572:, representing the 51 largest orchestras in the United States, revealed 27% of its musicians had used beta blockers and 70% obtained them from friends, not physicians. Beta blockers are inexpensive, said to be relatively safe, and on one hand, seem to improve musicians' performances on a technical level, while some, such as Barry Green, the author of "The Inner Game of Music" and Don Greene, a former Olympic diving coach who teaches Juilliard students to overcome their stage fright naturally, say the performances may be perceived as "soulless and inauthentic".
588:. Starting them around the time of other types of surgery, however, may worsen outcomes. For non-cardiac surgery, the use of beta blockers to prevent adverse effects may reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarctions (very low certainty evidence), however, there is moderate certainty evidence that this approach may increase the risk of hypotension. Low-certainty evidence suggests that beta blockers used perioperatively in non-cardiac surgeries may increase the risk of bradycardia.
1793:
7786:
7807:
51:
1006:
401:
arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure. They are also used in the management of other heart diseases, such as hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, mitral valve stenosis or prolapse, and dissecting aneurysm. Additionally, beta blockers find applications in vascular surgery, the treatment of anxiety states, cases of thyrotoxicosis, glaucoma, migraines, and esophageal varices.
1769:. It is thought that highly lipophilic beta blockers are able to readily cross into the brain, moderately lipophilic beta blockers are able to cross to a lesser degree, and low lipophilicity or hydrophilic beta blockers are minimally able to cross. More lipophilic beta-blockers are known to suppress melatonin release by 50-80%. The preceding beta blockers also vary in their
1304:
life-threatening arrhythmia in certain patients. By slowing the conduction through the AV node, preferential conduction through the accessory pathway is favored. If the patient happens to develop atrial flutter, this could lead to a 1:1 conduction with very fast ventricular rate, or worse, ventricular fibrillation in the case of atrial fibrillation.
455:
cardiac tissue remodeling, all of which decrease the efficiency of cardiac contraction and contribute to the low ejection fraction. Beta blockers counter this inappropriately high sympathetic activity, eventually leading to an improved ejection fraction, despite an initial reduction in ejection fraction.
1513:
Accordingly, nonselective beta blockers are expected to have antihypertensive effects. The primary antihypertensive mechanism of beta blockers is unclear, but may involve reduction in cardiac output (due to negative chronotropic and inotropic effects). It may also be due to reduction in renin release
1494:
actions, but have minimal effect on resting subjects. That is, they reduce the effect of excitement or physical exertion on heart rate and force of contraction, and also tremor, and breakdown of glycogen. Beta blockers can have a constricting effect on the bronchi of the lungs, possibly worsening or
1375:
Also referred to as intrinsic sympathomimetic effect, this term is used particularly with beta blockers that can show both agonism and antagonism at a given beta receptor, depending on the concentration of the agent (beta blocker) and the concentration of the antagonized agent (usually an endogenous
433:
therapy in congestive heart failure, although at doses typically much lower than those indicated for other conditions. Beta blockers are only indicated in cases of compensated, stable congestive heart failure; in cases of acute decompensated heart failure, beta blockers will cause a further decrease
514:
A 2014 Cochrane review found that in individuals with mild-to-moderate hypertension, non-selective beta blockers led to a reduction of -10/-7mmHg (systolic/diastolic) without increased rates of adverse events. At higher doses, it was found to increase the rate of adverse effects such as a reduction
2538:
van der Vring JA, Daniëls MC, Holwerda NJ, Withagen PJ, Schelling A, Cleophas TJ, Hendriks MG (June 1999). "Combination of calcium channel blockers and beta blockers for patients with exercise-induced angina pectoris: a double-blind parallel-group comparison of different classes of calcium channel
400:
Beta blockers are utilized in the treatment of various conditions related to the heart and vascular system, as well as several other medical conditions. Common heart-related conditions for which beta blockers are well-established include angina pectoris, acute coronary syndromes, hypertension, and
458:
Trials have shown beta blockers reduce the absolute risk of death by 4.5% over a 13-month period. In addition to reducing the risk of mortality, the numbers of hospital visits and hospitalizations were also reduced in the trials. A 2020 Cochrane review found minimal evidence to support the use of
2233:
Some pre-clinical and clinical research suggests that some beta blockers may be beneficial for cancer treatment. However, other studies do not show a correlation between cancer survival and beta blocker usage. Also, a 2017 meta-analysis failed to show any benefit for the use of beta blockers in
963:
and beta blocker labetalol is especially useful for treatment of concomitant tachycardia and hypertension induced by methamphetamine. The phenomenon of "unopposed alpha stimulation" has not been reported with the use of beta blockers for treatment of methamphetamine toxicity. Other appropriate
454:
volume and increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Heart failure characteristically involves increased catecholamine activity on the heart, which is responsible for several deleterious effects, including increased oxygen demand, propagation of inflammatory mediators, and abnormal
1303:
Unless a pacemaker is present, beta blockers can severely depress conduction in the AV node, resulting in a reduction of heart rate and cardiac output. One should be very cautious with the use of beta blockers in tachycardia patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White
Syndrome, as it can result in
936:(angiotensin receptor blockers) actually decrease the risk of diabetes. Clinical guidelines in Great Britain, but not in the United States, call for avoiding diuretics and beta blockers as first-line treatment of hypertension due to the risk of diabetes.
518:
A 2017 Cochrane review on the use of beta blockers in hypertension found a modest reduction in cardiovascular disease but little to no change in mortality It suggested that the effects of beta blockers are inferior to other anti-hypertensive medications.
2893:
Leizorovicz A, Lechat P, Cucherat M, Bugnard F (February 2002). "Bisoprolol for the treatment of chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis on individual data of two placebo-controlled studies—CIBIS and CIBIS II. Cardiac
Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study".
6175:
Livingstone E, Hollestein LM, van Herk-Sukel MP, van de Poll-Franse L, Nijsten T, Schadendorf D, de Vries E (December 2013). "β-Blocker use and all-cause mortality of melanoma patients: results from a population-based Dutch cohort study".
2854:"Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group"
437:
Beta blockers are known primarily for their reductive effect on heart rate, although this is not the only mechanism of action of importance in congestive heart failure. Beta blockers, in addition to their sympatholytic
4421:
Morales DR, Jackson C, Lipworth BJ, Donnan PT, Guthrie B (April 2014). "Adverse respiratory effect of acute β-blocker exposure in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
6211:
Cardwell CR, Coleman HG, Murray LJ, O'Sullivan JM, Powe DG (June 2014). "Beta-blocker usage and prostate cancer survival: a nested case-control study in the UK Clinical
Practice Research Datalink cohort".
1418:
Agents with ISA should not be used for patients with any kind of angina as it can aggravate or after myocardial infarctions. They may also be less effective than other beta blockers in the management of
5546:
Volz-Zang C, Eckrich B, Jahn P, Schneidrowski B, Schulte B, Palm D (1994). "Esmolol, an ultrashort-acting, selective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties".
3691:, Pucci, G., Ranalli, M. G., Battista, F., & Schillaci, G. (2015). Effects of β-Blockers With and Without Vasodilating Properties on Central Blood Pressure. Hypertension, HYPERTENSIONAHA-115.
413:, as they have the potential to worsen the condition due to their effect of decreasing cardiac contractility, studies in the late 1990s showed their efficacy at reducing morbidity and mortality.
3011:
721:
6004:
4268:
Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ (May 2015). "Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review".
3913:
3829:
Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ (May 2015). "Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review".
913:-blockers have fewer metabolic side effects in diabetic patients; however, the fast heart rate that serves as a warning sign for insulin-induced low blood sugar may be masked, resulting in
5393:
472:
of target) with a gradual escalation of the dose. The heart of the patient must adjust to decreasing stimulation by catecholamines and find a new equilibrium at a lower adrenergic drive.
1510:
receptors. By far the greatest effect of beta blockers remains in the heart. Newer, third-generation beta blockers can cause vasodilation through blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors.
717:
543:
response (pounding heart, cold/clammy hands, increased respiration, sweating, etc.) are significantly reduced, thus enabling anxious individuals to concentrate on the task at hand.
78:
beta-blockers, β-blockers, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta antagonists, beta-adrenergic antagonists, beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, BB
603:
A 2017 Cochrane review on the use of beta blockers to prevent aortic dissections in people with Marfan syndrome was unable to draw definitive conclusions due to lack of evidence.
8415:
1502:
adrenergic receptors can cause vascular smooth muscle dilation, beta blockers may cause some vasoconstriction. However, this effect tends to be small because the activity of β
2931:"Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study"
488:. This results an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, therefore increasing myocardial oxygen demand. Beta blockers competitively inhibit catecholamines acting on the β
2516:
5974:
3947:
2346:"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)"
6397:
Boehm I, Morelli J, Nairz K, Silva
Hasembank Keller P, Heverhagen JT (November 2016). "Beta blockers and intravenous roentgen contrast materials: Which risks do exist?".
3864:
Richards JR, Hollander JE, Ramoska EA, Fareed FN, Sand IC, Izquierdo Gómez MM, Lange RA (May 2017). "β-Blockers, Cocaine, and the
Unopposed α-Stimulation Phenomenon".
1529:
properties of beta blockers allow the lifesaving property of heart rate control. Beta blockers are readily titrated to optimal rate control in many pathologic states.
503:
and cardiovascular mortality. The review identified that beta blockers likely had little to no impact on short-term all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality.
7844:
5045:
8831:
569:
1928:
receptor will inhibit cAMP from phosphorylating, and it will decrease the ionotrophic and chronotropic effect. Note that drugs may be cardioselective, or act on β
8332:
3463:
951:
and tissue perfusion by means of leaving the alpha-adrenergic system stimulation unopposed. Beta blockers with lipophilic properties and CNS penetration such as
868:-selective (often termed "cardioselective") agents, but receptor selectivity diminishes at higher doses. Beta blockade, especially of the beta-1 receptor at the
6359:
2206:
is the only agent indicated for the control of tremor, portal hypertension, and esophageal variceal bleeding, and used in conjunction with α-blocker therapy in
7738:
6818:
4647:
2241:. However, there is limited evidence supporting the efficacy of supplemental beta blocker use in addition to antipsychotic drugs for treating schizophrenia.
98:
334:(adrenaline). Beta blockers interfere with the binding to the receptor of epinephrine and other stress hormones and weaken the effects of stress hormones.
1237:) asthma guidelines recommend against the use of non-selective beta blockers in asthmatics, while allowing for the use of cardio selective beta blockers.
692:
Because they promote lower heart rates and reduce tremors, beta blockers have been used in professional sports where high accuracy is required, including
8408:
8908:
4601:
3003:
864:-adrenergic receptor antagonist activity (bronchospasm, peripheral vasoconstriction, alteration of glucose and lipid metabolism) are less common with β
6437:
by Gerald
Klickstein, March 11, 2010 (A blog post that considers "whether beta-blockers are safe, effective, and appropriate for performers to use.")
3903:
6786:
5996:
600:
in comparison to other anti hypertensive medications. The review found no suitable evidence to support the current guidelines recommending its use.
4372:
7795:
5787:
Zipursky JS, Macdonald EM, Luo J, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Paterson JM, Juurlink DN (June 2017). "Lipophilic β-Blockers and
Suicide in the Elderly".
5385:
6079:"Inhibition of β2-adrenergic receptor reduces triple-negative breast cancer brain metastases: The potential benefit of perioperative β-blockade"
9773:
9753:
8401:
6128:"Beta blocker use correlates with better overall survival in metastatic melanoma patients and improves the efficacy of immunotherapies in mice"
4377:
4120:
1705:
Most beta blockers are lipophilic and can cross into the brain, but there are a number of exceptions. Highly lipophilic beta blockers include
939:
Beta blockers must not be used in the treatment of selective alpha-adrenergic agonist overdose. The blockade of only beta receptors increases
7837:
8824:
7976:
4788:
4243:
3688:
6808:
4717:
1784:(or cardioselectivity), resulting in further differences in pharmacological profiles and suitability in different contexts between them.
1525:
Antianginal effects result from negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, which decrease cardiac workload and oxygen demand. Negative
4856:
7589:
2276:
857:, are more likely than other less lipophilic beta blockers to cause sleep disturbances, such as insomnia, vivid dreams and nightmares.
459:
beta blockers in congestive heart failure in children, however did identify that from the data available, that they may be of benefit.
7549:
10481:
9808:
9061:
4368:
5009:
4930:
4683:
4578:
2391:
11139:
7830:
2508:
492:-adrenergic receptors, thus reducing these detrimental effects and resulting in reduced myocardial oxygen consumption and demand.
8817:
6502:
6452:
5458:
4822:
1016:
5966:
5914:
5888:
4142:
Elliott WJ, Meyer PM (January 2007). "Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis".
3936:
11121:
11112:
5694:
4896:
1221:
499:
or no intervention, it found that beta blockers probably reduced the short-term risk of reinfarction and the long-term risk of
2469:"Genetic variation in the beta 3-adrenergic receptor and an increased capacity to gain weight in patients with morbid obesity"
621:
There are few non-cardiovascular uses for adrenergic antagonists. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists are also used for treatment of
11103:
8359:
7162:
6752:
6028:"Night-time exogenous melatonin administration may be a beneficial treatment for sleeping disorders in beta blocker patients"
5646:
5055:
5021:
4982:
4942:
4906:
4868:
4832:
4798:
4729:
4693:
4659:
3712:
3541:"Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery"
2836:
2444:
2403:
1173:
5524:
5491:
7449:
7442:
1074:
580:
Low certainty evidence indicates that the use of beta blockers around the time of cardiac surgery may decrease the risk of
4539:
Weinstein RS, Cole S, Knaster HB, Dahlbert T (February 1985). "Beta blocker overdose with propranolol and with atenolol".
