188:. The approved health claim was later amended to include these sources of β-glucan: rolled oats (oatmeal), oat bran, whole oat flour, oatrim (the soluble fraction of alpha-amylase hydrolyzed oat bran or whole oat flour), whole grain barley and barley beta-fiber. An example of an allowed label claim: "Soluble fiber from foods such as oatmeal, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. A serving of oatmeal supplies 0.75 grams of the 3.0 g of β-glucan soluble fiber necessary per day to have this effect." The claim language is in the Federal Register 21 CFR 101.81 Health Claims: "Soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)".
224:
353:
3107:
80:
465:
329:
309:
289:
43:
374:β-glucans form a natural component of the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, yeast, and cereals such as oat and barley. Each type of beta-glucan comprises a different molecular backbone, level of branching, and molecular weight which affects its solubility and physiological impact. One of the most common sources of β(1,3)D-glucan for supplement use is derived from the cell wall of baker's yeast (
246:-glucose units with β-1,3 links. Yeast and fungal β-glucans contain 1-6 side branches, while cereal β-glucans contain both β-1,3 and β-1,4 backbone bonds. The frequency, location, and length of the side-chains may play a role in immunomodulation. Differences in molecular weight, shape, and structure of β-glucans dictate the differences in biological activity.
539:-glucan in blood is marketed as a means of identifying invasive or disseminated fungal infections. This test should be interpreted within the broader clinical context, however, as a positive test does not render a diagnosis, and a negative test does not rule out infection. False positives may occur because of fungal contaminants in the antibiotics
498:
Oats and barley differ in the ratio of trimer and tetramer 1-4 linkages. Barley has more 1-4 linkages with a degree of polymerization higher than 4. However, the majority of barley blocks remain trimers and tetramers. In oats, β-glucan is found mainly in the endosperm of the oat kernel, especially in
176:
Cereal and fungal products have been used for centuries for medicinal and cosmetic purposes; however, the specific role of β-glucan was not explored until the 20th century. β-glucans were first discovered in lichens, and shortly thereafter in barley. A particular interest in oat β-glucan arose after
510:
facilitate the transportation of β(1,3)-glucans and similar compounds across the intestinal cell wall into the lymph, where they begin to interact with macrophages to activate immune function. Radiolabeled studies have verified that both small and large fragments of β-glucans are found in the serum,
1662:
Lahmer, Tobias; da Costa, Clarissa
Prazeres; Held, Jürgen; Rasch, Sebastian; Ehmer, Ursula; Schmid, Roland M.; Huber, Wolfgang (4 April 2017). "Usefulness of 1,3 Beta-D-Glucan Detection in non-HIV Immunocompromised Mechanical Ventilated Critically Ill Patients with ARDS and Suspected Pneumocystis
1824:
Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis; Alexander, Barbara D.; Kett, Daniel H.; Vazquez, Jose; Pappas, Peter G.; Saeki, Fumihiro; Ketchum, Paul A.; Wingard, John; Schiff, Robert (1 September 2005). "Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1→3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in
200:-glucose rings connected linearly at varying carbon positions depending on the source, although most commonly β-glucans include a 1-3 glycosidic link in their backbone. Although technically β-glucans are chains of
734:
1537:"Beta-D-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome"
1326:"Role of the glycocalyx in regulating access of microparticles to apical plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells: implications for microbial attachment and oral vaccine targeting"
1500:
Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, et al. (2005). "Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1→3)β-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans".
1146:"Understanding the Physics of Functional Fibers in the Gastrointestinal Tract: An Evidence-Based Approach to Resolving Enduring Misconceptions about Insoluble and Soluble Fiber"
1185:
Keenan, M. J.; Martin, R. J.; Raggio, A. M.; McCutcheon, K. L.; Brown, I. L.; Birkett, A.; Newman, S. S.; Skaf, J.; Hegsted, M.; Tulley, R. T.; Blair, E.; Zhou, J. (2012).
655:"The effect of oat β-glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for CVD risk reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials"
257:. The process leading to β-1,6 linkages is poorly understood: although genes important in the process have been identified, not much is known about what each of them do.
