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point, one of the boats went adrift and was lost. So the workers’ first task was to build a beacon house on tall wooden struts on the reef surrounding the rock, with places for up to 15 men, so that workers would have a place to stay on site. The foundations and beacon legs were raised during the first season. Then, in the winter, work at the rock was paused as stonemasons cut rocks for the lighthouse out of
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helicopters, an RAF rescue launch and three lifeboats searched the area, recovering the body of XG501's navigator; the body of the pilot was not recovered. The lighthouse was damaged, including the loss of its light, but its keepers were uninjured. Owing to bad weather, the lighthouse could not be repaired until after 20 December, when conditions permitted the delivery of supplies.
549:. Stevenson's written account of the work gave little or no credit to Rennie, and questions about "he apportionment of responsibility for this work led to prolonged disputes between their respective descendants, but it is now certain that while Stevenson designed the lighthouse in the main, Rennie's role too was significant."
623:
later his youngest daughter Janet also died of this disease. Rennie wrote
Stevenson a consoling letter. During this final period of construction the lighthouse became something of a tourist attraction. Many people were anxious to see the completion of the tallest off-shore lighthouse in the world.
604:
Stevenson was frustrated by a visit from Rennie, in 1809, whom he saw as interfering with his work. As a strategy to ward off further visits, he wrote Rennie a total of 82 letters, asking detailed questions about a large range of construction issues (including what type of window putty and locks to
581:
In early 1808, work at the rock resumed. The beacon house barracks was completed and the first three courses of stone for the lighthouse were laid. In the whole of this second season only 80 hours of building work took place on the rock. During this time, while the beacon house barracks were still
565:
In 1807, Stevenson hired 60 men (including a blacksmith so that the pickaxes used to cut the foundations could be re-sharpened on site). Stevenson did not want to use black powder as it might have damaged the rock on which the lighthouse was to stand. The workers set sail for the rock on 17 August
727:
on the top of the lighthouse, and as a result the aircraft crashed into the sea. The incident was witnessed by the crew of a second helicopter that immediately transmitted a distress call and flew to the scene of the crash. In response to the distress signal, four aircraft, a further two
Sycamore
608:
In June 1809 one of the principal builders, Michael
Wishart, was caught beneath a crane when it collapsed, and his feet were severely injured, preventing him from working further on the project. He asked Stevenson if he could be appointed lighthouse keeper and he ultimately took up a position as
573:
Because the rock was covered by water for 20 hours each day (up to 12 feet (3.7 m) of water at high tide), the men lived at first on a ship moored 1 mile (2 km) off the rock, requiring the workers to row out to the rock and back in boats each day, which was time-consuming, and at one
545:, and which Stevenson had visited and studied in detail in 1801—it too was built on an offshore reef using interlocking stones. But the Bell Rock lighthouse also contained several newer features, such as the rotating lights alternating between red and white that were designed by the carpenter
515:
to devise a design for a lighthouse on the Bell Rock, but the proposal was shelved due to concerns about cost, the relatively radical nature of the proposed design and
Stevenson's relative youth. The cost would be borne by the east coast towns (as it was not only Dundee ships being lost).
500:, it lies just below the surface of the sea. By the turn of the 19th century, it was estimated that, in a typical winter, as many as six ships were wrecked on the rock. (In one storm, seventy ships had been lost off the east coast of Scotland.)
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under construction, a young worker was knocked unconscious by a buoy ring and drowned. As he had been the primary breadwinner for his family, Stevenson offered the now-vacant position to his younger brother, Alexander Scott, who accepted.
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The masonry work on which the lighthouse rests was constructed to such a high standard that it has not been replaced or adapted in 200 years. The lamps and reflectors were replaced in 1843; the original ones are now in the lighthouse at
600:
In
September 1808 John Bonnyman, a stonemason, had to have a finger amputated following an accident with the beam crane on the Rock; as recompense for this mishap he was later appointed one of the first lighthouse keepers.