1283:, and tremors. Diligent blood glucose level monitoring is necessary for a patient with diabetes mellitus on beta blocker.
684:
may be more favorable for such purposes due to the possibility of "unopposed α-stimulation" with selective beta blockers.
11130:
3489:"Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery"
1046:
4312:
7192:
7055:
2971:
1908:-selective beta blockers are also known as cardioselective beta blockers. Pharmacologically, the beta-blockade of the β
1770:
933:
4040:
3473:
1532:
The antiarrhythmic effects of beta blockers arise from sympathetic nervous system blockade—resulting in depression of
6816:
6299:
5771:
3131:
1699:
295:
are located mainly in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, uterus, vascular smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle.
7896:
6247:
Kim HY, Jung YJ, Lee SH, Jung HJ, Pak K (2017). "Is Beta-Blocker Use
Beneficial in Breast Cancer? A Meta-Analysis".
4567:
3156:
Safi S, Sethi NJ, Nielsen EE, Feinberg J, Jakobsen JC, Gluud C, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (December 2019).
1053:
8376:
6769:
5941:"Announcement of Approval of Additional Indications for Onoact 50 for Injection, Short-Acting Selective ß1 Blocker"
3331:
Wiysonge CS, Bradley HA, Volmink J, Mayosi BM, Opie LH, et al. (Cochrane
Hypertension Group) (January 2017).
7345:
6801:
709:
924:
A 2007 study revealed diuretics and beta blockers used for hypertension increase a patient's risk of developing
11148:
8541:
8280:
8141:
6358:
Shek E, Bardhan S, Cheine MV, Ahonen J, Wahlbeck, et al. (Cochrane
Schizophrenia Group) (September 1996).
5244:"Effects of Prolonged Use of β-Adrenoblockers on Melatonin Secretion, Sleep Quality, and Vascular Brain Damage"
2584:"Sir James Black and propranolol. The role of the basic sciences in the history of cardiovascular pharmacology"
1913:
1691:
1674:. Conversely, central nervous system-related benefits of beta blockers may include prevention and treatment of
1316:
1031:
7822:
4344:
1060:
10139:
8257:
5291:"Treatment of a patient with a circadian sleep-wake disorder using a combination of melatonin and metoprolol"
5104:
4068:
2238:
17:
5940:
5187:
Stoschitzky, K.; Sakotnik, A.; Lercher, P.; Zweiker, R.; Maier, R.; Liebmann, P.; Lindner, W. (April 1999).
4612:
1244:
blockers) can be prescribed at the least possible dose to those with mild to moderate respiratory symptoms.
11176:
11094:
8593:
7943:
7044:
6826:
6467:, August 20, 2008. (Discusses the use of propranolol by a North Korean pistol shooter in the 2008 Olympics)
3539:
Blessberger H, Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Fawcett LJ, Domanovits H, Schlager O, et al. (September 2019).
3487:
Blessberger H, Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Fawcett LJ, Domanovits H, Schlager O, et al. (September 2019).
1563:
1324:
1315:, used in the treatment of overdose, increases the strength of heart contractions, increases intracellular
1275:
Beta blockers' inhibition on epinephrine's effect can somewhat exacerbate hypoglycemia by interfering with
918:
596:
A 2014 Cochrane review investigated the use of beta blockers in the maintenance of chronic type B thoracic
532:
462:
Therapeutic administration of beta blockers for congestive heart failure ought to begin at very low doses (
443:
381:
338:
7875:
4373:"Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma–Summary Report 2007"
3973:
2344:
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. (February 2014).
11181:
9973:
9523:
9263:
8851:
8563:
8393:
8085:
7655:
6716:
6495:
6434:
3593:"First-line beta-blockers versus other antihypertensive medications for chronic type B aortic dissection"
2218:
Beta blockers, due to their antagonism at beta-1 adrenergic receptors, inhibit both the synthesis of new
2077:
1544:
1042:
914:
147:
9428:
7305:
6794:
6694:
6612:
2261:
1774:
1491:
559:
327:
296:
288:
280:
256:
959:
may be useful for treating CNS and cardiovascular toxicity from a methamphetamine overdose. The mixed
133:
252:
6470:
4396:
2852:
Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, Wedel H, Waagstein F, Kjekshus J, et al. (March 2000).
9446:
8621:
8485:
8475:
6524:
6474:
4112:
3943:
1403:) exhibit intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). These agents are capable of exerting low-level
410:
389:
260:
180:
10094:
264:
8364:
7360:
7038:
6889:
6757:
1611:
1562:
Blockade of the sympathetic nervous system on renin release leads to reduced aldosterone via the
1519:
1347:
1328:
1168:
846:
834:
353:
and is considered by many to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and
5668:
4974:
4235:
3416:
Tyrer P (January 1992). "Anxiolytics not acting at the benzodiazepine receptor: beta blockers".
1447:
effect on the heart and increases cardiac conduction velocity and automaticity. Stimulation of β
11171:
9859:
9551:
9541:
9112:
8869:
8787:
8727:
8700:
8599:
8284:
7397:
7152:
6488:
5078:
1917:
1916:. The function of cAMP as a second messenger in the cardiac cell is that it phosphorylates the
1667:
1615:
1515:
1351:
607:
535:. However, many controlled trials in the past 25 years indicate beta blockers are effective in
234:
5136:
Cojocariu SA, Maștaleru A, Sascău RA, Stătescu C, Mitu F, Leon-Constantin MM (February 2021).
2467:
Clément K, Vaisse C, Manning BS, Basdevant A, Guy-Grand B, Ruiz J, et al. (August 1995).
2432:
10058:
9834:
9477:
8057:
7082:
7018:
6863:
5915:"DailyMed - BETAPACE- sotalol hydrochloride tablet BETAPACE AF- sotalol hydrochloride tablet"
3728:
Hollingsworth JM, Canales BK, Rogers MA, Sukumar S, Yan P, Kuntz GM, Dahm P (December 2016).
3074:
Alabed S, Sabouni A, Al Dakhoul S, Bdaiwi Y, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (July 2020).
2271:
2068:
Intermediate lipophilicity: metoprolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, acebutolol, timolol, pindolol
1619:
1537:
770:
750:
615:
481:
167:
6440:
4475:
4458:
1634:
effects. Central nervous system-related side effects and risks of beta blockers may include
10717:
8737:
8617:
8442:
8314:
8034:
8001:
7157:
7137:
7006:
2297:"beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis"
2071:
Low lipophilicity (also known as hydrophilic beta blockers): atenolol, nadolol, and sotalol
1796:
1655:
1566:, with a resultant decrease in blood pressure due to decreased sodium and water retention.
973:
944:
818:
713:
311:
223:
214:, are a class of medications that are predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms (
1067:
8:
10396:
10262:
9738:
9644:
9041:
8947:
8840:
8731:
8717:
8636:
8459:
8248:
7766:
7502:
7288:
7067:
6894:
4574:
4459:"Cardioselective beta-blockers in patients with reactive airway disease: a meta-analysis"
3281:"Blood pressure lowering efficacy of nonselective beta-blockers for primary hypertension"
2929:
Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, Coats AJ, Katus HA, Krum H, et al. (October 2002).
2266:
1781:
1591:
1408:
1320:
1131:
585:
551:
500:
267:
and others are selective for one of the three known types of beta receptors, designated β
227:
115:
6458:
5591:"The double jeopardy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and myocardial infarction"
3689:
Effects of β-Blockers With and Without Vasodilating Properties on Central Blood Pressure
3617:
3592:
3305:
3280:
2706:
2673:
2672:
Reinhart, Marcia; Puil, Lorri; Salzwedel, Douglas M.; Wright, James M. (July 13, 2023).
8843:
8751:
8549:
8030:
7800:
7665:
7524:
6978:
6445:
6379:
6272:
6152:
6127:
6103:
6078:
6054:
6027:
5865:
5840:
5812:
5615:
5590:
5571:
5323:
5290:
5271:
5224:
5164:
5137:
4967:
4516:
4499:
4211:
4186:
4167:
4017:
4000:
3803:
3778:
3754:
3729:
3666:
3641:
3565:
3540:
3513:
3488:
3468:
3441:
3357:
3332:
3182:
3157:
3100:
3075:
2947:
2930:
2804:
2779:
2755:
2730:
2649:
2624:
2564:
1921:
1671:
1216:
814:
610:. The adrenergic antagonists are widely used for lowering blood pressure and relieving
581:
230:, although they are no longer the first choice for initial treatment of most patients.
161:
5450:
4552:
4155:
3730:"Alpha blockers for treatment of ureteric stones: systematic review and meta-analysis"
3591:
Chan KK, Lai P, Wright JM, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (February 2014).
2674:"First-line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension"
2600:
2583:
1924:
to increase intracellular calcium levels and cause contraction. Beta-blockade of the β
1027:
10827:
10802:
10722:
9600:
9350:
9215:
7806:
7761:
7544:
7534:
7437:
7267:
7223:
7207:
7011:
7001:
6944:
6934:
6449:, October 17, 2004. (Discusses the use of beta blockers among professional musicians)
6414:
6340:
6332:
6295:
6264:
6229:
6193:
6174:
6157:
6108:
6059:
5870:
5804:
5767:
5744:
5620:
5563:
5432:
5428:
5328:
5310:
5275:
5263:
5216:
5208:
5169:
5051:
5017:
4978:
4938:
4902:
4864:
4828:
4794:
4769:
4725:
4689:
4655:
4556:
4521:
4480:
4439:
4285:
4281:
4216:
4159:
4093:
4022:
3881:
3846:
3842:
3808:
3759:
3708:
3671:
3622:
3570:
3518:
3433:
3429:
3398:
3362:
3310:
3251:
3217:
3187:
3127:
3105:
3056:
3004:"Use of beta-blockers and ivabradine in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction"
2952:
2911:
2875:
2832:
2809:
2760:
2711:
2693:
2654:
2605:
2556:
2490:
2440:
2399:
2367:
2326:
2321:
2296:
2207:
1639:
1635:
1556:
1407:
activity at the β-adrenergic receptor while simultaneously acting as a receptor site
1114:
968:
drugs to administer during hypertensive crisis resulting from stimulant overdose are
925:
790:
536:
110:
5816:
5686:
5575:
5228:
4171:
3640:
Koo HK, Lawrence KA, Musini VM, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (November 2017).
3445:
2568:
1123:
Relative contraindications, or contraindications specific to certain beta-blockers:
484:. During a myocardial infarction, systemic stress causes an increase in circulating
10797:
10361:
10204:
10003:
9581:
9343:
9333:
8894:
7879:
7857:
7771:
7594:
7519:
7507:
7432:
7298:
7177:
6966:
6406:
6383:
6371:
6324:
6276:
6256:
6221:
6185:
6147:
6139:
6098:
6090:
6049:
6039:
5860:
5852:
5796:
5734:
5610:
5602:
5555:
5424:
5318:
5302:
5255:
5200:
5159:
5149:
4761:
4575:"Toxicity, Beta-blocker: Treatment & Medication – eMedicine Emergency Medicine"
4548:
4511:
4470:
4431:
4416:
4414:
4386:
4277:
4206:
4198:
4151:
4012:
3873:
3838:
3798:
3790:
3749:
3741:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3560:
3552:
3508:
3500:
3425:
3390:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3046:
2983:
2942:
2903:
2865:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2595:
2548:
2480:
2357:
2316:
2308:
1679:
1623:
1552:
1541:
1404:
1198:
1108:
965:
826:
141:
90:
55:
7238:
6143:
5638:
4752:
Ahrens RC (1990). "Skeletal muscle tremor and the influence of adrenergic drugs".
2226:. The neuropsychiatric side effects of some beta blockers (e.g. sleep disruption,
9595:
8903:
8809:
8170:
7811:
7756:
7625:
7620:
7459:
7392:
7387:
7273:
7219:
7060:
6951:
6904:
6126:
Kokolus KM, Zhang Y, Sivik JM, Schmeck C, Zhu J, Repasky EA, et al. (2018).
5800:
5516:
5483:
4892:
3999:
Elman MJ, Sugar J, Fiscella R, Deutsch TA, Noth J, Nyberg M, et al. (1998).
3908:
3779:"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications"
3702:
2988:
1932:
receptors in the heart only, but still have instrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
1518:
effect to reduce sympathetic activity (for those beta blockers that do cross the
1476:
1464:
1424:
1420:
1377:
1339:
697:
661:
653:
634:
622:
597:
562:
and public performances. The application to stage fright was first recognized in
540:
539:, though the mechanism of action is not known. The physiological symptoms of the
350:
186:
8433:
6225:
5606:
4411:
2485:
2468:
10707:
10376:
10341:
10062:
9818:
9728:
9481:
9346:
9066:
9021:
8370:
8121:
8103:
7852:
7790:
7690:
7685:
7539:
7529:
7479:
7464:
7454:
7355:
7350:
7340:
7278:
7250:
7202:
7197:
6929:
6884:
6880:
6763:
6410:
6189:
6077:
Choy C, Raytis JL, Smith DD, Duenas M, Neman J, Jandial R, Lew MW (June 2016).
5739:
5722:
5259:
4391:
3279:
Wong GW, Wright JM, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (February 2014).
