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675:(Bhutanese citizens of ethnic Nepali origin – they were not Bhutanese citizens and they were not Lhotsampas) resented this and revolted against this imposition, thereby getting kicked out of Bhutan to the refugee camps. About 20% of Bhutan's population currently live in exile because of this Bhutanization policies of the Royal Government followed by land expropriation and persecution.
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Traditional
Bhutanese Archery is a social event, and competitions are organized between villages, towns, and amateur teams. There is usually plenty of food and drink complete with singing and dancing. Attempts to distract an opponent include standing around the target and making fun of the shooter's
883:
valley, she is called "Paro Kinley" when she is travelling outside the valley. In Paro valley itself she is identified by the name of her village, thus "Chong Kinley Chozom". Surprisingly, multiple children in a small hamlet of a few houses may have exactly the same name, reflecting the inspiration
390:
to the north, Bhutan has long maintained a policy of strict isolationism, both culturally and economically, with the goal of preserving its cultural heritage and independence. Only in the last decades of the 20th century were foreigners allowed to visit the country, and only then in limited numbers.
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retained their highly distinctive Nepali language, culture, and religion. They participated in public life and politics, even attaining positions of significant leadership. The
Lhotsampas coexisted peacefully with other ethnic groups in Bhutan until the mid 1980s, when Bhutan’s king and the ruling
564:
The daily life of the monk is austere, particularly if they are stationed at one of the monasteries located high in the mountains. At these monasteries food is often scarce and must be carried up by the monks or their visitors. The monks are poorly clothed for winter conditions and the monasteries
878:
As there is a limited constellation of acceptable names to choose from, inevitably many people share the same combination of first and second names. To resolve the ambiguity an informal nicknaming system comes into play which recognizes where a person is from. If a certain "Chong Kinley" is from
817:
Men and women work together in the fields, and both may own small shops or businesses. Men take a full part in household management, often cook, and are traditionally the makers and repairers of clothing (but do not weave the fabric). In the towns, a more "western" pattern of family structure is
572:
A monk's spiritual training continues throughout his life. In addition to serving the community in sacramental roles, he may undertake several extended silent retreats. A common length for such a retreat is three years, three months, three weeks and three days. During the retreat time he will
794:
The government therefore initiated a campaign, known as “One country, one people” or “Bhutanization,” to cement
Bhutanese national identity. The policies imposed the Druk dress code, religious practices, and language use on all Bhutanese regardless of prior practices. These changes negatively
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impacted the
Lhotsampa people, because they did not wear the same traditional dress, practice the same religion, or speak the same language as the northern Bhutanese. The use of the Nepali language was prohibited in schools, many Lhotsampa teachers were dismissed, and textbooks were burned.
503:. Villagers from the surrounding district come for several days of religious observances and socializing while contributing auspicious offerings to the lama or monastery of the festival. The central activity is a fixed set of religious mask dances, or
1234:
standards in technical details, such as the placement of the targets and atmosphere. There are two targets placed over 100 m apart and teams shoot from one end of the field to the other. Each member of the team shoots two arrows per round.
670:
It is a manner and etiquette as what to wear, how to eat, talk and bow down before the government officials and the clergy. The
Driglam Namzha was imposed on all citizens from 1990. The people of different ethnic heritage for example the
678:
To preserve the indigenous Buddha's
Teachings as their long-guarded culture and tradition, Menjong Chöthün Tshogpa, a charitable organization was established in 2002 by The Supreme Dharma King or Trulku Jigme Chöda Rinpoche 70th
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consists of an exchange of white scarves and the sharing of a cup. Marriages can be officially registered when the couple has lived together for more than six months. Traditionally the groom moves to the bride's family home
414:. The Bhutanese are physically similar to the Tibetans, but history does not record when they crossed over the Himalayas and settled in the south-draining valleys of Bhutan. Both Tibetans and Bhutanese revere the tantric
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and
English. Eventually they will choose between two possible paths: to study theology and Buddhist theory, or take the more common path of becoming proficient in the rituals and personal practices of the faith.
