599:
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40:
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660:
539:
powers. To this day, it is an important precedent in
Commerce Clause cases. The issue was whether states can regulate aspects of commerce or whether that power is exclusive to Congress. Curtis concluded that the federal government has exclusive power to regulate commerce only when national uniformity
553:
by the slave Dred Scott. Curtis stated that, because there were black citizens in both
Southern and Northern states at the time of the drafting of the federal Constitution, black people thus were clearly among the "people of the United States" contemplated thereunder. Curtis also opined that because
463:
and in tune with their politics, and Whigs were in power. As a potential young appointee, he was thought to be the seed of a long and productive judicial career. He was appointed by the president, approved by the Senate, elevated to the
Supreme Court bench, but was gone in six years.
416:
was the first decision to hold that a slave voluntarily brought into a free state became free the moment he or she arrived. The decision in this freedom suit proved especially controversial in slaveholding southern states. As with his fellow
Massachusettsan and Harvard graduate
412:, ruled that Med was free, and made her a ward of the court. The Massachusetts decision was considered revolutionary at the time. Previous decisions elsewhere had ruled that slaves voluntarily brought into a free state, and who resided there many years, became free.
404:
against Aves, contending that Med became free by virtue of her mistress's having brought her voluntarily into
Massachusetts. Aves responded to the writ, answering that Med was his daughter's slave, and that he was holding Med as his daughter's agent.
3420:
578:
Upon his resignation, Curtis returned to his Boston law practice, becoming a "leading lawyer" in the nation. During the ensuing decade and a half, he argued several cases before the
Supreme Court. Although Curtis initially supported
3880:
3835:
557:
Curtis resigned from the court on
September 30, 1857, in part because he was exasperated with the fraught atmosphere in the court engendered by the case. As one source puts it, "a bitter disagreement and coercion by
3427:
1300:
Vining Jr., Richard L.; Smelcer, Susan
Navarro; Zorn, Christopher J. (January 26, 2010). "Judicial Tenure on the U.S. Supreme Court, 1790–1868: Frustration, Resignation, and Expiration on the Bench".
735:
390:
as one of the attorneys who unsuccessfully defended a slaveholding father. When New
Orleans resident Mary Slater went to Boston to visit her father, Thomas Aves, she brought with her a young
598:
369:
Admitted to the
Massachusetts bar later that year, Curtis began his legal career. In 1834, he moved to Boston and joined the law firm of Charles P. Curtis, where he developed expertise in
437:
3865:
2187:
1979:
562:
prompted Benjamin Curtis's departure from the Court in 1857." However, others view the cause of his resignation as having been both temperamental and financial. He did not like "
1995:
1963:
3850:
2203:
778:
473:
3825:
2171:
2155:
2139:
2107:
2059:
3413:
3047:
2123:
2075:
2043:
2027:
2011:
788:
421:, Curtis's willingness to serve as defense attorney for the Aves family did not necessarily reflect his personal or legal views, as shown by his later dissent in the 1857
3875:
2236:
2091:
1863:
656:
candidate for U.S. senator from Massachusetts in 1874. From his judicial retirement in 1857 to his death in 1874, his aggregate professional income was about $ 650,000.
51:
1010:
566:," as Supreme Court Justices were then required to do. He was temperamentally estranged from the court and was not inclined to work with others. The acrimony over the
1947:
773:
637:
that an impeachment was a judicial act, not a political act, so that it required a full hearing of evidence. This precedent "influenced every subsequent impeachment".
907:
1835:
Judge Benjamin R. Curtis, A Memoir of Benjamin Robbins Curtis, LL.D. With Some of his Professional and Miscellaneous Writings, Edited by his son, Benjamin R. Curtis
719:
3514:
763:
499:
persuaded Fillmore to nominate Curtis to the Supreme Court, and was his primary sponsor. Formally nominated on December 11, 1851, Curtis was confirmed by the
3310:
866:
3275:
3257:
3252:
3234:
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3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
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3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
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3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3101:
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3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
456:
293:
1358:
1236:
1458:
1416:
938:
692:
presented in the Supreme Court the resolutions submitted by the bar on Curtis's death and shared observations on Judge Curtis's defense of President
535:. State laws related to commerce powers can be valid so long as Congress is silent on the matter. That resolved a historic controversy over federal
394:
girl about six years of age, named Med. While Slater fell ill in Boston, she asked her father to take care of Med until she (Slater) recovered. The
1069:
844:
3482:
1137:
3860:
3477:
3460:
3800:
1166:
727:
570:
decision had blossomed into mutual distrust. He did not want to live on $ 6,500 per year, much less than his earnings in private practice.
3840:
823:
3810:
3885:
3820:
3607:
1903:
1198:
1270:
3718:
1556:
1258:
626:
429:
3755:
549:
case, in which he disagreed with essentially every holding of the court. He argued against the majority's denial of the bid for
1057:"Judge Benjamin R. Curtis, A Memoir of Benjamin Robbins Curtis, LL.D. With Some of his Professional and Miscellaneous Writings"
433:
3805:
3389:
3319:
2934:
1020:
504:
988:
899:
554:
the majority had found that Scott lacked standing, the Court could not go further and rule on the merits of Scott's case.
