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stress on the credit market and stagnation in investment spending. In addition to stressed credit markets, the failing gold standard also played a crucial role. After World War 1 most countries had their currencies tied to gold as well as fixed exchange rates, however, post-war animosity between many
European nations led to non-cooperation regarding the gold standard. Consequently, the gold standard failed in the late 1920s, bringing prices, money supply, and output down with it. Their research showed that the combination of a failing gold standard and stressed credit markets led to a catastrophic spiral in the economy.
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1072:" (MAC) clause, Paulson immediately called Lewis to a meeting in Washington. At the meeting, which allegedly took place on December 21, 2008, Paulson told Lewis that he and the board would be replaced if they invoked the MAC clause and additionally not to reveal the extent of the losses to shareholders. Paulson stated to Cuomo's office that he was directed by Bernanke to threaten Lewis in this manner.
4465:
1269:" of money into the economy to fight deflation. Bernanke's critics have since referred to him as "Helicopter Ben" or to his "helicopter printing press." In a footnote to his speech, Bernanke noted that "people know that inflation erodes the real value of the government's debt and, therefore, that it is in the interest of the government to create some inflation."
901:
562:"—the theory that traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that have occurred in the international economy, particularly increases in the economic stability of developing nations, diminishing the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy.
1900:
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faced by "entitlement programs such as Social
Security and Medicare" or "in the longer run we will have neither financial stability nor healthy economic growth." Bernanke said that formulation of such a plan would help the economy in the near term, even if actual implementation of the plan might have
1075:
Congressional hearings into these allegations were conducted on June 25, 2009, with
Bernanke testifying that he did not bully Lewis. Under intense questioning by members of Congress, Bernanke said, "I never said anything about firing the board and the management ." In further testimony, Bernanke said
1486:
lenders and borrowers were both inclined to protect their financial health due to stressed credit markets. Lenders began tightening credit standards and avoiding risky borrowers while borrowers withdrew their cash. These self-preservation decisions from both lenders and borrowers resulted in further
1329:
wrote, on
January 30, 2008, that "Dr. Bernanke's forecasts have been too sunny over the last six months. the other hand, his forecast was a lot better than Wall Street's in mid-2006. Back then, he resisted calls for further interest rate increases because he thought the economy might be weakening."
991:
On August 25, 2009, President Obama announced he would nominate
Bernanke to a second term as chairman of the Federal Reserve. In a short statement on Martha's Vineyard, with Bernanke standing at his side, Obama said Bernanke's background, temperament, courage and creativity helped to prevent another
891:
In June 2005, Bernanke was named chairman of
President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers and resigned as Fed governor. The appointment was largely viewed as a test run to ascertain if Bernanke could be Bush's pick to succeed Greenspan as Fed chairman the next year. He held the post until
1102:
of
Kentucky said on CNBC that he had seen documents which show that Bernanke overruled recommendations from his staff in bailing out AIG. The columnist says this raises questions as to whether or not the decision to bail out AIG was necessary. Senators from both parties who support Bernanke say his
1318:
on
November 26, 2007—in a column in which he argued that recession was likely—that "maintaining demand must be the over-arching macro-economic priority. That means the Federal Reserve System has to get ahead of the curve and recognize—as the market already has—that levels of the Federal Funds rate
1258:. Control of the money supply implies that the government can always avoid deflation by simply issuing more money. He said, "The U.S. government has a technology, called a printing press (or today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at no cost."
1115:
The crisis in 2008 also made Ben
Bernanke create a pseudonym, Edward Quince. According to the Wall Street Journal, the false name was evidence in a class-action lawsuit against the government by shareholders of AIG, which had been given a Fed-backed bailout when it was near collapse. One of Mr.
924:
His first months as chairman of the
Federal Reserve System were marked by difficulties communicating with the media. An advocate of more transparent Fed policy and clearer statements than Greenspan had made, he had to back away from his initial idea of stating clearer inflation goals as such
1276:, Bernanke, when questioned about taxation policy, said that it was none of his business, his exclusive remit being monetary policy, and said that fiscal policy and wider society related issues were what politicians were for and got elected for. But Bernanke has been identified by
596:, in which he revealed that the world's economy came close to collapse in 2007 and 2008. Bernanke asserts that it was only the novel efforts of the Fed (cooperating with other US agencies and agencies of other governments) that prevented an economic catastrophe greater than the
1362:
conference in January 2014, Bernanke reflected on his tenure as chairman of the Federal Reserve. He expressed his hope that economic growth was building momentum and stated that he was confident that the central bank would be able to withdraw its support smoothly.
1211:"Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna : Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again."
1226:
Bernanke found that the financial disruptions of 1930–33 reduced the efficiency of the credit allocation process; and that the resulting higher cost and reduced availability of credit acted to depress aggregate demand, identifying an effect he called the
4118:, May 15, 2010. Accessed February 2, 2015. "In 1985, he left Stanford for Princeton. His children — Joel, born in 1982, and Alyssa, born in 1986 — enrolled in public schools, and for six years he served on the school board in Montgomery Township, N.J."
912:
On February 1, 2006, Bernanke began a fourteen-year term as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and a four-year term as chairman (after having been nominated by President Bush in late 2005). By virtue of the chairmanship, he sat on the
1399:, Bernanke revealed that he was no longer a Republican, having "lost patience with Republicans' susceptibility to the know-nothing-ism of the far right. ... I view myself now as a moderate independent, and I think that's where I'll stay."
937:. She reported that Bernanke said investors had misinterpreted his comments as indicating that he was "dovish" on inflation. He was sharply criticized for making public statements about Fed direction, which he said was a "lapse in judgment."
1076:
the Fed did nothing illegal or unethical in its efforts to convince Bank of America not to end the merger. Lewis told the panel that authorities expressed "strong views" but said he would not characterize their stance as improper.
1037:, Bernanke "has been attacked for failing to foresee the financial crisis, for bailing out Wall Street, and, most recently, for injecting an additional $ 600 billion into the banking system to give the slow recovery a boost."
3871:(see paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 in the "Economic Challenges" section at the end of the speech transcript). Speech given on April 7, 2010, to the Dallas Regional Chamber of Commerce in Dallas, Texas. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
1206:
and has on several occasions argued that one of the biggest mistakes made during the period was to raise interest rates too early. In a speech on Milton Friedman's ninetieth birthday (November 8, 2002), Bernanke said:
999:
However, Bernanke was confirmed for a second term as chairman on January 28, 2010, by a 70–30 vote of the full Senate, the narrowest margin, at the time, for any occupant of the position. (For the roll-call vote, see
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task falling within the implementation powers of the Federal Reserve. Bernanke also pointed out that deficit reduction will necessarily consist of either raising taxes, cutting entitlement payments and other
677:
The family moved to Dillon from New York in the 1940s. Bernanke's mother gave up her job as a schoolteacher when her son was born and worked at the family drugstore. Ben Bernanke also worked there sometimes.
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advising Obama against his reappointment as chairman of the Federal Reserve. Bernanke focused less on the role of the Federal Reserve and more on the role of private banks and financial institutions.
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In an October 2014 speech, Bernanke disclosed that he was unsuccessful in efforts to refinance his home. He suggested that lenders "may have gone a little bit too far on mortgage credit conditions".
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was holding down interest rates and financing the current account deficits of the United States. (Alternative reasons include relatively low worldwide investment coupled with low U.S. savings.)
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710:, chairman of New York University's economics department, says they are "embedded in who he (Bernanke) is." Once Bernanke was at Harvard for his freshman year, fellow Dillon native
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in 2008. When Senate Banking Committee hearings on his nomination began on December 3, 2009, several senators from both parties indicated they would not support a second term.
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As a member of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System on February 20, 2004, Bernanke gave a speech in which he postulated that we are in a new era called the
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from 2002 to 2005. In one of his first speeches as a governor, entitled "Deflation: Making Sure It Doesn't Happen Here", he outlined what has been referred to as the
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3858:(see pages 13–14 of the speech transcript). Speech given on April 7, 2010, to the Dallas Regional Chamber of Commerce in Dallas, Texas. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
1482:. Their research suggested that the Great Depression was caused by a variety of factors including credit market stress and a failing gold standard. With a rising
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2789:"Deflation: Making Sure 'It' Doesn't Happen Here, Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke Before the National Economists Club, Washington, D.C. November 21, 2002"
888:, where modern macroeconomic policy has decreased the volatility of the business cycle to the point that it should no longer be a central issue in economics.
3890:
3120:
674:, aged 30, on June 30, 1921, with his wife Pauline, aged 25. On the ship's manifest, Jonas's occupation is listed as "clerk" and Pauline's as "doctor med".
9497:
9372:
1231:. When faced with a mild downturn, banks are likely to significantly cut back lending and other risky ventures. This further hurts the economy, creating a
581:. His first term began on February 1, 2006. Bernanke was confirmed for a second term as chairman on January 28, 2010, after being renominated by President
3150:
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3621:
1630:
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870:. He chaired that department from 1996 until September 2002, when he went on public service leave. He resigned his position at Princeton July 1, 2005.
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and part-time theater manager. His mother Edna was an elementary school teacher. Bernanke has two younger siblings. His brother, Seth, is a lawyer in
934:
647:, and Hebrew teacher. Bernanke's father and uncle owned and managed a drugstore they purchased from Bernanke's paternal grandfather, Jonas Bernanke.
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1522:, in 1985, where Bernanke's children attended the local public schools. Bernanke served for six years as a member of the board of education of the
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3537:"The Financial Accelerator and the Credit Channel, The Credit Channel of Monetary Policy in the Twenty-first Century Conference, Atlanta, Georgia"
971:, creating $ 1.3 trillion from November 2008 to June 2010 and using the created money to buy financial assets from banks and from the government.
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Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke, At the Conference to Honor Milton Friedman, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, November 8, 2002
1167:(and also Dean Croushore in later editions) and an introductory textbook, covering both microeconomics and macroeconomics, coauthored with
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1004:.) The Senate first voted 77–23 to end debate, Bernanke winning more than the 60 approval votes needed to overcome the possibility of a
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in his decision to lower interest rates to zero. Anna Schwartz, however, was highly critical of Bernanke and wrote an opinion piece in
1064:. The letter alleged that the extent of the losses at Merrill Lynch was not disclosed to Bank of America by Bernanke and Paulson. When
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His remarks were most likely intended for the federal government's executive and legislative branches, since entitlement reform is a
694:, before leaving for college. To support himself throughout college, he continued to work during the summers at South of the Border.
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Quince's emails reads, "We think they are days from failure. They think it is a temporary problem. This disconnect is dangerous."
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1437:. During a speech delivered on April 7, 2010, he warned that the U.S. must soon develop a "credible" plan to address the pending
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1068:, the chief executive officer of Bank of America, informed Paulson that Bank of America was exiting the merger by invoking the "
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Bernanke, Ben S. 2023. "Nobel Lecture: Banking, Credit, and Economic Fluctuations." American Economic Review, 113 (5): 1143–69.
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2258:"Federal Reserve Speech: Chairman Ben S. Bernanke At the presentation of the Order of the Palmetto, Dillon, South Carolina"
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585:, who later referred to him as "the epitome of calm." His second term ended on January 31, 2014, when he was succeeded by
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1015:, the first woman to hold the position. Yellen was nominated on October 9, 2013, by President Obama and confirmed by the
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Bernanke, Ben S. (June 1983). "Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression".
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921:. He also served as chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee, the System's principal monetary policy making body.
905:
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2120:"Ben S. Bernanke formally sworn in to second term as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System"
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in the business news, Bernanke gave a speech about the topic. In that speech, he mentioned that the government in a
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As the Great Recession deepened, Bernanke oversaw some unorthodox measures. Under his guidance, the Fed lowered its
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4410:. Pages 58–81. Summarizing September 15–23, 2008 with interviews by James Stewart of Paulson, Bernanke and Geitner.