3243:
3209:
2552:
2256:
2244:
2057:
Acebutolol, pindolol, labetalol, mepindolol, oxprenolol, celiprolol, penbutolol
1643:
1468:
1276:
1183:
985:
948:
929:
802:
738:
Classical musicians have commonly used beta blockers since the 1970s to reduce
693:
630:
248:
6375:
6328:
4765:
3794:
3556:
3504:
2312:
11165:
10857:
10697:
10381:
10325:
10282:
9943:
9867:
9733:
9672:
9561:
9450:
9362:
9116:
9036:
9031:
8975:
8962:
8642:
8627:
8608:
8573:
8554:
8526:
8450:
8217:
8131:
8042:
7870:
7853:
7722:
7695:
7554:
7372:
7283:
7263:
7259:
7122:
7050:
6939:
6854:
6336:
5314:
5267:
5243:
5212:
5154:
4304:
4202:
3937:"The World Anti-Doping Code: The 2006 Prohibited List International Standard"
3877:
2870:
2853:
2697:
2362:
2345:
1607:
1460:
1411:. These agents, therefore, may be useful in individuals exhibiting excessive
1292:
1188:
1152:
960:
782:
626:
485:
451:
426:
385:
361:
241:
6044:
5415:
Rosendorff C (June 1993). "Beta-blocking agents with vasodilator activity".
5188:
3974:"Olympics: North Korea's Kim Jong-su loses medals after positive drugs test"
3381:
Schneier FR (September 2006). "Clinical practice. Social anxiety disorder".
2907:
1490:
Beta blockers inhibit these normal epinephrine- and norepinephrine-mediated
1338:
receptor-blocking effects of nonselective beta blockers may be treated with
1245:
10882:
10867:
10812:
10307:
10129:
10074:
10066:
10038:
9998:
9917:
9883:
9698:
9493:
9485:
9466:
9454:
9338:
9207:
9183:
8778:
8680:
8613:
8302:
8225:
8111:
8047:
7981:
7961:
7861:
7680:
7599:
7335:
7293:
7127:
7117:
7028:
6582:
6515:
6463:
6418:
6360:"Beta-blocker supplementation of standard drug treatment for schizophrenia"
6344:
6317:"Beta-blocker supplementation of standard drug treatment for schizophrenia"
6316:
6268:
6233:
6197:
6161:
6112:
6063:
5874:
5808:
5748:
5624:
5332:
5220:
5173:
4525:
4484:
4443:
4289:
4220:
4163:
4097:
4026:
4001:"The effect of propranolol versus placebo on resident surgical performance"
3885:
3850:
3812:
3763:
3675:
3626:
3574:
3522:
3402:
3366:
3314:
3255:
3221:
3191:
3109:
3060:
2956:
2915:
2879:
2813:
2764:
2715:
2658:
2560:
2539:
blockers. The Netherlands Working Group on Cardiovascular Research (WCN)".
2371:
2330:
2223:
2150:
2082:
Carvedilol, propranolol > oxprenolol > labetalol, metoprolol, timolol
1526:
1440:
1359:
1269:
1249:
1146:
989:
969:
940:
887:
881:
877:
869:
762:
739:
611:
555:
354:
219:
103:
86:
8423:
5856:
5567:
5436:
5204:
4773:
4560:
4435:
3437:
2609:
2494:
11007:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10862:
10837:
10822:
10807:
10772:
10757:
10737:
10732:
10702:
10682:
10657:
10642:
10587:
10532:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10411:
10406:
10312:
10297:
10267:
10257:
10242:
10213:
10184:
10028:
10018:
9993:
9983:
9948:
9891:
9854:
9783:
9778:
9758:
9723:
9659:
9634:
9624:
9605:
9566:
9436:
9313:
9308:
9268:
9243:
9233:
9223:
9193:
9188:
9163:
9138:
9132:
9097:
9056:
9051:
9016:
9001:
8996:
8942:
8932:
8913:
8874:
8773:
8757:
8723:
8713:
8675:
8632:
8568:
8507:
8470:
8455:
8340:
8328:
8116:
8052:
8015:
7971:
7951:
7933:
7923:
7564:
7474:
7214:
7167:
7112:
6995:
6961:
6587:
6094:
4367:
3904:"Golf: O'Grady says players use beta-blockers: Drugs 'helped win majors'"
3394:
2731:"Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension"
2729:
Zhu J, Chen N, Zhou M, Guo J, Zhu C, Zhou J, et al. (January 2022).
2203:
2195:
2168:
2142:
2001:
1820:
1714:
1627:
1412:
1343:
1323:. It is, therefore, useful in patients with beta blocker cardiotoxicity.
1280:
1103:
1098:
873:
850:
786:
778:
774:
729:
725:
657:
450:
secretion, which in turn reduces the heart oxygen demand by lowering the
346:
342:
331:
244:
59:
11072:
11062:
11052:
11037:
11032:
11017:
10997:
10992:
10967:
10962:
10947:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10887:
10877:
10872:
10842:
10832:
10792:
10782:
10762:
10712:
10692:
10672:
10667:
10647:
10632:
10627:
10617:
10597:
10592:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10552:
10537:
10527:
10507:
10486:
10471:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10421:
10416:
10401:
10386:
10371:
10366:
10356:
10346:
10302:
10287:
10277:
10252:
10247:
10228:
10218:
10199:
10194:
10174:
10169:
10159:
10154:
10144:
10134:
10124:
10114:
10109:
10053:
10043:
10033:
10023:
9963:
9953:
9933:
9928:
9913:
9887:
9879:
9875:
9849:
9844:
9793:
9788:
9768:
9763:
9718:
9708:
9703:
9693:
9654:
9639:
9629:
9590:
9576:
9472:
9462:
9423:
9418:
9408:
9403:
9393:
9378:
9354:
9328:
9318:
9303:
9298:
9288:
9283:
9253:
9238:
9211:
9173:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9128:
9124:
9087:
9046:
9026:
9006:
8991:
8957:
8937:
8889:
8884:
8793:
8783:
8747:
8742:
8690:
8502:
8494:
8336:
8310:
8270:
8265:
8202:
8187:
8149:
8020:
8010:
7928:
7918:
7742:
7713:
7671:
7640:
7635:
7574:
7569:
7559:
7497:
7483:
7423:
7378:
7326:
7246:
7242:
7183:
7143:
7098:
7094:
6984:
6920:
6870:
6835:
6831:
6733:
6728:
6706:
6669:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6624:
6597:
6573:
6568:
6558:
6553:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6396:
5841:"Changing beta-blockers in heart failure: when is a class not a class?"
5559:
2778:
Wiysonge CS, Bradley HA, Volmink J, Mayosi BM, Opie LH (January 2017).
2623:
Wiysonge CS, Bradley HA, Volmink J, Mayosi BM, Opie LH (January 2017).
2183:(preventive treatment before and primary treatment after heart attacks)
2180:
2176:
2164:
2124:
2120:
2116:
1996:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1936:
1871:
1865:
1840:
1825:
1792:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1706:
1695:
1583:
1551:, in particular, has additional antiarrhythmic properties and prolongs
1533:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1355:
1163:
981:
952:
905:, which work together to increase plasma glucose. Therefore, blocking β
854:
838:
681:
638:
564:
528:
422:
418:
414:
238:
215:
41:
6480:
6260:
5723:"β-Blockers in hypertension: studies and meta-analyses over the years"
5306:
5242:
Tikhomirova, O. V.; Zybina, N. N.; Kozhevnikova, V. V. (May 1, 2022).
5010:"Hypertension: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment"
3745:
3158:"Beta-blockers for suspected or diagnosed acute myocardial infarction"
898:
breakdown (glycogenolysis) in the liver and pancreatic release of the
199:
11067:
11057:
11042:
11022:
11012:
10987:
10957:
10937:
10932:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10852:
10847:
10817:
10787:
10777:
10742:
10727:
10687:
10677:
10662:
10652:
10637:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10567:
10562:
10542:
10512:
10476:
10431:
10426:
10391:
10351:
10292:
10272:
10233:
10179:
10164:
10149:
10119:
10080:
10048:
10013:
10008:
9978:
9923:
9905:
9901:
9871:
9863:
9803:
9743:
9713:
9688:
9649:
9615:
9571:
9509:
9440:
9432:
9413:
9398:
9388:
9383:
9368:
9358:
9323:
9293:
9278:
9273:
9258:
9248:
9227:
9198:
9178:
9167:
9120:
9107:
9102:
9092:
9082:
9011:
8952:
8923:
8879:
8798:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8531:
8518:
8465:
8318:
8192:
8182:
8126:
8093:
7986:
7966:
7956:
7913:
7908:
7650:
7630:
7604:
7579:
7514:
7492:
7320:
7233:
7107:
6738:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6664:
6634:
6548:
4187:"NICE removes beta blockers as first line treatment for hypertension"
3051:
3034:
2219:
2138:
2134:
2105:
2037:
2017:
1968:
1947:
1850:
1835:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1726:
1683:
1663:
1651:
1631:
1595:
1579:
1484:
1444:
1396:
1203:
1178:
977:
956:
810:
794:
677:
669:
614:. These antagonists have a been proven to relieve the pain caused by
377:
330:
and lead to stress responses, especially when they are stimulated by
127:
4898:
Improving Oral Health for the Elderly: An Interdisciplinary Approach
2537:
1005:
735:
For similar reasons, beta blockers have also been used by surgeons.
515:
in heart rate, without a corresponding reduction in blood pressure.
10952:
10942:
10892:
10767:
10752:
10747:
10557:
10522:
10517:
10491:
10466:
10333:
10223:
10189:
10070:
9968:
9958:
9938:
9909:
9895:
9839:
9813:
9798:
9680:
9610:
9499:
9489:
9373:
9219:
9203:
9147:
8983:
8918:
8579:
8559:
8425:
8306:
8207:
8197:
7991:
7751:
7615:
7611:
7584:
7023:
6956:
6875:
6654:
6629:
6578:
6210:
3642:"Beta-blockers for preventing aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome"
2295:
Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J (June 1999).
2227:
2160:
1942:
1877:
1746:
1710:
1675:
1659:
1647:
1388:
1312:
1193:
921:. Therefore, beta blockers are to be used cautiously in diabetics.
902:
895:
806:
798:
758:
649:
645:
430:
365:
1279:
and mask signs of hypoglycemia such as tachycardia, palpitations,
1023:
618:, and also the infarction size, which correlates with heart rate.
11047:
11027:
11002:
10897:
10622:
10547:
9988:
9556:
9504:
9458:
8685:
7727:
7645:
7310:
7077:
6899:
6849:
6659:
6602:
6592:
6563:
5545:
5186:
4491:
3727:
3124:
Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basic of Therapeutics
2851:
2191:
2172:
2146:
2101:
2097:
1973:
1889:
1883:
1860:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1718:
1687:
1548:
1506:
receptors is overshadowed by the more dominant vasoconstricting α
899:
822:
766:
705:
665:
547:
511:
Beta blockers are widely used for the treatment of hypertension.
496:
369:
73:
5135:
4450:
3538:
3486:
3418:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
2892:
2437:
Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: a practical approach
2023:
434:
in ejection fraction, worsening the patient's current symptoms.
10317:
9664:
9546:
8967:
8429:
7409:
7072:
5766:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 523.
4296:
1439:
receptors by epinephrine and norepinephrine induces a positive
1211:
1157:
754:
373:
368:
have shown that although beta blockers are more effective than
323:
319:
315:
6290:
Joseph S (1997). "Chapter 3, Schizoid Personality Disorder.".
3863:
3824:
3822:
376:
and total cardiovascular events, they are not as effective as
50:
7709:
7419:
6914:
5241:
3073:
2466:
1745:, and low lipophilicity or hydrophilic beta blockers include
1472:
1452:
1234:
842:
447:
307:
155:
4538:
4420:
4267:
3857:
3828:
3330:
2777:
2622:
9748:
7413:
6455:
by Blair Tindall. A condensed version of the above article.
5138:"Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Lipophilic Beta-Blockers"
4041:"Musicians Use Beta Blockers as Performance-Enabling Drugs"
3819:
3704:
The Modern Role of Beta-Blockers in Cardiovascular Medicine
2671:
2294:
1610:(fat solubility) and in turn in their ability to cross the
701:
341:
synthesized the first clinically significant beta blockers—
5716:
5714:
5712:
4084:
Cruickshank JM (2010). "Beta-blockers and heart failure".
2389:
2247:
are not contraindicated in those receiving beta blockers.
5786:
5720:
3998:
2113:
Agents specifically labeled for congestive heart failure
872:, inhibits renin release, thus decreasing the release of
6125:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
4456:
3934:
3776:
3700:
3155:
3076:"Beta-blockers for congestive heart failure in children"
2928:
2343:
1853:(has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and additional α
570:
International Conference of Symphony Orchestra Musicians
6357:
6292:
Personality Disorders: New Symptom-Focused Drug Therapy
5889:"DailyMed - BREVIBLOC- esmolol hydrochloride injection"
5709:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5342:
4457:
Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE (November 2002).
4263:
4261:
3035:"Beta-blockers: new standard therapy for heart failure"
2430:
2237:
Beta blockers have also been used for the treatment of
833:/β-antagonist therapy is also commonly associated with
480:
Beta blockers are indicated for the treatment of acute
6019:
5881:
4236:"Methamphetamine Toxicity: Treatment & Management"
4227:
2157:
Agents specifically labeled for myocardial infarction
6819:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
6076:
5079:"Labetalol Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals"
4500:"Glucose counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia"
4005:
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
2188:
Agents specifically labeled for migraine prophylaxis
2062:
Agents organized by lipid solubility (lipophilicity)
1370:
644:
Beta blockers are used to treat acute cardiovascular
546:
Musicians, public speakers, actors, and professional
6314:
5339:
4715:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4258:
2390:
Frishman WH, Cheng-Lai A, Nawarskas J, eds. (2005).