3567:
3440:
3295:
3023:
2454:
2442:
607:
322:
3830:
1926:
1913:
1803:
1777:
1755:
1708:, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Dec., 1952), pp. 507–523 (article consists of 17 pages) Published by: The New England Quarterly, Inc.
1697:
1679:
1658:
1616:
1593:
395:
3703:
3456:
783:
550:
2502:
1463:
1015:
653:
510:
He was the first Supreme Court Justice to have earned a law degree from a law school. His predecessors had either "
171:
165:
3300:
873:
587:
was unconstitutional. This put Curtis out of the running when Lincoln had to choose a successor to Chief Justice
22:
1710:
1338:
Dickerman, Albert (January–February 1890). "The Business of the Federal Courts and the Salaries of the Judges".
418:
3845:
2262:
3506:
3436:
1896:
1228:
618:
1369:
3870:
3855:
3815:
3327:
1469:
1413:
930:
432:, one of the two governing boards of Harvard University, in February 1846. In 1849, he was elected to the
3525:
2316:
1826:
1133:
459:
at Harvard Law School. His legal arguments were thought to be well-reasoned and persuasive. Curtis was a
1832:
1056:
900:"Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the Law School of Harvard University, 1817–1889"
440:. "It was considered a model of judicial reform and was approved by the legislature without amendment."
3343:
840:
523:
460:
297:
159:
3405:
752:, and the second "Miscellaneous Writings," edited by the former Justice's son, Benjamin R. Curtis, Jr.
737:
Digest of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States from the origin of the court to 1854
3639:
3394:
3063:
2927:
2552:
1881:
1820:
1632:
1129:
584:
583:
as president, by 1863 he was criticizing Lincoln’s "utter incompetence" and publicly argued that the
304:. He is often remembered as one of the two dissenters in the Supreme Court's infamous 1857 decision
3728:
2484:
2286:
1889:
633:
lasted two days, and was commended for legal prescience and clarity. He successfully persuaded the
334:
126:
349:, where he won an essay writing contest in his junior year. At Harvard, he became a member of the
3547:
3003:
2736:
2724:
2418:
2310:
1608:
1585:
1561:
1365:
640:
After the impeachment trial, Curtis declined President Andrew Johnson's offer of the position of
591:, who died in October 1864. In the presidential campaign of that year, Curtis supported Democrat
1159:
3351:
2798:
2730:
2602:
2280:
2070:
622:
545:
503:
on December 20, 1851, and received his commission the same day. He was elected a Fellow of the
422:
306:
292:(November 4, 1809 – September 15, 1874) was an American lawyer and judge who served as an
1795:
1785:
819:
3028:
3018:
2876:
2626:
2533:
2478:
2448:
2436:
2358:
2066:
1500:
1309:
749:
689:
685:
681:
641:
342:
145:
436:. Appointed chairman of a committee to reform state judicial procedures, they presented the
3795:
3790:
3634:
3267:
3111:
2920:
2632:
2577:
2570:
2514:
2472:
2098:
1724:
688:, 580 Mount Auburn Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. On October 23, 1874, Attorney General
634:
500:
386:
2896:
2216:
1206:
300:
justice of the Supreme Court, and he was the first Supreme Court justice to have a formal
8:
3765:
3723:
3666:
3542:
2993:
2978:
2828:
2778:
2664:
2652:
2590:
2584:
2564:
2406:
2082:
1769:
1278:
815:
700:
592:
536:
1398:
Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War
743:
3713:
3661:
3587:
3013:
2676:
2614:
2430:
2298:
1839:
1791:
1745:
1644:
1578:
1512:
1099:
1064:
481:
358:
346:
268:
1491:
Christensen, George A. (February 19, 2008). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited".
313:
Curtis resigned from the Supreme Court in 1857 to return to private legal practice in
3770:
3691:
3671:
3624:
3557:
3244:
2963:
2870:
2792:
2785:
2766:
2694:
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2620:
2526:
2520:
2496:
2460:
2370:
2364:
2178:
1799:
1773:
1751:
1693:
1675:
1669:
1654:
1612:
1589:
1516:
1508:
1409:
1393:
1305:
630:
3708:
3676:
3602:
3535:
3359:
3335:
2706:
2540:
2162:
1970:
1766:
Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney: Slavery, Secession, and the President's War Powers
1736:
1504:
699:
Curtis's daughter, Annie Wroe Scollay Curtis, married (on December 9, 1880) future
649:
488:
276:
272:
74:
1626:
748:(2 vols., Boston, 1880), the first volume including a memoir by Curtis's brother,
644:. A highly recommended candidate for the Chief Justice position upon the death of
39:
3681:
3656:
3612:
3592:
3574:
3008:
2864:
2846:
2822:
2810:
2754:
2688:
2639:
2508:
2424:
2388:
2256:
2182:
2114:
2050:
2018:
1974:
1873:
1714:
1580:
Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
1420:
827:
768:
729:
Judge Curtis's Edition of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States
645:
580:
528:
350:
338:
98:
984:
3733:
3644:
3530:
3444:
3038:
2958:
2834:
2804:
2772:
2742:
2718:
2700:
2608:
2558:
2546:
2346:
2340:
2328:
2268:
2130:
2034:
2002:
1990:
1958:
1646:
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
732:, with notes and a digest (22 vols., Boston: Little Brown & Company, 1855).