735:
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=1&SID=4bf49f997b04dcacdfbd637db9aa5839&ty=HTML&h=L&mc=true&n=pt21.2.101&r=PART#se21.2.101_181
137:
but vary with respect to molecular mass, solubility, viscosity, branching structure, and gelation properties, causing diverse physiological effects in animals.
1457:
Obayashi T, Yoshida M, Mori T, et al. (1995). "Plasma (13)-beta-D-glucan measurement in diagnosis of invasive deep mycosis and fungal febrile episodes".
220:
is not conventionally considered a β-glucan, as it is insoluble and does not exhibit the same physicochemical properties as other cereal or yeast β-glucans.
2064:
235:-glucose chain, which branch off the β-glucan backbone. In addition, these side-chains can be attached to other types of molecules, like proteins, as in
790:
Sikora, Per (14 June 2012). "Identification of high b-glucan oat lines and localization and chemical characterization of their seed kernel b-glucans".
184:
approved of a claim that intake of at least 3.0 g of β-glucan from oats per day decreased absorption of dietary cholesterol and reduced the risk of
1983:
1410:"Mechanism by which orally administered β-1,3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor models"
1716:"A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-β-D-glucan for invasive fungal infection: Focus on cutoff levels"
1187:"High-Amylose Resistant Starch Increases Hormones and Improves Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Microarray Study"
1902:
2371:
1948:
839:
747:
Zeković, Djordje B. (10 October 2008). "Natural and
Modified (1→3)-β-D-Glucans in Health Promotion and Disease Alleviation".
2079:
696:"Oat-bran intake selectively lowers serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of hypercholesterolemic men"
653:
Ho, H. V; Sievenpiper, J. L; Zurbau, A; Blanco Mejia, S; Jovanovski, E; Au-Yeung, F; Jenkins, A. L; Vuksan, V (2016).
3131:
254:
2297:
2326:
1895:
520:
1408:
Hong, F; Yan J; Baran JT; Allendorf DJ; Hansen RD; Ostroff GR; Xing PX; Cheung NK; Ross GD (15 July 2004).
449:
as byproducts with wide-ranging physiological activities. This fermentation impacts the expression of many
985:
Han, Man Deuk (March 2008). "Solubilization of water-insoluble β-glucan isolated from
Ganoderma lucidum".
2364:
17:
737:
21 CFR 101.81 Health Claims: Soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)
2194:
1940:
1888:
3151:
3141:
2431:
1874:
549:
376:
250:
231:
Some β-glucan molecules have branching glucose side-chains attached to other positions on the main
1324:
Frey A, Giannasca KT, Weltzin R, Giannasca PJ, Reggio H, Lencer WI, Neutra MR (1 September 1996).
1049:
Teas, J (1983). "The dietary intake of
Laminarin, a brown seaweed, and breast cancer prevention".
903:"Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the cell walls from yeasts and fungi"
3136:
2924:
2059:
1714:
He, Song; Hang, Ju-Ping; Zhang, Ling; Wang, Fang; Zhang, De-Chun; Gong, Fang-Hong (August 2015).
1373:
Tsukagoshi S, Hashimoto Y, Fujii G, Kobayashi H, Nomoto K, Orita K (June 1984). "Krestin (PSK)".
1092:
Vannucci, L; Krizan, J; Sima, P; Stakheev, D; Caja, F; Rajsiglova, L; Horak, V; Saieh, M (2013).
544:
540:
492:
446:
141:
3110:
2918:
2357:
1953:
1145:
583:
555:
185:
145:
140:
At dietary intake levels of at least 3 g per day, oat fiber β-glucan decreases blood levels of
3146:
2912:
2236:
2055:
2046:
616:
547:. False positives can also occur with contamination of clinical specimens with the bacteria
3051:
2069:
1284:
561:
495:
cholesterol levels by 5 to 10% in people with normal or elevated blood cholesterol levels.
488:
858:
Volman, Julia J (20 November 2007). "Dietary modulation of immune function by β-glucans".