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Bernanke, Ben S., "Non-Monetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression",
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1008:. On a second vote to confirm, the 30 dissents came from 11 Democrats, 18 Republicans and one independent.
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saying the "book is intended to help future generations of economic policymakers, and it probably will."
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and policy. He has written two textbooks: an intermediate-level macroeconomics textbook coauthored with
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there from 1996 to September 2002, when he went on public service leave. Bernanke was awarded the 2022
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As a teenager, Bernanke worked construction on a hospital and waited tables at a restaurant at nearby
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1190:, on which he has published numerous academic journal articles. Before Bernanke's work, the dominant
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from 2006 to 2014. After leaving the Federal Reserve, he was appointed a distinguished fellow at the
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actions averted worse problems and outweighed whatever responsibility this may have created for the
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For example, while Greenspan publicly supported President Clinton's deficit reduction plan and the
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that were neutral when the financial system was working normally are quite contractionary today."
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2386:"FRB: Speech, Bernanke-Financial Access for Immigrants: The Case of Remittances-April 16, 2004"
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from 5.25% to 0.0% within less than a year. When this was considered insufficient to abate the
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When Bernanke left Stanford to accept a position at Princeton, he and his family moved to
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Bernanke's first name is Ben, not Benjamin, and "Ben Shalom" is not abbreviated. (See: "
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3618:"Governor Ben S. Bernanke, The Global Saving Glut and the U.S. Current Account Deficit"
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21st Century Monetary Policy: The Federal Reserve from the Great Inflation to COVID-19,
1388:, as a senior adviser. In the same month it was revealed that Bernanke would also join
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1239:, who had previously advocated his own theory for the Great Depression, notes that the
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Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz; National Bureau of Economic Research (2008).
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Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz; National Bureau of Economic Research (2008).
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21st Century Monetary Policy: The Federal Reserve from the Great Inflation to COVID-19
1669:(September 1992). "The Federal Funds Rate and the Channels of Monetary Transmission".
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In 2022 Bernanke was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences along with
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As the recession began in 2007, many economists urged Bernanke (and the rest of the
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created a cocktail inspired by Mr. Bernanke's chosen alias: the "Rye & Quince."
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at the time, Bernanke taught it to himself. Bernanke scored 1590 out of 1600 on the
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and a close colleague as a "libertarian-Republican" in the mold of Alan Greenspan.
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Bernanke wrote about his time as chairman of the Federal Reserve in his 2015 book,
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dated April 23, 2009, Bernanke was mentioned along with former Treasury Secretary
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scrolls in his local synagogue. Although he keeps his beliefs private, his friend
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4226:"Dedication Ceremony Saturday, March 7, in Dillon For "Ben Bernanke Interchange""
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families in Dillon and attended Ohav Shalom, a local synagogue; Bernanke learned
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241:
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32:
7657:
1901:
Ben Bernanke’s Nobel Prize Lecture, “Banking, Credit, and Economic Fluctuations”
1186:
Bernanke is particularly interested in the economic and political causes of the
523:. Before becoming Federal Reserve chairman, Bernanke was a tenured professor at
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1586:(SCDOT) Commission approved a resolution on February 21 to name Exit 190 along
1536:
1512:
1507:. The Bernankes have two children, Joel and Alyssa. He is an ardent fan of the
1347:
1140:
1136:
1098:'troubling details' of Bernanke's role in the AIG bailout". Republican Senator
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4907:
4769:
4058:
3834:
3717:"Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke to Join Economic Studies at Brookings"
2945:
Hilsenrath, Jon; Williamson, Elizabeth; Weisman, Jonathan (August 26, 2009).
2732:
2691:
2098:
1976:"Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke to Join Economic Studies at Brookings"
1885:
1539:, a spreading crime the Federal Reserve has for years issued warnings about.
1446:
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1216:
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1053:
823:
766:
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632:
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and potentially turning a mild recession into a major depression. Economist
949:
Bernanke (left) in September 2008 as President Bush speaks about the economy
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5253:
5228:
5173:
5090:
5035:
4987:
4967:
4917:
4736:
4649:
4050:
3914:"Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke sounds a warning on growing deficit"
1666:
1351:
1343:
1203:
1049:
1012:
843:
819:
671:
586:
582:
110:
70:
4634:
4621:
4611:, Ben Bernanke, July 12, 2005, address with summary, video, and transcript
4527:
3039:"Populist backlash puts Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke under siege"
1380:
On April 16, 2015, it was announced publicly that Bernanke will work with
900:
639:
as a child from his maternal grandfather, Harold Friedman, a professional
500:; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist who served as the 14th
9079:
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8899:
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8712:
8644:
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8512:
8298:
8290:
7890:
7854:
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7088:
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5338:
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5238:
5233:
5100:
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4992:
4942:
4689:
4541:
3315:"Lawmakers hit out at Paulson over BofA-Merrill". Reuters. July 16, 2009
3236:
2506:
1381:
1286:
1236:
1179:. He is among the 50 most published economists in the world according to
1164:
1099:
202:
84:
663:
9000:
8955:
8445:
8345:
8165:
8089:
8006:
7834:
7755:
7528:
7261:
5448:
5075:
5070:
4932:
4922:
4567:
4532:
2260:. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. September 1, 2006.
2004:"The Great Depression Expert Who Prevented the Second Great Depression"
1712:
1682:
1657:
1504:
1251:
1191:
1005:
726:
Bernanke was educated at East Elementary, J.V. Martin Junior High, and
617:
5322:
3178:"Senate confirms Bernanke for second term as Federal Reserve chairman"
3121:"Senate Dems Not Sure They Can Get Enough Votes to Reconfirm Bernanke"
1631:
Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
1418:
Statements on deficit reduction and reform of Social Security/Medicare
8333:
8321:
8081:
6183:
6146:
5479:
5193:
2145:"Obama nominates Janet Yellen to succeed Bernanke at Federal Reserve"
1247:
1171:. Bernanke was the Director of the Monetary Economics Program of the
786:
3939:
2430:"Bernanke speaks at ceremony naming I-95 interchange - Mar. 7, 2009"
8143:
8061:
7743:
6453:
6151:
5551:
5410:
4494:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
4004:"Bernanke Says Nation Must Take Action Soon to Shape Fiscal Future"
3944:
3823:"What Is the Federal Reserve's Role in the Economy? Bernanke Knows"
3330:
2762:(PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from
2756:
Long-Term Commitments, Dynamic Optimization, and the Business Cycle
2692:"Dillon Boy Is New S. C. Champion In Spelling Bee Held at Anderson"
2507:"Fed Nominee Bernanke Was Molded By Upbringing in Small-town South"
1950:
1922:
Long-term commitments, dynamic optimization, and the business cycle
1369:
Since February 2014, Bernanke has been employed as a Distinguished
804:
Long-Term Commitments, Dynamic Optimization, and the Business Cycle
739:
651:
407:
Long Term Commitments, Dynamic Optimization, and the Business Cycle
4331:
Andrews, Edmund L. (November 5, 2005). "All for a more open Fed".
3940:"Let Them Go Bankrupt, Soon: Solving Social Security and Medicare"
3743:"Ben Bernanke Will Work With Citadel, a Hedge Fund, as an Adviser"
2849:. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Archived from
1410:
since its inception. The book received a positive review from the
1147:
post. Also on stage with the President are Mrs. Anna Bernanke and
8294:
8218:
6156:
3407:"Opellius: "Bernanke vs. Yellen: A Spooky Outlook?" By Axel Merk"
3345:"Meet Edward Quince, the Secret Federal Reserve Chairman in 2008"
1290:
1254:
system owns the physical means of creating money and to maintain
659:
644:
550:
From August 5, 2002, until June 21, 2005, he was a member of the
4127:
2652:"National Merit Scholarship Corporation - Scholars You May Know"
1692:"Systematic Monetary Policy and the Effects of Oil Price Shocks"
895:
662:), on January 23, 1891. He immigrated to the United States from
4545:
3869:"Economic Challenges: Past, Present and Future (HTML version)"
1370:
859:
667:
640:
400:
6224:
4402:"Eight Days: the battle to save the American financial system"
3856:"Economic Challenges: Past, Present and Future (PDF version)"
2481:"Ben Bernanke, Time Mag's 2009 'Person of the Year' is Jewish"
2456:"In First Crisis on the Job, Bernanke's About-Face Is Weighed"
2058:"Former Fed Chair Bernanke shares Nobel for research on banks"
1761:
preview of ch. 1, "The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression"
1717:
Inflation Targeting: Lessons from the International Experience
1690:
Bernanke, Ben S.; Gertler, Mark; Watson, Mark (May 27, 1997).
465:
4827:
1389:
1180:
833:
703:
3741:
Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Stevenson, Alexandra (April 16, 2015).
1040:
1022:
8161:
4035:"Nobel Lecture: Banking, Credit, and Economic Fluctuations"
2944:
2085:"Bush Nominates Bernanke to Succeed Greenspan as Fed Chief"
1702:
1406:
where he assesses the successes as well as failures of the
930:
806:. Bernanke's thesis adviser was the future governor of the
483:
477:
9453:
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
4416:
The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath
1821:
The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath
1011:
Bernanke was succeeded as chair of the Federal Reserve by
9448:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
3768:"Pimco recruits ex-Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke"
3702:"Ex-Fed chief Bernanke denied loan to refinance his home"
2803:
The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008
1929:
802:
in 1979 after completing and defending his dissertation,
743:
474:
9393:
Chairs of the United States Council of Economic Advisers
1139:, looking on, Chairman Ben Bernanke addresses President
1027:
Bernanke has been subjected to criticism concerning the
9513:
Stanford University Graduate School of Business faculty
3207:"Bernanke wins a second term, but it's a tepid victory"
3008:"Senate Vote on Bernanke Confirmation Set for Thursday"
2302:
2550:
In Fed We Trust: Ben Bernanke's War on the Great Panic
2537:
In Fed We Trust: Ben Bernanke's War on the Great Panic
2240:
In Fed We Trust: Ben Bernanke's War on the Great Panic
1373:
in Residence with the Economic Studies Program at the
1056:
in allegations of fraud concerning the acquisition of
508:. During his tenure as chairman, Bernanke oversaw the
2032:"The Prize in Economic Sciences 2022 - Press release"
1766:
1689:
1384:, the $ 25 billion hedge fund founded by billionaire
702:
As a teenager in the 1960s, Bernanke helped roll the
624:. His sister, Sharon, is a longtime administrator at
492:
480:
471:
9408:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
4128:
Jon Hilsenrath and Brent Kendall (August 29, 2009).
2600:"Bernanke is a student of Great Depression, Red Sox"
2218:"Fed Chief's Boyhood Home Is Sold After Foreclosure"
2215:
1611:
in the category "Economics, Finance and Management".
462:
5789:
Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets
1503:Bernanke met his wife, Anna, a schoolteacher, on a
1289:, the idea that relatively high level of worldwide
468:
4644:Recorded live on March 27, 2012, 10:38 am MST
4631:Recorded live on March 20, 2012, 10:35 am MST
4614:Lectures by Ben Bernanke to an economics class at
3715:Nordquist, DJ; Tracy, Viselli (February 3, 2014).
3539:. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. June 15, 2007.
3065:"2 Key Senators Oppose a Second Term for Bernanke"
3037:Irwin, Neil; Montgomery, Lori (January 23, 2010).
1797:
1402:Bernanke published in 2022 his latest book titled
854:from 1979 until 1985, was a visiting professor at
4478:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
4344:Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market
4002:Chan, Sewell; Hernandez, Javier (April 7, 2010).
