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estate, except for his daughter Mary Ann. Instead, Chaires left Mary Ann $ 10,000, to be transferred to her only after the death of her husband, William
Burgess, specifically stating that "William Burgess shall not have any part of the same or enjoy any benefit whatsoever." Chaires appointed his brother Green and his son Joseph as executors. Joseph Chaires was operating his father's plantation in 1839. Tax records that year showed Chaire's estate to consist of 9,440 acres (3,820 ha), 80 slaves, and "pleasure
87:
195:. He was among several prominent men in Florida who felt that the allocations by the government for the rations were not sufficient to support the Seminoles, in part because the lands included in the reservation were among the agriculturally poorest in the territory. Chaires recommended expanding the reservation to include better land. He held the contract for only a year, but the profits that he made from that contract partially funded his purchases of land.
301:
Although
Chaires' primary interest was in growing cotton, he was also involved in banking and railroads. The Central Bank of Florida opened in Tallahassee in 1832, with Chaires as president. The Central Bank absorbed the Bank of Florida, which had been started by William "Money" Williams in 1829, by
372:
By reputation, Chaires was the richest man in
Florida. The 1830 US Census reported that he owned 213 slaves. His slaves were young, presumably because he had recently purchased them or brought them from elsewhere, selecting for youth. Only one male slave was over 55 years of age. Half of the males
162:
was founded in 1822, after
Florida became a territory of the United States. The survey of the first section of Jacksonville was conducted in June 1822 under the supervision of Chaires and two other commissioners. Duval County was created out of St. Johns County on August 12, 1822, and Jacksonville
434:
Chaires' son
Benjamin C. Chaires began buying small amounts of land. He was less of a speculator than other planters in the area. While some planters were heavily in debt at their deaths, Chaires' heirs continued to maintain large holdings, and were not involved in lawsuits with banks over debts.
408:
Chaires died in 1838, aged 52. He left to his wife Sarah the
Verdura mansion and 500 acres around it, the furniture in the mansion, a carriage and its driver, and one-tenth of his personal estate. Chaires had ten children, five of whom were minors. Each child received a one-tenth share of the
413:" worth $ 800. In 1842, his estate foreclosed on property, including land and slaves, valued at $ 35,570 (~$ 1.08 million in 2023). In 1845, the County Court authorized the division of the estate among the heirs, including about 10,000 acres, slaves, provisions, livestock, and equipment.
167:
of Duval County. John Brady transferred a lot in trust to
Chaires and Francis Ross as the site for a courthouse. After framing for the courthouse was erected on the lot, Chaires and Ross transferred the lot and partially constructed courthouse to the county. Chaires was friends with
306:. The Bank of Florida and the Central Bank were "merchants' banks", controlled by and serving primarily merchants, while the Union Bank was a "planters's bank", with only plantation owners allowed to buy stock in the bank. Chaires was a founder of the Merchants and Planters Bank of
373:
and almost all of the females were under 37 years old, and 64 children were ten or younger. He has been variously described as the "first millionaire in the territory" and "one of the ... wealthiest and most successful planters" in
Territorial Florida.
293:. In 1836 Chaires bought a plantation of 800 acres and 57 slaves with a price of $ 25,000 listed on the deed, but Chaires took out a $ 50,000 mortgage to pay for it. The discrepancy may represent an undervaluation of the sale for tax purposes.
273:
Chaires and his brothers all had slaves on their plantations produce bricks by hand. Chaires used such bricks for the
Columns and the mansion and outbuildings at Verdura, and he and his brothers supplied bricks for the
266:. Chaires sold The Columns in 1832 and built the Verdura plantation house, which was reputed to be the finest in Florida, on 500 acres (200 ha) ten miles east of Tallahassee that became the core of the
333:. Chaires refused to accept the scrip, and took various financial assets of the company as payment, while continuing construction at a slow pace. He was president of the company when he died in 1838.
389:
151:
involving timber
Chaires had harvested from Kingsley's Greenfield Plantation. In May 1820, Chaires and Thomas Fitch purchased 59 slaves from George Atkinson of
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507:
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247:
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Henry, Chaires' slave carriage driver, left to Chaires' widow Sarah in his will, is buried in the family cemetery near the ruins of the mansion.