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Arbroath musician Ian Lamb also slightly reworked the melody for the traditional song "Come All Ye Tramps and
Hawkers" and wrote "The Bell Rock Light" to mark the lighthouse's bicentenary in 2011. The first verse runs:
624:
In this final season, while the men were staying in the beacon house, a 7-hour storm struck. Worker
Charles Henderson was lost, and his body was never found. Work was finally completed after having consumed about 2500
703:—assisted in the rescue of her crew. Despite the damage, there were no fatalities among her crew. After all valuable items onboard had been salvaged, including her 6-inch (150 mm) guns, she was
570:
in order to complete the lighthouse on time and on budget, in the end, all but four of the workers agreed to do it, and even those four (who were stonemasons) eventually also worked on
Sundays.
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sent a signal requesting the light to be turned on. The ship proceeded on its course believing the signal had been received, but it had not and the light was not switched on. Soon afterwards,
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Engraving of the lighthouse under construction in 1809, next to the temporary beacon that was constructed alongside it to accommodate the workers and serve as a temporary lighthouse.
511:(who oversaw most of the shipping issues on the eastern coast) determined to build a light on the Bell Rock, due to the high numbers of losses. They commissioned Scottish engineer
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for fear of assisting German U-boats in their operations, and the light was only turned on by special permission. On 28 October 1915 while in view of the lighthouse,
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by his son Alan
Stevenson, Read at the Royal Society of Edinburgh, at the meeting of 17 February 1851, and dealing at length with the Bell Rock Lighthouse. From
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530:. Rennie approved the design and cost estimate, which led to the passage of legislation in 1806 approving the proposal and enabling construction to begin.
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1099:"Both engineers agree in describing the lighthouse as being a copy of Smeaton's Eddystone Tower with sundry improvements in details and dimensions."
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awarded Rennie the contract to design and build the lighthouse and appointed
Stevenson as chief assistant. The design was based on the earlier
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was wrecked on the rock in 1804 (and all aboard perished)—causing a furore in Parliament—Stevenson sent his design to the renowned engineer
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at 09:35 to perform a sea-winching exercise at the Bell Rock lighthouse. At approximately 10:00, the helicopter's tail rotor struck the
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451:, Newfoundland, where they are currently on display. The working of the lighthouse has been automated since 24 October 1988. The
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The lighthouse previously operated in tandem with a shore station, the Bell Rock Signal Tower, built in 1813 at the mouth of
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had had a warning bell installed on it, which was stolen a year later by a Dutch pirate. (This legend is immortalised in "
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Before the construction of the lighthouse, the rock had caused many shipwrecks because, except for a few hours a day at
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1807, and would be away for two months. While initially some workers had been reluctant to agree to work even on the
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Because of the engineering challenges that were overcome to build the lighthouse, it has been described as one of the
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by the naval salvage team. In 1970, her two large propellers were recovered by divers and sold for scrap.
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that ran aground in fog on the evening of 21 September 1908, and sank. Her seven crew members were saved.
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635:) budget. Since the construction of the lighthouse the only recorded shipwrecks have been that of
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helicopter XG501, crewed by Flight Sergeant P. A. Beart and Sergeant E. F. Hall, departed from
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Work stopped on 22 August 1809, by which time a large part of the tower had been completed.
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use). Rennie replied in detail to every letter, but Stevenson largely ignored the replies.
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Ultimately, the project came in 50 per cent above the original estimate of £42,000 (
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The lighthouse on the rock had been ordered to switch its lights off during the
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1446:, National Geographic Channel Documentary, October, 2007, BBC Production, 2003
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According to legend, Bell Rock got its name because, in the 14th century, the
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World's oldest working sea-washed lighthouse, off the coast of Angus, Scotland
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tapered cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern including keeper's quarter
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ran aground, suffering extensive damage to much of the hull. Two destroyers—
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during wartime blackouts in 1915 and the Banff-registered cargo vessel
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798:(1865) is centred on the construction of the Bell Rock Lighthouse.
