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916:(Hebrew: Yehuda HaNasi). His funeral is described as follows: "Miracles were wrought on that day. It was evening and all the towns gathered to mourn him, and eighteen synagogues praised him and bore him to Bet Shearim, and the daylight remained until everyone reached his home (Ketubot 12, 35a)." The fact that Rabbi Judah was buried here is believed to be a major reason for the popularity of the necropolis in Late Antiquity. Catacomb no. 14 is likely to have belonged to the family of Rabbi Judah the Prince. Two tombs located next to each other within the catacomb are identified by bilingual Hebrew and Greek inscriptions as those of "R. Gamliel" and "R. Shimon", believed to refer to Judah's sons, the
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269:
1116:
1176:
1128:
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775:
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1188:
258:
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897:
66:
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732:
521:
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73:
250:
956:. Those who had the financial means brought their dead to be buried in the Land of Israel, as it was considered an outstanding virtue for Jews not to be buried in foreign lands, but rather in the land of their forefathers. It is speculated that the Ḥimyarites, during their lifetime, were known and respected in the eyes of those who dwelt in the Land of Israel, seeing that one of them, whose name was Menaḥem, was coined the epithet
242:
952:) dating back to the 3rd century CE. The strength of ties between Yemenite Jewry and the Land of Israel can be learnt by the system of tombs at Beit She'arim dating back to the 3rd century. It is of great significance that Jews from Ḥimyar were being brought for interment in what was then considered a prestigious place, near the catacombs of the
884:'s poems. In one of the caves was discovered a marble slab measuring 21 × 24 × 2 cm. with the Greek inscription: Μημοριον Λέο νπου πατρος του ριββι παρηγοριου και Ιουλιανου παλατινουα ποχρυσοχων . Access to many of the catacombs was obtained by passing through stone doors that once turned on their axis, and in some cases still do.
964:(Menaḥem, the community's elder). The name of a woman written in Greek in its genitive form, Ενλογιαζ, is also engraved there, meaning either 'virtue', 'blessing', or 'gratis'; however, its precise transcription remains of scholarly dispute. The people of Himyar were buried in a single catacomb, in which 40 smaller rooms or
887:
In
October 2009, two new caves were opened to the public whose burial vaults date to the first two centuries CE. Catacomb no. 20 and no. 14 are regularly open to the public, but most catacombs remain closed to the public, with a few being opened on weekends upon special request and prior appointment.
1021:
Moshe Sharon speculates that this poem might be marking the beginning of the practice of treating this site as the sanctuary of Sheikh Abreik and suggests the site was used for burial at this time and possibly later as well. He further notes that the cave within which the inscription was found forms
927:
Rabbi Shimon. Another inscription refers to the tomb of "Rabbi Anania", believed to be Judah's student
Hanania bar Hama. According to the Talmud, Judah declared on his deathbed that "Simon my son shall be hakham , Gamaliel my son patriarch, Hanania bar Hama shall preside over the great court".
1022:
part of a vast area of ancient ruins which constituted a natural place for the emergence of a local shrine. Drawing on the work of Tawfiq Canaan, Sharon cites his observation that 32% of the sacred sites he visited in
Palestine were located in the vicinity of ancient ruins.
829:, the governmental body responsible for the reburial of exhumed bones at archaeological sites. Most of the remains date from the 2nd to 4th century CE. Close to 300 sepulchral inscriptions have been discovered at the necropolis, most of which engraved in Greek
786:'s Institute of Archaeology, and are ongoing as of 2021. Erlich is focusing her excavation on the actual ancient town, which occupied the hilltop above the well-studied necropolis, and of which only a few buildings had been previously discovered.
833:, and a few in Hebrew and Aramaic. Geographical references in these inscriptions reveal that the necropolis was used by people from the town of Beit She'arim, from elsewhere in Galilee, and even from further afield in the region, like
981:
In 1956, a bulldozer working at the site unearthed an enormous rectangular slab, 11 × 6.5 × 1.5 feet, weighing 9 tons. Initially, it was paved over, but it was eventually studied and found to be a gigantic piece of glass. A
1886:
Zelcer (2002), p. 74: "In 1954 two adjoining sepulchres in cave 14 in Bet She'arim were discovered bearing the inscriptions in Hebrew and Greek "R. Gamliel" and "R. Shimon", which are believed to be the coffins of the
407:, documenting two centuries of historical and cultural achievement. The wealth of artistic adornments contained in this, the most ancient extensive Jewish cemetery in the world, is unparalleled anywhere.
