jacinto Battleground 8277:Sabine Pass Battleground 7452:Attwater Prairie Chicken 7370:National Historic Trails 7360:San Antonio Missions NHP 7103:Village Creek State Park 7044:The Nature Conservancy, 6413:La Farge, Oliver (1956) 5809:January 3, 2018, at the 5766:(Accessed December 2019) 5668:Fritz, Edward C. (1993) 5224:Peacock, Howard (1994). 5043:History of Texas forests 4522:Fritz, Edward C. (1993) 4503:Paddling the Wild Neches 4487:Brock, Ronald G. (2022) 4459:Ajilvsgi, Geyata (1979) 4344:Village Creek State Park 3981:Cordulegaster sarracenia 3866:Cordulegaster sarracenia 3555:Desmognathus auriculatus 3410:Lampropeltis calligaster 3360:Diamondback watersnake ( 3275:Lampropeltis calligaster 3020:Aspidoscelis sexlineatus 3011:), and prairie lizards ( 2699:Corynorhinus rafinesquii 2518:Corynorhinus rafinesquii 2506:Urocyon cinereoargenteus 2421:North American megafauna 2402: 2373:Lance-leaved coreopsis ( 2245:Ladies'-tresses orchid ( 2101: 1940:) and prairie bluebell ( 1920:Marysee Prairie Preserve 1852:) and the water tupelo ( 1767:), and inland sea oats ( 1732:Crataegus brachiacanthua 1667:Pleopeltis polypodioides 1638:Pleopeltis polypodioides 1612:species like burmannia ( 1423:), and short-stem iris ( 1031:) along with black gum ( 917:), north blackjack oak ( 818:) and bird-foot violet ( 736:Texas Blackland Prairies 8410:Prairies and Pineywoods 8287:Samuel T. Rayburn House 8272:Point Isabel Lighthouse 7502:Lower Rio Grande Valley 7144:Big Thicket Association 6008:Dixon, James R. (2013) 5731:Climate, Kountze, Texas 5098:. National Park Service 4709:Peacock, Howard (1994) 4695:Peacock, Howard (1984) 4624:Boardin' in the Thicket 4593:Henley, Dempsie (1970) 3951:), male, Liberty County 3935:) male, Chambers County 3887:), male, Liberty County 3600:Lithobates catesbeianus 3579:), squirrel tree frog ( 3534:), marbled salamander ( 3364:) in San Jacinto County 3293:Pantherophis slowinskii 3287:Lampropeltis triangulum 3278:), speckled kingsnake ( 3128:Three-toed box turtle ( 3096:Razorback musk turtle ( 2998:), broad-headed skinks 2916:Deirochelys reticularia 2907:), Sabine map turtles ( 2791:Red-cockaded woodpecker 2774:ivory-billed woodpecker 2770:red-cockaded woodpecker 2714:Eastern spotted skunk ( 2642:Nine-banded armadillo ( 2551:Harry Church Oberholser 2449:), short-tailed shrew ( 1952:), eastern gama-grass ( 1897:Echinodorus cordifolius 1770:Chasmanthium latifolium 1729:), blueberry hawthorn ( 1720:Liquidambar styraciflua 1468:Crataegus brachyacantha 1465:), blueberry hawthorn ( 1384:Liquidambar styraciflua 1312:), crippled crane fly ( 1306:), southern twayblade ( 1297:Corallorhiza wisteriana 1198:), and American holly ( 1177:Liquidambar styraciflua 1124:Pogonia ophioglossoides 1070:Schizachyrium scoparium 1067:, and little bluestem ( 987:), and trailing phlox ( 984:Thelesperma flavodiscum 871:) and Louisiana yucca ( 827:Aristolochia reticulata 570:: The proximity to the 479:= Ecological analysis * 275:Counties, and parts of 8317:Varner–Hogg Plantation 8247:Mission Espiritu Santo 8227:Levi Jordan Plantation 8014:Mother Neff State Park 7829:Fort Parker State Park 6447:1001 Texas Place Names 6364:Atakapa-Ishak Nation, 6352:March 5, 2019, at the 5614:McLeod, C. A. (1972). 4433:Aubrey Wilson Mullican 4284:United States Congress 4220: 4169: 4096: 4017: 3979:Sarracenia spiketail ( 3861:Somatochlora margarita 3780:) in Montgomery County 3706:Eurycea quadridigitata 3597:), American bullfrog ( 3489:Eurycea quadridigitata 3458:Agkistrodon piscivorus 3442:Agkistrodon contortrix 3394:Pantherophis obsoletus 3342:Agkistrodon piscivorus 3336:Agkistrodon contortrix 3281:Lampropeltis holbrooki 3272:), prairie kingsnake ( 3238:), and the tan racer ( 3221:Pantherophis obsoletus 3162:Sceloporus consobrinus 3098:Sternotherus carinatus 3038:Plestiodon anthracinus 3014:Sceloporus consobrinus 2992:), five-lined skinks ( 2980:Macrochelys temminckii 2946:Sternotherus carinatus 2934:Kinosternon flavescens 2589:U.S. Biological Survey 2476:Odocoileus virginianus 2473:), white-tailed deer ( 2358:Centrosema virginianum 2301:Broad-leaf snoutbean ( 1986: 1958:), and tall dropseed ( 1923: 1906:) and sensitive fern ( 1826: 1757:), Missouri ironweed ( 1642: 1494: 1335: 1321:Triphora trianthophora 1294:), spring coral-root ( 1243:Rhododendron canescens 1192:), southern magnolia ( 1139: 1014: 990:Phlox nivalis texensis 878: 833:Aureolaria grandiflora 830:) and false foxglove ( 800:) and American holly ( 762: 715: 537:, a natural occurring 488: 364: 352: 8387:State Wildlife Trails 8162:Eisenhower Birthplace 7613:Other Protected Areas 7350:Lyndon B. Johnson NHP 7183:Cozine, James. 