704:
693:
614:
603:
563:
515:
496:
485:
354:
318:
1094:
Leach, Richard H. (December 1952). "Benjamin Robins Curtis, Judicial Misfit".
3784:
3738:
3686:
3597:
3520:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2596:
2400:
2394:
2382:
2274:
2249:
2198:
1986:
1954:
1856:
1650:
1130:"The First Hundred Years: Biographies of the Robes, Benjamin Robinson Curtis"
492:
400:
370:
86:
1823:
The First Hundred Years, Biographies of the Robes, Benjamin Robinson Curtis.
1628:
The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court
1325:
The Justices of the Supreme Court, 1789–1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions
451:
bar. Curtis came from a politically connected family, and had studied under
3881:
United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
3582:
2858:
2840:
2816:
2712:
2682:
2646:
2334:
2304:
2292:
2194:
2166:
2150:
2134:
2102:
2054:
1636:
518:
in a practicing firm) or attended a law school without receiving a degree.
452:
444:
381:
3836:
Members of the defense counsel for the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
2912:
3760:
3552:
3367:
2968:
2943:
2852:
2748:
2490:
2376:
2352:
2322:
2146:
2118:
2038:
2022:
2006:
1400:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2011, pp. 133-135.
1359:"Why Judges Resign: Influences on Federal Judicial Service, 1789 to 1992"
807:
602:
Illustration of Senate chamber as Curtis, acting as counsel to President
588:
559:
448:
409:
408:
The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, through its Chief Justice,
3435:
2760:
2658:
2086:
374:
301:
1911:
1733:
Without Fear or Favor: A Biography of Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney
1703:
1103:
2466:
1942:
1938:
1551:
707:
532:
527:
53 U.S. 299 (1852) held that the Commerce Power as provided in the
511:
659:
1357:
Van Tassel, Emily Field; Wirtz, Beverly Hudson; Wonders, Peter.
337:, the son of Lois Robbins and Benjamin Curtis, the captain of a
1643:
Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.).
1544:"Seth Low" by Gerald Kurland, New York, Twayne Publishers, 1971
314:
1671:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
1605:
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995
1534:. Portland, Oregon: F.W. Baltes and Company. pp. 120–124.
931:"Bench and Bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Volume 1"
779:
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
531:, U.S. Const., Art. I, § 8, cl. 3, extends to laws related to
1704:
Leach, Richard H. "Benjamin Robins Curtis, Judicial Misfit".
484:
to the United States Supreme Court on September 22, 1851, by
391:
1864:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
721:
Reports of Cases in the Circuit Courts of the United States
472:
52:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
3866:
United States federal judges appointed by Millard Fillmore
1414:
Benjamin R. Curtis: Maverick Lawyer and Independent Jurist
1364:. National Commission on Judicial Discipline and Removal,
774:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1721:
Benjamin R. Curtis: Case Study of a Supreme Court Justice
1459:"Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices"
789:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Taney Court
1688:
Huebner, Timothy S.; Renstrom, Peter; coeditor. (2003)
1054:
867:"Supreme Court Justices Who Are Phi Beta Kappa Members"
613:
In 1868, Curtis acted as defense counsel for President
764:
Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
540:
is required. Otherwise, states may regulate commerce.
3851:
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
1787:
The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
1299:
21:"Justice Curtis" redirects here. For other uses, see
3826:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1427:, Vol. 17, Issue 2, Article 2, p. 387 (Spring 2012).
672:
Curtis had 12 children and was married three times.
294:
associate justice of the United States Supreme Court
1750:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books.
1607:(2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society,
960:
A Memoir of Benjamin Robbins Curtis, LL. D.: Memoir
447:and was thought to be the preeminent leader of the
380:
In 1836, Curtis participated in the Massachusetts "
3876:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1577:
1356:
897:
2887:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
1055:Benjamin R. Curtis, Jr., ed. (October 19, 1879).
841:"Famous Dissents – Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)"
296:from 1851 to 1857. Curtis was the first and only
3782:
1442:Wilson, James Grant. "Benjamin Robbins Curtis".
1011:"Benjamin Robbins Curtis, Timeline of the Court"
1744:Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990).
373:and also became known for his familiarity with
1743:
1323:Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L., eds. (1969).
1322:
1098:. Vol. 25, no. 4. pp. 507–523.
64:October 10, 1851 – September 30, 1857
3421:
2928:
1897:
648:in 1873, Curtis was passed over by President
573:
491:, filling the vacancy caused by the death of
443:At the time, Curtis was viewed as a rival to
696:in the articles of impeachment against him.