3586:
3584:
3582:
3285:"Andrew Cuomo letter to Congress, April 23, 2009"
2252:
2250:
2248:
9334:
4246:
3973:"Can Obama Actually Achieve Entitlement Reform?"
3592:"Speech, Bernanke -Deflation- November 21, 2002"
3371:"A Crisis, an Alias, and a Cocktail with Quince"
2285:"New Fed chief will face an economy with issues"
2163:"Yellen sworn in as Fed chair in brief ceremony"
2124:Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
2026:
2024:
933:comments from their private conversation at the
875:Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
552:Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
9503:Presidents of the American Economic Association
6455:Presidents of the American Economic Association
3912:Irwin, Neil; Montgomery, Lori (April 8, 2010).
3911:
3795:"Bernanke: I'm not really a Republican anymore"
3740:
3656:
3036:
2921:"Obama to Nominate Bernanke to 2nd Term at Fed"
2597:
2564:
1664:
1511:baseball team, and frequently attends games at
814:, and his readers included Irwin S. Bernstein,
765:, as did the future chief executive officer of
573:before President Bush nominated him to succeed
9077:
3714:
3579:
3574:Economics 113 – American Economic History
2813:
2811:
2453:
2245:
1575:Distinguished Leadership in Government Award,
1246:In 2002, following coverage of concerns about
935:White House Correspondents' Association Dinner
925:statements tended to affect the stock market.
908:responding to a question on February 10, 2009.
842:Bernanke meeting with United States President
565:Bernanke then served as chairman of President
9443:Members of the American Philosophical Society
9063:
8382:
7307:
6439:
6210:
6179:Personal consumption expenditures price index
5354:
4843:
4819:
4635:"Chairman Ben Bernanke Lecture Series Part 3"
4622:"Chairman Ben Bernanke Lecture Series Part 1"
4001:
3563:Lecture 10: Depressions and Panics, 1840–1933
3496:
3056:
2830:"At the Fed, an Unknown Became a Safe Choice"
2370:. Nytstore.com. June 30, 1921. Archived from
2348:. Nytstore.com. June 30, 1921. Archived from
2021:
1792:
1633:"for research on banks and financial crises".
1442:to wait until the economic outlook improves.
940:
896:Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve
612:, and was raised on East Jefferson Street in
8402:Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
7321:
4654:
3463:
3062:
2865:
2684:
2539:(New York: Crown Business, 2009), pp. 70–71.
1959:Presidential Nomination: Ben Shalom Bernanke
1609:BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
1333:
1308:, later named Director of the White House's
1243:raised the pertinence of Bernanke's theory.
1198:view that it had been largely caused by the
131:February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2014
58:February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2014
9498:People from Montgomery Township, New Jersey
9373:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
5778:2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program
5695:Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute
4360:. Princeton University Press. p. 247.
4230:South Carolina Department of Transportation
3440:. Princeton University Press. p. 247.
2808:
2388:. The Federal Reserve Board. April 16, 2004
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
1584:South Carolina Department of Transportation
1155:Bernanke has given several lectures at the
1084:According to a January 26, 2010, column in
9070:
9056:
8389:
8375:
7314:
7300:
6446:
6432:
6226:Chairs of the Council of Economic Advisers
6217:
6203:
5783:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
5368:
5361:
5347:
4850:
4836:
4609:"Skills, Ownership, and Economic Security"
4528:Statements and Speeches of Ben S. Bernanke
3880:
3459:
3457:
2977:"McCain To Oppose Bernanke Reconfirmation"
2871:
2624:
2216:Phillips, Michael M. (February 14, 2009).
1449:exercise that will be accomplished by the
834:Academic and government career (1979–2006)
31:
4514:Learn how and when to remove this message
4153:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
4130:"Bernanke Falls Victim to Identify Theft"
3937:
3820:
2892:
2560:
2558:
2408:"60 Minutes Video – 60 Minutes, 06.07.09"
2282:
1041:Merrill Lynch merger with Bank of America
1023:Controversies as Federal Reserve Chairman
738:. Since Dillon High School did not offer
533:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
368:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
223:June 21, 2005 – January 31, 2006
8250:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah /
4413:
4205:"Columbia Business School Annual Dinner"
4032:
3792:
3095:"Release: Sanders Puts Hold on Bernanke"
2752:
2718:
2242:(New York: Crown Business, 2009), p. 69.
2202:
1918:
1849:
1837:
1818:
1733:
1643:
1494:
1337:
1130:
978:
944:
899:
837:
603:
9383:George W. Bush administration personnel
4340:
4148:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"
4071:Grunwald, Michael (December 16, 2009).
3970:
3883:"Bernanke Says U.S. Should Tackle Debt"
3620:. US Federal Reserve Bank. March 2005.
3454:
3342:
3200:
3198:
2918:
2895:"Fed Chief Calls His Remarks A Mistake"
2567:"Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke"
2187:
2083:Andrews, Edmund L. (October 24, 2005).
2082:
1696:C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics
1535:reported that Bernanke was a victim of
1215:Bernanke has cited Milton Friedman and
1151:, Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve.
9335:
5459:Monetary Policy Report to the Congress
4374:Lowenstein, Roger (January 20, 2008).
4247:Michael Grunwald (December 16, 2009).
3971:Scherer, Michael (February 23, 2009).
3684:"Bernanke Celebrates Fed Achievements"
3644:"Larry Summers in The Financial Times"
3610:
3478:from the original on December 31, 2009
2919:Andrews, Edmund L. (August 24, 2009).
2872:Lowenstein, Roger (January 20, 2008).
2753:Bernanke, Benjamin Shalom (May 1979).
2555:
2517:from the original on February 13, 2010
2368:The Times/Ellis Island Legacy Keepsake
2346:The Times/Ellis Island Legacy Keepsake
1143:and others after being sworn into the
983:Bernanke answers questions in 2013 at
174:July 31, 2002 – June 21, 2005
9051:
8370:
7295:
6427:
6198:
5752:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices
5342:
4831:
4818:
4653:
4354:"B. Bernanke's speech to M. Friedman"
4104:
4102:
4088:Steinberg, Dan {September 27, 2012}.
3938:Samuelson, Robert J. (May 23, 2009).
3598:from the original on February 4, 2010
3543:from the original on January 13, 2010
3434:"B. Bernanke's speech to M. Friedman"
3368:
3232:"Janet Yellen Confirmed as Fed Chair"
3175:
3157:from the original on February 3, 2010
3131:from the original on January 25, 2010
3101:from the original on February 3, 2010
3075:from the original on January 25, 2010
3018:from the original on February 4, 2010
2957:from the original on February 4, 2010
2719:Grynbaum, Michael M. (June 5, 2008).
2264:from the original on January 20, 2010
2190:"Ben Bernanke's 'The Courage to Act'"
1557:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1304:below what it had done. For example,
800:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
353:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
9463:National Bureau of Economic Research
7727:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under
6167:Monetary policy of the United States
5746:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
5703:Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve
5676:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act
4573:"A Crash Course for Central Bankers"
4458:
4347:. Scribner, Armstrong & Company.
4140:
3657:David Leonhardt (January 30, 2008).
3250:
3244:
3204:
3195:
2598:Johnston, Danny (October 24, 2005).
2188:Kinsley, Michael (October 8, 2013).
2151:. Associated Press. October 9, 2013.
1997:
1995:
1993:
1542:
1312:under President Obama, wrote in the
1173:National Bureau of Economic Research
852:Stanford Graduate School of Business
5454:Federal Reserve Statistical Release
4014:from the original on April 12, 2010
3952:from the original on April 18, 2010
3893:from the original on April 12, 2010
3343:Paletta, Damian (October 9, 2014).
3326:"Is Bernanke Hiding A Smoking Gun?"
2721:"At Harvard, They Hail a Fed Chief"
2666:
2552:, New York: Crown Business, p. 70.
2318:. December 16, 2009. Archived from
2283:Kirchhoff, Sue (January 31, 2006).
2276:
1524:Montgomery Township School District
1261:He referred to a statement made by
1194:theory of the Great Depression was
915:Financial Stability Oversight Board
873:Bernanke served as a member of the
750:. He also was a contestant in the
13:
9493:People from Dillon, South Carolina
9413:Fellows of the Econometric Society
5740:Subprime mortgage crisis responses
4708:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
4680:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
4438:"The New Tools of Monetary Policy"
4391:
4160:from the original on July 25, 2011
4099:
3793:Phillips, Matt (October 6, 2015).
3624:from the original on June 14, 2009
3464:Penn Bullock (November 17, 2009).
3389:"Economist Rankings - IDEAS/RePEc"
3251:Chan, Sewell (December 11, 2010).
2565:Romero, Frances (March 16, 2009).
2454:John M. Broder (August 20, 2007).
2001:
1094:has disclosed documents providing
1045:In a letter to Congress from then-
906:House Financial Services Committee
631:The Bernankes were one of the few
516:, for which he was named the 2009
119:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
14:
9529:
5805:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
5758:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
4553:collected news and commentary at
4454:
4110:'Is Ben Bernanke Having Fun Yet?"
4090:"Ben Bernanke is a huge Nats fan"
3881:Hilsenrath, Jon (April 7, 2010).
3821:Leonhardt, David (May 17, 2022).
3205:Chan, Sewell (January 28, 2010).
3153:. U.S. Senate. January 28, 2010.
3063:Chan, Sewell (January 22, 2010).
3005:
2987:from the original on June 7, 2011
1990:
1838:Bernanke, Ben S. (October 2015).
1819:Bernanke, Ben S. (October 2015).
1285:In 2005 Bernanke coined the term
1126:
577:as chairman of the United States
9363:American Economic Review editors
9358:21st-century American economists
9353:20th-century American economists
6405:
6142:Criticism of the Federal Reserve
5716:Expedited Funds Availability Act
5432:
4463:
4358:The Great Contraction, 1929-1933
4033:Bernanke, Ben S. (May 1, 2023).
3438:The Great Contraction, 1929-1933
3369:Irwin, Neil (October 10, 2014).
3176:Irwin, Neil (January 28, 2010).
2893:Henderson, Nell (May 24, 2006).
2672:White, Ben (November 15, 2005).
2625:White, Ben (November 15, 2005).
1778:(6th ed.). Addison–Wesley.
1490:
1426:, particularly by reforming the
1110:
458:
378:
8478:Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
5610:U.S. Treasury Department Accord
4727:Chairman of the Federal Reserve
4376:"The Education of Ben Bernanke"
4296:
4279:"Frontiers of Knowledge Awards"
4271:
4240:
4232:. March 2, 2009. Archived from
4218:
4197:
4172:
4121:
4082:
4065:
4026:
3995:
3964:
3931:
3905:
3874:
3861:
3848:
3814:
3786:
3760:
3734:
3708:
3694:
3676:
3650:
3636:
3555:
3529:
3516:
3497:anna schwartz (July 25, 2009).
3490:
3425:
3413:
3399:
3381:
3362:
3336:
3324:Grim, Ryan (January 27, 2010),
3318:
3309:
3277:
3253:"The Fed? Ron Paul's Not a Fan"
3224:
3169:
3143:
3113:
3087:
3030:
2999:
2969:
2938:
2912:
2886:
2874:"The Education of Ben Bernanke"
2839:
2795:
2781:
2746:
2712:
2644:
2618:
2591:
2542:
2529:
2499:
2473:
2447:
2422:
2400:
2378:
2356:
2334:
2232:
2181:
2155:
1840:"Notes from The Courage to Act"
1637:
1520:Montgomery Township, New Jersey
1466:, or some combination of both.
