725:
133:
249:
659:
36:
690:. However, this does not mean that beta-emitting isotopes can be completely shielded by such thin shields: as they decelerate in matter, beta electrons emit secondary gamma rays, which are more penetrating than betas per se. Shielding composed of materials with lower atomic weight generates gammas with lower energy, making such shields somewhat more effective per unit mass than ones made of larger atoms such as lead.
506:
1285:, coming through a system of rollers. Some of the beta radiation is absorbed while passing through the product. If the product is made too thick or thin, a correspondingly different amount of radiation will be absorbed. A computer program monitoring the quality of the manufactured paper will then move the rollers to change the thickness of the final product.
1218:, which indicates the stochastic biological effect of low levels of radiation on human tissue. The radiation weighting conversion factor from absorbed dose to equivalent dose is 1 for beta, whereas alpha particles have a factor of 20, reflecting their greater ionising effect on tissue.
517:. Cs is noted for a characteristic gamma peak at 661 keV, but this is actually emitted by the daughter radionuclide Ba. The diagram shows the type and energy of the emitted radiation, its relative abundance, and the daughter nuclides after decay.
380:
level, W emission turns a down quark into an up quark, turning a neutron (one up quark and two down quarks) into a proton (two up quarks and one down quark). The virtual W boson then decays into an electron and an antineutrino.
686:, beta has the medium penetrating power and the medium ionising power. Although the beta particles given off by different radioactive materials vary in energy, most beta particles can be stopped by a few millimeters of
693:
Being composed of charged particles, beta radiation is more strongly ionizing than gamma radiation. When passing through matter, a beta particle is decelerated by electromagnetic interactions and may give off
740:
The ionizing or excitation effects of beta particles on matter are the fundamental processes by which radiometric detection instruments detect and measure beta radiation. The ionization of gas is used in
392:. Free neutrons also decay via this process. Both of these processes contribute to the copious quantities of beta rays and electron antineutrinos produced by fission-reactor fuel rods.
1314:
in a television. The illumination requires no external power, and will continue as long as the tritium exists (and the phosphors do not themselves chemically change); the
509:
Caesium-137 decay scheme, showing it initially undergoes beta decay. The 661 keV gamma peak associated with Cs is actually emitted by the daughter radionuclide.
256:. An antineutrino (not shown) is always emitted along with an electron. Insert: in the decay of a free neutron, a proton, an electron (negative beta ray), and an
779:
646:. In comparison to other beta radiation-emitting nuclides, the electron is moderately energetic. It is blocked by around 1 m of air or 5 mm of
202:
Beta particles with an energy of 0.5 MeV have a range of about one metre in the air; the distance is dependent on the particle's energy and the air's
406:
Unstable atomic nuclei with an excess of protons may undergo β decay, also called positron decay, where a proton is converted into a neutron, a
2094:
2079:
772:
1557:
1210:, which is the amount of radiation energy deposited in the irradiated material. For beta radiation this is numerically equal to the
1509:
1422:
for a beta particle is the same as for
Thomson's electron, and therefore suggested that the beta particle is in fact an electron.
2048:
765:
1258:. Determination of this energy is done by measuring the amount of deflection of the electron's path under a magnetic field.
708:
typically exceeds the speed of light in that material (which is about 75% that of light in vacuum), and thus generates blue
100:
2074:
2043:
1988:
642:
varies with an average of approximately 0.5 MeV and the remainder of the energy is carried by the nearly undetectable
72:
1707:
1662:
497:
of the daughter nucleus is greater than that of the parent nucleus, i.e., the daughter nucleus is a lower-energy state.
2023:
1517:
716:
can thus be visualized through the transparent water that covers and shields the reactor (see illustration at right).
119:
79:
2089:
1596:
1675:
1494:
523:
is a beta emitter widely used in medicine. It has a short half-life of 14.29 days and decays into sulfur-32 by
199:. There are two forms of beta decay, β decay and β decay, which produce electrons and positrons, respectively.