2004. 7176:Cozine, James. 1993. 7070:June 9, 2016, at the 6989:Huntsville State Park 6861:"Spindletop Oilfield" 6445:Tarpley, Fred (1980) 5828:July 1, 2020, at the 5790:July 3, 2020, at the 5762:July 9, 2021, at the 5381:"Big Thicket, Plants" 4489:The Thicket's Prodigy 4389:explanations include 4311:Huntsville State Park 4240:National Park Service 4209: 4167: 4090: 4084:, outlaws, and such. 4063:(1788–1836) received 4057:Jean Louis Berlandier 4011: 3883:Common green darner ( 3516:), and lesser siren ( 3492:), and central newt ( 3486:), dwarf salamander ( 3245:Nerodia erythrogaster 3215:Masticophis flagellum 3191:Heterodon platirhinos 3062:Hemidactylus turcicus 3026:Ophisaurus attenuatus 2952:Sternotherus odoratus 2940:Kinosternon subrubrum 2172:Onosmodium bejariense 2118:National Park Service 1984: 1955:Tripsacum dactyloides 1949:Sorghastrum avenaceum 1918: 1821: 1628: 1616:) and nodding-nixie ( 1557:Decodon verticillatus 1489: 1330: 1291:Cypripedium calceolus 1133: 1091:), rush bladderwort ( 1003: 975:), Hooker palafoxia ( 965:), Carolina vervain ( 947:) and loblolly pine ( 866: 757: 722:On a larger scale of 701: 550:Sam Rayburn Reservoir 475:= Biological survey * 466: 362: 335: 218:National Park Service 187:National Park Service 136:30.54750°N 94.34000°W 8580:Yukon–Charley Rivers 8282:Sam Bell Maxey House 8119:State Historic Sites 8109:Wyler Aerial Tramway 8039:Palo Pinto Mountains 7457:Balcones Canyonlands 6347:Caddo Mounds History 6308:Abbott, John (2015) 6288:Abbott, John (2011) 5973:The Mammals of Texas 4758:Sitton, Thad (2008) 4473:Bowman, Bob (1990). 4179:Texas Forest Service 3669:), is native to the 3652:Lithobates areolatus 3646:Lithobates palustris 3606:Lithobates clamitans 3573:), green tree frog ( 3543:Ambystoma talpoideum 3540:), mole salamander ( 3507:Amphiuma tridactylum 3501:Amphiuma tridactylum 3146:Plestiodon fasciatus 3114:Graptemys sabinensis 3084:) in Chambers County 3080:American alligator ( 3065:), are found there. 3044:Sceloporus olivaceus 2995:Plestiodon fasciatus 2910:Graptemys sabinensis 2645:Dasypus novemcinctus 2528:Conepatus leuconotus 2455:), American beaver ( 2452:Blarina carolinensis 2446:Dasypus novemcinctus 2440:Didelphis virginiana 2376:Coreopsis lanceolata 2304:Rhynchosia latifolia 2283:Southern arrowwood ( 2266:Heliotropium indicum 2233:) San Jacinto County 2226:Malvaviscus arboreus 1943:Eustoma grandiflorum 1927:Mixed-grass prairies 1861:Fraxinus caroliniana 1803:) and water tupelo ( 1755:Spilanthes americana 1726:Fraxinus caroliniana 1661:Tillandsia usneoides 1590:) and bald cypress ( 1408:Carpinus caroliniana 1343:Wisconsin glaciation 1318:), and three birds ( 1303:Isotria verticillata 1300:), whorled pogonia ( 1252:), and silver bell ( 1195:Magnolia grandiflora 1134:Slope forest with a 1112:Platanthera ciliaris 978:Palafoxia hookeriana 962:Petalostemum griseum 546:B.A. Steinhagen Lake 307:on the east and the 8535:Little River Canyon 8510:Gates of the Arctic 8500:Craters of the Moon 8395:Great Texas Coastal 8327:Zaragoza Birthplace 8302:Sauer-Beckmann Farm 8172:Fannin Battleground 7929:Lake Corpus Christi 7809:Estero Llano Grande 7580:National Grasslands 7285:Guadalupe Mountains 6120:Phrynosoma cornutum 5785:Piney Woods forests 5700:Cozine (2004) p. x. 4415:Annette Gordon-Reed 3949:Orthemis ferruginea 3915:Needham's skimmer ( 3901:Calopteryx maculata 3837:Orthemis ferruginea 3827:Calopteryx maculata 3764:) in Liberty County 3692:) in Liberty County 3634:Anaxyrus woodhousii 3588:Pseudacris crucifer 3531:Ambystoma maculatum 3460:) in Liberty County 3444:) in Liberty County 3428:) in Houston County 3424:Texas coral snake ( 3408:Prairie kingsnake ( 3396:) in Liberty County 3339:) and cottonmouth ( 3314:Sistrurus miliarius 3227:Coluber constrictor 3203:Thamnophis proximus 3178:Anolis carolinensis 3148:) in Liberty County 3112:Sabine map turtle ( 3050:Phrynosoma cornutum 3008:Scincella lateralis 3002:Plestiodon laticeps 2989:Anolis carolinensis 2974:Chelydra serpentina 2853:Nyctanassa violacea 2821:Tyrannus forficatus 2803:Bachman's sparrow ( 