1743:
considers Beth She'arim of international importance (Volume 1, p. 309-11); Tessa Rajak considers its importance regional ("The rabbinic dead and the
Diaspora dead at Beth She’arim" in P. Schäfer (ed.),
1067:
1010:("Cave of Hell") catacomb during excavations conducted there in 1956. The sophisticated and beautifully worded elegy was composed by the previously unknown poet Umm al-Qasim, whose name is given in
576:, but in 135 CE, when Jews were barred from the area, Beit She'arim became an alternative. The fact that Rabbi Judah was interred there led many other Jews from all over the country and from the
702:, a total of 59 Arab tenants were evicted from the three villages, with 3,314 pounds compensation paid. In 1925 an agricultural settlement was established on the ruins of Sheikh Abreik by the
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763:
as a watchman, reported that he had found a breach in the wall of one of the caves which led into another cave decorated with inscriptions. In the 1930s and 1950s, the site was excavated by
341:
contained therein had almost all been broken-into by grave robbers in search for treasure. This pillaging was believed to have happened in the 8th and 9th centuries CE based on the type of
1079:
1091:
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recorded Sheikh Abreik with a population of 111 Muslims. At some time during the early 1920s, the Sursuk family sold the lands of the village, including the necropolis, to the
368:). While exploring a catacomb, he found there a coin of Agrippa, which find led him to conclude that the ruins date back to "the later Jewish times, about the Christian era."
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200:
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for health reasons, but planned his burial in Beit She'arim. According to tradition, he owned there land he received as a gift from his friend, the Roman emperor
2085:
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3101:
2090:
311:, the site includes the necropolis and remains of the town. Used from the first to fourth centuries CE, its peak occurred in the late second century when the
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118:
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438:, is "beit", while the traditional King James one is "beth", the effort being now to replace both with the etymologically better suited "bet".
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65:
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From the beginning of the Early
Islamic period (7th century), settlement was sparse. Excavations uncovered 75 lamps dating to the period of
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549:
296:
17:
1115:
2109:. Erlanger geographische Arbeiten. Vol. Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft.
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1615:
1905:
Die
Institution des jüdischen Patriarchen, eine quellen- und traditionskritische Studie zur Geschichte der Juden in der Spätantike
337:
were first explored by archaeologists in the 20th-century, the tombs had already fallen into great disrepair and neglect, and the
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Aside from an extensive body of inscriptions in several languages, the walls and tombs have many images, engraved and carved in
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990:, which produced great batches of molten glass that were cooled and later broken into small pieces for crafting glass vessels.
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Although only a portion of the necropolis has been excavated, it has been likened to a book inscribed in stone. Its catacombs,
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876:, ranging from Jewish symbols and geometric decoration to animals and figures from Hellenistic myth and religion. Many of the
2209:
2068:
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1713:, Survey Permit # A-7008. This survey was conducted by Tsvika Tsuk, Yosi Bordovitz, and Achia Cohen-Tavor, on behalf of the
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2227:
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1807:
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552:. The town is mentioned in rabbinical literature as an important center of Jewish learning during the 2nd century. Rabbi
1199:
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written on behalf of the deceased show a strong
Hellenistic cultural influence, as many of them are taken directly from
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are adorned with elaborate symbols and figures as well as an impressive quantity of incised and painted inscriptions in
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1986:
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2168:
2114:
1969:
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447:
153:
1639:
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in
Ottoman Palestine. After the sale, which included lands from the Arab villages of Harithiya, Sheikh Abreik and
49:
2956:
2623:
353:(13–15th centuries), the "Cave of the Coffins" (Catacomb no. 20) served as a place of refuge for Arab shepherds.