1569:
1233:
The 2007 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (
409:
Although beta blockers were once contraindicated in
287:
are located mainly in the heart and in the kidneys.
4233:
3534:
3532:
2094:Agents specifically labeled for cardiac arrhythmia
2054:Agents with intrinsic sympathomimetic action (ISA)
1601:
1430:
495:A 2019 Cochrane review compared beta blockers with
425:are specifically indicated as adjuncts to standard
8839:
5289:Gehrman, Philip R.; Anafi, Ron C. (October 2021).
4966:
3965:
2439:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 205.
1268:Epinephrine signals early warning of the upcoming
753:associated with the use of beta blockers include:
446:at the kidneys. Beta blockers cause a decrease in
5989:
5721:Larochelle P, Tobe SW, Lacourcière Y (May 2014).
5189:"Influence of beta-blockers on melatonin release"
4890:
4319:
3639:
3032:
1618:. Beta blockers with greater blood–brain barrier
1354:. Other antidotes for beta blocker poisoning are
1327:is usually reserved for patients unresponsive to
995:
708:. Beta blockers are banned in some sports by the
11163:
5016:. Vol. 2. Blackwell Science. p. 1564.
3529:
3326:
3324:
2426:
2424:
2422:
1260:β-blocker-induced worsening asthma and/or COPD.
568:in 1976, and by 1987, a survey conducted by the
5131:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5085:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
4928:
4681:
4497:
4361:
4113:"Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-Blockers)"
4110:Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-Blockers);
3935:World Anti-Doping Agency (September 19, 2005).
3250:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3216:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2385:
2383:
2381:
527:Officially, beta blockers are not approved for
62:, the first clinically successful beta blocker.
8285:
6246:
5050:. Vol. 6. Blackwell Science. p. 76.
4469:(9). American College of Physicians: 715–725.
4378:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
3777:Giovannitti JA, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ (2015).
3203:
3201:
2728:
2048:
1721:, moderately lipophilic beta blockers include
1252:where it exerts greater efficacy on reversing
550:have been known to use beta blockers to avoid
475:
349:; it revolutionized the medical management of
8825:
8409:
7838:
6802:
6496:
6315:Cheine, M.; Ahonen, J.; Wahlbeck, K. (2001).
5967:"Metiprapanol – metipranolol solution/ drops"
5764:Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Therapeutics
5511:
5509:
5478:
5476:
4964:
4685:Harrison's Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders
3590:
3321:
2419:
1939:(has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, ISA)
1334:People experiencing bronchospasm due to the β
919:beta blocker-induced hypoglycemia unawareness
8218:Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers
6817:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
5761:
5288:
5114:
4969:100 Questions and Answers about Hypertension
4652:The Adrenergic Receptors in the 21st Century
4178:
4141:
4135:
4077:
3770:
3721:
3586:
3584:
3374:
3274:
3272:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3026:
2922:
2886:
2845:
2820:
2378:
1174:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
1127:Long QT syndrome: sotalol is contraindicated
1032:introducing citations to additional sources
687:
6321:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5973:. U.S. National Library of Medicine – NIH.
4745:
4648:"Adrenergic Receptors in Clinical Medicine"
4645:
4532:
4083:
3646:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3597:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3545:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3493:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3337:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3285:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3198:
3162:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3080:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2784:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2735:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2678:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2629:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2531:
2431:Barranger K, Vivian E, Peterson AM (2006).
2337:
2288:
1586:) exhibit mixed antagonism of both β- and α
606:Adrenergic antagonists are mostly used for
404:
360:For the treatment of primary hypertension,
8832:
8818:
8416:
8402:
7845:
7831:
6809:
6795:
6503:
6489:
6032:Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5506:
5473:
5414:
4498:Sprague JE, Arbeláez AM (September 2011).
4073:. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook.
3457:
3455:
3278:
3241:
2575:
2460:
2277:Discovery and development of beta-blockers
2065:High lipophilicity: propranolol, labetalol
2043:
1298:
845:. Due to the high penetration across the
218:), and to protect the heart from a second
49:
6473:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
6151:
6102:
6053:
6043:
5864:
5738:
5614:
5588:
5548:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
5322:
5193:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
5163:
5153:
4716:Lewis KP, Gonzalez RM, Balonov K (2009).
4636:USMLE WORLD 2009 Step1, Pharmacology, Q85
4599:
4515:
4474:
4390:
4369:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
4210:
4016:
3897:
3895:
3802:
3753:
3665:
3616:
3581:
3564:
3512:
3356:
3304:
3269:
3207:
3181:
3140:
3099:
3050:
3033:Pritchett AM, Redfield MM (August 2002).
2987:
2946:
2869:
2831:. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 6–18.
2803:
2754:
2705:
2648:
2599:
2581:
2484:
2361:
2320:
2131:Agents specifically labeled for glaucoma
2088:
1886:(not considered a "typical beta blocker")
1808:Nonselective beta blockers display both β
326:, and other tissues that are part of the
306:Beta receptors are found on cells of the
5539:
4996:beta blockers dilation of blood vessels.
4718:"Vasoactive Amines and Inotropic Agents"
4062:
4060:
4058:
3380:
2969:
2501:
1960:(has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
1880:(has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
1874:(has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
1868:(has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
1791:
1256:β-blocker-induced bronchospasm than the
1248:can somewhat mitigate β-blocker-induced
1022:Relevant discussion may be found on the
263:. Some block activation of all types of
6510:
6364:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5845:The British Journal of General Practice
5838:
5823:
4931:"Beta Antagonist (Blocker) Medications"
4820:
4476:10.7326/0003-4819-137-9-200211050-00035
4066:
3916:from the original on September 25, 2015
3461:
3452:
2435:. In Arcangelo VP, Peterson AM (eds.).
1979:Nebivolol and bisoprolol are the most β
1376:compound, such as norepinephrine). See
909:-adrenoceptors lowers plasma glucose. β
14:
11164:
7796:Pharmacological classification systems
7163:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
6289:
5789:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
5248:Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology
5105:"Coreg - Food and Drug Administration"
5047:Lecture notes on clinical pharmacology
4786:
4751:
4688:. McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 215.
4315:from the original on October 13, 2007.
4302:
4234:Richards JR, Derlet RW, Albertson TE.
3953:from the original on February 11, 2017
3901:
3892:
3014:from the original on December 22, 2015
2179:(after left ventricular dysfunction),
2007:
1986:
1895:
1803:
890:can occur with beta blockade because β
237:that block the receptor sites for the
226:). They are also widely used to treat
27:Medications for abnormal heart rhythms
8813:
8397:
7826:
7443:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
6790:
6484:
6399:European Journal of Internal Medicine
6025:
6007:from the original on October 18, 2017
5997:"Drugs to Prevent Migraine in Adults"
5977:from the original on October 18, 2017
5697:from the original on October 18, 2017
5693:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5649:from the original on October 18, 2017
5645:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5527:from the original on October 18, 2017
5523:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5494:from the original on October 18, 2017
5490:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5461:from the original on October 18, 2017
5457:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5396:from the original on October 18, 2017
5007:
4184:
4055:
3971:
3415:
1415:with sustained beta blocker therapy.
442:activity in the heart, influence the
132:
6294:. Psychology Press. pp. 45–56.
5043:
4854:
4720:. In O'Donnell JM, Nácul FE (eds.).
3928:
2826:
1564:renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
1263:
999:
943:, reduces coronary blood flow, left
849:, lipophilic beta blockers, such as
841:therapy is commonly associated with
769:, cold extremities, exacerbation of
7056:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
5921:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
5895:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
5589:Sinha SS, Gurm HS (February 2014).
4602:"Beta-Adrenergic Blocker Poisoning"
4581:from the original on March 17, 2009
4123:from the original on August 8, 2011
3383:The New England Journal of Medicine
2519:from the original on March 27, 2010
2473:The New England Journal of Medicine
1912:receptors in the heart will act on
934:angiotensin II receptor antagonists
24:
6001:pharmacist.therapeuticresearch.com
5762:Ganten D, Mulrow PJ, eds. (1990).
5727:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology
5417:Journal of Hypertension Supplement
5390:pharmacist.therapeuticresearch.com
5386:"Comparison of Oral Beta-Blockers"
5295:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
4901:. New York: Springer. p. 87.
4827:. Pearson Education. p. 394.
4246:from the original on April 9, 2016
3464:"Better Playing Through Chemistry"
2948:10.1161/01.CIR.0000035653.72855.BF
1771:intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
1371:Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
1291:Abrupt withdrawal can result in a
1286:
894:-adrenoceptors normally stimulate
745:
25:
11193:
6428:
4342:
3980:. Guardian News and Media Limited
3701:John Malcolm Cruickshank (2010).
860:Adverse effects associated with β
7805:
7785:
7784:
6441:Better Playing Through Chemistry
6390:
6351:
6308:
6283:
6240:
6204:
6168:
6119:
6070:
5429:10.1097/00004872-199306003-00009
4935:The Encyclopedia of Men's Health
4929:Rothfeld GS, Romaine DS (2005).
4722:Surgical Intensive Care Medicine
4282:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040
3843:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040
3333:"Beta-blockers for hypertension"
2972:"Beta blockers in heart failure"
2780:"Beta-blockers for hypertension"
2625:"Beta-blockers for hypertension"
2213:
1602:Blood–brain barrier permeability
1431:β-Adrenergic receptor antagonism
1380:for a more general description.
1240:Cardio selective beta blocker (β
1015:relies largely or entirely on a
1004:
732:and was stripped of his medals.
11140:Monoamine metabolism modulators
8542:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
8281:Endothelin receptor antagonists
8142:Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors
7193:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
6003:. Therapeutic Research Center.
5959:
5933:
5907:
5780:
5755:
5679:
5661:
5631:
5582:
5443:
5408:
5392:. Therapeutic Research Center.
5282:
5235:
5180:
5097:
5071:
5037:
5001:
4958:
4922:
4884:
4848:
4814:
4790:Sport and exercise pharmacology
4780:
4709:
4682:Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2010).
4675:
4639:
4630:
4593:
4504:Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews
4104:
4033:
3992:
3694:
3682:
3633:
3480:
3409:
3235:
3116:
3067:
2996:
2963:
2771:
2722:
2665:
1983:cardioselective beta blockers.
1574:-Adrenergic receptor antagonism
1451:receptors on the kidney causes
1365:
1119:Second or third degree AV block
710:International Olympic Committee
506:
395:
8290:Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension
8258:Serotonin receptor antagonists
6459:In Defense of the Beta Blocker
4965:Manger WM, Gifford RW (2001).
4861:Encyclopedia of Heart Diseases
4793:. Human Kinetics. p. 19.
4303:Handly M (December 16, 2016).
3658:10.1002/14651858.CD011103.pub2
3609:10.1002/14651858.CD010426.pub2
3462:Tindall B (October 17, 2004).
3349:10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub5
3297:10.1002/14651858.CD007452.pub2
3174:10.1002/14651858.CD012484.pub2
3092:10.1002/14651858.CD007037.pub4
2796:10.1002/14651858.cd002003.pub5
2747:10.1002/14651858.CD003654.pub6
2690:10.1002/14651858.CD008161.pub3
2641:10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub5
2616:
1692:post-traumatic stress disorder
1463:relaxation, induces tremor in
1222:Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
996:Contraindications and cautions
801:(hair loss), abnormal vision,
13:
1:
11122:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
11095:Receptor/signaling modulators
8594:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
8175:-Adrenergic receptor blockers
7944:Adrenergic release inhibitors
7901:-Adrenergic receptor agonists
6945:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
6453:Musicians using beta blockers
6144:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1405205
4973:. Blackwell Science. p.
4654:. Humana Press. p. 135.
4553:10.1016/S0196-0644(85)81081-7
4156:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60108-1
4070:Australian Medicines Handbook
2588:Texas Heart Institute Journal
2282:
2239:schizoid personality disorder
2230:) may be due to this effect.
1700:obsessive–compulsive disorder
672:, and other drugs. Combined α
380:, medications inhibiting the
364:of studies which mostly used
8086:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
7656:Wakefulness-promoting agents
5801:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000695
4646:Michel MC, Insel PA (2006).
4541:Annals of Emergency Medicine
4011:: 283–91, discussion 291–4.
3430:10.1016/0278-5846(92)90004-X
2989:10.18773/austprescr.2000.138
2396:Current Cardiovascular Drugs
2125:sustained-release metoprolol
1606:Beta blockers vary in their
1594:, which provides additional
1134:: sotalol is contraindicated
1095:Absolute contraindications:
533:Food and Drug Administration
222:after a first heart attack (
7:
10205:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
9582:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
9429:Tetracyclic antidepressants
8895:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
6435:Musicians and beta-blockers
6226:10.1016/j.canep.2014.03.011
5607:10.1136/openhrt-2013-000010
4463:Annals of Internal Medicine
4430:(4). Elsevier BV: 779–786.
4345:"Propranolol hydrochloride"
4270:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
3972:Scott M (August 15, 2008).
3866:J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther
3707:. Shelton, Conn: PMPH-USA.
3242:Iqbal AH, Jamal SF (2023).
3045:(8): 839–845, quiz 845–46.
2486:10.1056/NEJM199508103330605
2250:
2078:membrane stabilizing effect
2049:Pharmacological differences
1307:
476:Acute myocardial infarction
10:
11198:
11131:Monoamine releasing agents
7306:Intravenous immunoglobulin
6411:10.1016/j.ejim.2016.08.003
6190:10.1016/j.ejca.2013.07.141
6178:European Journal of Cancer
5740:10.1016/j.cjca.2014.02.012
5260:10.1007/s11055-022-01270-y
4392:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.029
2553:10.1177/000331979905000602
2392:"Beta-Adrenergic Blockers"
2262:Sympathetic nervous system
2028:selective antagonist and β
1578:Some beta blockers (e.g.,
1540:conduction, and prolonged
575:
522:
328:sympathetic nervous system
303:are located in fat cells.