1047:New York State Attorney General
904:Bernanke testifying before the
502:chairman of the Federal Reserve
46:Chairman of the Federal Reserve
9483:Obama administration personnel
9403:Economists from South Carolina
6416:indicates acting officeholders
5812:Corner Post v. Federal Reserve
5764:Primary Dealer Credit Facility
4857:
2805:. Norton & Company. p. 10.
2137:
2112:
2076:
2050:
1968:
1957:, October 24, 2005; see also "
1943:
1912:
1896:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
1891:2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence
1876:Causes of the Great Depression
1854:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1823:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1738:. Princeton University Press.
1736:Essays on the Great Depression
1719:. Princeton University Press.
1570:American Philosophical Society
1469:
1360:American Economics Association
1079:
974:
681:
16:American economist (born 1953)
1:
9388:Chairs of the Federal Reserve
5401:Federal Open Market Committee
4793:American Economic Association
4325:
4096:. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
3526:, 73 (June 1983), pp. 257–76.
1978:. Brookings. February 3, 2014
1919:Bernanke, Ben Shalom (1979).
1850:Bernanke, Ben S. (May 2022).
1845:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1422:Bernanke favors reducing the
1298:Federal Open Market Committee
919:Troubled Asset Relief Program
798:degree in economics from the
9508:Princeton University faculty
9488:People from Augusta, Georgia
9478:Nobel laureates in Economics
9378:Brookings Institution people
5771:Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve
5670:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
5652:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
5646:Equal Credit Opportunity Act
5534:National Monetary Commission
4760:Council of Economic Advisers
4616:George Washington University
3704:. Fox News. October 6, 2014.
3151:"U.S. Senate Roll Call Vote"
2947:"Calm in Crisis Won Fed Job"
2836:. Retrieved January 31, 2010
1906:
1800:Principles of Macroeconomics
1616:National Academy of Sciences
734:and played saxophone in the
721:
571:Council of Economic Advisers
211:Council of Economic Advisers
7:
9473:New York University faculty
4562:Bernanke Papers and Sources
4381:The New York Times Magazine
3594:. US Federal Reserve Bank.
2879:The New York Times Magazine
2310:"Person of the Year (2009)"
1869:
1796:; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007).
1607:In 2020 he was awarded the
1602:magazine person of the year
761:in 1971, where he lived in
697:
650:Jonas Bernanke was born in
10:
9534:
9428:Jewish American economists
9398:Economists from New Jersey
9169:Center for Civil Liberties
8470:Friedrich August von Hayek
7588:Hungarian Freedom Fighters
5967:Vice Chair for Supervision
5664:Federal Reserve Reform Act
5658:Community Reinvestment Act
4420:W. W. Norton & Company
3659:"Bernanke's Midterm Tests"
3012:Investment Dealers' Digest
1963:George W. Bush White House
1629:, he was awarded the 2022
1597:In 2009, he was named the
1241:2007–2008 financial crisis
1157:London School of Economics
1105:2007–2008 financial crisis
1029:2007–2008 financial crisis
955:2007–2008 financial crisis
952:
941:2007–2008 financial crisis
781:degree, and later with an
752:1965 National Spelling Bee
714:took him to Brookline for
616:. His father Philip was a
514:2007–2008 financial crisis
9269:
9233:
9209:
9178:
9142:
9118:
9087:
8868:Christopher A. Pissarides
8742:
8491:
8408:
8108:
7874:
7539:
7529:The American Fighting-Man
7332:
7134:
6967:
6806:
6719:Oliver M. W. Sprague
6645:
6508:
6461:
6414:
6403:
6232:
6129:
5996:
5931:
5822:
5682:International Banking Act
5512:
5467:
5441:
5430:
5424:Federal Reserve Bank Note
5409:
5376:
5312:
5149:
5001:
4883:
4867:
4825:
4820:Links to related articles
4799:
4789:
4781:
4776:
4766:
4756:
4748:
4743:
4733:
4724:
4714:
4704:
4696:
4686:
4676:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4436:Bernanke, Ben S. (2020).
4414:Bernanke, Ben S. (2015).
4249:"Person of the Year 2009"
2801:Krugman, Paul R. (2009).
1734:Bernanke, Ben S. (2004).
1334:After the Federal Reserve
1310:National Economic Council
1002:Obama confirmations, 2010
622:Charlotte, North Carolina
447:
443:
439:
429:
424:
414:
399:
394:
390:
386:
374:
363:
335:
327:
319:
306:
302:(2015 or earlier–present)
295:
268:
263:
259:
247:
235:
227:
216:
208:
196:
186:
178:
167:
155:
145:
135:
124:
116:
104:
92:
76:
62:
51:
43:
39:
30:
23:
9438:American macroeconomists
9368:American Nobel laureates
8246:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr.
5616:Bank Holding Company Act
4655:Offices and distinctions
4443:American Economic Review
4341:Bagehot, Walter (1873).
4039:American Economic Review
3524:American Economic Review
3466:"Bernanke's Philosopher"
2700:. May 9, 1965. p. 1
1671:American Economic Review
1646:American Economic Review
1592:Ben Bernanke Interchange
1577:Columbia Business School
1484:External Finance Premium
1177:American Economic Review
858:and went on to become a
626:Berklee College of Music
315:(before 2015 or earlier)
9518:Time Person of the Year
7744:The Apollo 8 Astronauts
7035:Charles P. Kindleberger
6773:Emanuel A. Goldenweiser
5219:Stephany Griffith-Jones
4640:March 31, 2012, at the
4627:March 27, 2012, at the
3887:The Wall Street Journal
3349:The Wall Street Journal
2951:The Wall Street Journal
2226:Dow Jones & Company
2222:The Wall Street Journal
1532:The Wall Street Journal
1279:The Wall Street Journal
1070:Material Adverse Change
868:Department of Economics
850:Bernanke taught at the
794:in 1975. He received a
558:, and first discussed "
529:Department of Economics
9468:New Jersey Republicans
9433:Jewish Nobel laureates
9423:Identity theft victims
9418:Harvard College alumni
9275:Nobel Prize recipients
9211:Physiology or Medicine
7703:Martin Luther King Jr.
6940:John Kenneth Galbraith
5734:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
5605:Employment Act of 1946
5370:Federal Reserve System
5031:John Kenneth Galbraith
4400:(September 21, 2009).
4051:10.1257/aer.113.5.1143
3568:March 4, 2009, at the
2548:Wessel, David (2009),
1500:
1355:
1213:
1202:'s having reduced the
1175:and the editor of the
1152:
1135:With his predecessor,
988:
950:
909:
847:
748:National Merit Scholar
614:Dillon, South Carolina
8589:James M. Buchanan Jr.
8160:The Good Samaritans:
7457:Franklin D. Roosevelt
7397:Franklin D. Roosevelt
7381:Franklin D. Roosevelt
6162:Lender of last resort
5838:William P. G. Harding
5640:Smithsonian Agreement
5570:Emergency Banking Act
5396:Federal Reserve Banks
4597:July 8, 2014, at the
4578:July 8, 2014, at the
2513:. November 18, 2005.
1590:in Dillon County the
1588:Interstate Highway 95
1563:Order of the Palmetto
1499:Ben and Anna Bernanke
1498:
1392:as a senior advisor.
1375:Brookings Institution
1341:
1229:financial accelerator
1209:
1149:Roger W. Ferguson Jr.
1134:
982:
953:Further information:
948:
903:
841:
730:, where he was class
692:Hamer, South Carolina
608:Bernanke was born in
604:Early life and family
589:on February 3, 2014.
506:Brookings Institution
209:23rd Chairman of the
9109:Karl Barry Sharpless
8852:Oliver E. Williamson
8482:Tjalling C. Koopmans
8277:The Silence Breakers
8144:The American Soldier
8125:The Whistleblowers:
7983:The Endangered Earth
7765:The Middle Americans
7719:William Westmoreland
7612:Dwight D. Eisenhower
7481:Dwight D. Eisenhower
6993:Tjalling C. Koopmans
6606:Herbert J. Davenport
6516:Edwin R. A. Seligman
5844:Daniel R. Crissinger
5728:FDIC Improvement Act
5628:Truth in Lending Act
5599:Bretton Woods system
5528:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
5419:Federal Reserve Note
5121:Pavlina R. Tcherneva
4673:Edward W. Kelley Jr.
4484:improve this article
4259:on December 18, 2009
4184:search.amphilsoc.org
4180:"APS Member History"
3983:on February 25, 2009
3646:. November 27, 2007.
3499:"Man Without a Plan"
3127:. January 21, 2010.
3097:. December 2, 2009.
2983:. January 24, 2010.
2828:(October 26, 2005),
2627:"Bernanke Unwrapped"
2374:on December 5, 2008.
2352:on December 5, 2008.
2167:The Associated Press
1770:; Bernanke, Ben S.;
1709:Mishkin, Frederic S.
1509:Washington Nationals
1435:entitlement programs
1350:, Ben Bernanke, and
1342:From left to right:
1019:on January 6, 2014.
1017:United States Senate
967:, the Fed initiated
864:Princeton University
560:the Great Moderation
525:Princeton University
192:Edward W. Kelley Jr.
9458:Monetary economists
8880:Christopher A. Sims
8808:Thomas C. Schelling
8780:Robert F. Engle III
8681:Robert E. Lucas Jr.
8529:Theodore W. Schultz
8342:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
7326:Persons of the Year
7208:Christopher A. Sims
7107:Arnold C. Harberger
7071:Thomas C. Schelling
7029:Charles L. Schultze
6916:Kenneth E. Boulding
6868:Theodore W. Schultz
5594:Banking Act of 1935
5540:Federal Reserve Act
5326:Keynesian economics
4875:John Maynard Keynes
4666:Government offices
4588:, September 1, 2000
4496:footnote references
4304:"2021 NAS Election"
4094:The Washington Post
3918:The Washington Post
3688:The Washington Post
3043:The Washington Post
2981:The Huffington Post
2899:The Washington Post
2853:on January 24, 2010
2824:; Porter, Eduardo;
2697:The Greenville News
2679:The Washington Post
2631:The Washington Post
2487:. December 16, 2009
1550:Econometric Society
1464:government spending
1424:U.S. budget deficit
1358:In a speech at the
1087:The Huffington Post
969:quantitative easing
961:funds interest rate
856:New York University
688:South of the Border
512:'s response to the
454:Ben Shalom Bernanke
395:Academic background
273:Ben Shalom Bernanke
8796:Edward C. Prescott
8784:Clive W.J. Granger
8760:Joseph E. Stiglitz
8733:Daniel L. McFadden
8621:Harry M. Markowitz
7907:Ayatollah Khomeini
7572:John Foster Dulles
6922:William J. Fellner
6898:Joseph J. Spengler
6886:Gottfried Haberler
6856:George W. Stocking
6850:Morris A. Copeland
6737:Frederick C. Mills
6677:Matthew B. Hammond
6630:Wesley C. Mitchell
6612:Jacob H. Hollander
5997:Current presidents
5978:Christopher Waller
5868:Marriner S. Eccles
5582:Glass–Steagall Act
5492:Federal funds rate
5026:James K. Galbraith
4963:Arthur Melvin Okun
4744:Political offices
4605:, November 1, 2003
4556:The New York Times
4236:on March 17, 2012.
4115:The New York Times
4008:The New York Times
3867:Bernanke, Ben S.,
3854:Bernanke, Ben S.,
3827:The New York Times
3747:The New York Times
3690:. January 3, 2014.
3663:The New York Times
3503:The New York Times
3375:The New York Times
3265:on August 15, 2018
3258:The New York Times
3240:. January 6, 2014.
3182:The New York Times
3069:The New York Times
2925:The New York Times
2834:The New York Times
2818:Andrews, Edmund L.