86:
57:
53:
17:
2155:
806:
1337:
1384:
that did not show up on the
Becquerel plates because they were easily absorbed by the black wrapping paper
68:
2175:
1911:
1171:
1133:
1094:
1065:
2143:
1998:
1971:
1653:
1114:
2028:
1881:
1230:
1966:
1876:
1740:
225:. The higher the ionising effect, the greater the damage to living tissue, but also the lower the
1906:
1700:
1162:
1085:
705:
385:
46:
2180:
2147:
2058:
1732:
1615:
2151:
1886:
754:
713:
643:
606:
273:
257:
243:
2008:
1896:
1853:
1803:
1546:
1459:
1454:
1395:
670:
reactor pool is due to high-speed beta particles traveling faster than the speed of light (
252:
Beta decay. A beta particle (in this case a negative electron) is shown being emitted by a
214:
93:
1281:
Beta particles are also used in quality control to test the thickness of an item, such as
8:
2125:
2003:
1916:
709:
663:
2084:
2120:
1941:
1921:
1901:
1785:
1693:
1581:
The macroscopic speed of light in water is 75% of the speed of light in vacuum (called
1330:
1306:, it emits beta particles; these strike the phosphor, causing the phosphor to give off
900:
742:
210:
1521:
1430:
Beta particles are moderately penetrating in living tissue, and can cause spontaneous
2013:
1891:
1828:
1793:
1469:
1442:
1374:
1303:
872:
814:
411:
401:
188:
724:
2018:
1627:
1464:
1311:
373:
370:
366:
2130:
2115:
1931:
1843:
1833:
1685:
1679:
1666:
1648:
1381:
1348:
1211:
1046:
933:
389:
1978:
1936:
1926:
1848:
1838:
1808:
746:
712:
when it passes through water. The intense beta radiation from the fuel rods of
695:
679:
671:
494:
253:
226:
222:
192:
136:
1631:
2169:
2053:
1798:
1659:
1409:
1377:
continued these experiments and discovered two different kinds of radiation:
1207:
969:
729:
647:
520:
493:
Beta-plus decay can only happen inside nuclei when the absolute value of the
132:
2033:
1993:
1858:
1360:
1352:
1315:
1275:
1267:
843:
750:
733:
678:
Of the three common types of radiation given off by radioactive materials,
277:
1775:
1585:). The beta particle is moving faster than 0.75 c, but not faster than c.
1387:
beta particles which are 100 times more penetrating than alpha particles.
1203:
979:
941:
757:. The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units:
514:
1823:
1770:
1290:
1271:
1222:
1027:
524:
196:
1246:
The energy contained within individual beta particles is measured via
2110:
1983:
1818:
1765:
1755:
1716:
1507:
1474:
1364:
1319:
824:
687:
683:
218:
156:
148:
1672:
1412:
used to study cathode rays and identify the electron. He found that
658:
35:
1760:
1745:
1431:
1326:
1299:
1251:
914:
639:
582:
407:
281:
248:
184:
180:
152:
144:
638:
of energy is released during the decay. The kinetic energy of the
2038:
1356:
1333:
1295:
1215:
1124:
1056:
910:
265:
203:
1616:"Uranium radiation and the electrical conduction produced by it"
1307:
505:
269:
140:
1278:
is the material most commonly used to produce beta particles.
1266:
Beta particles can be used to treat health conditions such as
513:
The accompanying decay scheme diagram shows the beta decay of
159:
requires shielding by dense material such as lead or concrete.
1863:
1750:
1597:"4. Beta Spectroscopy — Modern Lab Experiments documentation"
1368:
1282:
987:
698:
667:
377:
369:. The neutron turns into a proton through the emission of a
1250:; the study of the obtained distribution of energies as a
674:) in water (which is 75% of the speed of light in vacuum).
1435:
1318:
will drop to half its original value in 12.32 years, the
1234:
1226:
1001:
635:
268:
may undergo β decay, where a neutron is converted into a
217:
purposes, they are regarded as being more ionising than
1508:
Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory (9 August 2000).