384:
contain a 1,3 glucose backbone with elongated 1,6 glucose branches. Other sources include
8:
2189:
2074:
626:
483:
Cereal β-glucans from oat, barley, wheat, and rye have been studied for their effects on
1870:
56:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
2292:
2270:
2248:
2103:
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1325:
1260:
1235:
1211:
1186:
1118:
1093:
1026:
1001:
967:
883:
772:
133:
properties dependent on source. Typically, β-glucans form a linear backbone with 1–3 β-
130:
1470:
1850:
1842:
1798:
1790:
1745:
1737:
1688:
1680:
1644:
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1517:
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1431:
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1355:
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1123:
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971:
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776:
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2110:
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1727:
1700:
1672:
1634:
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1509:
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1345:
1337:
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1255:
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1206:
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951:
914:
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803:
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666:
621:
577:
516:
401:
389:
236:
223:
209:
134:
57:
1763:
Kullberg, Bart Jan; Arendrup, Maiken C. (8 October 2015). "Invasive
Candidiasis".
871:
2953:
2899:
2879:
2770:
2092:
2036:
1967:
1911:
1810:
478:
438:
345:
205:
942:
Mcintosh, M (19 October 2004). "Curdlan and other bacterial (1→3)-β-D-glucans".
2940:
2737:
2494:
2471:
2451:
2153:
1732:
1720:
Journal of
Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi
1715:
1426:
1409:
1162:
512:
491:. Intake of oat β-glucan at daily amounts of at least 3 grams lowers total and
110:
2280:
1676:
1578:"1,3-β-D-Glucan in patients receiving intravenous amoxicillin–clavulanic acid"
1062:
955:
760:
694:
Kirby RW, Anderson JW, Sieling B, Rees ED, Chen WJ, Miller RE, Kay RM (1981).
671:
654:
3125:
3046:
2963:
2851:
2742:
2128:
2031:
1971:
1958:
1846:
1794:
1741:
1684:
1435:
1070:
458:
426:
417:
405:
165:
157:
712:
695:
2930:
2811:
2793:
2441:
2381:
2336:
2304:
2265:
2158:
1993:
1988:
1915:
1854:
1802:
1749:
1692:
1648:
1603:
1562:
1521:
1443:
1341:
1310:
1269:
1220:
1171:
1127:
1094:"Immunostimulatory properties and antitumor activities of glucans (Review)"
963:
928:
879:
811:
768:
680:
600:
423:
1776:
1478:
1394:
1359:
1109:
1078:
1035:
721:
3088:
3076:
2859:
2607:
2602:
2542:
2349:
2275:
2260:
2120:
1976:
1880:
571:
507:
484:
149:
1594:
1577:
2864:
2806:
2801:
2674:
2627:
2253:
2241:
2173:
2163:
2133:
2017:
1963:
1785:
31:
1251:
1202:
1017:
352:
227:
Glucose molecule, showing carbon numbering notation and β orientation.
3022:
3018:
2973:
2887:
2869:
2836:
2821:
2642:
2565:
2527:
2309:
2204:
2199:
2168:
1823:
454:
434:
217:
161:
153:
83:
3039:
3000:
2985:
2958:
2907:
2841:
2714:
2709:
2694:
2679:
2595:
2590:
2410:
2405:
2285:
2229:
2005:
1931:
1838:
1639:
1618:
1553:
1536:
1513:
595:
519:
physically transport the insoluble whole glucan particles into the
393:
122:
79:
511:
which indicates that they are absorbed from the intestinal tract.
487:
levels in people with normal cholesterol levels and in those with
328:
308:
288:
3081:
3061:
3029:
3004:
2994:
2990:
2968:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2726:
2689:
2684:
2662:
2647:
2637:
2554:
2532:
2516:
2321:
1372:
631:
385:
281:
91:
1616:
42:
3071:
3066:
3056:
3033:
3010:
2978:
2765:
2760:
2704:
2667:
2652:
2632:
2619:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2483:
2436:
2426:
2400:
2395:
652:
126:
118:
114:
1499:
464:
177:
a cholesterol lowering effect from oat bran reported in 1981.