2820:
528:, is unfurled in the courtyard of the dzong for several hours. The mere sight of it is believed to bring spiritual liberation. The thongdrel is rolled up before the rays of the morning sun can strike it.
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Each individual dance takes up to several hours to complete and the entire set may last two to four days. Observation of the dances directly blesses the audience and also serves to transmit principles of
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The dress code has met with some resistance from
Lhotshampa, people of Nepali ancestry, living along the Indian border who resent having to wear a cultural dress which is not their own.
967:
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or by the parents or grandparents of the child. First names generally give no indication if the person is male or female; in some cases the second name may be helpful in that regard.
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beings. Houses each fly a small white flag on the roof indicating the owner has made his offering payments to appease the local god. Each valley or district is dominated by a huge
845:, and daughters do not take their father's name at birth, nor their husband's name upon marriage. Rural land may be registered in a woman's name. Women own businesses, and both
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beginning to emerge, with the husband as breadwinner and the wife as home-maker. Both genders may be monks, although in practice the number of female monks is relatively small.
1407:"Buddha Dordenma Project – Buddha Dordenma Foundation Limited – The World's Largest Shakyamuni Buddha Statue construction in Bhutan for World Peace and Everlasting Happiness"
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began the gradual process of introducing modern technology to the medieval kingdom. The first radio service was broadcast for thirty minutes on
Sundays (by what is now the
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of Bhutan. It governs how citizens should dress in public and how they should behave in formal settings. It also regulates a number of cultural assets such as art and
763:) from left shoulder to opposite hip. Local and regional elected officials, government ministers, cabinet members, and the King himself each wear their own colored
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majority became worried that the growing
Lhotsampa population could threaten the majority position and the traditional Buddhist culture of the Druk Bhutanese.
1249:) is an equally popular outdoor team sport, in which heavy wooden darts pointed with a 10 cm nail are thrown at a paperback-sized target 10 to 20 m away.
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The Central Monk Body is an assembly of 600 or so monks who attend to the most critical religious duties of the country. In the summer they are housed in
1431:
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Additional rules of protocol apply when visiting a dzong or a temple, or when appearing before a high-level official. Male commoners wear a white sash (
871:
Except for royal lineages, Bhutanese names do not include a family name. Instead two traditional auspicious names are chosen at birth by the local
746:, according to the season, patterned in simple checks and stripes in earth tones. For special occasions and festivals, colourfully patterned silk
565:
are unheated. The hardship of such a posting is well-recognized; to have a son or brother serving in such a monastery is recognized as very good
1539:
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Monks join the monastery at six to nine years of age and are immediately placed under the discipleship of a headmaster. They learn to read
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periodically meet with his spiritual master who will test him on his development to ensure that the retreat time is not being wasted.
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has relied on its geographical isolation to protect itself from outside cultural influences. A sparsely populated country bordered by
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1173:, covering one's mouth with the hands in refusal according to Bhutanese manners, and then gives in on the second or third offer.
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being more prevalent. Sometimes a prospective groom will work in the bride's family's household to earn the right to marry her.
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In this way, Bhutan has successfully preserved many aspects of its culture, which dates directly back to the mid-17th century.
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906:) beginning in 1973. The first television broadcasts were initiated in 1999, although a few wealthy families had bought
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of the local lama. In this case, she is identified by the name of the house she was born in, thus "Chemsarpo" Kinley.
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has also gained popularity in Bhutan, particularly since the introduction of television channels from India. The
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931:. The movie examines the pull of modernity on village life in Bhutan as coloured by the Buddhist perspective of
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830:), but newlyweds may decide to live with either family depending on which household is most in need of labour.
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Modern Bhutanese culture derives from ancient culture. This culture affected the early growth of this country.
54:
580:, although the titles are distinct. The highest monk in the land is the chief abbot of Bhutan, whose title is
65:
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1112:, are also popular, and indeed almost all milk is turned into butter and cheese. Popular beverages include:
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himself, the founder of Bhutan, and have been passed down essentially unchanged since the mid-17th century.