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971:
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109:, and may have been the richest man in Florida in the 1830s. He was involved in the creation of the first railroads in Florida.
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to be held in St. Joseph in 1838–1839 to draft a constitution for Florida's statehood, but he died before leaving for it.
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In Tallahassee, Chaires became part of "The Nucleus", a political faction consisting mostly of friends and associates of
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607:
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1306:
1271:(ebook reissue ed.). Gainesville, Florida: Library Press@UF (Original publisher: University of Florida Press).
1098:
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223:
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in 1834, with Benjamin Chaires serving as a director of the company. He also was involved in the creation of the
1428:
125:
before moving to Florida. He had married, and become a surveyor and a plantation owner by the time he was 30.
275:
259:
214:, now known as the "Little Arredondo Grant", was transferred to Chaires. Along with his extensive lands near
118:
35:
1334:
1103:. Altenmunster, Loschberg: Jazzybee Verlag Jurgen Beck (original publisher University of Florida Press).
262:, respectively. In 1830, Chaires bought land on the north side of Tallahassee and built the house called
321:. When that railroad decided to lay a new line in early 1837 from St. Joseph to what became Iola on the
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Chaires acquired land across northern Florida. He eventually bought 30,000 acres (12,000 ha) in
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211:
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1229:
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Chaires left Bolton Plantation to his daughter Martha. Chaires' daughter Sarah Jane had married
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Chaires moved to Tallahassee in the late 1820s. He became one of the wealthiest land owners in
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602:(Revised ed.). Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 51, 55.
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1241:
942:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 70.
210:
counties. In 1829, a major part of a 20,000 acre Spanish land grant in what is now
50:
1194:
From Cotton to Quail: an agricultural chronicle of Leon County, Florida, 1860–1967
226:. Sharyn Shields states that Chaires had purchased up to 45,000 acres in Florida.
939:
Creating an Old South: Middle Florida's plantation frontier before the Civil War
377:
1402:
671:"Settlers, Bureaucrats and Private Land Claims: The "Little Arredondo Grant""
381:
341:
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Chaires owned other land in Leon County, as well as the Bolton Plantation in
147:
While living in northeastern Florida, Chaires was involved in a lawsuit with
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1196:(Reissue ed.). Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida.
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1118:
Ellis, Mary Louise; Rogers, William Warren; Morris, Joan Perry (1988).
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357:
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dried up credit and cash, and the railroad tried to pay its debts in
187:
In 1824, Chaires was the successful bidder to provide rations to the
1350:
625:"Two Seminole Treaties: Payne's Landing, 1832, and Ft. Gibson, 1833"
1376:"A Great Stirring in the Land: Tallahassee and Leon County in 1860"
1234:
International Journal of Architecture Technology and Sustainability
188:
1120:
Favored Land Tallahassee: A History of Tallahassee and Leon County
567:
1138:
508:"Dripping history: Book explores lost legacy of Chaires, Verdura"
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
238:
The Columns, built by Chaires in 1830, as it appeared about 1890
1201:
313:
Chaires and his brother Green were among the organizers of the
1268:
Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida, 1821–1860
469:
302:
buying its stock. Chaires was involved in the creation of the
1074:"The Florida Crisis of 1826-1827 and the Second Seminole War"
1001:
847:: 19 – via Florida Atlantic University Digital Library.
180:
for Duval County for a term in 1823–1824. Chaires was also a
420:
of 3,800 acres (1,500 ha) in southeastern Leon County.
1100:
History of Jacksonville, Florida and Vicinity, 1513 to 1924
991:
989:
652:
650:
1335:"Slavery in Microcosm: Leon County, Florida, 1824 to 1860"
735:
Whispers from Verdura: the Lost Legacy of Benjamin Chaires
128:
Chaires started buying land in Florida while it was still
1177:. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
336:
Chaires and R. H. Berry financed the construction of the
1213:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press.
1037:
986:
792:
647:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
155:, with Chaires receiving 32 of the slaves as his share.
816:
770:
768:
766:
728:
726:
1013:
1281:– via University of Florida Digital Collection.
1133:. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Heritage Foundation.