2409:last glacial period 2319:Grass-pink orchid ( 2002:Big Thicket gallery 1882:), and buttonbush ( 1812:Bacopa rotundifolia 1765:Justicia lanceolata 1701:), swamp post oak ( 1545:Cyrilla racemiflora 1529:Magnolia virginiana 1363:), cherrybark oak ( 1282:), and wake-robin ( 1261:Arisaema dracontium 1216:) and sugar maple ( 1106:Calopogon tuberosus 920:Quercus marilandica 896:Yucca louisianensis 874:Yucca louisianensis 839:Pteridium aquilinum 183:Governing body 141:30.54750; -94.34000 132: / 8601:Geography of Texas 8575:Wrangell–St. Elias 8485:Bering Land Bridge 8242:Magoffin Homestead 8064:Resaca de la Palma 8009:Monahans Sandhills 7939:Lake Mineral Wells 7924:Lake Colorado City 7839:Franklin Mountains 7337:and Historic Sites 7295:National monuments 7170:2005-01-24 at the 6563:"Honey Island, TX" 5941:Taxodium distichum 5035:Environment portal 4895:Big Thicket Legacy 4838:Big Thicket Region 4737:Riggs, Rob (2001) 4540:. Jenkins 172 pp. 4421:George Glenn Jones 4409:Brian Philip Babin 4170: 4097: 4018: 3965:Libellula luctuosa 3917:Libellula needhami 3855:Libellula needhami 3832:sexually dimorphic 3821:Libellula needhami 3796:) in Hardin County 3748:) in Hardin County 3724:) in Walker County 3704:Dwarf salamander ( 3585:), spring peeper ( 3564:Incilius nebulifer 3549:Ambystoma tigrinum 3472:and 20 species of 3378:Opheodrys aestivus 3376:Rough greensnake ( 3299:Pituophis ruthveni 3236:C. c. flaviventris 3209:Opheodrys aestivus 3164:) in Hardin County 3144:Five-lined skink ( 3132:) in Walker County 3130:Terrapene carolina 3116:) in Orange County 3100:) in Hardin County 3005:), ground skinks ( 2922:Terrapene carolina 2898:Pseudemys concinna 2855:) in Harris County 2823:) in Walker County 2805:Peucaea aestivalis 2717:Spilogale putorius 2593:Tarkington Prairie 2540:Leopardus pardalis 2485:), American mink ( 2482:Spilogale putorius 2325:sp.), Tyler County 2208:Alophia drummondii 2193:sp.) Hardin County 2154:Erythrina herbacea 2140:Wildflower gallery 2134:carnivorous plants 2132:and four types of 2084:extirpated species 1987: 1937:Sorghastrum nutans 1924: 1909:Onoclea sensibilis 1903:Lobelia cardinalis 1849:Taxodium distichum 1839:Taxodium distichum 1827: 1800:Taxodium distichum 1760:Vernonia missurica 1707:), and cedar elm ( 1692:Quercus laurifolia 1643: 1593:Taxodium distichum 1581:Berchemia scandens 1575:Vitis rotundifolia 1520:blackwater streams 1495: 1455:, relatively high 1432:Spiranthes odorata 1417:), southern iris ( 1399:), and red maple ( 1393:), water hickory ( 1336: 1315:Tipularia discolor 1279:Monotropa uniflora 1231:Quercus laurifolia 1228:) and laurel oak ( 1156:), loblolly pine ( 1140: 1094:Utricularia juncea 1088:Drosera brevifolia 1085:), annual sundew ( 1015: 956:Vaccinium arboreum 929:), black hickory ( 914:Quercus margaretta 911:), sand post oak ( 902:Opuntia macrorhiza 879: 815:Alophia drummondii 763: 489: 439:to the south, the 437:Beaumont Formation 365: 355:Physical geography 343:Big Thicket Legacy 8588: 8587: 8560:Tallgrass Prairie 8435: 8434: 8418: 8417: 8367:W. Goodrich Jones 8312:Starr Family Home 8237:Lyndon B. Johnson 8089:Stephen F. Austin 8084:South Llano River 7974:Martin Creek Lake 7651:and Natural Areas 7634: 7633: 7593:Lyndon B. Johnson 7159:Handbook of Texas 6896:Handbook of Texas 6865:Handbook of Texas 6834:Handbook of Texas 6830:"Lumber Industry" 6803:Handbook of Texas 6772:Handbook of Texas 6741:Handbook of Texas 6710:Handbook of Texas 6679:Handbook of Texas 6648:Handbook of Texas 6598:Handbook of Texas 6567:Handbook of Texas 6536:Handbook of Texas 6505:Handbook of Texas 6384:Handbook of Texas 6379:"Atakapa Indians" 6318:978-0-292-71448-9 6298:978-0-292-71449-6 6259:978-1-58544-570-7 6231:Park species list 6197:978-1-4214-0633-6 6095:978-0-8018-9121-2 5843:Plant Communities 5729:US Climate Data: 5561:978-1-5744-1214-7 5420:Handbook of Texas 5325:978-0-8909-6064-6 5237:978-0-8909-6596-2 4375:Light of Saratoga 4357:Light of Saratoga 4300:biosphere reserve 4276:national preserve 4061:Lorenzo de Zavala 4003:Alabama-Coushatta 3947:Roseate skimmer ( 3899:Ebony jewelwing ( 3736:East Texas toad ( 3690:Ambystoma texanum 3677:Amphibian gallery 3671:Rio Grande Valley 3618:Hyla chrysoscelis 3483:Ambystoma texanum 3412:) in Tyler County 3392:Texas rat snake ( 3380:) in Tyler County 3362:Nerodia rhombifer 3320:Crotalus horridus 3263:Nerodia cyclopion 