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1900:
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population in Bhutan, covering 0.2% of the whole country's population. Overall, 75% of the population is
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is the national sport in Bhutan, and competitions are held regularly in most villages. It differs from
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of Bhutan. The chairman at present is Trizin Tsering Rimpoche who also happens to be the founder of
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Women wear colourful blouses over which they fold and clasp a large rectangular cloth called a
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means "system," though the term may be styled "The Rules for Disciplined Behaviour."
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is an unusual exception to the dowry custom which does not exist; inheritance is
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709:) than others. Men wear a heavy knee-length robe tied with a belt, called a
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1202:) is a popular dish in Bhutan. It's also known as Bhutanese national dish.
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Marriages are at the will of either party and divorce is not uncommon. The
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In 2002, the first feature-length movie was shot in Bhutan, the acclaimed
767:. Women wear a narrow embroidered cloth draped over the left shoulder, a
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Previously all Bhutanese citizens were required to observe the national
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to the villagers. A number of the dances can be traced directly back to
2294:
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1600:
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599:'s mortal body has been kept under vigil since the late 17th century.
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1284:; the match took place on the same day Brazil played Germany in the
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is a rice dish mixed with leftover vegetables. Other foods include:
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724:, thereby creating an ankle-length dress. A short silk jacket, or
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Prior to dawn on the final day of the tsechu a huge tapestry, or
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flutter on hillsides, offering up prayers to benefit all nearby
406:, and Bhutanese monks read and write the ancient variant of the
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is one of the most successful affiliate nations in the region.
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or most important village may hold a religious festival, or
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402:, the principal Bhutanese languages, are closely related to
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Stange, Mary Zeiss; Carol K. Oyster; Jane E. Sloan (2011).
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Bhutanese women of Tibetan descent in traditional clothing.
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591:, the nation's capital, and in the winter they descend to
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Despite living in Bhutan for up to five generations, the
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584:. He is theoretically equivalent in stature to the king.
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in texture, but with a nutty taste, the only variety of
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Each monastery is headed by an abbot who is typically a
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is the most popular sport in Bhutan. In 2002, Bhutan's
556:, the language of the ancient sacred texts, as well as
1432:
Nepali-speaking Bhutanese (Lhotsampa) Cultural Profile
910:
as earlier. Internet service was established in 2000.
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means "order, discipline, custom, rules, regimen" and
452:
Bhutanese society is centered around the practice of
438:
Bhutanese Buddhist monk looking out the window of a
1468:
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1066:, are a favourite meal during the cold seasons.
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1446:Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World, Volume 1
1500:– online version of Bhutan's national newspaper
613:Bhutanese music has traditional genres such as
595:dzong, the most sacred dzong in Bhutan, where
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2113:
1560:
1471:Chilli and cheese: food and society in Bhutan
687:, another charitable organization in Bhutan.
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1469:Kunzang Choden; Roder, Walter, eds. (2008).
1365:. Diamond Way Buddhism. 1996. Archived from
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117:Learn how and when to remove this message
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473:Approximately 23% of the population is
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1026:. The diet in the hills also includes
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1516:Nomads of Tibet and Bhutan
1434:, Ethnomed, Maya Maxym, March 1, 2010
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1058:, and dried vegetables, spiced with
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55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
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1574:
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1473:. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus.
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629:, who is also a leading Bhutanese
25:
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2181:
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1330:Royal Academy of Performing Arts
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685:Buddha Dordenma Image Foundation
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156:
31:
1596:Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong
1510:A hidden and mysterious kingdom
1002:The staple foods of Bhutan are
625:. Bhutanese musicians include:
179:Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong
42:needs additional citations for
2821:British Indian Ocean Territory
1462:
1425:
1399:
1381:
929:non-sectarian Khyentse lineage
651:is the official behaviour and
507:, held in a large courtyard.