1596:
706:, a Zionist political party and settlement movement, but who later abandoned the site for a newer settlement in
2515:
2480:
1187:
35:
458:, a decade prior to its archaeological identification. In early modern times the site was the Arab village of
2810:
423:, the name of the city was Beit She'arayim or Kfar She'arayim (the House/Village of Two Gates). The ancient
1714:
1706:
823:
that once contained the remains of the dead. These have since been removed, either by grave-robbers, or by
803:
Two lions facing each other, a Greek mythological scene decorating a sarcophagus in the Cave of the
Coffins
499:
1925:
Proceedings of the
Seminar for Arabian Studies, 43 (2013): British Museum, London; Article by Yosef Tobi,
1683:
1640:
List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine
1316:
1303:
319:, relocated to Beit She'arim, and his family was interred there. In 2015, the necropolis was designated a
253:
Wall inscription (epitaph) in Greek: "The tomb of Aidesios, head of the council of elders, from Antiochia"
2500:
1783:
Israel Guide - Lower Galilee and Kinneret Region (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country)
1729:
752:
268:
1938:
Hirschberg (1946), pp. 56–57; p. 33 plate b. Christian Robin rejects the interpretation of the ligature
1151:
782:
In 2014, the excavations at the site were resumed after a 50-year pause by Adi Erlich, on behalf of the
2724:
2618:
2452:
2156:
2132:
2078:
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1359:
771:. As late as 2014, the system of burial caves at Beit She'arim was still being explored and excavated.
695:
361:
3136:
2317:
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364:
visited the site in late 1872 and described one of the systems of caves, known as "The Cave of Hell" (
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3013:
2744:
2638:
1006:
typical of the 9–10th century and containing the date AH 287 or 289 (AD 900 or 902) was found in the
455:
1422:
Vitto, Fanny (1996). "Byzantine Mosaics at Bet She'arim: New Evidence for the History of the Site".
2815:
2074:
The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
1544:
1458:
679:
205:
1558:
The Holy Land: An Oxford archaeological guide, From earliest times to 1700, Jerome Murphy-O'Connor
3131:
3126:
2465:
1990:
1211:
372:, during his excavations of Sheikh Abreik, discovered coins that date no later than the time of
3116:
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2739:
2064:
1846:
478:
Pottery shards discovered at the site indicate that a first settlement there dates back to the
467:
2366:
1627:
3003:
2555:
2031:
2015:
1377:
944:
In 1937, Benjamin Mazar revealed at Beit She'arim a system of tombs belonging to the Jews of
373:
257:
1339:
896:
774:
3141:
3036:
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National parks declared by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territories and Golan Heights
2795:
2714:
2432:
1875:
1710:
683:
643:
There is some evidence of activity in the nearby village area and necropolis dating to the
505:
2106:
Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century
8:
3096:
2890:
2422:
2072:
783:
541:
427:
pronunciation of the name is also "Bet She'arayim", which is more closely related to the
323:
165:
960:, in the eight-character Ḥimyari ligature, while in the Greek inscription he was called
536:(Jewish legislature and supreme council) migrated from place to place, first going into
490:
Beit She'arayim was founded at the end of the 1st century BCE, during the reign of King
3091:
3040:
2986:
2830:
2414:
2292:
2269:
1862:
1852:
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504:, referred to the city in Greek as Besara, the administrative center of the estates of
420:
400:
2312:
349:. The robbers also emptied the stone coffins of the bones of the deceased. During the
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2442:
2231:
2205:
2192:. Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1: The Near and Middle East. Vol. 30/3.
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2136:
2110:
1965:
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1240:
909:
703:
608:
463:
756:
2709:
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2535:
2485:
2197:
2193:
1841:
1811:
1655:
1441:
913:
905:
495:
451:
350:
261:
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2540:
2520:
2221:
2104:
1761:
1643:
1603:
1449:
1264:. Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 498.
1239:. Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 120.
1041:
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600:
577:
569:
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280:
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was located above the necropolis at least from the late 16th century. A map by
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369:
92:
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The Jews of Yemen in light of the excavation of the Jewish synagogue in Qanī’
1794:
1036:
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838:
768:
751:
The archaeological importance of the site was recognized in the 1880s by the
731:
656:
553:
529:
520:
459:
428:
424:
316:
304:
133:
120:
39:
900:
Rock-cut graves in Catacomb no. 14, thought to belong to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi
2914:
2759:
2651:
2628:
2371:
2185:
1994:
1073:
Catacomb no. 14 ("Cave of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi"), entrance door from within
920:
825:
647:(12th century), probably connected to travellers and temporary settlement.