3257:Nerodia rhombifer 2958:Apalone spinifera 2892:Trachemys scripta 2835:Painted bunting ( 2735:Lontra canadensis 2663:Castor canadensis 2660:American beaver ( 2494:Lontra canadensis 2458:Castor canadensis 2391:Short-stem iris ( 2286:Viburnum dentatum 2251:sp.) Tyler County 1971:Triadica sebifera 1879:Ostrya virginiana 1797:). Bald cypress ( 1779:) and water oak ( 1738:Viburnum dentatum 1723:), Carolina ash ( 1710:Ulmus crassifolia 1686:Quercus michauxii 1614:Burmannia biflora 1554:), water willow ( 1474:Ulmus crassifolia 1435:), blue jasmine ( 1354:Quercus michauxii 1309:Listera australis 1249:Cercis canadensis 1240:), hoary azalea ( 1225:Quercus michauxii 1189:Fagus grandifolia 1118:Platanthera nivea 1115:), snowy orchid ( 1100:Pinguicula pumila 981:), green-thread ( 519:San Jacinto River 481:Dotted black line 441:Fleming Formation 309:San Jacinto River 297:Pine Island Bayou 291:on the east, the 257:Alabama–Coushatta 230:biosphere reserve 202: 201: 105:Nearest city 59:Show map of Texas 8648: 8520:Great Sand Dunes 8462: 8455: 8448: 8439: 8438: 8405:Panhandle Plains 8357:John Henry Kirby 8217:Kreische Brewery 8142:Battleship TEXAS 8059:Ray Roberts Lake 8044:Pedernales Falls 8034:Palo Duro Canyon 7984:Matagorda Island 7909:Lake Bob Sandlin 7844:Galveston Island 7645: 7644: 7547:National Forests 7268: 7267: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7221: 7220: 7131: 7118: 7112: 7099: 7093: 7080: 7074: 7061: 7055: 7042: 7036: 7023: 7017: 7004: 6998: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6675:"Kirbyville, TX" 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6639: 6633: 6623: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6496: 6490: 6483: 6477: 6463: 6457: 6443: 6437: 6424: 6418: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6343: 6337: 6326: 6320: 6306: 6300: 6286: 6280: 6267: 6261: 6247: 6241: 6227: 6221: 6208: 6199: 6185: 6179: 6165: 6159: 6145: 6136: 6129: 6123: 6116: 6110: 6103: 6097: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6057: 6051: 6037: 6020: 6018:978-160344-734-8 6006: 5983: 5969: 5952: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5903: 5889: 5852: 5839: 5833: 5820: 5814: 5801: 5795: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5767: 5754: 5741: 5727: 5721: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5680: 5666: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5598: 5597: 5589: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5545: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5410: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5309: 5242: 5241: 5221: 5168: 5167: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5016: 4371:mysterious light 4288:Ralph Yarborough 4218: 4192:Ralph Yarborough 4187:national forests 4130:Great Depression 4126:John Henry Kirby 4102:Henry J. Lutcher 4094: 4078:Confederate Army 4023: 4014:Texas Revolution 3976: 3960: 3944: 3933:Celithemis elisa 3931:Calico pennant ( 3928: 3912: 3896: 3880: 3849:Celithemis elisa 3792:Green treefrog ( 3789: 3773: 3757: 3738:Anaxyrus velatus 3733: 3717: 3708:) in Polk County 3701: 3685: 3661:invasive species 3640:Anaxyrus fowleri 3629:Anaxyrus velatus 3603:), bronze frog ( 3570:Acris blanchardi 3537:Ambystoma opacum 3519:Siren intermedia 3453: 3437: 3421: 3405: 3389: 3373: 3357: 3305:Geomys breviceps 3269:Farancia abacura 3251:Nerodia fasciata 3240:C. c. etheridgei 3194:), brown snake ( 3180:) in Polk County 3173: 3160:Prairie lizard ( 3157: 3141: 3125: 3109: 3093: 3077: 2928:Terrapene ornata 2864: 2848: 2832: 2816: 2800: 2788: 2747: 2729: 2711: 2693: 2681:Glaucomys volans 2675: 2657: 2639: 2602:Myocastor coypus 2567:Ursus americanus 2543:), and jaguars ( 2491:), river otter ( 2470:Glaucomys volans 2464:Geomys breviceps 2394:Iris brevicaulis 2388: 2379:), Hardin County 2370: 2352: 2340:Sarracenia alata 2334: 2316: 2298: 2280: 2269:) Liberty County 2260: 2242: 2220: 2205:Pinewoods lily ( 2202: 2184: 2169:False gromwell ( 2166: 2148: 2122:flowering plants 2088:invasive species 2065: 2053: 2038: 2026: 2010: 1976:invasive species 1961:Sporobolus asper 1891:Saururus cernuus 1870:), river birch ( 1867:Planera aquatica 1794:Penstemon tenuis 1788:Eryngium hookeri 1695:), overcup oak ( 1599:Nymphaea odorata 1480:Celtis laevigata 1462:Maclura pomifera 1426:Iris brevicaulis 1414:Iris pseudacorus 1369:), and red oak ( 1285:Trillium gracile 1276:), Indian pipe ( 1180:) and blackgum ( 1082:Sarracenia alata 1010:Sarracenia alata 967:Stylodon carneus 926:Quercus stellata 848:fire suppression 713: 662:, Rockland, and 477:Solid black line 473:Light green area 375:, predominantly 350: 253:Native Americans 220:established the 170: 168: 147: 146: 144: 143: 142: 137: 133: 130: 129: 128: 125: 85: 79: 78: 72: 60: 54: 53: 47: 33: 21: 20: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8545:New River Gorge 8471: 8466: 8436: 8431: 8414: 8381: 8338: 8331: 8307:Seminole Canyon 8257:Mission Rosario 8252:Mission Dolores 8113: 7994:McKinney Roughs 7979:Martin Dies Jr. 7964:Longhorn Cavern 7944:Lake Somerville 7934:Lake Livingston 7899:Kickapoo Cavern 7869:Guadalupe River 7794:Dinosaur Valley 7779:Davis Mountains 7729:Caprock Canyons 7650: 7630: 7607: 7598:McClellan Creek 7574: 7541: 7492:Laguna Atascosa 7428: 7410: 7387: 7364: 7336: 7329: 7296: 7289: 7257: 7251:Protected areas 7248: 7172:Wayback Machine 7140: 7135: 7134: 7129:Wayback Machine 7119: 7115: 7110:Wayback Machine 7100: 7096: 7091:Wayback Machine 7081: 7077: 7072:Wayback Machine 7062: 7058: 7053:Wayback Machine 7043: 7039: 7034:Wayback Machine 7024: 7020: 7015:Wayback Machine 7005: 7001: 6996:Wayback Machine 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6919: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6888: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6857: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6644:"Lumberton, TX" 6640: 6636: 6624: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6594:"Sour Lake, TX" 6590: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6497: 6493: 6484: 6480: 6464: 6460: 6444: 6440: 6435:Wayback Machine 6425: 6421: 6412: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6354:Wayback Machine 6344: 6340: 6327: 6323: 6307: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6278:Wayback Machine 6268: 6264: 6248: 6244: 6238:Wayback Machine 6228: 6224: 6219:Wayback Machine 6209: 6202: 6186: 6182: 6166: 6162: 6146: 6139: 6130: 6126: 6117: 6113: 6104: 6100: 6088: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6058: 6054: 6048:Wayback Machine 6038: 6023: 6007: 5986: 5970: 5955: 5949:Wayback Machine 5936: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5906: 5900:Wayback Machine 5890: 5855: 5850:Wayback Machine 5840: 5836: 5830:Wayback Machine 5821: 5817: 5811:Wayback Machine 5802: 5798: 5792:Wayback Machine 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5764:Wayback Machine 5755: 5744: 5738:Wayback Machine 5728: 5724: 5718:Wayback Machine 5708: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5667: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5627: 5623: 5612: 5601: 5590: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5562: 5546: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5411: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5326: 5310: 5245: 5238: 5222: 5171: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5003: 4442: 4399: 4359: 4353: 4219: 4216: 4208: 4135:lumber industry 4069:David G. Burnet 3991: 3984: 3977: 3968: 3963:Widow skimmer ( 3961: 3952: 3945: 3936: 3929: 3920: 3913: 3904: 3897: 3888: 3881: 3797: 3790: 3781: 3778:Hyla versicolor 3776:Gray treefrog ( 3774: 3765: 3758: 3749: 3734: 3725: 3718: 3709: 3702: 3693: 3686: 3624:Hyla versicolor 3513:Necturus beyeri 3461: 3454: 3445: 3438: 3429: 3422: 3413: 3406: 3397: 3390: 3381: 3374: 3365: 3358: 3197:Storeria dekayi 3181: 3174: 3165: 3158: 3149: 3142: 3133: 3126: 3117: 3110: 3101: 3094: 3085: 3078: 3069:Reptile gallery 2872: 2869:Eudocimus albus 2865: 2856: 2849: 2840: 2837:Passerina ciris 2833: 2824: 2817: 2808: 2801: 2792: 2789: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2531:), red wolves ( 2405: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2355:Butterfly pea ( 2353: 2344: 2343:), Tyler County 2337:Pitcher plant ( 2335: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2289:), Tyler County 2281: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2221: 2212: 2211:) Hardin County 2203: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2175:) Walker County 2167: 2158: 2149: 2114:prescribed burn 2109:Pinus palustris 2104: 2076:vagrant species 2069: 2066: 2057: 2054: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2027: 2018: 2015:Pinus palustris 