13:
1:
1521:"The Changing Face of Bhutan"
1345:
1252:Another traditional sport is
1176:
1298:Bhutan national cricket team
1169:When offered food, one says
853:are socially accepted, with
621:, and a modern genre called
485:, and 0.4% other religions.
374:Cradled in the folds of the
7:
1303:
904:Bhutan Broadcasting Service
429:
10:
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2462:Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan
1506:– online private newspaper
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1134:. Popular spices include:
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2222:Dual system of government
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1393:27 September 2007 at the
1325:Public holidays in Bhutan
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1199:
637:Official behavioural code
597:Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal
517:Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal
135:A music parade in Bhutan.
2570:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2420:Gross National Happiness
1320:Gross National Happiness
975:help improve the article
919:written and directed by
916:Travellers and Magicians
898:In the early 1960s, the
887:
799:Men and women in society
602:
2831:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1388:Buddha Dordenma Project
981:or move the content to
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2216:Christianity in Bhutan
1526:28 August 2009 at the
1310:Architecture of Bhutan
1292:, and Bhutan won 4–0.
1290:Changlimithang Stadium
1280:in what was billed as
1274:national football team
1218:
1215:Changlimithang Stadium
879:Chozom village in the
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657:Bhutanese architecture
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443:
136:
2900:Culture of South Asia
1724:(electoral precincts)
1601:Bhutan War (Duar War)
1448:. SAGE. p. 149.
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1046:. Soups and stews of
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730:may be worn over the
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437:
184:Bhutan War (Duar War)
134:
2745:United Arab Emirates
2415:Elections and voting
1536:magazine, March 2008
1100:foods, particularly
900:Third King of Bhutan
426:in the 8th century.
304:World Heritage Sites
51:improve this article
2772:limited recognition
2229:Freedom of religion
1606:Operation All Clear
1512:– by Alkan Chaglar
1413:on 9 September 2011
1363:"Dharma Dictionary"
1022:, and increasingly
691:National dress code
493:Once every year, a
489:Religious festivals
477:. There is a small
189:Operation All Clear
66:"Culture of Bhutan"
18:Bhutanese mythology
2206:Hinduism in Bhutan
2201:Buddhism in Bhutan
2155:Dzong architecture
1901:Telecommunications
1335:Polygamy in Bhutan
1258:, which resembles
1219:
1217:, during a parade.
1076:(a chicken dish),
979:encyclopedic style
977:by introducing an
966:is written like a
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750:and, more rarely,
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448:Religion in Bhutan
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424:Himalayan Buddhism
386:to the south, and
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2895:Himalayan culture
2890:Culture of Bhutan
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2814:other territories
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2452:Religious freedom
2129:Bhutanese society
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2052:
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1918:
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1847:Political parties
1840:National Assembly
1798:Foreign relations
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1480:978-974-480-118-0
1120:, locally brewed
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947:Bhutanese cuisine
823:marriage ceremony
422:, the founder of
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151:Culture of Bhutan
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16:(Redirected from
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2826:Christmas Island