2657:
2460:
1407:
1323:
900:
589:
442:
381:
1575:
1184:
1002:"The Structure of a β-(1→3)-D-Glucan from Yeast Cell Walls"
450:
404:, which are under preliminary research for their potential
1091:
181:
693:
242:
The most common forms of β-glucans are those comprising
1661:
1236:"Review article: dietary fibre–microbiota interactions"
526:
457:
and cholesterol and glucose metabolism, as well as the
216:-glucose polysaccharides are categorized as β-glucans.
1282:
1617:
Mennink-Kersten MA, Ruegebrink D, Verweij PE (2008).
1535:
Odabasi Z, Mattiuzzi G, Estey E, et al. (2004).
1534:
1283:
Othman, R. A; Moghadasian, M. H; Jones, P. J (2011).
1456:
453:within the large intestine, which further affects
1576:Mennink-Kersten MA, Warris A, Verweij PE (2006).
1150:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
1143:
3123:
1762:
901:Ruiz-Herrera J, Ortiz-Castellanos L (May 2010).
569:-glucan. This test can aid in the detection of
422:In the diet, β-glucans are a source of soluble,
1713:
1233:
1623:as a cause of 1,3-β-D-glucan assay reactivity"
1285:"Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan"
2365:
1896:
468:Oatmeal is a common food source of β-glucans
535:An assay to detect the presence of (1,3)-β-
117:) naturally occurring in the cell walls of
2379:
2372:
2358:
1910:
1903:
1889:
1240:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1191:Journal of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics
1139:
1137:
249:In general, β-1,3 linkages are created by
1873:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1784:
1731:
1638:
1593:
1552:
1425:
1349:
1300:
1259:
1210:
1161:
1117:
1025:
918:
834:. Barrington, Illinois: Wiley Blackwell.
711:
670:
1234:Simpson, H. L.; Campbell, B. J. (2015).
1144:McRorie Jr, J. W; McKeown, N. M (2017).
941:
463:
380:). β-glucans found in the cell walls of
222:
78:
1401:
1134:
999:
746:
433:– which provides a substrate for
14:
3124:
944:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
857:
789:
587:. This test cannot be used to detect
502:
2353:
1884:
1000:Manners, David J. (2 February 1973).
1330:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1048:
853:
851:
825:
823:
821:
648:
646:
603:, as they do not produce (1,3)-beta-
499:the outer layers of that endosperm.
411:
253:, and β-1,4 linkages are created by
36:
1765:The New England Journal of Medicine
984:
829:
24:
351:
327:
307:
287:
196:Glucans are arranged in six-sided
25:
3163:
1864:
1098:International Journal of Oncology
848:
818:
749:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
643:
388:, and various mushrooms, such as
369:
3106:
3105:
1302:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00401.x
987:Journal of Environmental Biology
920:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00589.x
41:
2298:Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid
1817:
1756:
1707:
1655:
1610:
1569:
1528:
1493:
1450:
1366:
1317:
1276:
1227:
1178:
1085:
1042:
993:
978:
129:, with significantly differing
935:
894:
804:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.007
783:
740:
728:
687:
521:gut-associated lymphoid tissue
461:and other systemic functions.