543:Curtis was one of the two dissenters in the
353:. He graduated in 1829, and was a member of
2942:
1690:The Taney Court, Justice Rulings and Legacy
1490:
1368:. pp. 13, 66, 123, 130. Archived from
328:
3428:
3414:
2935:
2921:
1904:
1890:
38:
16:US Supreme Court justice from 1851 to 1857
1437:
1435:
1433:
1337:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1165:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
684:, on September 15, 1874. He is buried at
364:
341:. Young Curtis attended common school in
1557:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
1529:
658:
597:
471:
467:
1783:
1602:
1575:
1456:
1259:s:Dred Scott v. Sandford/Dissent Curtis
1160:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C"
228: 1846; died 1860)
205: 1833; died 1844)
3783:
2235:
1747:The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography
1430:
1239:from the original on November 22, 2013
1184:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
847:from the original on September 5, 2012
606:, talks on March 23, 1868, during the
434:Massachusetts House of Representatives
3409:
3390:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837
3320:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
2916:
2234:
1924:
1885:
1730:
1674:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1642:
1140:from the original on November 7, 2012
1093:
1075:from the original on November 9, 2021
941:from the original on November 9, 2021
928:
910:from the original on November 9, 2021
505:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
333:Curtis was born November 4, 1809, in
3861:People from Watertown, Massachusetts
1667:
1425:Roger Williams University Law Review
1152:
629:, which was "largely his work". His
3801:19th-century American Episcopalians
3756:Impeachment managers investigation
1110:
1035:
675:
13:
3841:Freedom suits in the United States
2895:
2215:
1925:
1914:Supreme Court of the United States
1568:
1441:
1229:"Cornell Law School, full text of
713:
438:Massachusetts Practice Act of 1851
396:Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society
14:
3897:
3811:19th-century American politicians
3457:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson
1814:
1172:from the original on July 8, 2011
784:Origins of the American Civil War
3886:19th-century American memoirists
3821:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
3496:
3491:
3037:
1509:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00177.x
1493:Journal of Supreme Court History
1464:Supreme Court Historical Society
1327:. Vol. II. pp. 904–05.
1016:Supreme Court Historical Society
991:from the original on May 1, 2010
872:. Phi Beta Kappa. Archived from
667:
317:. In 1868, Curtis was President
1538:
1523:
1484:
1450:
1403:
1387:
1350:
1331:
1316:
1302:Emory Public Law Research Paper
1293:
1263:
1251:
1221:
1127:
1087:
739:Little Brown & Co., (1864).
245:
225:
202:
23:Justice Curtis (disambiguation)
3653:Witnesses for the prosecution
1003:
977:
965:
953:
929:Davis, William Thomas (1895).
922:
891:
859:
833:
801:
476:Portrait of Benjamin R. Curtis
428:Curtis became a member of the
1:
1668:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
795:
3806:19th-century American judges
3328:United States v. The Amistad
1530:Williams, George H. (1895).
812:Slavery in the United States
621:. He read the answer to the
608:impeachment trial of Johnson
398:and others sought a writ of
7:
1827:Public Broadcasting Service
1784:Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994).
1419:September 13, 2021, at the
1134:Public Broadcasting Service
898:Harvard Law School (1890).
826:September 14, 2021, at the
756:
619:Johnson's impeachment trial
323:Johnson's impeachment trial
10:
3902:
3700:Witnesses for the defense
3344:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
1633:J. B. Lippincott & Co.
1584:(3rd ed.). New York:
1576:Abraham, Henry J. (1992).
1231:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
974:18 Pick. 193 (Mass. 1836).
652:. He was the unsuccessful
574:Return to private practice
524:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
20:
3831:Harvard Law School alumni
3749:
3566:
3505:
3489:
3470:
3451:
3395:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
3382:
3309:
3288:
3266:
3243:
3110:
3062:
3055:
3046:
3035:
2951:
2893:
2243:
2230:
2213:
1933:
1920:
1870:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1706:The New England Quarterly
1096:The New England Quarterly
985:"The Political Graveyard"
585:Emancipation Proclamation
321:'s defense lawyer during
283:
264:
256:
181:
152:
133:
113:
108:
104:
92:
80:
68:
57:
50:
46:
37:
30:
3729:William Tecumseh Sherman
1713:August 19, 2016, at the
710:. They had no children.
495:. Massachusetts Senator
335:Watertown, Massachusetts
329:Early life and education
127:Watertown, Massachusetts
3548:Swing Around the Circle
3515:Articles of impeachment
1764:Simon, James F. (2006)
1609:Congressional Quarterly
1603:Cushman, Clare (2001).
1586:Oxford University Press
1562:Federal Judicial Center
1560:, a publication of the
1552:Benjamin Robbins Curtis
1457:Christensen, George A.
1412:and Bader, William D.,
1366:Federal Judicial Center
724:(2 vols., Boston, 1854)
290:Benjamin Robbins Curtis
32:Benjamin Robbins Curtis
3352:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2900:
2220:
1768:(Paperback) New York:
1731:Lewis, Walker (1965).
1692:. City: ABC-Clio Inc.
1444:Appletons Encyclopedia
664:
610:
477:
365:First private practice
345:and beginning in 1825
307:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3846:Massachusetts lawyers
2899:
2219:
2067:Edward Douglass White
1837:, (October 19, 1879).