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Biographical Sketch of the Late Robert Stevenson: Civil Engineer
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The Inchcape Reef was our plain aim where many lives were lost
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John Rennie, 1761–1821: The Life and Work of a Great Engineer
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The wind blew from the east that day it proved cold company
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with streets named after lighthouses, including Bell Rock
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Countless ships had hit the rock at dreadful human cost
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We left the town of old Arbroath and set out on the sea
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Banff & Buchan: An Illustrated Architectural Guide
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A Reference Site for Stevenson's Bell Rock Lighthouse
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1484:, BBC, British history, Empire and Sea Power, 2003.
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744:, and set the scene on Bell Rock instead of the
752:My father was the keeper of the Bell Rock Light
2077:Category A listed buildings in Angus, Scotland
1467:Northern Lighthouse Board history of the light
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852:List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses
423:, is the world's oldest surviving sea-washed
19:For the geological formation in Arizona, see
1226:. Mainstream Publications Ltd. p. 163.
1144:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2097:Buildings and structures in Angus, Scotland
1130:Saint, Andrew. "Rennie, John (1761–1821)".
921:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
710:
615:In January 1810, Stevenson's twins died of
71:, Arbroath and St Vigeans, United Kingdom
51:Bell Rock Lighthouse with reef just visible
2102:Works of Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)
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1353:"Helicopter Crash, Bell Rock Lighthouse"
1294:, Cambridge University Press, p. 82
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628:stones, all drawn by one horse, Bassey.
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462:harbour. Today this building houses the
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1141:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1134:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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942:"Northern Lighthouse Board - Bell Rock"
755:And he married a mermaid one dark night
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1101:Boucher, Cyril Thomas Goodman (1963),
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1406:Seven Wonders of the Industrial World
1398:Seven Wonders of the Industrial World
1324:Lighthouses Volume 312 of Shire book,
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1179:Seven Wonders of the Industrial World
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1045:Seven Wonders of the Industrial World
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471:Seven Wonders of the Industrial World
1359:from the original on 20 October 2012
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758:And from this union there came three
740:re-worded a traditional song called
439:, 11 miles (18 km) east of the
228:white (tower), black (lantern)
1482:Who Built the Bell Rock Lighthouse?
1422:Cadbury, Deborah (6 January 2004),
1355:, UK Parliament, 12 December 1955,
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489:", a poem by the 19th-century poet
13:
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236:, stripe (brown, foundation)
14:
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913:"Lighthouses of Eastern Scotland"
589:Watercolour of the lighthouse by
1492:Records of a Family of Engineers
1254:. National Galleries of Scotland
1200:Records of a Family of Engineers
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431:on the Bell Rock (also known as
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269:category A listed building
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2087:1810 establishments in Scotland
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1252:National Galleries: Collection
1202:, Cambridge University Press,
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1:
2082:Category A listed lighthouses
2072:Lighthouses completed in 1810
1488:The Building of the Bell Rock
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681:under the command of Captain
541:, which had been designed by
205:36 m (118 ft)
1158:UK public library membership
325:28 m (92 ft)
7:
1342:Banffshire Journal archives
1077:, Harper Collins, p. 7
997:"Cape Bonavista lighthouse"
944:. Northern Lighthouse Board
801:
519:However, after the warship
10:
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2051:Thousla Rock (minor light)
1049:, Fourth Estate, pp.
609:assistant keeper in 1811.
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18:
2016:
1933:
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1533:Northern Lighthouse Board
1494:by Robert Louis Stevenson
1457:Northern Lighthouse Board
1404:Cadbury, Deborah (2003),
1382:The Lighthouse Stevensons
1041:Cadbury, Deborah (2003),
887:Northern Lighthouse Board
715:On 15 December 1955, RAF
595:Scottish National Gallery
535:Northern Lighthouse Board
453:Northern Lighthouse Board
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1426:Dreams of Iron and Steel
1380:Bathurst, Bella (2005),
1326:Osprey Publishing, 2003
1292:The Bell Rock Lighthouse
1222:McKean, Charles (1990).