2725:The New York Times
2674:Bernanke Unwrapped
2606:. Associated Press
2460:The New York Times
2364:"Pauline Bernanke"
2195:The New York Times
2169:. February 3, 2014
2090:The New York Times
2064:. October 10, 2022
2038:. October 10, 2022
2002:Amadeo, Kimberly.
1703:Bernanke, Ben S.;
1665:Bernanke, Ben S.;
1623:Douglas W. Diamond
1501:
1397:The Courage to Act
1395:In his 2015 book,
1386:Kenneth C. Griffin
1356:
1327:The New York Times
1302:federal funds rate
1221:The New York Times
1153:
1121:The New York Times
1034:The New York Times
989:
951:
917:that oversees the
910:
848:
728:Dillon High School
594:The Courage to Act
521:Person of the Year
340:Harvard University
9330:
9329:
9324:
9323:
9235:Economic Sciences
9045:
9044:
8944:Richard H. Thaler
8908:Robert J. Shiller
8904:Lars Peter Hansen
8876:Thomas J. Sargent
8864:Dale T. Mortensen
8756:A. Michael Spence
8752:George A. Akerlof
8721:Robert A. Mundell
8689:James A. Mirrlees
8657:Douglass C. North
8629:William F. Sharpe
8581:Franco Modigliani
8557:George J. Stigler
8541:Lawrence R. Klein
8430:Paul A. Samuelson
8364:
8363:
8346:Spirit of Ukraine
8046:Pope John Paul II
8023:The Peacemakers:
7999:George H. W. Bush
7991:Mikhail Gorbachev
7975:Mikhail Gorbachev
7819:Susan Brownmiller
7735:Lyndon B. Johnson
7711:Lyndon B. Johnson
7620:U.S. Scientists:
7604:Charles de Gaulle
7596:Nikita Khrushchev
7548:Mohammed Mosaddeq
7521:Winston Churchill
7449:Winston Churchill
7341:Charles Lindbergh
7289:
7288:
7244:Olivier Blanchard
7232:Robert J. Shiller
7202:Orley Ashenfelter
7178:Thomas J. Sargent
7125:Dale W. Jorgenson
7059:Joseph A. Pechman
7011:William J. Baumol
6981:Lawrence R. Klein
6975:Franco Modigliani
6892:George J. Stigler
6874:Paul A. Samuelson
6785:Joseph Schumpeter
6695:William Z. Ripley
6689:George E. Barnett
6653:Edwin W. Kemmerer
6576:Walter F. Willcox
6528:Jeremiah W. Jenks
6475:Charles F. Dunbar
6469:Francis A. Walker
6421:
6420:
6192:
6191:
6036:Loretta J. Mester
6026:Patrick T. Harker
5892:G. William Miller
5880:William M. Martin
5832:Charles S. Hamlin
5336:
5335:
5224:Nobuhiro Kiyotaki
5169:Olivier Blanchard
5126:Anthony Thirlwall
4953:Franco Modigliani
4903:James Duesenberry
4812:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4800:Succeeded by
4791:President of the
4785:Olivier Blanchard
4777:Academic offices
4767:Succeeded by
4734:Succeeded by
4715:Succeeded by
4687:Succeeded by
4601:by Ben Bernanke,
4592:"Downside Danger"
4582:by Ben Bernanke,
4524:
4523:
4516:
4398:Stewart, James B.
4367:978-0-691-13794-0
4334:New Straits Times
4308:www.nasonline.org
4283:Premios Fronteras
3447:978-0-691-13794-0
3211:Houston Chronicle
2847:"Ben S. Bernanke"
2662:on June 12, 2010.
2656:nationalmerit.org
2579:on March 18, 2009
2511:The Daily Forward
2322:on April 17, 2010
1881:Great Contraction
1830:978-0-393-24721-3
1811:978-0-07-336265-6
1785:978-0-321-41554-7
1543:Awards and honors
1196:Milton Friedman's
879:Bernanke doctrine
816:Rüdiger Dornbusch
757:Bernanke entered
670:, and arrived at
556:Bernanke doctrine
451:
450:
283:December 13, 1953
9525:
9277:
9260:Philip H. Dybvig
9103:Morten P. Meldal
9097:Carolyn Bertozzi
9072:
9065:
9058:
9049:
9048:
9038:
9030:
9028:Philip H. Dybvig
9011:
8992:
8990:Robert B. Wilson
8977:
8967:Abhijit Banerjee
8958:
8952:William Nordhaus
8946:
8938:
8926:
8918:
8910:
8894:
8892:Lloyd S. Shapley
8882:
8870:
8860:Peter A. Diamond
8854:
8842:
8834:
8832:Roger B. Myerson
8818:
8816:Edmund S. Phelps
8810:
8804:Robert J. Aumann
8798:
8786:
8774:
8762:
8735:
8729:James J. Heckman
8723:
8715:
8707:
8705:Myron S. Scholes
8701:Robert C. Merton
8695:
8683:
8675:
8669:John F. Nash Jr.
8665:John C. Harsanyi
8659:
8647:
8639:
8631:
8625:Merton H. Miller
8615:
8607:
8599:
8591:
8583:
8575:
8567:
8559:
8551:
8543:
8535:
8533:Sir Arthur Lewis
8523:
8521:Herbert A. Simon
8515:
8503:
8484:
8472:
8460:
8458:Wassily Leontief
8452:
8450:Kenneth J. Arrow
8440:
8432:
8424:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8368:
8367:
8357:
8349:
8337:
8329:
8317:
8309:
8307:
8280:
8272:
8264:
8256:
8254:
8238:
8230:
8222:
8214:
8206:
8198:
8190:
8182:
8174:
8172:
8155:
8147:
8139:
8137:
8120:
8117:Rudolph Giuliani
8101:
8093:
8085:
8073:
8065:
8057:
8049:
8041:
8039:
8018:
8010:
8002:
7994:
7986:
7978:
7970:
7962:
7954:
7946:
7934:
7926:
7918:
7910:
7902:
7894:
7886:
7867:
7865:
7851:Billie Jean King
7817:American Women:
7812:
7804:
7796:
7784:
7776:
7768:
7760:
7758:
7738:
7730:
7722:
7714:
7706:
7698:
7690:
7682:
7680:
7662:William Shockley
7638:Joshua Lederberg
7634:Donald A. Glaser
7615:
7607:
7599:
7591:
7583:
7575:
7567:
7559:
7551:
7532:
7524:
7516:
7508:
7500:
7492:
7484:
7476:
7468:
7460:
7452:
7444:
7436:
7428:
7416:
7408:
7400:
7392:
7384:
7376:
7368:
7360:
7352:
7344:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7293:
7292:
7220:William Nordhaus
7160:Martin Feldstein
7148:Robert Lucas Jr.
7005:Moses Abramovitz
6952:Walter W. Heller
6946:Kenneth J. Arrow
6928:Wassily Leontief
6826:Calvin B. Hoover
6814:John H. Williams
6713:Alvin S. Johnson
6683:Ernest L. Bogart
6600:Henry B. Gardner
6582:Thomas N. Carver
6493:Arthur T. Hadley
6448:
6441:
6434:
6425:
6424:
6409:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6196:
6195:
5953:Philip Jefferson
5874:Thomas B. McCabe
5799:Durbin amendment
5588:Gold Reserve Act
5436:
5435:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5324:
5299:Michael Woodford
5289:Lawrence Summers
5244:Maurice Obstfeld
5214:Robert J. Gordon
5136:Sidney Weintraub
5116:G. L. S. Shackle
4852:
4845:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4816:
4815:
4782:Preceded by
4758:Chairman of the
4749:Preceded by
4697:Preceded by
4671:Preceded by
4663:
4662:
4651:
4650:
4519:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4499:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4433:
4371:
4348:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4310:. April 26, 2021
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4255:. Archived from
4244:
4238:
4237:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4125:
4119:
4106:
4097:
4086:
4080:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4045:(5): 1143–1169.
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3979:. Archived from
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3878:
3872:
3865:
3859:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3774:. April 29, 2015
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3577:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3533:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3334:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3290:. Archived from
3289:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3261:. Archived from
3248:
3242:
3241:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2837:
2826:Uchitelle, Louis
2822:Leonhardt, David
2815:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2688:
2682:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2658:. Archived from
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2575:. Archived from
2562:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2342:"Jonas Bernanke"
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1916:
1865:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1815:
1803:
1794:Frank, Robert H.
1789:
1749:
1730:
1699:
1686:
1667:Blinder, Alan S.
1661:
1627:Philip H. Dybvig
1476:Philip H. Dybvig
1256:market liquidity
1188:Great Depression
1097:
994:Great Depression
987:press conference
965:liquidity crisis
886:Great Moderation
773:, and graduated
610:Augusta, Georgia
598:Great Depression
545:Great Depression
541:Philip H. Dybvig
527:and chaired the
496:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
415:Doctoral advisor
382:
289:Augusta, Georgia
286:
282:
280:
264:Personal details
250:
238:
221:
199:
189:
172:
158:
148:
129:
107:
95:
56:
35:
21:
20:
9533:
9532:
9528:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9273:
9265:
9262:(United States)
9256:(United States)
9254:Douglas Diamond
9250:(United States)
9229:
9205:
9200:Anton Zeilinger
9196:(United States)
9174:
9157:Ales Bialiatski
9138:
9114:
9111:(United States)
9099:(United States)
9083:
9076:
9046:
9041:
9033:
9024:Douglas Diamond
9014:
8995:
8980:
8961:
8949:
8941:
8936:Bengt Holmström
8929:
8921:
8913:
8897:
8885:
8873:
8857:
8845:
8837:
8821:
8813:
8801:
8792:Finn E. Kydland
8789:
8777:
8772:Vernon L. Smith
8768:Daniel Kahneman
8765:
8749:
8738:
8726:
8718:
8710:
8698:
8693:William Vickrey
8686:
8678:
8673:Reinhard Selten
8662:
8653:Robert W. Fogel
8650:
8642:
8637:Ronald H. Coase
8634:
8618:
8613:Trygve Haavelmo
8610:
8602:
8597:Robert M. Solow
8594:
8586:
8578:
8570:
8562:
8554:
8546:
8538:
8526:
8518:
8506:
8501:Milton Friedman
8498:
8487:
8475:
8463:
8455:
8443:
8435:
8427:
8415:
8404:
8395:
8365:
8360:
8352:
8340:
8332:
8320:
8312:
8287:Jamal Khashoggi
8285:The Guardians:
8284:
8283:
8275:
8267:
8259:
8242:
8241:
8233:
8225:
8217:
8211:Mark Zuckerberg
8209:
8201:
8193:
8185:
8177:
8159:
8158:
8150:
8142:
8135:Sherron Watkins
8124:
8123:
8115:
8104:
8096:
8088:
8076:
8068:
8060:
8052:
8044:
8022:
8021:
8013:
8005:
7997:
7989:
7981:
7973:
7965:
7957:
7951:Peter Ueberroth
7949:
7937:
7929:
7921:
7913:
7905:
7897:
7889:
7881:
7870:
7823:Kathleen Byerly
7816:
7815:
7807:
7799:
7789:Henry Kissinger
7787:
7779:
7771:
7763:
7742:
7741:
7733:
7725:
7717:
7709:
7701:
7695:Pope John XXIII
7693:
7687:John F. Kennedy
7685:
7678:Robert Woodward
7674:James Van Allen
7619:
7618:
7610:
7602:
7594:
7586:
7578:
7570:
7564:Konrad Adenauer
7562:
7554:
7546:
7535:
7527:
7519:
7513:Harry S. Truman
7511:
7505:George Marshall
7503:
7497:James F. Byrnes
7495:
7489:Harry S. Truman
7487:
7479:
7473:George Marshall
7471:
7463:
7455:
7447:
7439:
7431:
7421:Chiang Kai-shek
7419:
7411:
7403:
7395:
7389:Hugh S. Johnson
7387:
7379:
7371:
7365:Mohandas Gandhi
7363:
7355:
7349:Walter Chrysler
7347:
7339:
7328:
7320:
7290:
7285:
7268:Christina Romer
7166:Daniel McFadden
7130:
7119:D. Gale Johnson
7113:Robert W. Fogel
7101:Anne O. Krueger
7095:Victor R. Fuchs
7077:William Vickrey
7041:Alice M. Rivlin
7023:W. Arthur Lewis
6999:Robert M. Solow
6963:
6958:R. Aaron Gordon
6910:Milton Friedman
6880:Edward S. Mason
6862:Arthur F. Burns
6820:Harold A. Innis
6802:
6791:Howard S. Ellis
6767:I. Leo Sharfman
6761:Joseph S. Davis
6755:Albert B. Wolfe
6749:Edwin G. Nourse
6743:Sumner Slichter
6701:Harry A. Millis
6659:Thomas S. Adams
6641:
6618:Henry R. Seager
6588:John R. Commons
6558:Frank A. Fetter
6552:Henry W. Farnam
6546:Edmund J. James
6534:Simon N. Patten
6504:
6457:
6452:
6422:
6417:
6410:
6401:
6228:
6223:
6193:
6188:
6125:
6076:Alberto Musalem
6066:Austan Goolsbee
5998:
5992:
5973:Michelle Bowman
5934:
5927:
5886:Arthur F. Burns
5862:Eugene R. Black
5818:
5516:
5508:
5475:Discount window
5463:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5405:
5372:
5367:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5308:
5284:Joseph Stiglitz
5279:Andrei Shleifer
5269:Julio Rotemberg
5199:Stanley Fischer
5184:Richard Clarida
5179:Guillermo Calvo
5145:
5141:L. Randall Wray
5131:William Vickrey
5106:Steven Pressman
5061:Nicholas Kaldor
5041:Myron J. Gordon
5003:Post-Keynesians
4997:
4913:Trygve Haavelmo
4879:
4863:
4856:
4821:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4796:
4787:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4739:
4730:
4720:
4718:Stanley Fischer
4711:
4702:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4656:
4642:Wayback Machine
4629:Wayback Machine
4599:Wayback Machine
4580:Wayback Machine
4520:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4481:
4472:This article's
4468:
4464:
4457:
4430:
4394:
4392:Further reading
4368:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4245:
4241:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4126:
4122:
4107:
4100:
4087:
4083:
4070:
4066:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3803:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3713:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3580:
3570:Wayback Machine
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3393:ideas.repec.org
3387:
3386:
3382:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3341:
3337:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3297:on May 20, 2009
3294:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3249:
3245:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3203:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3006:Sloan, Steven.