2013:Longleaf pine ( 2011: 1931:coastal prairie 1894:) and burhead ( 1750:Sabal louisiana 1704:Quercus similis 1689:), laurel oak ( 1619:Apteria aphylla 1563:Persea borbonia 1551:Myrica cerifera 1438:Clematis crispa 1390:Nyssa sylvatica 1372:Quercus falcata 1360:Quercus phellos 1357:), willow oak ( 1255:Halesia diptera 1183:Nyssa sylvatica 1171:Quercus falcata 1034:Nyssa sylvatica 1028:Pinus palustris 944:Pinus palustris 938:Carya tomentosa 869:Pinus palustris 857:Pinus elliottii 779:Pinus palustris 720: 714: 708: 700: 590: 588:Human geography 554:Lake Livingston 469:Dark green area 357: 351: 341: 334: 210:Southeast Texas 167:1974-October-11 166: 164: 140: 138: 134: 131: 126: 123: 121: 119: 118: 98:Southeast Texas 89: 88: 87: 86: 83: 82: 81: 80: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 56: 55: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8654: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8570:Valles Caldera 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8465: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8442: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8400:Heart of Texas 8397: 8391: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8352:I.D. Fairchild 8349: 8343: 8341: 8339:and Arboretums 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8202:Fulton Mansion 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8182:Fort Lancaster 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8132:Admiral Nimitz 8129: 8123: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8104:Walter Umphrey 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8049:Possum Kingdom 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8019:Mustang Island 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7989:McKinney Falls 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7914:Lake Brownwood 7911: 7906: 7904:Lake Arrowhead 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7814:Fairfield Lake 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7694:Big Bend Ranch 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7655: 7653: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7397: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7345:Fort Davis NHS 7341: 7339: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7276: 7274: 7272:National Parks 7265: 7259: 7258: 7247: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7181: 7174: 7162: 7151: 7146: 7139: 7138:External links 7136: 7133: 7132: 7113: 7094: 7075: 7056: 7037: 7018: 6999: 6980: 6948: 6913: 6882: 6851: 6820: 6789: 6758: 6727: 6696: 6665: 6634: 6615: 6584: 6553: 6522: 6491: 6478: 6458: 6438: 6419: 6406: 6369: 6357: 6338: 6321: 6301: 6281: 6262: 6242: 6222: 6200: 6180: 6160: 6137: 6124: 6111: 6098: 6079: 6052: 6021: 5984: 5953: 5939:Bald Cypress ( 5930: 5918: 5904: 5853: 5834: 5815: 5796: 5777: 5768: 5742: 5722: 5702: 5693: 5681: 5656: 5621: 5599: 5579: 5560: 5481: 5462: 5442: 5398: 5372: 5343: 5324: 5243: 5236: 5169: 5134: 5109: 5087: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5024: 5008: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4986: 4984:978-1574412147 4965: 4943: 4913: 4891: 4857: 4856: 4854:978-1540235893 4834: 4832:978-0292781344 4820: 4818:978-1603442008 4806: 4804:978-0292717824 4784: 4782:978-0292777262 4770: 4768:978-0806139647 4756: 4749: 4735: 4733:978-0890960615 4721: 4707: 4693: 4691:978-0914832041 4679: 4677:978-1492785460 4658: 4651: 4649:978-1585440597 4637: 4634: 4632:978-0929398075 4620: 4618:978-1571684929 4598: 4591: 4589:978-1516827497 4570: 4548: 4546:978-0856990441 4534: 4520: 4513: 4511:978-1585444960 4499: 4485: 4483:978-1878096128 4471: 4457: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4403:John Alexander 4398: 4397:Notable people 4395: 4379:Kaiser Burnout 4355:Main article: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4292:Charles Wilson 4224:Kountze, Texas 4217:Howard Peacock 4214: 4207: 4204: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3799: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3775: 3768: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3750: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3720:Eastern newt ( 3719: 3712: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3582:Hyla squirella 3463: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3430: 3426:Micrurus tener 