1649:
Radioactivity and alpha, beta, gamma and Xrays
1497:. United States Nuclear Regulatory Com. 2017-10-02.
1363:plate, wrapped with black paper, with some unknown
143:nuclei and is readily stopped by a sheet of paper.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1715:
2167:
1237:unit of equivalent dose, used mainly in the USA.
653:
384:β− decay commonly occurs among the neutron-rich
395:
237:
1701:
1613:
773:
264:An unstable atomic nucleus with an excess of
1682:at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1487:
719:
155:, is stopped by a thin aluminum plate, but
1708:
1694:
780:
766:
728:Beta radiation detected in an isopropanol
732:(after insertion of an artificial source
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1556:. Laboratoire Nationale Henri Bequerel.
723:
657:
504:
247:
131:
1336:is the source of the positrons used in
14:
2168:
2049:Wireless electronic devices and health
1541:
1539:
1408:) for beta particles by the method of
761:Ionizing radiation related quantities
1689:
500:
2075:List of civilian radiation accidents
2044:Wireless device radiation and health
2039:Biological dose units and quantities
1989:Electromagnetic radiation and health
1241:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1594:
1536:
704:In water, beta radiation from many
527:as shown in this nuclear equation:
232:
24:
2024:Radioactivity in the life sciences
1642:
1518:United States Department of Energy
1391:He published his results in 1899.
1367:that could not be turned off like
25:
2192:
1673:Basic Nuclear Science Information
229:of the radiation through matter.
1394:In 1900, Becquerel measured the
1288:An illumination device called a
1156:
1079:
995:
927:
837:
365:This process is mediated by the
179:), is a high-energy, high-speed
34:
1563:from the original on 2022-10-09
1261:
1229:unit for absorbed dose and the
45:needs additional citations for
1656:University of Virginia Lecture
1607:
1588:
1575:
1501:
1355:, accidentally found out that
1274:and are also used as tracers.
13:
1:
1614:E. Rutherford (8 May 2009) .
1480:
654:Interaction with other matter
209:Beta particles are a type of
1441:Beta sources can be used in
1338:positron emission tomography
7:
1912:Cosmic background radiation
1448:
1351:, while experimenting with
666:light being emitted from a
531:
396:β decay (positron emission)
238:β decay (electron emission)
10:
2197:
2141:
1999:Lasers and aviation safety
1343:
399:
241:
2139:
2103:
2067:
2029:Radioactive contamination
1954:
1882:Electromagnetic radiation
1872:
1784:
1731:
1724:
1669:at Idaho State University
1632:10.1080/14786449908621245
1425:
1113:
1045:
968:
899:
813:
720:Detection and measurement
221:, but less ionising than
2142:See also the categories
2080:1996 Costa Rica accident
1741:Acoustic radiation force
1316:amount of light produced
1206:(Gy) is the SI unit of
749:, and the excitation of
706:nuclear fission products
2054:Radiation heat-transfer
1907:Gravitational radiation
2095:1990 Zaragoza accident
2090:1984 Moroccan accident
2059:Linear energy transfer
1733:Non-ionizing radiation
1620:Philosophical Magazine
1445:to kill cancer cells.