144:and so may reduce the risk of
13:
1:
1471:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91152-9
872:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.045
832:Oats Nutrition and Technology
637:
261:β-Glucan Structure by Source
1827:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1387:10.1016/0305-7372(84)90005-7
659:British Journal of Nutrition
599:, the fungi responsible for
565:, which also produce (1→3)β-
191:
7:
610:
531:-glucan medical application
86:is an example of a (1→4)-β-
27:Class of chemical compounds
10:
3168:
1941:Colony-stimulating factors
1733:10.1016/j.jmii.2014.06.009
1427:10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.797
1163:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.021
476:
415:
212:, by convention not all β-
171:
29:
3101:
2939:
2896:
2878:
2850:
2792:
2785:
2753:
2725:
2618:
2553:
2515:
2482:
2459:
2450:
2419:
2388:
2217:
2195:Histamine dihydrochloride
2182:
2146:
2119:
2016:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1677:10.1007/s11046-017-0132-x
1063:10.1080/01635588209513760
956:10.1007/s00253-005-1959-5
860:Physiology & Behavior
761:10.1080/07388550500376166
672:10.1017/S000711451600341X
472:
3132:Edible thickening agents
2432:Cyclohexane conformation
2327:Bacillus Calmette–Guérin
1875:Medical Subject Headings
1375:Cancer Treatment Reviews
550:Streptococcus pneumoniae
377:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
251:1,3-Beta-glucan synthase
30:Not to be confused with
2925:Isomaltooligosaccharide
2147:Other protein / peptide
2060:Ropeginterferon alfa-2b
545:piperacillin/tazobactam
541:amoxicillin-clavulanate
493:low-density lipoprotein
447:short-chain fatty acids
146:cardiovascular diseases
2919:Galactooligosaccharide
1954:Efbemalenograstim alfa
1663:jirovecii Pneumonia".
1621:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1342:10.1084/jem.184.3.1045
584:Pneumocystis jirovecii
556:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
469:
356:
332:
316:Short β-1,6 branching
312:
292:
228:
186:coronary heart disease
105:comprise a group of β-
95:
52:is missing information
2913:Fructooligosaccharide
2237:heterocyclic compound
2056:Peginterferon alfa-2b
2047:Peginterferon alfa-2a
1777:10.1056/NEJMra1315399
1414:Journal of Immunology
1110:10.3892/ijo.2013.1974
713:10.1093/ajcn/34.5.824
617:Prebiotic (nutrition)
467:
355:
336:Long β-1,6 branching
331:
311:
291:
226:
82:
2070:Interferon alfacon-1
1051:Nutrition and Cancer
830:Chu, YiFang (2014).
627:Xylooligosaccharides
562:Alcaligenes faecalis
489:hypercholesterolemia
429:– also called
275:Solubility in Water
90:-glucan composed of
2190:Female sex steroids
2075:Interferon alpha-n3
1595:10.1056/NEJMc053340
1006:Biochemical Journal
907:FEMS Yeast Research
503:β-glucan absorption
262:
54:about biosynthesis.
2293:polyribonucleotide
2271:Glatiramer acetate
2104:Interferon beta 1b
2099:Interferon beta 1a
2065:Interferon alfa n1
2052:Interferon alfa 2b
2043:Interferon alfa 2a
470:
455:digestive function
357:
333:
313:
293:
260:
255:cellulose synthase
229:
96:
3119:
3118:
3097:
3096:
2781:
2780:
2347:
2346:
2213:
2212:
2142:
2141:
1771:(15): 1445–1456.
1633:(12): 1930–1931.
1588:(26): 2834–2835.
1289:Nutrition Reviews
1252:10.1111/apt.13248
1203:10.1159/000335319
1018:10.1042/bj1350019
841:978-1-118-35411-7
700:Am. J. Clin. Nutr
606:
568:
538:
530:
412:Fermentable fiber
367:
366:
266:Source (Example)
245:
234:
215:
208:linked by β-type
203:
199:
164:products, and as
108:
89:
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3159:
3109:
3108:
2900:oligosaccharides
2880:Tetrasaccharides
2790:
2789:
2505:Dihydroxyacetone
2457:
2456:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2332:Melanoma vaccine
2317:Inosine pranobex
2249:hydroxyquinoline
2111:Interferon gamma
1937:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1912:Immunostimulants
1905:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1859:
1858:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1788:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1671:(7–8): 701–708.
1659:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1336:(3): 1045–1059.
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
997:
991:
990:
982:
976:
975:
939:
933:
932:
922:
898:
892:
891:
855:
846:
845:
827:
816:
815:
787:
781:
780:
744:
738:
732:
726:
725:
715:
691:
685:
684:
674:
665:(8): 1369–1382.