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2891:
2887:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2816:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2769:on May 30, 2008
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2671:
2667:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2563:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2535:Wessel, David.
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2246:
2238:Wessel, David.
2237:
2233:
2214:
2203:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1965:, January 2009)
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1872:
1862:
1842:
1831:
1812:
1804:. McGraw–Hill.
1786:
1772:Croushore, Dean
1768:Abel, Andrew B.
1750:
1746:
1727:
1705:Laubach, Thomas
1640:
1545:
1493:
1480:Douglas Diamond
1472:
1428:Social Security
1420:
1408:Federal Reserve
1336:
1323:David Leonhardt
1315:Financial Times
1300:) to lower the
1267:helicopter drop
1265:about using a "
1263:Milton Friedman
1200:Federal Reserve
1169:Robert H. Frank
1161:monetary theory
1145:Federal Reserve
1129:
1113:
1095:
1082:
1062:Bank of America
1043:
1031:. According to
1025:
977:
957:
943:
927:Maria Bartiromo
898:
836:
812:Stanley Fischer
791:summa cum laude
771:Lloyd Blankfein
759:Harvard College
724:
712:Kenneth Manning
700:
684:
658:(today part of
656:Austria-Hungary
606:
579:Federal Reserve
554:, proposed the
537:Douglas Diamond
535:, jointly with
510:Federal Reserve
494:
461:
457:
419:Stanley Fischer
351:
308:
307:Other political
296:Political party
287:
284:
278:
276:
275:
274:
248:
236:
222:
217:
197:
187:
173:
168:
162:Stanley Fischer
156:
146:
140:
130:
125:
105:
93:
87:
83:
69:
57:
52:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9531:
9521:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9328:
9327:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9263:
9257:
9251:
9244:
9242:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9227:
9220:
9218:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9197:
9191:
9184:
9182:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9166:
9160:
9153:
9151:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9136:
9129:
9127:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9112:
9106:
9100:
9093:
9091:
9085:
9084:
9075:
9074:
9067:
9060:
9052:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9036:Claudia Goldin
9031:
9012:
9005:Joshua Angrist
8993:
8978:
8975:Michael Kremer
8959:
8947:
8939:
8927:
8919:
8911:
8900:Eugene F. Fama
8895:
8883:
8871:
8855:
8843:
8835:
8828:Eric S. Maskin
8824:Leonid Hurwicz
8819:
8811:
8799:
8787:
8775:
8763:
8746:
8744:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8736:
8724:
8716:
8708:
8696:
8684:
8676:
8660:
8648:
8645:Gary S. Becker
8640:
8632:
8616:
8608:
8605:Maurice Allais
8600:
8592:
8584:
8576:
8568:
8560:
8552:
8544:
8536:
8524:
8516:
8513:James E. Meade
8504:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8473:
8461:
8453:
8441:
8433:
8425:
8412:
8410:
8406:
8405:
8394:
8393:
8386:
8379:
8371:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8350:
8338:
8330:
8318:
8314:Greta Thunberg
8310:
8281:
8273:
8265:
8257:
8244:Ebola Fighters
8239:
8231:
8223:
8215:
8207:
8199:
8191:
8187:Vladimir Putin
8183:
8175:
8156:
8152:George W. Bush
8148:
8140:
8127:Cynthia Cooper
8121:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8098:George W. Bush
8094:
8086:
8074:
8066:
8058:
8050:
8042:
8033:Nelson Mandela
8029:F. W. de Klerk
8019:
8011:
8003:
7995:
7987:
7979:
7971:
7967:Corazon Aquino
7963:
7955:
7947:
7935:
7927:
7919:
7911:
7903:
7895:
7887:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7847:Barbara Jordan
7813:
7805:
7797:
7785:
7777:
7769:
7761:
7748:William Anders
7739:
7731:
7723:
7715:
7707:
7699:
7691:
7683:
7670:Charles Townes
7650:Edward Purcell
7626:Charles Draper
7616:
7608:
7600:
7592:
7584:
7580:Harlow Curtice
7576:
7568:
7560:
7552:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7525:
7517:
7509:
7501:
7493:
7485:
7477:
7469:
7461:
7453:
7445:
7437:
7429:
7425:Soong Mei-ling
7417:
7413:Wallis Simpson
7409:
7405:Haile Selassie
7401:
7393:
7385:
7377:
7369:
7361:
7353:
7345:
7336:
7334:
7330:
7329:
7319:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7296:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7259:
7253:
7247:
7241:
7235:
7229:
7226:Richard Thaler
7223:
7217:
7214:Claudia Goldin
7211:
7205:
7199:
7193:
7187:
7181:
7175:
7172:George Akerlof
7169:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7122:
7116:
7110:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7047:Gary S. Becker
7044:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7017:Gardner Ackley
7014:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6987:Jacob Marschak
6984:
6978:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6844:Edwin E. Witte
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6665:Fred M. Taylor
6662:
6656:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6636:Allyn A. Young
6633:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6540:Davis R. Dewey
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6499:Richard T. Ely
6496:
6490:
6487:Henry C. Adams
6484:
6478:
6472:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6451:
6450:
6443:
6436:
6428:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6222:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6199:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6113:
6103:
6093:
6083:
6073:
6063:
6056:Raphael Bostic
6053:
6043:
6033:
6023:
6013:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5988:Adriana Kugler
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5960:
5950:
5939:
5937:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5924:(2018–present)
5919:
5913:
5907:
5904:Alan Greenspan
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5795:Dodd–Frank Act
5792:
5786:
5780:
5775:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5699:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5624:(1961–present)
5619:
5613:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5524:
5522:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5504:Primary dealer
5501:
5500:
5499:
5497:Overnight rate
5489:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5343:
5334:
5333:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5294:John B. Taylor
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5274:Robert Shiller
5271:
5266:
5261:
5259:Kenneth Rogoff
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5159:George Akerlof
5155:
5153:
5151:New Keynesians
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5086:Abba P. Lerner
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5066:Michał Kalecki
5063:
5058:
5053:
5051:Michael Hudson
5048:
5046:Geoff Harcourt
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5011:Victoria Chick
5007:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Paul Samuelson
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4958:Robert Mundell
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4938:Lawrence Klein
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4898:William Baumol
4895:
4893:Gardner Ackley
4889:
4887:
4885:Neo-Keynesians
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4706:Member of the
4703:
4700:Alan Greenspan
4698:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4678:Member of the
4675:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4632:
4612:
4606:
4603:Foreign Policy
4589:
4585:Foreign Policy
4570:
4565:
4559:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4522:
4521:
4476:external links
4471:
4469:
4462:
4456:
4455:External links
4453:
4452:
4451:
4434:
4429:978-0393247213
4428:
4411:
4407:The New Yorker
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4372:
4366:
4349:
4338:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4295:
4270:
4239:
4217:
4196:
4171:
4139:
4120:
4108:Chan, Sewell.
4098:
4081:
4073:"Ben Bernanke"
4064:
4025:
3994:
3963:
3930:
3904:
3873:
3860:
3847:
3813:
3785:
3759:
3733:
3707:
3693:
3675:
3649:
3635:
3609:
3578:
3561:Brad DeLong. "
3554:
3528:
3515:
3489:
3453:
3446:
3424:
3412:
3398:
3380:
3361:
3335:
3317:
3308:
3276:
3243:
3223:
3194:
3168:
3142:
3112:
3086:
3071:. p. A1.
3055:
3029:
2998:
2968:
2937:
2911:
2885:
2864:
2838:
2807:
2794:
2780:
2745:
2711:
2683:
2665:
2643:
2617:
2590:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2498:
2485:Jewish Journal
2472:
2446:
2421:
2399:
2377:
2355:
2333:
2301:
2275:
2244:
2231:
2201:
2180:
2154:
2149:Mort Zuckerman
2136:
2111:
2075:
2049:
2036:nobelprize.org
2020:
1989:
1967:
1942:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:978-1324020462
1860:
1847:
1835:
1829:
1816:
1810:
1790:
1784:
1776:Macroeconomics
1764:
1744:
1731:
1725:
1713:Posen, Adam S.
1700:
1687:
1677:(4): 901–921.
1662:
1652:(3): 257–276.
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1619:
1614:Member of the
1612:
1605:
1595:
1580:
1573:
1568:Member of the
1566:
1560:
1555:Fellow of the
1553:
1548:Fellow of the
1544:
1541:
1537:identity theft
1513:Nationals Park
1492:
1489:
1471:
1468:
1457:rather than a
1439:funding crisis
1419:
1416:
1412:New York Times
1354:, May 1, 2014.
1348:Alan Greenspan
1335:
1332:
1141:George W. Bush
1137:Alan Greenspan
1128:
1127:Economic views
1125:
1112:
1109:
1081:
1078:
1042:
1039:
1024:
1021:
976:
973:
942:
939:
897:
894:
892:January 2006.