257:sympathetic nervous system
11085:
10500:
10102:
10093:
9827:
9534:
9522:
9447:Tricyclic antidepressants
9075:
8862:
8850:
8766:
8699:
8651:
8592:
8540:
8516:
8493:
8484:
8441:
8354:
8279:
8256:
8246:
8216:
8169:
8162:
8140:
8102:
8084:
8077:
8070:
8029:
8000:
7942:
7895:
7888:
7869:
7780:
7736:
7708:
7664:
7473:
7408:
7371:
7319:
7232:
7176:
7136:
7093:
6977:
6913:
6825:
6747:
6715:
6693:
6611:
6523:
6376:10.1002/14651858.CD000234
6329:10.1002/14651858.CD000234
4863:. Elsevier. p. 160.
4766:10.3109/02770909009073289
3795:10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31
3557:10.1002/14651858.CD013438
3505:10.1002/14651858.CD013435
2398:. Current Science Group.
2313:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730
2222:and its secretion by the
1787:
1626:therapeutic benefits and
1614:and exert effects in the
1495:causing asthma symptoms.
1455:release. Stimulation of β
1383:Some beta blockers (e.g.
1228:
688:Performance-enhancing use
656:, for instance caused by
558:, and tremor during both
253:adrenergic beta receptors
198:
193:
179:
174:
154:
140:
126:
121:
109:
97:
82:
72:
67:
48:
39:
34:
7361:Topoisomerase inhibitors
7045:renin–angiotensin system
7039:Calcium channel blockers
6475:Medical Subject Headings
6471:beta-Adrenergic+Blockers
5839:Aronson JK (June 2008).
5691:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5643:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5521:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5488:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5455:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5155:10.3390/medicina57020155
4937:. Amaranth. p. 48.
4724:. Springer. p. 47.
4203:10.1136/bmj.333.7557.8-a
3944:World Anti-Doping Agency
3878:10.1177/1074248416681644
3244:"Essential Hypertension"
3208:Farzam K, Jan A (2023).
2871:10.1001/jama.283.10.1295
2363:10.1001/jama.2013.284427
1799:, the first beta blocker
1514:from the kidneys, and a
915:hypoglycemia unawareness
591:
444:renin–angiotensin system
421:, and sustained-release
411:congestive heart failure
405:Congestive heart failure
390:calcium channel blockers
382:renin–angiotensin system
261:fight-or-flight response
9860:Atypical antipsychotics
9113:Atypical antipsychotics
8701:Prostaglandin analogues
6045:10.4103/0975-3583.85261
5012:. In Schlant RC (ed.).
4305:"Toxicity, Amphetamine"
4043:. WQXR. August 16, 2013
3039:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2908:10.1067/mhj.2002.120768
2044:Comparative information
1346:, which are safer than
1329:pharmacological therapy
1299:Bradycardia or AV block
1169:Cerebrovascular disease
1142:Abrupt discontinuations
835:orthostatic hypotension
676:and beta blockers like
235:competitive antagonists
10059:Typical antipsychotics
9542:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
9478:Typical antipsychotics
7856:(and closely related)
7153:Hormonal contraception
7083:Bile acid sequestrants
6864:Proton-pump inhibitors
6827:gastrointestinal tract
4824:Anatomy and Physiology
2896:American Heart Journal
2089:Indication differences
1800:
1616:central nervous system
1516:central nervous system
1352:cardiovascular disease
1319:, and decreases renal
751:Adverse drug reactions
608:cardiovascular disease
482:myocardial infarctions
265:β-adrenergic receptors
11149:Monoamine neurotoxins
8035:nicotinic antagonists
6026:Fares A (July 2011).
5945:www.evaluategroup.com
5857:10.3399/bjgp08X299317
5205:10.1007/s002280050604
4754:The Journal of Asthma
4650:. In Perez DM (ed.).
4436:10.1378/chest.13-1235
4185:Mayor S (July 2006).
4067:Rossi S, ed. (2006).
3126:. McGraw-Hill. 2018.
2976:Australian Prescriber
2582:Stapleton MP (1997).
2509:"Sir James Black, OM"
2272:Adrenergic antagonist
2171:(immediate release),
2167:(immediate release),
1795:
1656:visual hallucinations
1630:, as well as adverse
1598:vasodilating action.
1538:atrioventricular node
1522:, e.g. propranolol).
616:myocardial infarction
357:of the 20th century.
301:-adrenergic receptors
293:-adrenergic receptors
285:-adrenergic receptors
259:, which mediates the
10718:Dichloroisoprenaline
8738:Latanoprostene bunod
8653:Beta blocking agents
8486:Parasympathomimetics
8002:Imidazoline receptor
7762:Radiopharmaceuticals
7550:Antiparkinson agents
6095:10.3892/or.2016.4710
5733:(5 Suppl): S16–S22.
4086:Indian Heart Journal
3395:10.1056/NEJMcp060145
1797:Dichloroisoprenaline
1779:-adrenergic receptor
1592:adrenergic receptors
1028:improve this article
945:ventricular function
819:erectile dysfunction
728:tested positive for
720:silver medalist and
714:2008 Summer Olympics
224:secondary prevention
11177:Scottish inventions
10397:Phenylpropanolamine
10263:Ethylnorepinephrine
9739:Phenylpropanolamine
9645:Ethylnorepinephrine
9042:Phenylpropanolamine
8948:Ethylnorepinephrine
8841:Adrenergic receptor
7545:Antimigraine agents
7535:Antidementia agents
7438:Anti-inflammatories
7128:Medicated dressings
7068:Antihyperlipidemics
6895:Diabetes medication
6214:Cancer Epidemiology
4821:Martini FH (2005).
4609:Courses.ahc.umn.edu
3831:Drug Alcohol Depend
3476:on August 26, 2015.
2970:Fletcher P (2000).
2829:Drugs for the Heart
2307:(7200): 1730–1737.
2267:Adrenergic receptor
1857:-blocking activity)
1847:-blocking activity)
1832:-blocking activity)
1804:Nonselective agents
1668:Parkinson's disease
1612:blood–brain barrier
1520:blood–brain barrier
1321:vascular resistance
1132:torsades de pointes
847:blood–brain barrier
722:10-metre air pistol
586:atrial fibrillation
552:performance anxiety
501:all-cause mortality
251:(noradrenaline) on
228:high blood pressure
11182:British inventions
8381:Never to phase III
7398:Immunosuppressants
7268:Antimycobacterials
7224:Antithyroid agents
7208:Mineralocorticoids
7012:Cardiac stimulants
7002:Cardiac glycosides
6994:cardiac therapy /
6890:Anti-obesity drugs
6774:Never to phase III
6446:The New York Times
6443:by Blair Tindall,
5560:10.1007/BF00191900
4399:on August 28, 2021
3469:The New York Times
2515:. March 23, 2010.
1922:ryanodine receptor
1801:
1545:refractory periods
1483:receptors induces
1479:. Stimulation of β
1459:receptors induces
1217:Vasospastic angina
1208:Reynaud phenomenon
815:sexual dysfunction
771:Raynaud's syndrome
582:heart dysrhythmias
233:Beta blockers are
11159:
11158:
11152:
11143:
11134:
11125:
11116:
11107:
11098:
11081:
11080:
10828:Iodocyanopindolol
10803:Hydroxytertatolol
10723:Dihydroalprenolol
10336:
10328:
10320:
10237:
10089:
10088:
9683:
9675:
9667:
9619:
9601:Dihydroergotamine
9518:
9517:
9351:hydroxynefazodone
9216:dihydroergotamine
8986:
8978:
8970:
8927:
8807:
8806:
8588:
8587:
8428:preparations and
8391:
8390:
8350:
8349:
8242:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8158:
8157:
8066:
8065:
8031:Ganglion-blocking
7858:antihypertensives
7820:
7819:
7723:Ophthalmologicals
7433:Anabolic steroids
7336:Anticancer agents
7299:Ectoparasiticides
7019:Antihypertensives
6967:Antifibrinolytics
6784:
6783:
6461:by Carl Elliott,
6261:10.1159/000455143
6184:(18): 3863–3871.
5307:10.5664/jcsm.9410
5301:(10): 2121–2124.
5057:978-0-632-05077-2
5023:978-0-07-912951-2
5014:Hurst's the Heart
4984:978-0-632-04481-8
4944:978-0-8160-5177-9
4908:978-0-387-74337-0
4870:978-0-12-406061-6
4834:978-0-8053-5947-3
4800:978-0-87322-937-1
4787:Reents S (2000).
4731:978-0-387-77892-1
4695:978-0-07-166339-7
4661:978-1-58829-423-4
4150:(9557): 201–207.
3746:10.1136/bmj.i6112
3714:978-1-60795-108-7
3389:(10): 1029–1036.
2941:(17): 2194–2199.
2864:(10): 1295–1302.
2838:978-1-4160-6158-8
2446:978-0-7817-5784-3
2405:978-1-57340-221-7
2208:phaeochromocytoma
2012:-selective agents
1991:-selective agents
1900:-selective agents
1843:(has additional α
1828:(has additional α
1557:potassium channel
1555:duration through
1350:in patients with
1264:Diabetes mellitus
1115:Cardiogenic shock
1093:
1092:
1078:
926:diabetes mellitus
917:. This is termed
537:anxiety disorders
247:(adrenaline) and
205:
204:
111:Biological target
68:Class identifiers
16:(Redirected from
11189:
11146:
11137:
11128:
11119:
11110:
11101:
11089:
10798:Hydroxycarteolol
10362:Methoxyphenamine
10334:
10326:
10321:-DOPA (levodopa)
10318:
10235:
10209:-methyldopamine)
10100:
10099:
10004:Phenoxybenzamine
9681:
9673:
9668:-DOPA (levodopa)
9665:
9617:
9586:-methyldopamine)
9532:
9531:
9344:Phenylpiperazine
9334:Phenoxybenzamine
8984:
8976:
8971:-DOPA (levodopa)
8968:
8925:
8909:Dexisometheptene
8899:-methyldopamine)
8860:
8859:
8834:
8827:
8820:
8811:
8810:
8491:
8490:
8443:Sympathomimetics
8418:
8411:
8404:
8395:
8394:
8291:
8287:
8254:
8253:
8167:
8166:
8082:
8081:
8075:
8074:
7893:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7880:vasoconstriction
7847:
7840:
7833:
7824:
7823:
7809:
7788:
7787:
7772:Senotherapeutics
7626:Neuroprotectives
7621:Mood stabilizers
7520:Anti-ADHD agents
7460:Muscle relaxants
7393:Immunostimulants
7388:Immunomodulators
7220:Thyroid hormones
7158:Fertility agents
7061:Renin inhibitors
6952:Antihemorrhagics
6919:forming organs (
6905:Dietary minerals
6811:
6804:
6797:
6788:
6787:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6482:
6481:
6423:
6422:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6155:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6106:
6089:(6): 3135–3142.
6083:Oncology Reports
6074:
6068:
6067:
6057:
6047:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5868:
5851:(551): 387–389.
5836:
5821:
5820:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5742:
5718:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5618:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5480:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5382:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5157:
5133:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5044:Reid JL (2001).
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5008:Hurst J (1997).
5005:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4991:
4972:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4855:Khan MI (2006).
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4618:on March 3, 2016
4617:
4611:. Archived from
4606:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4478:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4395:. Archived from
4394:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4340:
4317:
4316:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4020:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3952:
3941:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3652:(11): CD011103.
3637:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3472:. Archived from
3459:
3450:
3449:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3360:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3168:(12): CD012484.
3153:
3138:
3137:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3052:10.4065/77.8.839
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3008:www.uptodate.com
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2827:Opie LH (2009).
2824:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2387:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2292:
1680:essential tremor
1624:neuropsychiatric
1553:action potential
1467:, and increases
1435:Stimulation of β
1199:Pheochromocytoma
1111:to beta blockers
1109:Hypersensitivity
1088:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1036:
1008:
1000:
966:antihypertensive
827:lipid metabolism
821:, alteration of
724:bronze medalist
654:sympathomimetics
531:use by the U.S.
471:
470:
466:
189:
170:
164:
150:
142:Consumer Reports
136:
56:Skeletal formula
53:
32:
31:
21:
11197:
11196:
11192:
11191:
11190:
11188:
11187:
11186:
11162:
11161:
11160:
11155:
11077:
10496:
10085:
9823:
9596:Dexmedetomidine
9527:
9514:
9347:antidepressants
9071:
8904:Desglymidodrine
8855:
8846:
8838:
8808:
8803:
8762:
8706:
8695:
8647:
8597:
8584:
8536:
8512:
8480:
8437:
8424:Drugs used for
8422:
8392:
8387:
8386:
8371:Clinical trials
8346:
8289:
8275:
8230:
8212:
8174:
8154:
8136:
8104:VMAT inhibitors
8098:
8062:
8025:
7996:
7938:
7900:
7878:
7873:
7865:
7851:
7821:
7816:
7812:Medicine portal
7776:
7732:
7704:
7699:
7691:Cough medicines
7686:Bronchodilators
7667:
7660:
7540:Antidepressants
7530:Anticonvulsants
7478:
7469:
7465:Bisphosphonates
7455:Corticosteroids
7417:
7404:
7376:
7367:
7351:Spindle poisons
7341:Antimetabolites
7324:
7315:
7237:
7228:
7203:Glucocorticoids
7198:Corticosteroids
7179:
7172:
7139:
7132:
7089:
7007:Antiarrhythmics
6980:
6973:
6930:Antithrombotics
6918:
6909:
6885:Antipropulsives
6881:Antidiarrhoeals
6858:
6829:
6821:
6815:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6764:Clinical trials
6743:
6722:- + β-selective
6720:
6711:
6698:
6689:
6616:
6607:
6527:, non-selective
6519:
6509:
6431:
6426:
6395:
6391:
6356:
6352:
6323:(3): CD000234.