1501:University of Alabama
972:Commonwealth v. Aves,
879:on September 28, 2011
750:George Ticknor Curtis
690:George Henry Williams
686:Mount Auburn Cemetery
682:Newport, Rhode Island
662:
642:U.S. Attorney General
601:
475:
468:Supreme Court service
315:Boston, Massachusetts
146:Newport, Rhode Island
3704:William W. Armstrong
3635:William S. Groesbeck
3621:President's counsel
3526:Tenure of Office Act
2099:Charles Evans Hughes
1770:Simon & Schuster
1725:Princeton University
1532:Occasional Addresses
1472:on September 3, 2005
501:United States Senate
414:Commonwealth v. Aves
387:Commonwealth v. Aves
357:. He graduated from
3871:Recess appointments
3856:Massachusetts Whigs
3816:American Unitarians
3766:Profiles in Courage
3724:Frederick W. Seward
3667:William E. Chandler
3640:Thomas A. R. Nelson
3573:Presiding officer:
3543:Command of Army Act
2083:William Howard Taft
1340:American Law Review
1233:53 U.S. 299 (1852)"
816:Infobase Publishing
745:Memoir and Writings
701:Columbia University
593:George B. McClellan
537:interstate commerce
430:Harvard Corporation
423:Dred Scott decision
3714:Richard T. Merrick
3662:Walter A. Burleigh
3630:Benjamin R. Curtis
3588:George S. Boutwell
2901:
2237:Associate justices
2221:
1840:The New York Times
1833:New Publications,
1792:Garland Publishing
1719:Leach, Richard H.
1410:Williams, Frank J.
1394:Neely Jr., Mark E.
1065:The New York Times
665:
663:Curtis's gravesite
611:
564:riding the circuit
482:recess appointment
480:Curtis received a
478:
457:John Hooker Ashmun
359:Harvard Law School
269:Harvard University
138:September 15, 1874
3778:
3777:
3771:Tennessee Johnson
3719:Alexander Randall
3692:James K. Moorhead
3672:James O. Clephane
3625:William M. Evarts
3568:Impeachment trial
3558:Hamilton Ward Sr.
3441:impeachment trial
3403:
3402:
3378:
3377:
3284:
3283:
2946:(1836–1864)
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2226:
2225:
2179:William Rehnquist
1880:
1879:
1871:Succeeded by
1625:Flanders, Henry.
1275:michaelariens.com
1203:michaelariens.com
1199:"Benjamin Curtis"
1023:on March 20, 2010
631:opening statement
595:against Lincoln.
287:
286:
3893:
3709:Walter Smith Cox
3677:William H. Emory
3603:Thaddeus Stevens
3536:Ulysses S. Grant
3500:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3463:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3360:Ableman v. Booth
3336:Luther v. Borden
3296:Aboriginal title
3060:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3041:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2889:
2789:
2643:
2581:
2537:
2253:
2232:
2231:
2163:Warren E. Burger
1971:Oliver Ellsworth
1922:
1921:
1912:Justices of the
1906:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1854:Preceded by
1846:
1845:
1809:
1761:
1740:
1737:Houghton Mifflin
1685:
1664:
1631:. Philadelphia:
1622:
1599:
1583:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1468:. Archived from
1454:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1428:
1407:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1277:. Archived from
1271:"Roger B. Taney"
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1209:on July 24, 2008
1205:. Archived from
1195:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1125:
1108:
1107:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1061:
1052:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1019:. Archived from
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
878:
871:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
805:
676:Death and legacy
650:Ulysses S. Grant
489:Millard Fillmore
249:
247:
229:
227:
206:
204:
143:
141:
124:November 4, 1809
123:
121:
109:Personal details
95:
83:
75:Millard Fillmore
71:
62:
42:
28:
27:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3745:
3682:Thomas W. Ferry
3657:Foster Blodgett
3613:James F. Wilson
3608:Thomas Williams
3593:Benjamin Butler
3579:House managers
3575:Salmon P. Chase
3562:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3434:
3404:
3399:
3374:
3305:
3280:
3262:
3239:
3106:
3042:
3033:
2947:
2941:
2911:
2902:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2784:
2725:J. M. Harlan II
2638:
2576:
2532:
2248:
2239:
2222:
2211:
2210:
2115:Harlan F. Stone
2051:Melville Fuller
2019:Salmon P. Chase
1929:
1916:
1910:
1876:
1874:Nathan Clifford
1867:
1859:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1758:
1715:Wayback Machine
1682:
1661:
1619:
1596:
1571:
1569:Further reading
1548:
1543:
1539:
1528:
1524:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1455:
1451:
1440:
1431:
1421:Wayback Machine
1408:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1375:on June 1, 2010
1372:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1336:
1332:
1321:
1317:
1304:(6–10): 9, 10.