1163:röntgen equivalent man
1086:röntgen equivalent man
755:scintillation counters
747:Geiger–Müller counters
737:
714:swimming pool reactors
675:
510:
272:, an electron, and an
261:
160:
2085:1987 Goiânia accident
1887:Synchrotron radiation
1877:Earth's energy budget
1859:Radioactive materials
1854:Particle accelerators
727:
661:
644:electron antineutrino
508:
274:electron antineutrino
258:electron antineutrino
251:
135:
2156:Radiation protection
2009:Radiation protection
1897:Black-body radiation
1804:Background radiation
1719:(physics and health)
1660:History of Radiation
1460:Electron irradiation
1455:Common beta emitters
1396:mass-to-charge ratio
215:radiation protection
54:improve this article
2126:Radiation hardening
2068:Radiation incidents
2004:Medical radiography
1963:Radiation syndrome
1917:Cherenkov radiation
787:
710:Cherenkov radiation
664:Cherenkov radiation
2176:Ionizing radiation
2121:Radioactive source
1942:Radiation exposure
1922:Askaryan radiation
1902:Particle radiation
1786:Ionizing radiation
1678:2006-12-05 at the
1665:2017-05-06 at the
1654:Rays and Particles
1514:Nuclear Wall Chart
1495:"Radiation Basics"
1331:radioactive tracer
1233:is the deprecated
1225:is the deprecated
760:
738:
676:
511:
501:Beta decay schemes
386:fission byproducts
262:
211:ionizing radiation
161:
27:Ionizing radiation
2163:
2162:
2144:Radiation effects
2014:Radiation therapy
1950:
1949:
1892:Thermal radiation
1829:Neutron radiation
1794:Radioactive decay
1595:Boeglin, Werner.
1443:radiation therapy
1375:Ernest Rutherford
1340:(PET scan).
1256:beta spectroscopy
1248:beta spectrometry
1242:Beta spectroscopy
1199:
1198:
1170:100 erg⋅g ×
1093:100 erg⋅g ×
630:
629:
412:electron neutrino
402:Positron emission
227:penetrating power
206:and composition.
189:radioactive decay
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2188:
2104:Related articles
2019:Radiation damage
1844:Nuclear reactors
1729:
1728:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1636:
1635:
1626:(284): 109–163.
1611:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1551:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1520:. Archived from
1505:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1470:n (neutron) rays
1465:Particle physics
1421:
1407:
1312:cathode-ray tube
1310:, much like the
1214:measured by the
1022:
1020:
964:
962:
951:
949:
894:
893:
890:
866:
857:
855:
788:
782:
775:
768:
759:
626:
624:
623:
616:
613:
612:
599:
597:
596:
589:
588:
575:
574:
573:
566:
565:
552:
551:
550:
543:
542:
532:
489:
488:
487:
479:
478:
470:
469:
468:
461:
460:
452:
451:
450:
443:
442:
434:
433:
432:
425:
424:
390:nuclear reactors
367:weak interaction
361:
360:
359:
352:
349:
348:
340:
339:
338:
331:
330:
322:
321:
320:
313:
312:
304:
303:
302:
295:
294:
233:Beta decay modes
147:, consisting of
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2135:
2131:Havana syndrome
2116:Nuclear physics
2099:
2063:
1956:
1946:
1932:Unruh radiation
1868:
1849:Nuclear weapons
1834:Nuclear fission
1780:
1720:
1714:
1680:Wayback Machine
1667:Wayback Machine
1645:
1643:Further reading
1640:
1639:
1612:
1608:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1549:
1547:"Phosphorus-32"
1545:
1544:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1524:on 3 March 2016
1506:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1451:
1428:
1413:
1399:
1382:alpha particles
1349:Henri Becquerel
1346:
1264:
1244:
1212:equivalent dose
1188:
1179:
1150:
1141:
1102:
1073:
1047:Equivalent dose
1035:100 erg⋅g
1018:
1016:
960:
958:
947:
945:
891:
888:
886:
864:
853:
851:
786:
722:
656:
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
611:
609:
608:
607:
605:
595:
593:
592:
591:
587:
585:
584:
583:
581:
572:
570:
569:
568:
564:
561:
560:
559:
558:
549:
547:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
503:
486:
483:
482:
481:
477:
475:
474:
473:
472:
467:
465:
464:
463:
459:
457:
456:
455:
454:
449:
447:
446:
445:
441:
439:
438:
437:
436:
431:
429:
428:
427:
423:
421:
420:
419:
418:
404:
398:
358:
355:
354:
353:
350:
347:
345:
344:
343:
342:
337:
335:
334:
333:
329:
327:
326:
325:
324:
319:
317:
316:
315:
311:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
299:
298:
297:
293:
291:
290:
289:
288:
246:
240:
235:
223:alpha particles
187:emitted by the
157:gamma radiation
137:Alpha radiation
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Beta particle"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Health physics
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1937:Dark radiation
1934:
1929:
1927:Bremsstrahlung
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:Nuclear fusion
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1809:Alpha particle