650:
622:Resistant starch
604:
566:
536:
528:
263:
259:
243:
237:polysaccharide-K
232:
213:
210:glycosidic bonds
201:
197:
154:texturing agents
152:and are used as
148:. β-glucans are
135:glycosidic bonds
106:
87:
70:
67:
61:
45:
37:
21:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3152:Polysaccharides
3142:Medicinal fungi
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3093:
2954:Oat beta-glucan
2941:Polysaccharides
2935:
2898:
2892:
2874:
2846:
2777:
2771:Neuraminic acid
2749:
2721:
2614:
2549:
2511:
2478:
2452:Monosaccharides
2446:
2415:
2384:
2378:
2348:
2343:
2209:
2178:
2138:
2115:
2093:Interferon beta
2037:Interferon alfa
2012:
1968:Lipegfilgrastim
1919:
1909:
1867:
1862:
1822:
1818:
1761:
1757:
1712:
1708:
1660:
1656:
1627:Clin Infect Dis
1615:
1611:
1574:
1570:
1541:Clin Infect Dis
1533:
1529:
1502:Clin Infect Dis
1498:
1494:
1465:(8941): 17–20.
1455:
1451:
1406:
1402:
1371:
1367:
1322:
1318:
1281:
1277:
1232:
1228:
1183:
1179:
1142:
1135:
1090:
1086:
1047:
1043:
998:
994:
983:
979:
940:
936:
899:
895:
856:
849:
842:
828:
819:
788:
784:
745:
741:
733:
729:
692:
688:
651:
644:
640:
613:
533:
517:Peyer's patches
505:
481:
479:Oat beta-glucan
475:
439:large intestine
431:prebiotic fiber
420:
414:
372:
346:Oat beta-glucan
206:polysaccharides
194:
174:
142:LDL cholesterol
131:physicochemical
111:polysaccharides
71:
65:
62:
55:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Food additives
3134:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:Levan beta 2→6
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3026:
3015:
3014:
3013:
2997:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2852:Trisaccharides
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2738:Mannoheptulose
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2495:Glyceraldehyde
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2472:Glycolaldehyde
2465:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:Growth hormone
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2080:feline "omega"
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1961:
1956:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1865:External links
1863:
1861:
1860:
1839:10.1086/432470
1833:(5): 654–659.
1816:
1755:
1726:(4): 351–361.
1706:
1665:Mycopathologia
1654:
1640:10.1086/588563
1609:
1568:
1554:10.1086/421944
1547:(2): 199–205.
1527:
1514:10.1086/432470
1508:(5): 654–659.
1492:
1449:
1420:(2): 797–806.
1400:
1381:(2): 131–155.
1365:
1316:
1295:(6): 299–309.
1275:
1226:
1177:
1156:(2): 251–264.
1133:
1084:
1057:(3): 217–222.
1041:
992:
977:
950:(2): 163–173.
934:
893:
866:(2): 276–284.
847:
840:
817:
798:(1–4): 83–91.
792:Food Chemistry
782:
755:(4): 205–230.
739:
727:
686:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
612:
609:
532:
525:
504:
501:
477:Main article:
474:
471:
445:and producing
416:Main article:
413:
410:
371:
370:β-glucan types
368:
365:
364:
361:
358:
349:
341:
340:
337:
334:
325:
321:
320:
317:
314:
305:
301:
300:
297:
294:
285:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
193:
190:
173:
170:
73:
72:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3164:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Hemicellulose
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2794:Disaccharides
2791:
2788:
2784:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2743:Sedoheptulose
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:Ketoheptoses
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:Deoxy sugars
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:Ketopentoses
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:Aldopentoses
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:Aldotetroses
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:carbohydrates
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:oligopeptides
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Albinterferon
2030:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Pegfilgrastim
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Eflapegrastim
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:(2): 158–79.
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:(2): 357–64.
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
988:
981:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
930:
926:
921:
916:
913:(3): 225–43.