917:
537:
Florida Memory: State Library and Archives of Florida
448:
380:. Other members of the group included Governor Call,
319:
Lake Wimico and St. Joseph Canal and Railroad Company
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1025:
875:
863:
804:
780:
763:
751:
723:
340:, a ship designed to carry cotton directly from the
286:
in Tallahassee, and other buildings in Tallahassee.
132:. He bought a one-third interest in a plantation on
1290:. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia. p. 15.
851:
837:"Magnolia: The Hamlins' Dream, Before They Woke Up"
579:
555:
427:. The land she inherited was incorporated into his
392:, who had constructed, and given his name to, the
325:, Chaires received the construction contract. The
1117:
669:Keuchel, Edward F.; Knetsch, Joe (October 1989).
484:
1400:
533:"Distant Storm: Florida's Role in the Civil War"
732:
668:
600:History of the Second Seminole War: 1835-1842
254:also established plantations in Leon County,
218:, he had large interests in the areas around
1304:
798:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
396:. He was selected to be a delegate to the
1424:People from Onslow County, North Carolina
1255:
1245:
1148:"Plantation Economy in Florida 1830-1840"
1122:. Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company.
1305:Wynne, Lewis N.; Parks, John T. (2004).
505:
233:
85:
1374:Rogers, William Warren (October 1985).
1339:The Journal of African American History
1311:. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia.
1208:
1191:
1170:
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1019:
968:Arrow - Florida Natural Areas Inventory
935:
923:
899:Arrow - Florida Natural Areas Inventory
757:
705:Arrow - Florida Natural Areas Inventory
490:
463:
367:
16:Wealthy Florida planter and slave owner
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1332:
1285:
1227:
1145:
1126:
995:
881:
869:
834:
822:
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774:
737:. Tallahassee, Florida: Sentry Press.
585:
296:
1264:
1141:– via FSU's Digital Repository.
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1071:
1055:
1043:
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974:from the original on October 12, 2021
905:from the original on October 12, 2021
857:
810:
711:from the original on October 12, 2021
656:
622:
597:
573:
561:
543:from the original on October 12, 2021
105:, land owner, banker and investor in
72:planter, land owner, banker, investor
1288:A Short History of Florida Railroads
1230:"Plantation Houses of North Florida"
403:
13:
1326:
136:in 1818. He also bought land near
14:
1455:
964:"History: Gulf County, 1800-1850"
895:"History: Gulf County, 1800-1850"
701:"History: Gulf County, 1800-1850"
1419:People from Leon County, Florida
1380:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1247:10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2017.7520
1152:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1078:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1072:Brown, Canter Jr. (April 1995).
733:Heiland Shields, Sharyn (2016).
675:The Florida Historical Quarterly
629:The Florida Historical Quarterly
416:In 1860, Joseph Chaires owned a
956:
929:
887:
835:Molina, Laurie (May 15, 1999).
828:
693:
662:
485:Ellis, Rogers & Morris 1988
112:
1434:19th-century American planters
1333:Rivers, Larry E. (Fall 1981).
616:
591:
525:
506:Holladay, Bob (July 9, 2016).
229:
1:
1444:People from Florida Territory
1174:Lost Plantations of the South
1097:Davis, T. Frederick (1964) .
1065:
576:, p. 54, 56, 59, 63, 67.
284:second state capital building
119:Onslow County, North Carolina
117:Benjamin Chaires was born in
36:Onslow County, North Carolina
1265:Smith, Julia Floyd (2018) .
623:Mahon, John K. (July 1962).
101:(1786–1838) was an American
53:, Leon County, Florida, U.S.
7:
1146:Hering, Julia (July 1954).
1127:Groene, Bertram H. (1971).
936:Baptist, Edward E. (2002).
94:house, Leon County, Florida
10:
1460:
1308:Florida's Antebellum Homes
1192:Paisley, Clifton (1981) .
360:, bypassing agents in the
256:Evergreen Hills Plantation
1209:Paisley, Clifton (1989).
1171:Matrana, Marc R. (2009).
398:constitutional convention
304:Union Bank of Tallahassee
76:
68:
58:
43:
28:
21:
1439:American bank presidents
1228:Robles, Eduardo (2017).