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1281:on May 16, 2008
1269:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1126:
1111:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1059:
1053:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
983:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
944:
942:
927:
923:
913:
911:
896:
892:
882:
880:
876:
869:
865:
864:
860:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
828:Wayback Machine
806:
802:
798:
793:
769:Dual federalism
759:
716:
714:Published works
680:Curtis died in
678:
670:
646:Salmon P. Chase
581:Abraham Lincoln
576:
529:Commerce Clause
521:His opinion in
470:
367:
351:Porcellian Club
347:Harvard College
339:merchant vessel
331:
252:
251:
248: 1861)
243:
239:
231:
223:
219:
216:
208:
200:
196:
193:
177:
153:Political party
144:
139:
137:
125:
119:
117:
99:Nathan Clifford
93:
81:
69:
63:
58:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3899:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3734:Lorenzo Thomas
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3645:Henry Stanbery
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3531:Lorenzo Thomas
3528:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3483:Second inquiry
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3445:Andrew Johnson
3433:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:(2022–present)
2874:
2873:(2020–present)
2868:
2867:(2018–present)
2862:
2861:(2017–present)
2856:
2855:(2010–present)
2850:
2849:(2009–present)
2844:
2843:(2006–present)
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:(1991–present)
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2192:
2176:
2160:
2144:
2131:Fred M. Vinson
2128:
2112:
2096:
2080:
2064:
2048:
2035:Morrison Waite
2032:
2016:
2003:Roger B. Taney
2000:
1984:
1968:
1952:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:Chief justices
1918:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1849:Legal offices
1844:
1843:
1830:
1816:
1815:External links
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:978-0815311768
1804:
1781:
1778:978-0743298469
1762:
1757:978-0871875549
1756:
1741:
1728:
1723:(Ph.D. diss.,
1717:
1701:
1698:978-1576073681
1686:
1681:978-0195058352
1680:
1665:
1660:978-0791013779
1659:
1640:
1623:
1618:978-1568021263
1617:
1600:
1595:978-0195065572
1594:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1522:
1483:
1449:
1429:
1402:
1386:
1349:
1330:
1315:
1292:
1262:
1250:
1220:
1183:
1151:
1109:
1086:
1034:
1002:
976:
964:
962:(1879), p. 84.
952:
921:
890:
858:
832:
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
741:
733:
725:
715:
712:
705:New York Mayor
703:President and
694:Andrew Johnson
677:
674:
669:
666:
615:Andrew Johnson
604:Andrew Johnson
575:
572:
516:apprenticeship
497:Daniel Webster
469:
466:
366:
363:
355:Phi Beta Kappa
330:
327:
319:Andrew Johnson
285:
284:
281:
280:
266:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
241:
237:
236:
235:
234:
221:
217:
214:
213:
212:
211:
198:
194:
192:Eliza Woodward
191:
190:
189:
188:
185:
183:
179:
178:
176:
175:
169:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
142:(aged 64)
135:
131:
130:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
55:
54:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3898:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3739:Gideon Welles
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Burt Van Horn
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:John A. Logan
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:Edwin Stanton
3519:Dismissal of
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:First inquiry
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:* (1972–1986)
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:* (1925–1941)
2641:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:* (1910–1916)
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
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2536:* (1894–1910)
2535:
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2264:
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2258:
2255:
2252:* (1790–1791)
2251:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2218:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2196:
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2110:
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2030:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1987:John Marshall
1985:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1955:John Rutledge
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1857:Levi Woodbury
1852:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:, 336 pages.
1771:
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1651:Chelsea House
1648:
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1471:
1467:
1466:1983 Yearbook
1465:
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1120:
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894:
875:
868:
862:
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842:
836:
829:
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821:
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813:
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790:
787:
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782:
780:
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772:
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767:
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762:
761:
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747:
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734:
731:
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726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
711:
709:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
673:
668:Personal life
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
605:
600:
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569:
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561:
555:
552:
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541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
519:
517:
514:" (a form of
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:Levi Woodbury
490:
487:
483:
474:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
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411:
406:
403:
402:
401:habeas corpus
397:
393:
389:
388:
383:
378:
376:
372:
371:admiralty law
362:
360:
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352:
348:
344:
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309:
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263:
259:
255:
233:
232:
210:
209:
187:
186:
184:
180:
173:
170:
167:
164:
162:(before 1854)
161:
158:
157:
155:
151:
147:
136:
132:
128:
116:
112:
107:
103:
100:
97:
91:
88:
87:Levi Woodbury
85:
79:
76:
73:
67:
61:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
24:
19:
3629:
3583:John Bingham
3371: (1863)
3366:
3363: (1859)
3358:
3355: (1857)
3350:
3347: (1852)
3342:
3339: (1849)
3334:
3331: (1841)
3326:
3323: (1837)
3318:
3301:Criminal law
2998:
2886:
2585:Van Devanter
2473:J. M. Harlan
2412:
2202:
2199:2005–present
2195:John Roberts
2186:
2170:
2154:
2138:
2122:
2106:
2090:
2074:
2058:
2042:
2026:
2010:
1994:
1978:
1962:
1946:
1862:
1834:
1822:
1821:Fox, John, '
1790:. New York:
1786:
1765:
1746:
1732:
1720:
1705:
1689:
1670:
1653:Publishers.