6313:
6309:
6302:
6288:
6284:
6245:
6241:
6209:
6205:
6173:
6169:
6138:(3): e1405205.
6124:
6120:
6075:
6071:
6024:
6020:
6010:
6008:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5948:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5922:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5837:
5824:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5760:
5756:
5719:
5710:
5700:
5698:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5587:
5583:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5515:
5514:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5482:
5481:
5474:
5464:
5462:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5413:
5409:
5399:
5397:
5384:
5383:
5340:
5287:
5283:
5240:
5236:
5185:
5181:
5134:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5006:
5002:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4895:, eds. (2008).
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4857:"Beta-Blockers"
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4785:
4781:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4714:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4604:
4600:John Gualtier.
4598:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4537:
4533:
4496:
4492:
4455:
4451:
4419:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4385:(5): S94–S138.
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4320:
4301:
4297:
4266:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4232:
4228:
4183:
4179:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4117:CV Pharmacology
4111:
4109:
4105:
4082:
4078:
4065:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4034:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3909:The Independent
3900:
3893:
3862:
3858:
3827:
3820:
3775:
3771:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3638:
3634:
3603:(2): CD010426.
3589:
3582:
3551:(9): CD013438.
3537:
3530:
3499:(9): CD013435.
3485:
3481:
3460:
3453:
3414:
3410:
3379:
3375:
3343:(1): CD002003.
3329:
3322:
3291:(2): CD007452.
3277:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3210:"Beta Blockers"
3206:
3199:
3154:
3141:
3134:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3086:(7): CD007037.
3072:
3068:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2968:
2964:
2927:
2923:
2891:
2887:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2825:
2821:
2790:(1): CD002003.
2776:
2772:
2741:(1): CD003654.
2727:
2723:
2684:(7): CD008161.
2670:
2666:
2635:(1): CD002003.
2621:
2617:
2580:
2576:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2429:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2388:
2379:
2342:
2338:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2253:
2245:Contrast agents
2234:breast cancer.
2216:
2091:
2051:
2046:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2011:
1993:
1990:
1982:
1931:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1856:
1846:
1831:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1790:
1778:
1644:sleep disorders
1604:
1589:
1576:
1573:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1482:
1477:skeletal muscle
1465:skeletal muscle
1458:
1450:
1438:
1433:
1425:tachyarrhythmia
1378:partial agonist
1373:
1368:
1342:drugs, such as
1340:anticholinergic
1337:
1310:
1301:
1289:
1287:Hyperthyroidism
1266:
1243:
1231:
1226:
1189:Hepatic disease
1089:
1083:
1080:
1037:
1035:
1021:
1009:
998:
912:
908:
893:
867:
863:
832:
748:
746:Adverse effects
718:50-metre pistol
690:
675:
662:methamphetamine
631:panic disorders
623:ureteric stones
598:aortic aneurysm
594:
578:
541:fight-or-flight
525:
509:
491:
478:
468:
464:
463:
441:
407:
398:
351:angina pectoris
300:
292:
284:
278:
274:
270:
210:, also spelled
185:
166:
160:
146:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11195:
11185:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11157:
11156:
11154:
11153:
11144:
11135:
11126:
11117:
11108:
11099:
11086:
11083:
11082:
11079:
11078:
11076:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10708:Dexpropranolol
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10504:
10502:
10498:
10497:
10495:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10377:Norepinephrine
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10342:Levosalbutamol
10339:
10331:
10329:-Phenylalanine
10323:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10106:
10104:
10097:
10091:
10090:
10087:
10086:
10084:
10083:
10078:
10063:chlorpromazine
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9899:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9831:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9819:Xylometazoline
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9729:Norepinephrine
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9678:
9676:-Phenylalanine
9670:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9538:
9536:
9529:
9525:
9520:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9482:chlorpromazine
9475:
9470:
9444:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9141:
9136:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9079:
9077:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9067:Xylometazoline
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9022:Norepinephrine
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8981:
8979:-Phenylalanine
8973:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8866:
8864:
8857:
8853:
8848:
8847:
8837:
8836:
8829:
8822:
8814:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8781:
8776:
8770:
8768:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8760:
8755:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8721:
8710:
8708:
8704:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8657:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8640:
8630:
8625:
8611:
8605:
8603:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8571:
8566:
8557:
8552:
8546:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8534:
8529:
8523:
8521:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8499:
8497:
8488:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8453:
8447:
8445:
8439:
8438:
8421:
8420:
8413:
8406:
8398:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8379:
8368:
8362:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8322:
8295:
8293:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8262:
8260:
8251:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8222:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8179:
8177:
8172:
8164:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8146:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8122:Methoserpidine
8119:
8114:
8108:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8096:
8090:
8088:
8079:
8072:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8039:
8037:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8007:
8005:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7948:
7946:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7898:
7890:
7883:
7871:Sympatholytics
7867:
7866:
7850:
7849:
7842:
7835:
7827:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7757:Contrast media
7754:
7748:
7746:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7719:
7717:
7710:sensory organs
7706:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7677:
7675:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7555:Antipsychotics
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7525:Antiaddictives
7522:
7517:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7495:
7489:
7487:
7480:nervous system
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7450:Antirheumatics
7447:
7446:
7445:
7435:
7429:
7427:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7384:
7382:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7358:
7356:Antineoplastic
7353:
7348:
7343:
7332:
7330:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7289:Antiprotozoals
7284:Antiparasitics
7281:
7276:
7271:
7264:Antibacterials
7260:Antimicrobials
7256:
7254:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7217:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7195:
7189:
7187:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7123:Antipsoriatics
7120:
7115:
7110:
7104:
7102:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7051:ACE inhibitors
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6990:
6988:
6979:cardiovascular
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6940:Anticoagulants
6937:
6926:
6924:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6852:
6841:
6839:
6823:
6822:
6814:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6791:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6703:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6621:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6528:
6521:
6520:
6508:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6456:
6450:
6438:
6430:
6429:External links
6427:
6425:
6424:
6389:
6350:
6307:
6300:
6282:
6255:(5): 264–268.
6239:
6220:(3): 279–285.
6203:
6167:
6132:Oncoimmunology
6118:
6069:
6038:(3): 153–155.
6018:
5988:
5958:
5947:. Evaluate Ltd
5932:
5906:
5880:
5822:
5795:(3): 381–384.
5779:
5772:
5754:
5708:
5678:
5660:
5630:
5601:(1): e000010.
5581:
5554:(5): 399–404.
5538:
5505:
5472:
5442:
5423:(4): S37–S40.
5407:
5338:
5281:
5254:(4): 500–504.
5234:
5199:(2): 111–115.
5179:
5113:
5096:
5070:
5056:
5036:
5022:
5000:
4983:
4957:
4943:
4921:
4907:
4883:
4869:
4847:
4833:
4813:
4799:
4779:
4744:
4730:
4708:
4694:
4674:
4660:
4638:
4629:
4592:
4566:
4547:(2): 161–163.
4531:
4510:(1): 463–475.
4490:
4449:
4410:
4360:
4318:
4295:
4257:
4226:
4177:
4134:
4103:
4092:(2): 101–110.
4076:
4054:
4032:
3991:
3964:
3927:
3891:
3872:(3): 239–249.
3856:
3818:
3769:
3720:
3713:
3693:
3681:
3632:
3580:
3528:
3479:
3451:
3408:
3373:
3320:
3268:
3234:
3197:
3139:
3132:
3115:
3066:
3025:
2995:
2982:(6): 120–123.
2962:
2921:
2902:(2): 301–307.
2885:
2844:
2837:
2819:
2770:
2721:
2664:
2615:
2594:(4): 336–342.
2574:
2547:(6): 447–454.
2530:
2500:
2479:(6): 352–354.
2459:
2445:
2433:"Hypertension"
2418:
2404:
2377:
2356:(5): 507–520.
2336:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Alpha blockers
2252:
2249:
2215:
2212:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2032:agonist agents
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1929:
1925:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1789:
1786:
1776:
1622:can have both
1603:
1600:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1480:
1469:glycogenolysis
1456:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1335:
1325:Cardiac pacing
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1277:glycogenolysis
1265:
1262:
1241:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:Kidney failure
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1043:"Beta blocker"
1026:. Please help
1012:
1010:
1003:
997:
994:
986:alpha blockers
949:cardiac output
941:blood pressure
930:ACE inhibitors
910:
906:
891:
876:. This causes
865:
861:
830:
803:hallucinations
747:
744:
689:
686:
673:
593:
590:
577:
574:
524:
521:
508:
505:
489:
486:catecholamines
477:
474:
439:
406:
403:
397:
394:
386:ACE inhibitors
372:in preventing
312:smooth muscles
298:
290:
282:
276:
272:
268:
249:norepinephrine
242:catecholamines
203:
202:
196:
195:
191:
190:
183:
177:
176:
175:External links
172:
171:
158:
152:
151:
148:Best Buy Drugs
144:
138:
137:
130:
124:
123:
119:
118:
116:beta receptors
113:
107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
84:
80:
79:
76:
70:
69:
65:
64:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11194:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11172:Beta blockers
11170:
11169:
11167:
11151:
11150:
11145:
11142:
11141:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11127:
11124:
11123:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11113:Serotonergics
11109:
11106:
11105:
11104:Dopaminergics
11100:
11097:
11096:
11093:
11088:
11087:
11084:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10858:Levobetaxolol
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10698:Cyanopindolol
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10505:
10503:
10499:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10382:Orciprenaline
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10332:
10330:
10324:
10322:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10283:Hexoprenaline
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10208:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10107:
10105:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10092:
10082:
10079:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9944:Esmirtazapine
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9900:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9868:brexpiprazole
9865:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9826:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9734:Oxymetazoline
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9679:
9677:
9671:
9669:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9562:Apraclonidine
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9521:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9451:amitriptyline
9448:
9445:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9364:
9363:triazoledione
9360:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9144:Beta blockers
9142:
9140:
9137:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9117:brexpiprazole
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9037:Phenylephrine
9035:
9033:
9032:Oxymetazoline
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8982:
8980:
8974:
8972:
8966:
8964:
8963:Isometheptene
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8835:
8830:
8828:
8823:
8821:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8765:
8759:
8756:
8753:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8702:
8698:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8650:
8644:
8643:Methazolamide
8641:
8638:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8628:Diclofenamide
8626:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8609:Acetazolamide
8607:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8595:
8591:
8581:
8578:
8575:
8574:Physostigmine
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8527:Acetylcholine
8525:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8515:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8451:Apraclonidine
8449:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8440:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8419:
8414:
8412:
8407:
8405:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8288:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8245:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8215:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8168:
8165:
8161:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8133:
8132:Syrosingopine
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8101:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8069:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8043:Hexamethonium
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7941:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7894:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7872:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7854:Sympatholytic
7848:
7843:
7841:
7836:
7834:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7813:
7808:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7783:
7782:
7779:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7740:
7735:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7701:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7681:Decongestants
7679:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7669:
7663:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7600:Dissociatives
7598:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7590:Hallucinogens
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7476:
7472:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7374:
7370:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7294:Anthelmintics
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7235:
7231:
7225:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7181:
7175:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:genitourinary
7135:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7118:Antipruritics
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7034:Beta blockers
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6935:Antiplatelets
6933:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6833:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6812:
6807:
6805:
6800:
6798:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6714:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6517:
6513:
6512:Beta blockers
6506:
6501:
6499:
6494:
6492:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6439:
6436:
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6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6303:
6301:9780789001344
6297:
6293:
6286:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5775:
5773:9783642742095
5769:
5765:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5379:
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5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
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5343:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
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5238:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
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5183:
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5156:
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5143:
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5132:
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5128:
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5122:
5120:
5118:
5106:
5100:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5040:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:September 10,
4986:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4961:
4946:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4910:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4893:Northridge ME
4887:
4876:September 10,
4872:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4840:September 10,
4836:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4817:
4806:September 10,
4802:
4796:
4792:
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4771:
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4763:
4759:
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4535:
4527:
4523:
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4494:
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4468:
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4460:
4453:
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4441:
4437:
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4425:
4417:
4415:
4398:
4393:
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4384:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4346:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4262:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4222:
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4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
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4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
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4114:
4107:
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4019:
4014:
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4002:
3995:
3979:
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3915:
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3905:
3898:
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3404:
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3377:
3368:
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3327:
3325:
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3298:
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3275:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3223:
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3215:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3133:9781259584732
3129:
3125:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
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3013:
3009:
3005:
2999:
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2811:
2806:
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2797:
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2774:
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2717:
2713:
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2703:
2699:
2695:
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2668:
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2646:
2642:
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2619:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2518:
2514:
2513:The Telegraph
2510:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2448:
2442:
2438:
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2427:
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2423:
2407:
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2397:
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2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:Other effects
2211:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:lipophilicity
1599:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:function and
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:smooth muscle
1454:
1446:
1442:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:beta agonists
1345:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1293:thyroid storm
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:heart failure
1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1084:November 2022
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045: –
1044:
1040:
1039:Find sources:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1017:single source
1013:This section
1011:
1007:
1002:
1001:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:nitroglycerin
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
904:
901:
897:
889:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:heart failure
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
743:
741:
736:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
685:
683:
679:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
601:
599:
589:
587:
583:
573:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
498:
493:
487:
483:
473:
460:
456:
453:
452:extracellular
449:
445:
435:
432:
428:
427:ACE inhibitor
424:
420:
416:
412:
402:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:meta-analyses
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
294:
286:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Beta blockers
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
182:
178:
173:
169:
163:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
129:
125:
122:Clinical data
120:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
75:
71:
66:
61:
57:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:Beta blockers
33:
30:
19:
18:Beta blockers
11147:
11138:
11129:
11120:
11111:
11102:
11091:
11090:
10883:Metipranolol
10868:Levomoprolol
10813:Idropranolol
10308:Isoprenaline
10206:
10130:Arformoterol
10075:thioridazine
10067:fluphenazine
10039:Spiroxatrine
9999:Phentolamine
9918:tandospirone
9884:paliperidone
9774:Tasipimidine
9754:Rezatomidine
9699:Medetomidine
9583:
9494:thioridazine
9486:fluphenazine
9467:trimipramine
9455:clomipramine
9339:Phentolamine
9208:acetergamine
9184:Corynanthine
9143:
8896:
8788:+latanoprost
8779:Guanethidine
8767:Other agents
8681:Metipranolol
8652:
8622:+brimonidine
8614:Brinzolamide
8600:sulfonamides
8564:Fluostigmine
8324:
8303:Aprocitentan
8298:
8226:Phentolamine
8112:Bietaserpine
8058:Trimethaphan
8048:Mecamylamine
7982:Guanethidine
7962:Debrisoquine
7876:α-adrenergic
7874:(antagonize
7595:Psychedelics
7565:Aphrodisiacs
7239:infestations
7215:Sex hormones
7168:Sex hormones
7113:Cicatrizants
7043:
7033:
7029:Vasodilators
6996:antianginals
6993:
6845:stomach acid
6844:
6583:Iodopindolol
6511:
6464:The Atlantic
6462:
6444:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6320:
6310:
6291:
6285:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6181:
6177:
6170:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6086:
6082:
6072:
6035:
6031:
6021:
6009:. Retrieved
6000:
5991:
5979:. Retrieved
5970:
5961:
5949:. Retrieved
5944:
5935:
5923:. Retrieved
5918:
5909:
5897:. Retrieved
5892:
5883:
5848:
5844:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5763:
5757:
5730:
5726:
5699:. Retrieved
5690:
5681:
5672:
5669:"ICI 118551"
5663:
5651:. Retrieved
5642:
5639:"Butaxamine"
5633:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5529:. Retrieved
5520:
5517:"Celiprolol"
5496:. Retrieved
5487:
5484:"oxprenolol"
5463:. Retrieved
5454:
5445:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5398:. Retrieved
5389:
5298:
5294:
5284:
5251:
5247:
5237:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5145:
5141:
5099:
5087:. Retrieved
5082:
5073:
5061:. Retrieved
5046:
5039:
5027:. Retrieved
5013:
5003:
4995:
4988:. Retrieved
4968:
4960:
4948:. Retrieved
4934:
4924:
4912:. Retrieved
4897:
4891:Lamster IB,
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4860:
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4823:
4816:
4804:. Retrieved
4789:
4782:
4760:(1): 11–20.