3423: 3416: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3326:Micrurus tener 3232:C. c. anthicus 3183: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3166: 3159: 3152: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3070: 2964:Apalone mutica 2874: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2759: 2758: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2731: 2724: 2722: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2631:Mammal gallery 2585: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2390: 2383: 2381: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2361:), Polk County 2354: 2347: 2345: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2307:), Polk County 2300: 2293: 2291: 2282: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2157:) Tyler County 2150: 2143: 2141: 2103: 2100: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2040: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2012: 2005: 2003: 1864:), water elm ( 1855:Nyssa aquatica 1830:Cypress slough 1823:Cypress slough 1806:Nyssa aquatica 1698:Quercus lyrata 1569:Itea virginica 1471:), cedar elm ( 1420:Iris virginica 1396:Carya aquatica 1378:Quercus lyrata 1366:Quercus pagoda 1219:Acer saccharum 1162:), white oak ( 1153:Pinus echinata 972:Verbena carnea 908:Quercus incana 797:Cornus florida 785:Pinus echinata 719: 716: 706: 699: 696: 589: 586: 572:Gulf of Mexico 548:(1947–53) and 539:brackish water 485:Solid red line 356: 353: 339: 333: 330: 238:temperate zone 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 116: 112: 111: 109:Kountze, Texas 106: 102: 101: 95: 91: 90: 74: 73: 67: 66: 65: 64: 49: 48: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8653: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8463: 8458: 8456: 8451: 8449: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8337:State Forests 8334: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8262:Monument Hill 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8192:Fort McKavett 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8099:Village Creek 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8004:Mission Tejas 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7949:Lake Tawakoni 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7764:Copper Breaks 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7754:Colorado Bend 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560:Davy Crockett 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7537:Trinity River 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7406:Lake Meredith 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7297:and memorials 7292: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7238: 7233: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7216: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193:1-57441-175-6 7190: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6984: 6965: 6958: 6952: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6886: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6737:"Kountze, TX" 6731: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6706:"Silsbee, TX" 6700: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6632: 6631:0-934213-48-8 6628: 6622: 6620: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6475:0-87611-044-8 6472: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6455:0-292-76015-9 6452: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6423: 6416: 6410: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6342: 6335: 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USA Today. 6063: 6056: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5982: 5981:0-292-70241-8 5978: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5838: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5781: 5772: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5726: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5686: 5679: 5678:0-292-72479-9 5675: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5595: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5469: 5465: 5463:1-57441-175-6 5459: 5455: 5454: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5415:"Big Thicket" 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5054: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4964: 4963:9781574411751 4960: 4956: 4955:1-57441-175-6 