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1670:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1606:
1587:
1574:
1535:
1500:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1475:δ (delta) rays
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1427:
1424:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1345:
1342:
1325:Beta-plus (or
1263:
1260:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1219:
1197:
1196:
1195:0.010 Sv
1193:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1115:Effective dose
1111:
1110:
1109:0.010 Sv
1107:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1043:
1042:
1041:0.010 Gy
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
998:
997:
994:
991:
985:
982:
977:
966:
965:
956:
953:
939:
936:
930:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
908:
897:
896:
884:
881:
878:
875:
869:
868:
861:
858:
849:
846:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
822:
811:
810:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
785:
784:
777:
770:
762:
721:
718:
696:bremsstrahlung
672:phase velocity
655:
652:
632:
631:
628:
627:
620:
610:
603:
600:
594:
586:
579:
576:
571:
562:
556:
553:
548:
539:
502:
499:
495:binding energy
491:
490:
484:
476:
466:
458:
448:
440:
430:
422:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
363:
362:
356:
346:
336:
328:
318:
310:
300:
292:
242:Main article:
239:
236:
234:
231:
193:atomic nucleus
173:beta radiation
167:, also called
145:Beta radiation
128:
127:
110:September 2024
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Beta radiation
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2193:
2182:
2181:Radioactivity
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:Radioactivity
2145:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
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2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
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1982:
1980:
1977:
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1970:
1968:
1965:
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1953:
1943:
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1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Beta particle
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Cluster decay
1797:
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1792:
1791:
1789:
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1783:
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1725:Main articles
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1601:wanda.fiu.edu
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1420:
1416:
1411:
1410:J. J. Thomson
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:) decay of a
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:. As tritium
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:absorbed dose
1205:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1164:
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1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
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1108:
1105:
1103:
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1097:
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1076:
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1068:
1063:
1060:
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1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
989:
986:
983:
981:
978:
975:
971:
970:Absorbed dose
967:
957:
954:
943:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
924:
921:
918:
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799:
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790:
789:
783:
778:
776:
771:
769:
764:
763:
758:
756:
752:
751:scintillators
748:
744:
735:
731:
730:cloud chamber
726:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
697:
691:
689:
685:
681:
673:
669:
665:
660:
651:
649:
648:acrylic glass
645:
641:
637:
625:
604:
601:
598:
580:
577:
557:
554:
534:
533:
530:
529:
528:
526:
522:
521:Phosphorus-32
518:
516:
507:
498:
496:
417:
416:
415:
413:
409:
403:
393:
391:
387:
382:
379:
375:
372:
368:
287:
286:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:are produced.
259:
255:
250:
245:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:beta particle
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2152:Radiobiology
2034:Radiobiology
1994:Laser safety
1813:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1600:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1554:nucleide.org
1553:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:the original
1513:
1510:"Beta Decay"
1503:
1489:
1440:
1429:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1373:
1361:photographic
1353:fluorescence
1347:
1324:
1322:of tritium.