912:
908:
904:
897:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
852:
843:
837:
833:
826:
824:
822:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
736:
731:
723:
719:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
682:
678:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
647:
642:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
608:
602:
598:
597:
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
579:
574:
573:
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
551:
546:
542:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
480:
466:
462:
460:
459:immune system
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:, increasing
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
419:
418:Dietary fiber
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:
362:
359:
354:
350:
347:
343:
342:
338:
335:
330:
326:
323:
322:
318:
315:
310:
306:
303:
302:
298:
295:
290:
286:
283:
279:
278:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
258:
256:
252:
247:
240:
238:
225:
221:
219:
211:
207:
189:
187:
183:
180:In 1997, the
178:
169:
168:supplements.
167:
166:soluble fiber
163:
159:
158:nutraceutical
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
100:
93:
85:
81:
77:
69:
59:
53:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3147:Natural gums
3028:
3017:
2999:
2948:
2931:Maltodextrin
2812:Isomaltulose
2603:Deoxy sugars
2539:Ketotetrose
2442:Mutarotation
2337:Sipuleucel-T
2305:thiazolidine
2224:
2159:Immunocyanin
2121:Interleukins
2086:
2025:
1994:Sargramostim
1989:Molgramostim
1871:beta-Glucans
1830:
1826:
1819:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1197:(1): 26–44.
1194:
1190:
1180:
1153:
1149:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1012:(1): 19–30.
1009:
1005:
995:
986:
980:
947:
943:
937:
910:
906:
896:
863:
859:
831:
795:
791:
785:
752:
748:
742:
730:
706:(5): 824–9.
703:
699:
689:
662:
658:
601:mucormycosis
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
560:
554:
548:
534:
506:
497:
482:
430:
421:
375:
373:
248:
241:
230:
195:
179:
175:
150:natural gums
139:
102:
99:Beta-glucans
98:
97:
76:
63:
51:
3089:Xanthan gum
3077:Amylopectin
2949:Beta-glucan
2860:Maltotriose
2675:Ketohexoses
2628:Aldohexoses
2608:Deoxyribose
2543:Erythrulose
2501:Ketotriose
2491:Aldotriose
2281:Thymosin α1
2276:Thymopentin
2261:Mifamurtide
2225:beta-glucan
2129:Aldesleukin
2018:Interferons
1977:Lenograstim
1786:2066/152392
572:Aspergillus
515:within the
508:Enterocytes
485:cholesterol
437:within the
424:fermentable
156:in various
66:August 2019
18:Beta glucan
3126:Categories
2865:Melezitose
2807:Isomaltose
2802:Cellobiose
2468:Aldodiose
2254:Roquinimex
2242:Plerixafor
2174:Tasonermin
2164:Pegademase
2134:Oprelvekin
1964:Filgrastim
1924:Endogenous
638:References
443:fecal bulk
435:microbiota
339:Insoluble
319:Insoluble
299:Insoluble
280:Bacteria (
272:Branching
32:betaglycan
3019:Galactose
2974:Cellulose
2964:Sizofiran
2888:Stachyose
2870:Raffinose
2837:Trehalose
2822:Lactulose
2643:Galactose
2566:Arabinose
2528:Erythrose
2380:Types of
2310:Pidotimod
2218:Exogenous
2205:Vitamin D
2200:Poly ICLC
2169:Prolactin
1932:Cytokines
1847:1537-6591
1825:humans".
1795:1533-4406
1742:1995-9133
1685:1573-0832
1436:0022-1767
1071:0163-5581
607:-glucan.
408:effects.