4757:
4753:
4747:
4737:September 8,
4735:. Retrieved
4721:
4711:
4701:September 8,
4699:. Retrieved
4684:
4677:
4667:September 8,
4665:. Retrieved
4651:
4641:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4613:the original
4608:
4595:
4583:. Retrieved
4569:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4427:
4423:
4401:. Retrieved
4397:the original
4382:
4376:
4363:
4353:September 3,
4351:. Retrieved
4308:
4298:
4273:
4269:
4248:. Retrieved
4239:
4229:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4116:
4106:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4069:
4045:. Retrieved
4035:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3978:The Guardian
3977:
3967:
3957:February 10,
3955:. Retrieved
3930:
3918:. Retrieved
3907:
3902:Tim Glover.
3869:
3865:
3859:
3834:
3830:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3703:
3696:
3684:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3600:
3596:
3548:
3544:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3474:the original
3467:
3424:(1): 17–26.
3421:
3417:
3411:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3340:
3336:
3288:
3284:
3259:. Retrieved
3247:
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3213:
3165:
3161:
3123:
3118:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3018:December 11,
3016:. Retrieved
3007:
2998:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2828:
2822:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2452:September 7,
2450:. Retrieved
2436:
2411:September 7,
2409:. Retrieved
2395:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2224:pineal gland
2217:
2202:
2151:metipranolol
2076:Agents with
1978:
1903:
1816:antagonism.
1807:
1704:
1628:side effects
1620:permeability
1605:
1577:
1561:
1531:
1527:chronotropic
1524:
1512:
1497:
1489:
1441:chronotropic
1434:
1417:
1382:
1374:
1366:Pharmacology
1360:isoprenaline
1333:
1311:
1302:
1290:
1274:
1270:hypoglycemia
1267:
1258:nonselective
1257:
1253:
1250:bronchospasm
1239:
1232:
1147:bronchospasm
1137:
1122:
1081:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1038:
1014:
990:phentolamine
970:vasodilators
938:
923:
888:Hypoglycemia
886:
882:hyperkalemia
878:hyponatremia
870:macula densa
859:
763:bronchospasm
749:
740:stage fright
737:
734:
691:
652:) caused by
643:
620:
612:hypertension
605:
602:
595:
579:
563:
556:stage fright
545:
526:
517:
513:
510:
507:Hypertension
494:
479:
461:
457:
436:
408:
399:
396:Medical uses
359:
355:pharmacology
336:
305:
232:
220:heart attack
211:
207:
206:
194:Legal status
134:Drug Classes
87:Hypertension
40:
29:
11008:Spirendolol
10983:Propranolol
10978:Propafenone
10973:Pronethalol
10863:Levobunolol
10838:Isoxaprolol
10823:Indopanolol
10808:ICI-118,551
10773:Eugenodilol
10758:Ersentilide
10738:Draquinolol
10733:Diprafenone
10703:Dalbraminol
10683:Cicloprolol
10658:Carpindolol
10643:Butofilolol
10588:Bornaprolol
10533:Alprenoxime
10501:Antagonists
10462:Tulobuterol
10457:Tretoquinol
10452:Terbutaline
10412:Ractopamine
10407:Prenalterol
10313:Isoxsuprine
10298:Indacaterol
10268:Eugenodilol
10258:Etilevodopa
10243:Epinephrine
10234:Droxidopa (
10214:Dipivefrine
10185:Clenbuterol
10029:Setiptiline
10019:Rauwolscine
9994:Pardoprunox
9984:Mirtazapine
9949:Fenmetozole
9892:risperidone
9855:Atipamezole
9828:Antagonists
9784:Tiamenidine
9779:Tetryzoline
9759:Rilmenidine
9724:Naphazoline
9660:Guanoxabenz
9635:Epinephrine
9625:Etilevodopa
9616:Droxidopa (
9606:Dipivefrine
9567:Brimonidine
9437:maprotiline
9314:Pardoprunox
9309:Niguldipine
9269:Mepiprazole
9244:Hydroxyzine
9234:Etoperidone
9224:nicergoline
9194:Domesticine
9189:Dapiprazole
9164:eugenodilol
9139:Benoxathian
9133:risperidone
9098:Anisodamine
9076:Antagonists
9057:Tiamenidine
9052:Tetryzoline
9017:Naphazoline
9002:Methoxamine
8997:Metaraminol
8943:Etilevodopa
8933:Epinephrine
8924:Droxidopa (
8914:Dipivefrine
8875:Amidephrine
8774:Dapiprazole
8758:Unoprostone
8728:+netarsudil
8724:Latanoprost
8714:Bimatoprost
8676:Levobunolol
8633:Dorzolamide
8569:Neostigmine
8555:Ecothiopate
8517:muscarinic/
8508:Pilocarpine
8476:Epinephrine
8471:Dipivefrine
8456:Brimonidine
8367:from market
8341:Sotatercept
8329:Ambrisentan
8249:antagonists
8117:Deserpidine
8053:Pentolinium
8016:Rilmenidine
7972:Guanazodine
7952:Bethanidine
7934:Tiamenidine
7924:Guanoxabenz
7728:Otologicals
7700:antagonists
7666:respiratory
7641:Orexigenics
7636:Neurotoxins
7585:Euphoriants
7575:Entactogens
7570:Depressants
7560:Anxiolytics
7498:Anesthetics
7274:Antifungals
6871:Antiemetics
6859:antagonists
6760:from market
6588:Propranolol
6405:: e17–e18.
5981:October 18,
5951:October 18,
5925:November 9,
5899:November 9,
5701:October 18,
5687:"SR 59230A"
5653:October 18,
5531:October 18,
5498:October 18,
5465:October 18,
5451:"CARTEOLOL"
4950:October 23,
4914:October 23,
4403:December 9,
4197:(7557): 8.
3789:(1): 31–9.
3783:Anesth Prog
3261:October 31,
3227:October 31,
2935:Circulation
2204:Propranolol
2196:propranolol
2169:propranolol
2143:levobunolol
2002:ICI-118,551
1821:Propranolol
1782:selectivity
1715:propranolol
1492:sympathetic
1413:bradycardia
1344:ipratropium
1281:diaphoresis
1246:β2-agonists
1160:: see below
1130:History of
1104:Hypotension
1099:Bradycardia
874:aldosterone
851:propranolol
787:heart block
779:hypotension
775:bradycardia
730:propranolol
726:Kim Jong-su
658:amphetamine
347:pronethalol
343:propranolol
339:James Black
332:epinephrine
279:receptors.
245:epinephrine
200:In Wikidata
162:MedicineNet
60:propranolol
11166:Categories
11073:Xipranolol
11063:Toliprolol
11053:Tiprenolol
11038:Tienoxolol
11033:Tertatolol
11018:Sulfinalol
10998:Soquinolol
10993:Ronactolol
10968:Procinolol
10963:Primidolol
10948:Penbutolol
10928:Pacrinolol
10923:Oxprenolol
10918:Nipradilol
10888:Metoprolol
10878:Mepindolol
10873:Medroxalol
10843:Isamoltane
10833:Iprocrolol
10793:Flusoxolol
10783:Falintolol
10763:Esatenolol
10713:Diacetolol
10693:Cloranolol
10673:Celiprolol
10668:Carvedilol
10648:Capsinolol
10633:Butaxamine
10628:Bupranolol
10618:Bunitrolol
10598:Bucindolol
10593:Brefonalol
10583:Bopindolol
10578:Bisoprolol
10573:Bevantolol
10553:Arotinolol
10538:Amosulalol
10528:Alprenolol
10508:Acebutolol
10487:Zilpaterol
10472:Vilanterol
10447:Solabegron
10442:Salmeterol
10437:Salbutamol
10422:Reproterol
10417:Procaterol
10402:Pirbuterol
10387:Oxyfedrine
10372:Mirabegron
10367:Methyldopa
10357:Melevodopa
10347:Lubabegron
10303:Isoetarine
10288:Higenamine
10278:Formoterol
10253:Etilefrine
10248:Etafedrine
10229:Dopexamine
10219:Dobutamine
10200:Denopamine
10195:Corbadrine
10175:Carmoterol
10170:Carbuterol
10160:Broxaterol
10155:Bitolterol
10145:Bambuterol
10135:Arotinolol
10125:Arbutamine
10115:Alifedrine
10110:Abediterol
10054:Tolazoline
10044:Sunepitron
10034:Spegatrine
10024:Rotigotine
9964:Ketanserin
9954:Fluparoxan
9934:Cirazoline
9929:Buflomedil
9914:ipsapirone
9902:Azapirones
9888:quetiapine
9880:olanzapine
9876:lurasidone
9850:Aptazapine
9845:Amesergide
9794:Tolonidine
9789:Tizanidine
9769:Talipexole
9764:Romifidine
9719:Moxonidine
9709:Methyldopa
9704:Melevodopa
9694:Lofexidine
9655:Guanfacine
9640:Etilefrine
9630:Ergotamine
9591:Detomidine
9577:Corbadrine
9473:Trimazosin
9463:imipramine
9424:Tolazoline
9419:Tiodazosin
9409:Tamsulosin
9404:Talipexole
9394:Spegatrine
9379:Quinazosin
9355:nefazodone
9329:Phendioxan
9319:Pelanserin
9304:Niaprazine
9299:Neldazosin
9289:Naftopidil
9284:Moxisylyte
9254:Ketanserin
9239:Fenspiride
9212:ergotamine
9174:Buflomedil
9160:carvedilol
9156:arotinolol
9152:amosulalol
9129:quetiapine
9125:olanzapine
9088:Ajmalicine
9047:Synephrine
9027:Octopamine
9007:Methyldopa
8992:Melevodopa
8958:Indanidine
8938:Etilefrine
8890:Corbadrine
8885:Cirazoline
8844:modulators
8794:Omidenepag
8784:Netarsudil
8748:Travoprost
8743:Tafluprost
8691:Mepindolol
8550:Demecarium
8503:Aceclidine
8495:muscarinic
8337:Sitaxentan
8333:+tadalafil
8315:+tadalafil
8311:Macitentan
8271:Lidanserin
8266:Ketanserin
8203:Trimazosin
8188:Ketanserin
8150:Metirosine
8071:Peripheral
8021:Tolonidine
8011:Moxonidine
7977:Guancydine
7929:Methyldopa
7919:Guanfacine
7651:Stimulants
7631:Nootropics
7605:Deliriants
7580:Entheogens
7515:Anorectics
7493:Analgesics
7346:Alkylating
7279:Antivirals
7234:infections
7108:Emollients
6962:Coagulants
6832:metabolism
6734:Carvedilol
6729:Arotinolol
6707:Butaxamine
6700:-selective
6670:Metoprolol
6650:Celiprolol
6645:Bisoprolol
6640:Bevantolol
6625:Acebutolol
6618:-selective
6598:Tertatolol
6574:Penbutolol
6569:Oxprenolol
6559:Mepindolol
6554:Cloranolol
6544:Bupranolol
6539:Bopindolol
6534:Alprenolol
5595:Open Heart
5148:(2): 155.