1289:
1287:
1280:
1276:Strontium-90
1265:
1262:Applications
1255:
1247:
1245:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1118:
1099:
1095:
1070:
1066:
1050:
973:
963:10 C/kg
922:C⋅kg of air
904:
818:
743:ion chambers
739:
734:strontium-90
703:
692:
677:
633:
519:
512:
492:
405:
388:produced in
383:
364:
278:antiparticle
263:
208:
201:
176:
172:
168:
164:
162:
139:consists of
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1776:Ultraviolet
1771:Radio waves
1272:bone cancer
867:10 Bq
809:equivalent
800:Derivation
753:is used in
682:, beta and
634:1.709
515:caesium-137
195:, known as
2170:Categories
1957:and health
1955:Radiation
1824:Cosmic ray
1528:17 January
1481:References
1359:exposed a
1021:10 Gy
880:10 s
873:rutherford
525:beta decay
219:gamma rays
213:, and for
197:beta decay
80:newspapers
2111:Half-life
1984:Dosimetry
1819:Gamma ray
1766:Microwave
1756:Starlight
1717:Radiation
1365:radiation
1320:half-life
1294:contains
1291:betalight
1004:per gram
895: Bq
856:10 s
825:becquerel
791:Quantity
688:aluminium
410:, and an
376:. At the
153:positrons
149:electrons
1761:Sunlight
1746:Infrared
1676:Archived
1663:Archived
1558:Archived
1449:See also
1432:mutation
1327:positron
1300:phosphor
1252:spectrum
1157:SI unit
1080:SI unit
996:SI unit
928:SI unit
915:kilogram
901:Exposure
838:SI unit
815:Activity
640:electron
408:positron
282:neutrino
266:neutrons
185:positron
181:electron
175:(symbol
169:beta ray
1972:chronic
1567:28 June
1357:uranium
1344:History
1334:isotope
1308:photons
1296:tritium
1216:sievert
1132:J⋅kg ×
1125:sievert
1064:J⋅kg ×
1057:sievert
952:of air
950: g
934:röntgen
911:coulomb
797:Symbol
374:W boson
371:virtual
280:of the
254:nucleus
244:β decay
204:density
94:scholar
2154:, and
1426:Health
1369:X-rays
1304:decays
1298:and a
1010:erg⋅g
1007:erg/g
699:X-rays
615:ν
480:ν
351:ν
270:proton
191:of an
141:helium
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1967:acute
1864:X-ray
1751:Light
1561:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1283:paper
1192:1971
1154:1977
1106:1971
1077:1977
1038:1953
1013:1950
993:1974
955:1928
946:0.001
925:1974
919:C/kg
883:1946
860:1953
844:curie
835:1974
803:Year
794:Unit
684:gamma
680:alpha
668:TRIGA
662:Blue
378:quark
276:(the
101:JSTOR
87:books
1569:2022
1530:2016
1270:and
1221:The
1204:gray
1202:The
1167:rem
1090:rem
1032:rad
990:⋅kg
980:gray
959:2.58
913:per
781:edit
774:talk
767:view
745:and
73:news
1628:doi
1436:DNA
1434:in
1268:eye
1254:is
1235:CGS
1231:rem
1227:CGS
1223:rad
1129:Sv
1061:Sv
1028:rad
1017:1.0
1002:erg
984:Gy
948:293
942:esu
892:000
889:000
877:Rd
863:3.7
852:3.7
848:Ci
829:Bq
636:MeV
284:):
183:or
171:or
151:or
56:by
2172::
2150:,
2146:,
1624:47
1622:.
1618:.
1599:.
1552:.
1538:^
1516:.
1512:.
1438:.
1371:.
1180:×
1142:×
1121:)
1053:)
976:)
944:/
938:R
907:)
832:s
821:)
807:SI
701:.
650:.
563:16
540:15
471:+
453:+
435:→
414::
341:+
323:+
305:→
163:A
1709:e
1702:t
1695:v
1634:.
1630::
1603:.
1583:c
1571:.
1532:.
1419:m
1417:/
1415:e
1405:e
1403:/
1401:m
1398:(
1186:T
1182:W
1177:R
1173:W
1148:T
1144:W
1139:R
1135:W
1119:E
1117:(
1100:R
1096:W
1071:R
1067:W
1051:H
1049:(
1019:×
988:J
974:D
972:(
961:×
905:X
903:(
887:1
865:×
854:×
819:A
817:(
736:)
621:e
602:+
590:e
578:+
567:S
555:→
544:P
485:e
462:e
444:n
426:p
357:e
332:e
314:p
296:n
177:β
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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