269:Backbone
218:Cellulose
204:-glucose
192:Structure
109:-glucose
103:β-glucans
84:Cellulose
58:talk page
3111:Category
3040:Glycogen
3023:Galactan
3001:Fructose
2986:Chitosan
2959:Lentinan
2908:Acarbose
2842:Turanose
2786:Multiple
2727:Heptoses
2715:Rhamnose
2710:Fuculose
2695:Tagatose
2680:Fructose
2596:Xylulose
2591:Ribulose
2555:Pentoses
2517:Tetroses
2420:Geometry
2411:Pyranose
2406:Furanose
2322:vaccines
2286:Thymulin
2230:Lentinan
2006:Ancestim
1855:16080087
1803:26444731
1750:25081986
1693:28378239
1649:18540808
1604:16807428
1563:15307029
1522:16080087
1487:27299444
1444:15240666
1311:21631511
1270:26011307
1221:22516953
1172:27863994
1128:23739801
972:13123359
964:15818477
929:19891730
888:24758421
880:18222501
812:23199994
777:86109922
769:16419618
681:27724985
611:See also
596:Rhizopus
527:(1,3)-β-
394:shiitake
363:Soluble
344:Cereal (
162:cosmetic
123:bacteria
3082:Amylose
3030:Glucose
3005:Fructan
2995:Dextran
2991:Dextrin
2969:Zymosan
2832:Sucrose
2827:Maltose
2817:Lactose
2766:Nonoses
2761:Octoses
2754:Above 7
2690:Sorbose
2685:Psicose
2663:Mannose
2648:Glucose
2638:Altrose
2620:Hexoses
2533:Threose
2484:Trioses
2389:General
2095:natural
2039:natural
1701:3870306
1479:7799700
1395:6238674
1360:9064322
1351:2192803
1261:4949558
1212:4030412
1119:3775562
1079:6302638
1036:4359920
1027:1165784
722:6263072
632:Zymosan
578:Candida
543:, and
513:M cells
402:maitake
390:lingzhi
386:seaweed
304:Fungus
282:Curdlan
172:History
119:cereals
115:glucans
92:glucose
3072:Starch
3067:Pectin
3062:Mannan
3057:Lignin
3034:Glucan
3011:Inulin
2979:Chitin
2705:Fucose
2668:Talose
2653:Gulose
2633:Allose
2581:Xylose
2576:Ribose
2571:Lyxose
2461:Dioses
2437:Epimer
2427:Anomer
2401:Ketose
2396:Aldose
1984:GM-CSF
1877:(MeSH)
1853:
1845:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1748:
1740:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1647:
1602:
1561:
1520:
1485:
1477:
1459:Lancet
1442:
1434:
1393:
1358:
1348:
1309:
1268:
1258:
1219:
1209:
1170:
1126:
1116:
1077:
1069:
1034:
1024:
970:
962:
927:
886:
878:
838:
810:
775:
767:
720:
679:
581:, and
559:, and
473:Cereal
406:immune
400:, and
324:Yeast
125:, and
2927:(IMO)
2921:(GOS)
2915:(FOS)
2897:Other
2658:Idose
2183:Other
2026:alpha
1949:G-CSF
1811:43788
1807:S2CID
1697:S2CID
1483:S2CID
968:S2CID
884:S2CID
773:S2CID
590:Mucor
451:genes
427:fiber
398:chaga
382:yeast
360:None
296:None
127:fungi
94:units
2087:beta
1851:PMID
1843:ISSN
1799:PMID
1791:ISSN
1746:PMID
1738:ISSN
1689:PMID
1681:ISSN
1645:PMID
1600:PMID
1582:NEJM
1559:PMID
1518:PMID
1475:PMID
1440:PMID
1432:ISSN
1391:PMID
1356:PMID
1307:PMID
1266:PMID
1217:PMID
1168:PMID
1124:PMID
1075:PMID
1067:ISSN
1032:PMID
960:PMID
925:PMID
876:PMID
836:ISBN
808:PMID
765:PMID
718:PMID
677:PMID
160:and
2001:SCF
1916:L03
1835:doi
1781:hdl
1773:doi
1769:373
1728:doi
1673:doi
1669:182
1635:doi
1590:doi
1586:354
1549:doi
1510:doi
1467:doi
1463:345
1422:doi
1418:173
1383:doi
1346:PMC
1338:doi
1334:184
1297:doi
1256:PMC
1248:doi
1207:PMC
1199:doi
1158:doi
1154:117
1114:PMC
1106:doi
1059:doi
1022:PMC
1014:doi
1010:135
952:doi
915:doi
868:doi
800:doi
796:137
757:doi
708:doi
667:doi
663:116
593:or
182:FDA
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