1645:
1637:Google Books
1627:
1604:
1579:
1555:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1476:November 24,
1474:. Retrieved
1470:the original
1462:
1452:
1443:
1424:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1370:the original
1352:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1301:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1274:
1265:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1230:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1202:
1174:. Retrieved
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1095:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1063:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:the original
1014:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
945:December 14,
943:. Retrieved
935:Google Books
934:
924:
914:December 14,
912:. Retrieved
904:Google Books
903:
893:
881:. Retrieved
874:the original
861:
849:. Retrieved
835:
811:
808:Forret, Jeff
803:
744:
736:
728:
720:
698:
679:
671:
639:
612:
577:
567:
556:
551:emancipation
544:
542:
522:
520:
509:
479:
453:Joseph Story
445:Rufus Choate
442:
427:
413:
407:
399:
385:
382:freedom suit
379:
368:
332:
312:
305:
289:
288:
215:Anna Scolley
140:(1874-09-15)
94:Succeeded by
70:Nominated by
59:
18:
3796:1874 deaths
3791:1809 births
3761:Vinnie Ream
3553:John Covode
3507:Impeachment
3437:Impeachment
3368:Prize Cases
2944:Taney Court
2837:(1994–2022)
2831:(1993–2020)
2819:(1990–2009)
2813:(1988–2018)
2807:(1986–2016)
2801:(1981–2006)
2795:(1975–2010)
2781:(1972–1987)
2775:(1970–1994)
2769:(1967–1991)
2767:T. Marshall
2763:(1965–1969)
2757:(1962–1965)
2751:(1962–1993)
2745:(1958–1981)
2739:(1957–1962)
2733:(1956–1990)
2727:(1955–1971)
2721:(1949–1956)
2715:(1949–1967)
2709:(1945–1958)
2703:(1943–1949)
2701:W. Rutledge
2697:(1941–1954)
2691:(1941–1942)
2685:(1940–1949)
2679:(1939–1975)
2673:(1939–1962)
2671:Frankfurter
2667:(1938–1957)
2661:(1937–1971)
2655:(1932–1938)
2649:(1930–1945)
2635:(1923–1930)
2629:(1923–1939)
2623:(1922–1938)
2617:(1916–1922)
2611:(1916–1939)
2605:(1914–1941)
2599:(1912–1922)
2593:(1911–1916)
2587:(1911–1937)
2573:(1910–1914)
2567:(1906–1910)
2561:(1903–1922)
2555:(1902–1932)
2549:(1898–1925)
2543:(1896–1909)
2529:(1893–1895)
2523:(1892–1903)
2517:(1891–1906)
2511:(1890–1910)
2505:(1888–1893)
2499:(1882–1893)
2493:(1882–1902)
2487:(1881–1889)
2481:(1881–1887)
2475:(1877–1911)
2469:(1873–1882)
2463:(1870–1892)
2457:(1870–1880)
2451:(1863–1897)
2445:(1862–1877)
2439:(1862–1890)
2433:(1862–1881)
2427:(1858–1881)
2421:(1853–1861)
2415:(1851–1857)
2409:(1846–1870)
2403:(1845–1851)
2397:(1845–1872)
2391:(1842–1860)
2385:(1838–1852)
2379:(1837–1865)
2373:(1836–1841)
2367:(1835–1867)
2361:(1830–1844)
2355:(1829–1861)
2349:(1826–1828)
2343:(1823–1843)
2337:(1812–1845)
2331:(1811–1835)
2325:(1807–1826)
2319:(1807–1823)
2313:(1804–1834)
2307:(1800–1804)
2301:(1798–1829)
2295:(1796–1811)
2289:(1793–1806)
2283:(1792–1793)
2277:(1790–1799)
2271:(1790–1795)
2265:(1789–1798)
2259:(1790–1810)
2250:J. Rutledge
2147:Earl Warren
1794:. pp.
1128:Fox, John.
627:impeachment
589:Roger Taney
560:Roger Taney
449:New England
410:Lemuel Shaw
238:Maria Allen
174:(1863–1874)
168:(1854–1862)
82:Preceded by
3785:Categories
2877:K. Jackson
2695:R. Jackson
2647:O. Roberts
2621:Sutherland
2603:McReynolds
2527:H. Jackson
2497:Blatchford
2317:Livingston
2311:W. Johnson
2299:Washington
2281:T. Johnson
1868:1851–1857
1735:. Boston:
1635:, 1874 at
851:August 20,
796:References
654:Democratic
568:Dred Scott
546:Dred Scott
419:John Adams
375:patent law
302:law degree
172:Democratic
166:Republican
120:1809-11-04
3471:Inquiries
3056:By volume
3048:Decisions
2865:Kavanaugh
2847:Sotomayor
2786:Rehnquist
2737:Whittaker
2183:1986–2005
2167:1969–1986
2151:1953–1969
2135:1946–1953
2119:1941–1946
2103:1930–1941
2087:1921–1930
2071:1910–1921
2055:1888–1910
2039:1874–1888
2023:1864–1873
2007:1836–1864
1991:1801–1835
1975:1796–1800
1943:1789–1795
1517:145227968
1503:: 17–41.