5029:October 7,
3248:StatPearls
3214:StatPearls
2283:References
2181:bisoprolol
2177:carvedilol
2165:metoprolol
2121:carvedilol
2117:Bisoprolol
1997:Butaxamine
1964:Metoprolol
1958:Celiprolol
1953:Bisoprolol
1937:Acebutolol
1872:Penbutolol
1866:Oxprenolol
1841:Carvedilol
1826:Bucindolol
1739:metoprolol
1735:carvedilol
1731:bisoprolol
1723:acebutolol
1707:penbutolol
1696:aggression
1652:nightmares
1640:depression
1596:arteriolar
1584:carvedilol
1559:blockade.
1534:sinus node
1409:antagonist
1401:acebutolol
1393:penbutolol
1385:oxprenolol
1356:salbutamol
1164:Bronchitis
1138:Cautions:
1054:newspapers
982:furosemide
953:metoprolol
855:metoprolol
839:Carvedilol
811:nightmares
682:carvedilol
639:anesthesia
635:withdrawal
565:The Lancet
529:anxiolytic
423:metoprolol
419:carvedilol
415:Bisoprolol
239:endogenous
216:arrhythmia
212:β-blockers
91:arrhythmia
42:Drug class
11092:See also:
11068:Xibenolol
11058:Tolamolol
11043:Tilisolol
11023:Talinolol
11013:SR 59230A
10988:Ridazolol
10958:Practolol
10938:Pamatolol
10933:Pafenolol
10913:Nifenalol
10908:Nebivolol
10903:Nadoxolol
10853:Landiolol
10848:Labetalol
10818:Indenolol
10788:Flestolol
10778:Exaprolol
10743:Ecastolol
10728:Dilevalol
10688:Cinamolol
10678:Cetamolol
10663:Carteolol
10653:Carazolol
10638:Butidrine
10613:Bufuralol
10608:Bufetolol
10603:Bucumolol
10568:Betaxolol
10563:Befunolol
10543:Ancarolol
10513:Adaprolol
10477:Xamoterol
10432:Ritodrine
10427:Rimiterol
10392:PF-610355
10352:Mabuterol
10337:-Tyrosine
10293:Ibopamine
10273:Fenoterol
10180:Cimaterol
10165:Buphenine
10150:Befunolol
10120:Amibegron
10081:Yohimbine
10049:Terguride
10014:Piribedil
10009:Piperoxan
9979:Mianserin
9924:BRL-44408
9906:buspirone
9872:clozapine
9864:asenapine
9804:Vatinoxan
9744:Piperoxan
9714:Mivazerol
9689:Ibopamine
9684:-Tyrosine
9650:Guanabenz
9572:Clonidine
9510:Zolertine
9441:mianserin
9433:amoxapine
9414:Terazosin
9399:Spiperone
9389:Silodosin
9384:Quinidine
9369:Piperoxan
9359:trazodone
9324:Perlapine
9294:Nantenine
9279:Monatepil
9274:Metazosin
9259:L-765,314
9249:Indoramin
9228:terguride
9204:Ergolines
9199:Doxazosin
9179:Bunazosin
9168:labetalol
9121:clozapine
9108:Atiprosin
9103:Anisodine
9093:Alfuzosin
9083:Abanoquil
9012:Midodrine
8987:-Tyrosine
8953:Ibopamine
8880:Buspirone
8799:Ripasudil
8671:Carteolol
8666:Betaxolol
8661:Befunolol
8532:Carbachol
8519:nicotinic
8466:Clonidine
8377:Phase III
8365:Withdrawn
8325:selective
8319:Riociguat
8193:Indoramin
8183:Doxazosin
8127:Reserpine
8094:Pargyline
7987:Guanoclor
7967:Guanadrel
7957:Bretylium
7914:Guanabenz
7909:Clonidine
7801:ATC codes
7767:Dressings
7752:Antidotes
7616:Sedatives
7612:Hypnotics
7321:malignant
7178:endocrine
7024:Diuretics
6957:Platelets
6917:and blood
6876:Laxatives
6770:Phase III
6758:Withdrawn
6739:Labetalol
6685:Talinolol
6680:Practolol
6675:Nebivolol
6665:Landiolol
6635:Betaxolol
6549:Carteolol
6337:1469-493X
6011:April 30,
5400:April 30,
5315:1550-9389
5276:250708105
5268:1573-899X
5213:0031-6970
5083:Drugs.com
5063:March 11,
4622:March 28,
4250:April 20,
4242:. WebMD.
4127:August 8,
4047:March 11,
3920:March 28,
3740:: i6112.
2698:1469-493X
2541:Angiology
2523:March 25,
2220:melatonin
2139:carteolol
2135:Betaxolol
2106:landiolol
2038:Nebivolol
2018:SR 59230A
1969:Nebivolol
1948:Betaxolol
1851:Labetalol
1836:Carteolol
1759:labetalol
1751:carteolol
1743:nebivolol
1727:betaxolol
1684:akathisia
1664:psychosis
1632:cognitive
1580:labetalol
1485:lipolysis
1445:inotropic
1397:labetalol
1254:selective
1204:Psoriasis
1179:Emphysema
1024:talk page
978:diuretics
957:labetalol
829:. Mixed α
795:dizziness
712:. In the
678:labetalol
670:ephedrine
648:(e.g. in
560:auditions
378:diuretics
337:In 1964,
310:muscles,
255:, of the
128:Drugs.com
10953:Pindolol
10943:Pargolol
10893:Moprolol
10768:Esprolol
10753:Ericolol
10748:Epanolol
10558:Atenolol
10523:Afurolol
10518:Adimolol
10492:Zinterol
10467:Vibegron
10224:Dopamine
10190:Colterol
10103:Agonists
10071:loxapine
9969:Lisuride
9959:Idazoxan
9939:Efaroxan
9910:gepirone
9896:zotepine
9840:Adimolol
9814:Xylazine
9799:Urapidil
9611:Dopamine
9535:Agonists
9500:Urapidil
9490:loxapine
9374:Prazosin
9220:lisuride
9148:adimolol
8919:Dopamine
8863:Agonists
8752:+timolol
8732:+timolol
8718:+timolol
8637:+timolol
8618:+timolol
8580:Paraoxon
8560:Stigmine
8460:+timolol
8426:glaucoma
8307:Bosentan
8208:Urapidil
8198:Prazosin
8078:Indirect
8004:agonists
7992:Guanoxan
7646:Serenics
7311:Vaccines
7078:Fibrates
6900:Vitamins
6850:Antacids
6655:Epanolol
6630:Atenolol
6579:Pindolol
6419:27531627
6345:11686955
6269:28132057
6249:Oncology
6234:24786858
6198:23942335
6162:29399407
6113:27035124
6064:22022142
6005:Archived
5975:Archived
5971:DailyMed
5919:DailyMed
5893:DailyMed
5875:18505613
5817:23355130
5809:28338548
5749:24750978
5695:Archived
5647:Archived
5625:25332777
5576:12809602
5525:Archived
5492:Archived
5459:Archived
5394:Archived
5333:34032203
5229:32317760
5221:10335905
5174:33572109
5142:Medicina
5089:March 3,
4585:March 6,
4579:Archived
4526:22783644
4485:12416945
4444:24202435
4371:(2007).
4313:Archived
4309:Medscape
4290:25724076
4276:: 1–13.
4244:Archived
4240:Medscape
4221:16809680
4172:37044384
4164:17240286
4121:Archived
4098:21180298
4027:10360293
3984:March 7,
3948:Archived
3914:Archived
3886:28399647
3851:25724076
3837:: 1–13.
3813:25849473
3764:27908918
3676:29110304
3627:24570114
3618:10726980
3575:31556094
3523:31544227
3446:24742562
3403:16957148
3367:28107561
3315:24585007
3306:10603273
3256:30969681
3222:30422501
3192:31845756
3110:32700759
3061:12173717
3012:Archived
2957:12390947
2916:11835035
2880:10714728
2814:28107561
2765:35000192
2716:37439548
2707:10339786
2659:28107561
2569:21885509
2561:10378820
2517:Archived
2372:24352797
2331:10381708
2251:See also
2228:insomnia
2161:Atenolol
1943:Atenolol
1920:and the
1878:Pindolol
1747:atenolol
1711:pindolol
1676:migraine
1660:delirium
1648:insomnia
1646:(namely
1389:pindolol
1313:Glucagon
1308:Toxicity
1194:Myopathy
988:such as
980:such as
972:such as
928:, while
903:glucagon
896:glycogen
807:insomnia
799:alopecia
759:diarrhea
698:shooting
650:overdose
646:toxicity
431:diuretic
366:atenolol
320:arteries
165:
99:ATC code
74:Synonyms
11048:Timolol
11028:Tazolol
11003:Sotalol
10898:Nadolol
10623:Bunolol
10548:Arnolol
10482:XP21279
10061:(e.g.,
9989:NAN-190
9904:(e.g.,
9862:(e.g.,
9809:XP21279
9557:Amitraz
9505:WB-4101
9480:(e.g.,
9459:doxepin
9449:(e.g.,
9431:(e.g.,
9349:(e.g.,
9206:(e.g.,
9146:(e.g.,
9115:(e.g.,
9062:XP21279
8686:Timolol
7889:Central
7503:General
7410:muscles
7379:L03–L04
7375:disease
7327:L01–L02
7323:disease
7073:Statins
6660:Esmolol
6603:Timolol
6593:Sotalol
6564:Nadolol
6384:1627733
6277:5463335
6153:5790362
6104:4869944
6055:3195193
5866:2418988
5616:4189253
5568:7957532
5437:8104240
5324:8494102
5165:7914867
4774:1968452
4561:2857542
4517:3755377
4343:Wyeth.
4212:1488775
4018:1298399
3804:4389556
3755:5131734
3667:6486285
3566:6761481
3514:6755267
3438:1348368
3358:5369873
3183:6915833
3101:7389334
2805:5369873
2756:8742884
2650:5369873
2610:9456487
2495:7609752
2192:Timolol
2173:timolol
2147:timolol
2108:(Japan)
2102:sotalol
2098:Esmolol
1974:Esmolol
1890:Timolol
1884:Sotalol
1861:Nadolol
1767:sotalol
1763:nadolol
1755:esmolol
1719:timolol
1688:anxiety
1672:falling
1636:fatigue
1549:Sotalol
1498:Since β
1471:in the
1405:agonist
1068:scholar
900:hormone
823:glucose
791:fatigue
767:dyspnea
706:snooker
694:archery
666:cocaine
576:Surgery
548:dancers
523:Anxiety
497:placebo
467:⁄
384:(e.g.,
370:placebo
324:kidneys
316:airways
187:D000319
10238:-DOPS)
9620:-DOPS)
9547:4-NEMD
8928:-DOPS)
8430:miosis
8360:WHO-EM
8247:Other
8163:Direct
7810:
7789:
7737:other
7668:system
7420:joints
7373:immune
7180:system
7140:system
6981:system
6753:WHO-EM
6477:(MeSH)
6417:
6382:
6343:
6335:
6298:
6275:
6267:
6232:
6196:
6160:
6150:
6111:
6101:
6062:
6052:
5873:
5863:
5815:
5807:
5770:
5747:
5623:
5613:
5574:
5566:
5435:
5331:
5321:
5313:
5274:
5266:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5172:
5162:
5054:
5020:
4981:
4941:
4905:
4867:
4831:
4797:
4772:
4728:
4692:
4658:
4559:
4524:
4514:
4483:
4442:
4288:
4219:
4209:
4170:
4162:
4144:Lancet
4096:
4025:
4015:
3884:
3849:
3811:
3801:
3762:
3752:
3711:
3674:
3664:
3625:
3615:
3573:
3563:
3521:
3511:
3444:
3436:
3401:
3365:
3355:
3313:
3303:
3254:
3220:
3190:
3180:
3130:
3108:
3098:
3059:
2955:
2914:
2878:
2835:
2812:
2802:
2763:
2753:
2714:
2704:
2696:
2657:
2647:
2608:
2601:325477
2598:
2567:
2559:
2493:
2443:
2402:
2370:
2329:
2319:
1788:Agents
1765:, and
1741:, and
1717:, and
1698:, and
1670:, and
1650:) and
1542:atrial
1421:angina
1229:Asthma
1212:Stroke
1158:Asthma
1151:Acute
1145:Acute
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1041:
984:, and
961:alpha-
947:, and
755:nausea
637:, and
388:), or
374:stroke
168:RxList
93:, etc.
9552:6-FNE
8870:6-FNE
8283:(for
7791:Drugs
7508:Local
7475:brain
7414:bones
6915:blood
6380:S2CID
6370:(7).
6273:S2CID
5813:S2CID
5673:ChEBI
5572:S2CID
5272:S2CID
5225:S2CID
5108:(PDF)
4616:(PDF)
4605:(PDF)
4424:Chest
4348:(PDF)
4168:S2CID
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