2512:Sovereign states
2504:Culture of Asia
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1369:on 28 March 2010
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1223:Sports in Bhutan
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1104:and cheese from
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927:and head of the
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513:Tantric Buddhism
408:Tibetan language
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194:Military history
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1987:Public holidays
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2780:Abkhazia
2730:Thailand
2685:Pakistan
2665:Mongolia
2660:Maldives
2655:Malaysia
2555:Cambodia
2445:in Nepal
2440:Refugees
2392:politics
2310:Sharchop
2261:Bumthang
2193:Religion
2087:Category
2040:Religion
1825:Military
1776:Politics
1762:Villages
1697:Wildlife
1667:Glaciers
1580:articles
1524:Archived
1391:Archived
1304:See also
1270:Football
1260:shot put
1196:Dzongkha
1160:turmeric
1140:cardamom
1050:, rice,
1004:red rice
855:polygyny
851:polygyny
615:Zhungdra
558:Dzongkha
483:Buddhist
462:sentient
454:Buddhism
430:Religion
400:Sharchop
396:Dzongkha
228:Religion
144:a series
142:Part of
2755:Vietnam
2670:Myanmar
2650:Lebanon
2580:Georgia
2535:Bahrain
2525:Armenia
2150:Cuisine
2137:Culture
2064:Outline
1952:Cuisine
1925:Culture
1906:Tourism
1866:Economy
1721:Chiwogs
1692:Valleys
1647:Climate
1642:Borders
1588:History
1498:Kuensel
1417:3 March
1294:Cricket
1276:played
1232:Olympic
1228:Archery
1164:caraway
1148:thingay
1130:), and
1056:lentils
1028:chicken
973:Please
661:driglam
593:Punakha
589:Thimphu
554:chhokey
546:Trongsa
412:chhokey
404:Tibetan
317:Symbols
221:Cuisine
169:History
91:scholar
2800:Taiwan
2735:Turkey
2700:Russia
2635:Kuwait
2615:Jordan
2605:Israel
2565:Cyprus
2550:Brunei
2545:Bhutan
2347:Lepcha
2319:Brokpa
2288:Gurung
2281:Tamang
2274:Nepali
2248:Ngalop
1962:Emblem
1947:Cinema
1937:Anthem
1888:Energy
1753:Gewogs
1715:Cities
1687:Rivers
1578:
1576:Bhutan
1477:
1452:
1206:Sports
1162:, and
1156:garlic
1144:ginger
1102:butter
1090:, and
1088:bathup
1083:thukpa
1064:cheese
1006:(like
839:Bhutan
765:kabney
760:kabney
665:namzha
623:Rigsar
619:Boedra
500:Tsechu
479:Muslim
380:Bhutan
277:Cinema
207:People
146:on the
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2841:Macau
2760:Yemen
2720:Syria
2695:Qatar
2675:Nepal
2610:Japan
2585:India
2575:Egypt
2560:China
2361:Oraon
2340:Layap
2333:Monpa
2302:Limbu
2255:Kheng
2172:Women
2167:Music
2071:Index
2045:Women
2015:Crime
1992:Sport
1977:Music
1972:Media
1672:Lakes
1255:digor
1241:Darts
1136:curry
1098:Dairy
1052:ferns
1024:maize
934:tanha
888:Media
769:rachu
727:toego
603:Music
567:karma
542:dzong
495:dzong
475:Hindu
467:dzong
388:China
384:India
288:Sport
267:Radio
259:Media
249:Music
98:JSTOR
84:books
2680:Oman
2645:Laos
2600:Iraq
2595:Iran
2390:and
2368:Toto
2354:Lhop
2326:Koch
1967:Flag
1956:wine
1815:King
1808:LGBT
1475:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1419:2008
1375:2010
1262:and
1246:kuru
1132:beer
1110:cows
1108:and
1106:yaks
1062:and
1048:meat
1044:lamb
1040:pork
1036:beef
1012:rice
941:Food
925:lama
881:Paro
873:lama
849:and
835:Asia
789:Druk
748:kira
744:wool
740:kira
738:and
732:kira
721:kira
647:The
578:Lama
505:cham
416:guru
398:and
324:Flag
70:news
2812:and
2388:Law
2295:Rai
2145:Art
1154:),
1123:ara
1094:.
1032:yak
1018:),
833:In
752:gho
736:gho
712:gho
235:Art
53:by
2886::
1354:^
1198::
1166:.
1158:,
1146:,
1142:,
1138:,
1116:,
1086:,
1080:,
1054:,
1038:,
1030:,
837:,
771:.
633:.
617:,
548:).
540:A
418:,
378:,
2496:e
2489:t
2482:v
2447:)
2443:(
2121:e
2114:t
2107:v
1958:)
1954:(
1738:)
1734:(
1568:e
1561:t
1554:v
1483:.
1458:.
1421:.
1377:.
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1150:(
1126:(
993:)
989:(
985:.
971:.
826:(
544:(
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363:e
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349:v
120:)
114:(
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95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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