995:April 16,
810:(2012).
507:in 1854.
486:President
361:in 1832.
265:Education
60:In office
3461:Timeline
3383:Statutes
3311:Landmark
3289:By topic
3009:Clifford
3004:Campbell
2989:Woodbury
2974:McKinley
2952:Justices
2829:Ginsburg
2799:O'Connor
2773:Blackmun
2755:Goldberg
2749:B. White
2609:Brandeis
2591:J. Lamar
2534:E. White
2503:L. Lamar
2485:Matthews
2425:Clifford
2419:Campbell
2401:Woodbury
2383:McKinley
2341:Thompson
2293:S. Chase
2287:Paterson
1939:John Jay
1727:, 1951).
1711:Archived
1611:Books).
1417:Archived
1346:(1): 86.
1243:June 27,
1237:Archived
1176:April 7,
1167:Archived
1138:Archived
1079:June 13,
1070:Archived
989:Archived
939:Archived
908:Archived
845:Archived
824:Archived
757:See also
708:Seth Low
623:articles
533:pilotage
512:read law
257:Children
3235:65 (24)
3230:64 (23)
3225:63 (22)
3220:62 (21)
3215:61 (20)
3210:60 (19)
3205:59 (18)
3200:58 (17)
3195:57 (16)
3190:56 (15)
3185:55 (14)
3180:54 (13)
3175:53 (12)
3170:52 (11)
3165:51 (10)
3102:41 (16)
3097:40 (15)
3092:39 (14)
3087:38 (13)
3082:37 (12)
3077:36 (11)
3072:35 (10)
2964:Barbour
2871:Barrett
2859:Gorsuch
2811:Kennedy
2793:Stevens
2743:Stewart
2731:Brennan
2677:Douglas
2653:Cardozo
2633:Sanford
2547:McKenna
2541:Peckham
2461:Bradley
2371:Barbour
2359:Baldwin
2347:Trimble
2275:Iredell
2257:Cushing
1554:at the
1379:June 5,
1285:May 26,
1213:June 5,
1144:May 13,
1027:June 5,
883:June 5,
843:. PBS.
617:during
250:
242:
230:
222:
218:
207:
199:
195:
182:Spouses
3276:68 (1)
3258:67 (2)
3253:66 (1)
3160:50 (9)
3155:49 (8)
3150:48 (7)
3145:47 (6)
3140:46 (5)
3135:45 (4)
3130:44 (3)
3125:43 (2)
3120:42 (1)
3019:Miller
3014:Swayne
2999:Curtis
2984:Nelson
2979:Daniel
2969:Catron
2835:Breyer
2823:Thomas
2817:Souter
2805:Scalia
2779:Powell
2761:Fortas
2719:Minton
2707:Burton
2689:Byrnes
2683:Murphy
2627:Butler
2615:Clarke
2597:Pitney
2578:Hughes
2571:Lurton
2553:Holmes
2521:Shiras
2509:Brewer
2455:Strong
2437:Miller
2431:Swayne
2413:Curtis
2395:Nelson
2389:Daniel
2377:Catron
2353:McLean
2329:Duvall
2263:Wilson
1802:
1776:
1754:
1696:
1678:
1657:
1615:
1592:
1515:
1310:887728
1308:
1104:362583
1102:
820:p. 369
635:Senate
343:Newton
148:, U.S.
129:, U.S.
3750:Other
3268:Wall.
3245:Black
3029:Field
3024:Davis
2994:Grier
2959:Taney
2853:Kagan
2841:Alito
2713:Clark
2659:Black
2640:Stone
2565:Moody
2515:Brown
2479:Woods
2449:Field
2443:Davis
2407:Grier
2365:Wayne
2335:Story
2305:Moore
2269:Blair
2204:cases
2188:cases
2172:cases
2156:cases
2140:cases
2124:cases
2108:cases
2092:cases
2076:cases
2060:cases
2044:cases
2028:cases
2012:cases
1996:cases
1980:cases
1964:cases
1948:cases
1513:S2CID
1499:(1).
1373:(PDF)
1362:(PDF)
1257:See,
1170:(PDF)
1163:(PDF)
1100:JSTOR
1073:(PDF)
1060:(PDF)
877:(PDF)
870:(PDF)
392:slave
384:" of
244:(
240:
224:(
220:
201:(
197:
3439:and
3112:How.
3064:Pet.
2665:Reed
2491:Gray
2467:Hunt
2323:Todd
1959:1795
1800:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1478:2013
1381:2020
1306:SSRN
1287:2012
1245:2017
1215:2020
1178:2011
1146:2012
1081:2018
1029:2020
997:2010
947:2017
916:2017
885:2020
853:2012
461:Whig
455:and
298:Whig
160:Whig
134:Died
114:Born
3443:of
2559:Day
1796:590
1505:doi
625:of
277:LLB
3787::
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2185:,
2169:,
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2025:,
2009:,
1993:,
1977:,
1961:,
1945:,
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275:,
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226:m.
203:m.
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2085:(
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2069:(
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2053:(
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2037:(
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2021:(
2015:)
2005:(
1999:)
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