917:The Lighthouse Directory
748:. The first verse runs:
711:1955 helicopter accident
503:In 1799, the Masters of
2092:Lighthouses in Scotland
1400:, BBC TV Series and DVD
1196:Stevenson, Robert Louis
1073:Harman, Claire (2005),
732:In music and literature
358:1,900,000 candela
175:Cairngall granite
2036:Langness (minor light)
1444:The Miracle Lighthouse
1248:"Bell Rock Lighthouse"
1150:10.1093/ref:odnb/23376
1075:Robert Louis Stevenson
986:19 August 2007 – BBC 2
964:"Bell Rock Lighthouse"
883:"Bell Rock Lighthouse"
857:Trinity House of Leith
667:
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1480:Christopher Spencer,
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310:1 February 1811
118:56.43286°N 2.388089°W
1384:, Harper Perennial,
1274:"Operations of 1808"
999:, Foghorn Publishing
769:and the other was me
539:Eddystone Lighthouse
417:Bell Rock Lighthouse
32:Bell Rock Lighthouse
1638:Holy Island (Outer)
1290:Stevenson, Robert,
464:Signal Tower Museum
419:, off the coast of
123:56.43286; -2.388089
114: /
41:
21:Bell Rock (Arizona)
1993:Point of Fethaland
1544:(except principal
1476:Google Book Search
832:Engineering portal
742:The Mermaid's Tale
736:Scottish musician
668:
598:
563:
31:
2059:
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1910:Pentland Skerries
1430:, Fourth Estate,
1408:, Fourth Estate,
1156:(Subscription or
1019:, pp. 65–106
738:Alastair McDonald
487:The Inchcape Rock
483:Abbot of Arbroath
413:
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1890:Hoy Sound (High)
1875:Brough of Birsay
1658:Mull of Galloway
1598:Covesea Skerries
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1595:
1590:
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1549:
1547:
1546:island groups)
1537:
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1451:External links
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1118:Boucher (1963)
1110:
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1080:
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1033:
1021:
1017:Cadbury (2003)
1009:
988:
984:Coast Revisted
976:
966:, David Taylor
955:
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733:
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654:
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617:whooping cough
554:
551:
491:Robert Southey
478:
475:
449:Cape Bonavista
411:
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388:
386:Characteristic
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2049:
2047:
2046:Point of Ayre
2044:
2042:
2041:Maughold Head
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
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1998:Sumburgh Head
1996:
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1983:Muckle Flugga
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1762:Butt of Lewis
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1713:Strathy Point
1711:
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1653:Kinnaird Head
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1437:0-00-716306-1
1433:
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1415:0-00-716304-5
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1391:0-00-720443-4
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1333:
1332:0-7478-0556-3
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1209:9781108026611
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1088:Harman (2005)
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1060:9780007163045
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695:
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688:
684:
683:James Tancred
680:
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629:
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583:
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531:
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524:
517:
514:
510:
506:
505:Trinity House
501:
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467:
465:
461:
456:
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444:
442:
438:
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430:
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418:
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402:
397:Fl W 5s
393:
389:
387:
383:
378:
372:
368:
363:
357:
353:
348:
342:
339:
335:
330:
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296:
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283:
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268:
264:
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250:
246:
241:
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137:
132:
127:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
2031:Douglas Head
2026:Chicken Rock
2008:Minor lights
1988:Out Skerries
1925:Minor lights
1880:Cantick Head
1852:Minor lights
1842:Tiumpan Head
1738:Minor lights
1703:Scurdie Ness
1693:St Abbs Head
1683:Rattray Head
1603:Crammag Head
1588:Corran Point
1567:
1558:Ardnamurchan
1443:
1425:
1405:
1397:
1381:
1361:, retrieved
1347:
1338:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1251:
1242:
1233:185158-231-2
1223:
1217:
1199:
1190:
1178:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1120:, p. 61
1113:
1107:, p. 59
1103:
1095:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1012:
1001:, retrieved
991:
979:
968:, retrieved
958:
946:. Retrieved
936:
924:. Retrieved
916:
906:
895:, retrieved
891:the original
795:
790:
772:
741:
735:
721:RAF Leuchars
714:
699:
692:
686:
677:
669:
663:
651:
650:Loss of HMS
643:
638:
632:
630:
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
580:
572:
564:
553:Construction
547:Francis Watt
543:John Smeaton
532:
522:
518:
502:
495:
480:
468:
457:
445:
441:Firth of Tay
416:
414:
322:Focal height
172:Construction
88:NO7616526808
25:
2018:Isle of Man
2003:Ve Skerries
1978:Little Holm
1915:Start Point
1802:Neist Point
1772:Eilean Glas
1767:Dubh Artach
1728:Tarbat Ness
1723:Sule Skerry
1648:Isle of May
1633:Girdle Ness
1618:Dunnet Head
1573:Buchan Ness
1553:Ailsa Craig
1529:Lighthouses
1306:"1811–1823"
1090:, p. 6
1003:2 September
528:John Rennie
139:Constructed
121: /
96:Coordinates
2066:Categories
1963:Firths Voe
1837:Skerryvore
1757:Barra Head
1708:Stoer Head
1668:North Rona
1578:Cape Wrath
1258:18 January
1160:required.)
970:20 October
948:20 January
897:20 October
863:References
844:, area of
725:anemometer
425:lighthouse
190:1988
142:1810
106:56°25′58″N
28:Lighthouse
1973:Hoo Stack
1905:Noup Head
1832:Scarinish
1733:Turnberry
1673:Noss Head
1643:Inchkeith
1628:Fife Ness
1593:Corsewall
1568:Bell Rock
1563:Bass Rock
698:HMS
691:HMS
676:HMS
644:Rosecraig
621:fortnight
578:granite.
576:Cairngall
521:HMS
437:North Sea
435:) in the
355:Intensity
307:First lit
187:Automated
109:2°23′17″W
1948:Eshaness
1935:Shetland
1920:Tor Ness
1885:Copinsay
1870:Auskerry
1847:Ushenish
1749:Hebrides
1583:Chanonry
1541:Scotland
1357:archived
1198:(2011),
842:Cranhill
802:See also
794:'s novel
705:blown up
619:, and a
593:(1819),
498:low tide
460:Arbroath
433:Inchcape
266:Heritage
248:Operator
225:Markings
154:Built by
65:Inchcape
61:Location
1943:Bressay
1792:Lismore
1787:Hyskeir
1782:Haskeir
1688:Rubh Re
1531:of the
846:Glasgow
763:codling
626:granite
568:Sabbath
477:History
286:M
82:OS grid
1862:Orkney
1827:Ruvaal
1807:Ornsay
1797:Monach
1718:Stroma
1678:Pladda
1608:Davaar
1434:
1412:
1388:
1330:
1230:
1206:
1183:BBC TV
1154:
1057:
767:kipper
765:and a
700:Jackal
693:Hornet
687:Argyll
678:Argyll
664:Argyll
652:Argyll
639:Argyll
343:
254:
202:Height
160:
1968:Foula
1698:Sanda
1623:Fidra
1490:from
1363:3 May
1053:–77,
926:9 May
509:Leith
395:
370:Range
302:Light
282:Racon
217:Shape
134:Tower
69:Angus
34:
1747:The
1432:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1365:2011
1328:ISBN
1260:2016
1228:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1005:2012
972:2009
950:2019
928:2016
899:2009
696:and
662:HMS
637:HMS
533:The
523:York
415:The
337:Lens
1146:doi
507:in
493:.)
2068::
1308:.
1276:,
1250:.
1181:,
1166:^
1138:.
1051:76
919:.
915:.
885:,
870:^
761:A
473:.
67:,
1521:e
1514:t
1507:v
1312:.
1262:.
1236:.
1152:.
1148::
952:.
930:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