835:
832:
828:Dale Jorgenson
808:Bank of Israel
775:Phi Beta Kappa
763:Winthrop House
723:
720:
699:
696:
683:
680:
605:
602:
575:Alan Greenspan
567:George W. Bush
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
434:Macroeconomics
431:
427:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
411:
403:
397:
396:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
376:
372:
371:
365:
361:
360:
337:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
323:Anna Friedmann
321:
317:
316:
310:
304:
303:
297:
293:
292:
272:
270:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
245:
244:
239:
233:
232:
231:George W. Bush
229:
225:
224:
214:
213:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
182:George W. Bush
180:
176:
175:
165:
164:
159:
153:
152:
151:Alan Greenspan
149:
143:
142:
139:George W. Bush
137:
133:
132:
122:
121:
117:Member of the
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
99:Alan Greenspan
96:
90:
89:
81:Roger Ferguson
78:
74:
73:
67:George W. Bush
64:
60:
59:
49:
48:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9530:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9348:Living people
9346:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9276:
9272:
9271:
9268:
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9258:
9255:
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9249:
9246:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9201:
9198:
9195:
9192:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9170:
9167:
9164:
9161:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9110:
9107:
9104:
9101:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9081:
9073:
9068:
9066:
9061:
9059:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9037:
9032:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8957:
8953:
8948:
8945:
8940:
8937:
8933:
8928:
8925:
8920:
8917:
8912:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8896:
8893:
8889:
8888:Alvin E. Roth
8884:
8881:
8877:
8872:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8856:
8853:
8849:
8848:Elinor Ostrom
8844:
8841:
8836:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8820:
8817:
8812:
8809:
8805:
8800:
8797:
8793:
8788:
8785:
8781:
8776:
8773:
8769:
8764:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8741:
8734:
8730:
8725:
8722:
8717:
8714:
8709:
8706:
8702:
8697:
8694:
8690:
8685:
8682:
8677:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8661:
8658:
8654:
8649:
8646:
8641:
8638:
8633:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8617:
8614:
8609:
8606:
8601:
8598:
8593:
8590:
8585:
8582:
8577:
8574:
8573:Richard Stone
8569:
8566:
8565:Gérard Debreu
8561:
8558:
8553:
8550:
8545:
8542:
8537:
8534:
8530:
8525:
8522:
8517:
8514:
8510:
8505:
8502:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8490:
8483:
8479:
8474:
8471:
8467:
8466:Gunnar Myrdal
8462:
8459:
8454:
8451:
8447:
8446:John R. Hicks
8442:
8439:
8438:Simon Kuznets
8434:
8431:
8426:
8423:
8422:Jan Tinbergen
8419:
8418:Ragnar Frisch
8414:
8413:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8392:
8387:
8385:
8380:
8378:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8326:Kamala Harris
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8261:Angela Merkel
8258:
8253:
8252:Salome Karwah
8249:
8245:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8219:The Protester
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8171:
8170:Melinda Gates
8167:
8163:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8136:
8132:
8131:Coleen Rowley
8128:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8107:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8054:Newt Gingrich
8051:
8047:
8043:
8038:
8037:Yitzhak Rabin
8034:
8030:
8026:
8025:Yasser Arafat
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7959:Deng Xiaoping
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7943:Yuri Andropov
7940:
7939:Ronald Reagan
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7915:Ronald Reagan
7912:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7899:Deng Xiaoping
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7793:Richard Nixon
7790:
7786:
7782:
7781:Richard Nixon
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7666:Edward Teller
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7646:Linus Pauling
7643:
7642:Willard Libby
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7622:George Beadle
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7556:Elizabeth II
7553:
7549:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7465:Joseph Stalin
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7441:Joseph Stalin
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7357:Owen D. Young
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7325:
7317:
7312:
7310:
7305:
7303:
7298:
7297:
7294:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7238:Alvin E. Roth
7236:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7184:Avinash Dixit
7182:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7154:Peter Diamond
7152:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7142:Sherwin Rosen
7140:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7083:Zvi Griliches
7081:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7065:Gérard Debreu
7063:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7053:Robert Eisner
7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6904:Fritz Machlup
6902:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6838:John D. Black
6836:
6833:
6832:Simon Kuznets
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6707:John M. Clark
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6624:Carl C. Plehn
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6594:Irving Fisher
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6522:F. W. Taussig
6520:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6481:John B. Clark
6479:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6449:
6444:
6442:
6437:
6435:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6413:
6408:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6215:
6213:
6208:
6206:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6120:San Francisco
6117:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6086:Neel Kashkari
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6046:Thomas Barkin
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6016:John Williams
6014:
6011:
6007:
6006:Susan Collins
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:(by district)
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5943:Jerome Powell
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5930:
5923:
5922:Jerome Powell
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5710:Greenspan put
5708:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:Federal funds
5485:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:Federal funds
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5359:
5357:
5352:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5327:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Edmund Phelps
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Joan Robinson
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:Bill Mitchell
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Paul Davidson
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:William Poole
4976:
4974:
4973:Bill Phillips
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Lloyd Metzler
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:Walter Heller
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:Robert Eisner
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4824:
4817:
4795:
4794:
4786:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4770:Edward Lazear
4762:
4761:
4753:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4682:
4681:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4652:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4515:
4507:
4497:
4493:
4492:inappropriate
4489:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4337:, p. 21.
4336:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4206:
4200:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3722:
3721:Brookings.edu
3718:
3711:
3703:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3408:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3312:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3199:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2435:
2434:money.cnn.com
2431:
2425:
2409:
2403:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2228:. p. A1.
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Greenspan put
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1745:0-691-11820-5
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1726:0-691-08689-3
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:In 2009, the
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1491:Personal life
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1306:Larry Summers
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:Bush tax cuts
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:vicious cycle
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:Anna Schwartz
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1111:Edward Quince
1108:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1092:whistleblower
1089:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:Merrill Lynch
1055:
1054:Henry Paulson
1051:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
995:
986:
981:
972:
970:
966:
962:
956:
947:
938:
936:
932:
929:disclosed on
928:
922:
920:
916:
907:
902:
893:
889:
887:
882:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
862:professor at
861:
857:
853:
845:
840:
831:
829:
825:
824:Peter Diamond
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:Goldman Sachs
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:marching band
733:
732:valedictorian
729:
719:
717:
716:Rosh Hashanah
713:
709:
705:
695:
693:
689:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
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634:
629:
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623:
619:
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611:
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584:
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515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
488:
455:
446:
442:
438:
435:
432:
428:
425:Academic work
423:
420:
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413:
409:
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404:
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398:
393:
389:
385:
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338:
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318:
314:
311:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
285:(age 70)
271:
267:
262:
258:
255:
254:Edward Lazear
252:
246:
243:
240:
234:
230:
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220:
215:
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72:
68:
65:
61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
9305:
9248:Ben Bernanke
9247:
9224:Svante Pääbo
9194:John Clauser
9188:Alain Aspect
9133:Annie Ernaux
9020:Ben Bernanke
9019:
9009:Guido Imbens
8986:Paul Milgrom
8971:Esther Duflo
8924:Angus Deaton
8840:Paul Krugman
8743:2001–present
8509:Bertil Ohlin
8354:Taylor Swift
8302:
8269:Donald Trump
8248:Kent Brantly
8235:Pope Francis
8227:Barack Obama
8203:Ben Bernanke
8202:
8195:Barack Obama
8109:2001–present
8078:Bill Clinton
8070:Andrew Grove
8015:Bill Clinton
7931:The Computer
7883:Jimmy Carter
7859:Carol Sutton
7827:Alison Cheek
7773:Willy Brandt
7752:Frank Borman
7658:Emilio Segrè
7433:Adolf Hitler
7373:Pierre Laval
7323:
7280:Janet Currie
7256:Janet Yellen
7250:Ben Bernanke
7249:
7190:Angus Deaton
7135:2001–present
6797:Frank Knight
6779:Paul Douglas
6725:Alvin Hansen
6671:Edwin F. Gay
6570:John H. Gray
6564:David Kinley
6346:
6137:Central bank
6116:Mary C. Daly
6030:Philadelphia
5983:Lisa D. Cook
5963:Michael Barr
5916:Janet Yellen
5910:Ben Bernanke
5909:
5898:Paul Volcker
5856:Eugene Meyer
5850:Roy A. Young
5810:
5769:
5701:
5693:
5622:FOMC actions
5576:Regulation Q
5564:Regulation D
5304:Janet Yellen
5254:Ricardo Reis
5229:Paul Krugman
5209:Mark Gertler
5174:Alan Blinder
5164:Ben Bernanke
5163:
5091:Hyman Minsky
5056:Richard Kahn
5036:Wynne Godley
4988:Robert Solow
4968:Don Patinkin
4918:Alvin Hansen
4802:Janet Yellen
4790:
4757:
4752:Harvey Rosen
4737:Janet Yellen
4725:
4705:
4677:
4602:
4583:
4554:
4551:Ben Bernanke
4533:Ben Bernanke
4510:
4504:October 2022
4501:
4486:by removing
4473:
4450:(4): 943–83.
4447:
4441:
4418:. New York:
4415:
4405:
4379:
4357:
4343:
4332:
4312:. Retrieved
4307:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4282:
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4257:the original
4252:
4242:
4234:the original
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4183:
4174:
4162:. Retrieved
4142:
4133:
4123:
4113:
4093:
4084:
4076:
4067:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
4007:
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3981:the original
3976:
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3943:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3917:
3907:
3895:. Retrieved
3886:
3876:
3863:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3826:
3816:
3804:. Retrieved
3798:
3788:
3776:. Retrieved
3772:The Guardian
3771:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3746:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3720:
3710:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3662:
3652:
3638:
3626:. Retrieved
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3573:
3557:
3545:. Retrieved
3531:
3523:
3518:
3508:December 13,
3506:. Retrieved
3502:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3469:
3437:
3427:
3419:FRB Speech:
3415:
3401:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3364:
3354:November 25,
3352:. Retrieved
3348:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3299:. Retrieved
3292:the original
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3263:the original
3256:
3246:
3235:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3210:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3124:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3068:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3042:
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3011:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2980:
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2950:
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2924:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2898:
2888:
2877:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:the original
2841:
2833:
2802:
2797:
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2764:the original
2755:
2748:
2738:November 30,
2736:. Retrieved
2724:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2660:the original
2655:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2603:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:the original
2570:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2510:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2459:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2380:
2372:the original
2367:
2358:
2350:the original
2345:
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:the original
2313:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2239:
2234:
2221:
2193:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2166:
2157:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2088:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2061:
2052:
2042:November 25,
2040:. Retrieved
2035:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:
1980:. Retrieved
1970:
1962:
1954:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1921:
1914:
1851:
1820:
1799:
1775:
1735:
1716:
1695:
1674:
1670:
1649:
1645:
1638:Bibliography
1599:
1591:
1530:
1528:
1517:
1502:
1473:
1444:
1421:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1357:
1352:Paul Volcker
1344:Janet Yellen
1326:
1321:
1313:
1295:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1260:
1245:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1204:money supply
1185:
1154:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1050:Andrew Cuomo
1044:
1032:
1026:
1013:Janet Yellen
1010:
998:
990:
958:
923:
911:
890:
883:
872:
849:
844:Barack Obama
830:of Harvard.