4952: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4941:9781574415353 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4925:9781574411607 4922: 4918: 4914: 4912: 4911:9781574411560 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4881:9781574411423 4878: 4874: 4870: 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4358: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106:company towns 4103: 4089: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4030:central Texas 4027: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3999:Atakapa-Ishak 3996: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3655:) which is a 3654: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3456:Cottonmouth ( 3452: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3349:Snake gallery 3348: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3179: 3176:Green anole ( 3172: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3056:Anolis sagrei 3052: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2732:River otter ( 2728: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2607:South America 2604: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2546:Panthera onca 2542: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2503:), gray fox ( 2502: 2501: 2500:Canis latrans 2496: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2488:Mustela vison 2484: 2483: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2397:) Polk County 2396: 2395: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2187:Rose mallow ( 2183: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2042:Sphagnum bogs 2037: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1782:Quercus nigra 1778: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1587:Nyssa biflora 1583: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1539:Ilex coriacea 1536:berry holly ( 1535: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:Trinity River 1446: 1445: 1444:Nuphar luteum 1440: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1387:), blackgum ( 1386: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1348:Quercus nigra 1344: 1340: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1273:A. triphyllum 1269: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1144: 1143:Slope forests 1137: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1019: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1005:Pine savannah 1002: 998: 996: 995:Atakapa-Ishak 992: 991: 986: 985: 980: 979: 974: 973: 968: 964: 963: 958: 957: 952: 951: 946: 945: 940: 939: 934: 933: 928: 927: 923:), post oak ( 922: 921: 916: 915: 910: 909: 904: 903: 898: 897: 891: 887: 883: 876: 875: 870: 865: 861: 859: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 840: 835: 834: 829: 828: 823: 822: 817: 816: 811: 810: 805: 804: 799: 798: 793: 792: 787: 786: 781: 780: 774: 771: 767: 760: 759:Longleaf pine 756: 752: 750: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 712: 705: 695: 693: 689: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 629:Village Mills 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 607:(6,611), and 606: 602: 598: 594: 585: 583: 578: 573: 569: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 515:Trinity River 512: 507: 503: 499: 497: 493: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 465: 461: 459: 458: 453: 452: 446: 442: 438: 433: 428: 424: 420: 418: 414: 409: 404: 400: 396: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 369: 361: 348: 344: 338: 329: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 295:on the west, 294: 293:Trinity River 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265:Hardin County 261: 258: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 198: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 177: 173: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 99: 96: 92: 71: 46: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 8555:Oregon Caves 8494: 8222:Landmark Inn 8177:Fort Griffin 8167:Fanthorp Inn 8152:Casa Navarro 8147:Caddo Mounds 8079:Sheldon Lake 8054:Purtis Creek 7954:Lake Whitney 7889:Indian Lodge 7859:Goose Island 7769:Daingerfield 7744:Choke Canyon 7620: 7517:Neches River 7497:Little Sandy 7472:Buffalo Lake 7208: 7157: 7116: 7097: 7078: 7059: 7040: 7021: 7002: 6983: 6971:. 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