1211:The Red Hills of Florida
1010:, pp. 103, 126–127.
598:Mahon, John K. (1985) .
441:
193:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
176:, who appointed Chaires
163:was soon designated the
1130:Ante-bellum Tallahassee
338:General Samuel Parkhill
191:as provided for in the
1286:Turner, Gregg (2003).
841:The Florida Geographer
799:Wynne & Parks 2004
280:Chattahoochee, Florida
239:
153:Camden County, Georgia
95:
1429:American slave owners
425:George Taliafero Ward
237:
121:in 1786. He lived in
89:
512:Tallahassee Democrat
429:Southwood Plantation
368:Wealth and influence
315:Tallahassee Railroad
276:Apalachicola Arsenal
252:Thomas Peter Chaires
182:justice of the peace
99:Benjamin Chaires Sr.
90:Drawing of Chaires'
659:, pp. 424–425.
297:Banks and railroads
260:Woodlawn Plantation
130:controlled by Spain
107:Territorial Florida
1046:, p. 125–126.
998:, pp. 36, 38.
323:Apalachicola River
268:Verdura Plantation
240:
172:, governor of the
170:William Pope Duval
149:Zephaniah Kingsley
96:
92:Verdura Plantation
63:Verdura Plantation
1297:978-0-7385-2421-4
1278:978-1-947372-63-4
825:, pp. 47–48.
184:in Duval county.
174:Florida Territory
84:
83:
80:Sarah Jane Powell
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248:Green H. Chaires
23:Benjamin Chaires
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1327:Further reading
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246:. His brothers
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47:October 4, 1838
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1084:(4): 419–442.
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813:, p. 126.
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681:(2): 201–217.
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609:0--8130-1097-7
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378:Andrew Jackson
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134:Amelia Island
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69:Occupation(s)
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59:Resting place
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1032:Paisley 1981
1027:
1020:Paisley 1989
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967:
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924:Paisley 1989
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758:Paisley 1981
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511:
464:Matrana 2009
437:
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394:Bellamy Road
390:John Bellamy
375:
371:
362:northern U.S
337:
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241:
197:
186:
178:County Judge
160:Jacksonville
158:The city of
157:
146:
138:Jacksonville
127:
116:
113:Early career
98:
97:
1414:1838 deaths
1409:1786 births
1257:10251/83614
996:Hering 1954
978:October 12,
909:October 12,
882:Turner 2003
870:Groene 1971
823:Groene 1971
787:Robles 2017
775:Robles 2017
715:October 12,
635:(1): 1–21.
586:Groene 1971
547:October 12,
517:October 12,
264:The Columns
244:Leon County
230:Leon County
216:Tallahassee
165:county seat
1403:Categories
1066:References
1056:Smith 2018
1044:Smith 2018
1008:Smith 2018
858:Smith 2018
811:Smith 2018
657:Brown 1995
574:Davis 1964
562:Brown 1995
418:plantation
224:St. Joseph
1367:149519589
1240:: 59–71.
1158:: 32–47.
1139:78-181521
411:carriages
358:Liverpool
354:St. Marks
350:Port Leon
344:ports of
220:St. Marks
200:St. Johns
189:Seminoles
1392:30146654
1164:30138933
1090:30150482
972:Archived
970:. 2005.
903:Archived
901:. 2005.
709:Archived
707:. 2005.
687:30148066
641:30139891
541:Archived
539:. 2021.
346:Magnolia
308:Magnolia
1359:2716918
1202:68-9708
208:Alachua
123:Georgia
103:planter
51:Chaires
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388:, and
282:, the
77:Spouse
38:, U.S.
1388:JSTOR
1363:S2CID
1355:JSTOR
1160:JSTOR
1086:JSTOR
683:JSTOR
637:JSTOR
442:Notes
204:Duval
1313:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1198:LCCN
1179:ISBN
1135:LCCN
1105:ISBN
980:2021
944:ISBN
911:2021
739:ISBN
717:2021
604:ISBN
549:2021
519:2021
352:and
258:and
250:and
222:and
206:and
140:and
44:Died
32:1786
29:Born
1347:doi
1252:hdl
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