820:Robert Solow
803:
789:
756:
725:
708:Mark Gertler
701:
685:
676:
672:Ellis Island
649:
630:
607:
593:
591:
587:Janet Yellen
583:Barack Obama
564:
549:
518:
453:
452:
410: (1979)
406:
309:affiliations
249:Succeeded by
242:Harvey Rosen
218:
198:Succeeded by
169:
157:Succeeded by
141:Barack Obama
126:
111:Janet Yellen
106:Succeeded by
88:Janet Yellen
71:Barack Obama
53:
25:Ben Bernanke
18:
9343:1953 births
9080:Nobel Prize
8932:Oliver Hart
8916:Jean Tirole
8713:Amartya Sen
8549:James Tobin
8304:The Capital
8301:/ Staff of
8299:Kyaw Soe Oo
8291:Maria Ressa
7923:Lech Wałęsa
7891:Anwar Sadat
7863:Addie Wyatt
7855:Susie Sharp
7843:Carla Hills
7839:Ella Grasso
7831:Jill Conway
7809:King Faisal
7801:John Sirica
7654:Isidor Rabi
7630:John Enders
7274:Susan Athey
7196:Robert Hall
7089:Amartya Sen
6934:James Tobin
6731:Jacob Viner
6106:Lorie Logan
6100:Kansas City
6096:Jeff Schmid
6090:Minneapolis
5918:(2014–2018)
5912:(2006–2014)
5906:(1987–2006)
5900:(1979–1987)
5894:(1978–1979)
5888:(1970–1978)
5882:(1951–1970)
5876:(1948–1951)
5870:(1934–1948)
5864:(1933–1934)
5858:(1930–1933)
5852:(1927–1930)
5846:(1923–1927)
5840:(1916–1922)
5834:(1914–1916)
5807:(2020–2021)
5785:(2009–2010)
5766:(2008–2010)
5760:(2008–2010)
5742:(2007–2010)
5634:Nixon shock
5601:(1944–1971)
5546:Pittman Act
5536:(1909–1912)
5519:Antecedents
5264:David Romer
5239:Marc Melitz
5234:Greg Mankiw
5189:Brad DeLong
5101:Basil Moore
5081:Marc Lavoie
5021:Evsey Domar
4993:James Tobin
4943:James Meade
4690:Kevin Warsh
4618:March 2012
4568:IDEAS/RePEc
4542:Appearances
4263:January 30,
3602:January 30,
3576:UC Berkeley
3547:January 30,
3482:January 30,
3237:Legal Times
3216:January 29,
3187:January 28,
3161:January 28,
3135:January 24,
3105:January 24,
3079:January 22,
3048:January 30,
3022:January 30,
2961:January 30,
2904:January 30,
2857:January 30,
2704:October 18,
2636:January 15,
2610:January 28,
2583:January 28,
2521:January 30,
2414:January 30,
2392:January 30,
2294:November 8,
2268:January 30,
2068:October 10,
2008:The Balance
1982:February 3,
1935:October 23,
1753:Description
1621:Along with
1470:Nobel Prize
1287:saving glut
1237:Brad DeLong
1181:IDEAS/RePEc
1165:Andrew Abel
1100:Jim Bunning
1080:AIG bailout
975:Second term
826:of MIT and
682:Young adult
628:in Boston.
300:Independent
237:Preceded by
203:Kevin Warsh
188:Preceded by
147:Preceded by
94:Preceded by
85:Donald Kohn
9337:Categories
9120:Literature
9001:David Card
8956:Paul Romer
8166:Bill Gates
8090:Jeff Bezos
8007:Ted Turner
7835:Betty Ford
7756:Jim Lovell
7262:David Card
6292:Weidenbaum
6242:Keyserling
5957:Vice Chair
5558:Phelan Act
5449:Beige Book
5386:Vice Chair
5204:Jordi Galí
5076:Jan Kregel
5071:Steve Keen
4933:John Hicks
4923:Roy Harrod
4860:Keynesians
4797:2019–2020
4764:2005–2006
4731:2006–2014
4712:2006–2014
4684:2002–2005
4326:References
3806:October 9,
1505:blind date
1252:fiat money
1192:monetarist
1006:filibuster
746:and was a
718:services.
643:(cantor),
618:pharmacist
430:Discipline
313:Republican
279:1953-12-13
9202:(Austria)
9171:(Ukraine)
9159:(Belarus)
9105:(Denmark)
9089:Chemistry
9082:laureates
8492:1976–2000
8409:1969–1975
8398:Laureates
8334:Elon Musk
8322:Joe Biden
8082:Ken Starr
7875:1976–2000
7540:1951–1975
7333:1927–1950
6968:1976–2000
6807:1951–1975
6646:1926–1950
6509:1901–1925
6462:1886–1900
6397:Bernstein
6387:Goodspeed
6382:Philipson
6297:Feldstein
6282:Greenspan
6272:McCracken
6184:Sahm rule
6147:Fed model
6080:St. Louis
6040:Cleveland
5935:governors
5722:FIRRE Act
5688:DIDMC Act
5566:(c. 1930)
5480:Bank rate
5411:Banknotes
5391:Governors
5194:Huw Dixon
4564:at UNJobs
4488:excessive
4314:April 27,
4059:0002-8282
4018:April 14,
3987:April 15,
3956:April 15,
3923:April 14,
3897:April 14,
3835:0362-4331
3726:March 31,
3668:April 26,
2733:0362-4331
2604:USA Today
2465:March 15,
2410:. CBS.com
2326:April 26,
2289:USA Today
2099:0362-4331
1928:(Ph.D.).
1907:Footnotes
1529:In 2009,
1455:President
1248:deflation
1066:Ken Lewis
787:economics
722:Education
375:Signature
336:Education
228:President
219:In office
179:President
170:In office
136:President
127:In office
63:President
54:In office
9226:(Sweden)
9190:(France)
9165:(Russia)
9163:Memorial
9135:(France)
8062:David Ho
6362:Goolsbee
6347:Bernanke
6317:Stiglitz
6302:Sprinkel
6287:Schultze
6252:Saulnier
6152:Fedspeak
6050:Richmond
6020:New York
5552:Edge Act
4638:Archived
4625:Archived
4595:Archived
4576:Archived
4288:June 19,
4164:June 24,
4155:Archived
4012:Archived
3950:Archived
3945:Newsweek
3891:Archived
3778:July 23,
3752:July 24,
3622:Archived
3596:Archived
3566:Archived
3541:Archived
3476:Archived
3331:HuffPost
3269:July 14,
3155:Archived
3129:Archived
3125:ABC News
3099:Archived
3073:Archived
3016:Archived
2991:July 15,
2985:Archived
2955:Archived
2930:July 24,
2773:July 13,
2515:Archived
2491:July 29,
2439:July 29,
2262:Archived
2173:July 29,
2129:July 29,
2104:July 29,
2013:July 29,
1870:See also
1774:(2007).
1715:(2001).
1459:monetary
1453:and the
1451:Congress
1432:Medicare
777:with an
740:calculus
698:Religion
664:Przemyśl
652:Boryslav
328:Children
9180:Physics
8400:of the
8295:Wa Lone
6377:Hassett
6367:Krueger
6332:Hubbard
6172:History
6157:Fed put
6130:Related
6070:Chicago
6060:Atlanta
5933:Current
5797:(2010;
5791:(2009–)
5514:History
5442:Reports
5313:Related
4868:Founder
4482:Please
4474:use of
4189:May 24,
3840:May 27,
3628:June 5,
2062:AP NEWS
1951:Big Ben
1683:2117350
1658:1808111
1382:Citadel
1291:savings
866:in the
860:tenured
660:Ukraine
645:shochet
9034:2023:
8950:2018:
8942:2017:
8930:2016:
8922:2015:
8914:2014:
8898:2013:
8886:2012:
8874:2011:
8858:2010:
8846:2009:
8838:2008:
8822:2007:
8814:2006:
8802:2005:
8790:2004:
8778:2003:
8766:2002:
8750:2001:
8727:2000:
8719:1999:
8711:1998:
8699:1997:
8687:1996:
8679:1995:
8663:1994:
8651:1993:
8643:1992:
8635:1991:
8619:1990:
8611:1989:
8603:1988:
8595:1987:
8587:1986:
8579:1985:
8571:1984:
8563:1983:
8555:1982:
8547:1981:
8539:1980:
8527:1979:
8519:1978:
8507:1977:
8499:1976:
8476:1975:
8464:1974:
8456:1973:
8444:1972:
8436:1971:
8428:1970:
8416:1969:
8356:(2023)
8348:(2022)
8336:(2021)
8328:(2020)
8316:(2019)
8308:(2018)
8279:(2017)
8271:(2016)
8263:(2015)
8255:(2014)
8237:(2013)
8229:(2012)
8221:(2011)
8213:(2010)
8205:(2009)
8197:(2008)
8189:(2007)
8181:(2006)
8173:(2005)
8154:(2004)
8146:(2003)
8138:(2002)
8119:(2001)
8100:(2000)
8092:(1999)
8084:(1998)
8072:(1997)
8064:(1996)
8056:(1995)
8048:(1994)
8040:(1993)
8017:(1992)
8009:(1991)
8001:(1990)
7993:(1989)
7985:(1988)
7977:(1987)
7969:(1986)
7961:(1985)
7953:(1984)
7945:(1983)
7933:(1982)
7925:(1981)
7917:(1980)
7909:(1979)
7901:(1978)
7893:(1977)
7885:(1976)
7866:(1975)
7811:(1974)
7803:(1973)
7795:(1972)
7783:(1971)
7775:(1970)
7767:(1969)
7759:(1968)
7737:(1967)
7729:(1966)
7721:(1965)
7713:(1964)
7705:(1963)
7697:(1962)
7689:(1961)
7681:(1960)
7614:(1959)
7606:(1958)
7598:(1957)
7590:(1956)
7582:(1955)
7574:(1954)
7566:(1953)
7558:(1952)
7550:(1951)
7531:(1950)
7523:(1949)
7515:(1948)
7507:(1947)
7499:(1946)
7491:(1945)
7483:(1944)
7475:(1943)
7467:(1942)
7459:(1941)
7451:(1940)
7443:(1939)
7435:(1938)
7427:(1937)
7415:(1936)
7407:(1935)
7399:(1934)
7391:(1933)
7383:(1932)
7375:(1931)
7367:(1930)
7359:(1929)
7351:(1928)
7343:(1927)
7282:(2024)
7276:(2023)
7270:(2022)
7264:(2021)
7258:(2020)
7252:(2019)
7246:(2018)
7240:(2017)
7234:(2016)
7228:(2015)
7222:(2014)
7216:(2013)
7210:(2012)
7204:(2011)
7198:(2010)
7192:(2009)
7186:(2008)
7180:(2007)
7174:(2006)
7168:(2005)
7162:(2004)
7156:(2003)
7150:(2002)
7144:(2001)
7127:(2000)
7121:(1999)
7115:(1998)
7109:(1997)
7103:(1996)
7097:(1995)
7091:(1994)
7085:(1993)
7079:(1992)
7073:(1991)
7067:(1990)
7061:(1989)
7055:(1988)
7049:(1987)
7043:(1986)
7037:(1985)
7031:(1984)
7025:(1983)
7019:(1982)
7013:(1981)
7007:(1980)
7001:(1979)
6995:(1978)
6989:(1978)
6983:(1977)
6977:(1976)
6960:(1975)
6954:(1974)
6948:(1973)
6942:(1972)
6936:(1971)
6930:(1970)
6924:(1969)
6918:(1968)
6912:(1967)
6906:(1966)
6900:(1965)
6894:(1964)
6888:(1963)
6882:(1962)
6876:(1961)
6870:(1960)
6864:(1959)
6858:(1958)
6852:(1957)
6846:(1956)
6840:(1955)
6834:(1954)
6828:(1953)
6822:(1952)
6816:(1951)
6799:(1950)
6793:(1949)
6787:(1948)
6781:(1947)
6775:(1946)
6769:(1945)
6763:(1944)
6757:(1943)
6751:(1942)
6745:(1941)
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