545:
416:
357:
1752:. (Princeton 2001), pp. 153–8, plays down the importance of Beth She'arim.
755:, which explored many tombs and catacombs but did no excavation. In 1936,
723:
2996:
2754:
2661:
2575:
2550:
2545:
2530:
2525:
2505:
983:
694:
activist who was responsible for most of the major land purchases of the
628:
611:
were found on the walls of the catacombs containing numerous sarcophagi.
342:
1435:
1097:
Stone door at entrance to Catacomb no. 20 imitating embossed wooden door
2971:
2966:
2686:
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820:
812:
388:
384:
338:
288:
1356:
217:
3028:
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2898:
2785:
2585:
2565:
2490:
2437:
1456:), which follows more closely the Greek transliteration in Josephus'
953:
850:
808:
581:
573:
561:
533:
334:
330:
312:
249:
1823:
560:, lived there. In the last seventeen years of his life, he moved to
2825:
2790:
2495:
1011:
877:
644:
479:
466:, and identified as Beit She'arim in 1936 by historical geographer
1789:, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. p. 43.
241:
3009:
2939:
2800:
2190:
Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae (CIAP), vol. III: D–F
1828:
842:
834:
830:
691:
627:(8th–13th centuries) rule over Palestine. A large Abbasid-period
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604:
557:
396:
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2906:
2820:
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1824:
73 Years Later, Row Erupts Over Discovery of Beit Shearim Caves
1448:
9:3), the town's name is written in an elided-consonant form, (
945:
873:
866:
862:
858:
846:
815:, almost all containing a main hall with recesses in the wall (
699:
585:
320:
272:
Decorated sarcophagus in "Cave of the Coffins", Catacomb no. 20
96:
2349:
The Catacombs:Conservation and reconstruction of the catacombs
2313:
The Necropolis of Beit She'arim - A Landmark of Jewish Renewal
1903:, Vol. 1, pp. 309–11. For a more cautious view see M. Jacobs,
631:
facility from the 9th century was also found at the site (see
2929:
2775:
2704:
2681:
999:
949:
881:
854:
744:
589:
537:
300:
106:
454:
on the northeast and is located five kilometres west of the
2188:(2004). "Beth She'arāyim (Beth She'arīm) (Shaykh Buraik)".
1515:"Beit She'arim – The Jewish necropolis of the Roman Period"
891:
292:
1014:
in the poem, and it can be read in Moshe Sharon's book or
632:
568:
Antoninus. The most desired burial place for Jews was the
2129:
Beth She'arim: Report on the Excavations during 1936–1940
760:
264:
and sarcophagus in "Cave of the Coffins", Catacomb no. 20
176:
Necropolis of Beit She'arim: A Landmark of Jewish Renewal
1748:
1 (Tübingen 1997), pp. 349–66); S. Schwartz however, in
1061:
Facade of catacomb no. 14, "Cave of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi"
333:
and contains more than 30 burial cave systems. When the
2333:
Beit She-arim-The Jewish necropolis of the Roman Period
2053:
Excavations at Beit She'arim, 1955 - Preliminary Report
1946:
can no longer be seen. The only secured inscription is
1901:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
1741:
The Oxford encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
986:
furnace was located here in the 9th century during the
434:
The popular orthography for the Hebrew word for house,
3107:
Buildings and structures in Northern District (Israel)
1750:
Imperialism and Jewish society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E
718:
462:; it was depopulated in the 1920s as a result of the
2131:(in Hebrew). Vol. I: Catacombs 1–4. Jerusalem:
2102:
1085:
Facade of Catacomb no. 20, the "Cave of the Coffins"
72:
2103:Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977).
1181:
Chamber with decorated sarcophagus (bull and eagle)
2163:. New York and London: Continuum. pp. 86–87.
1614:Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p.
1109:Corridor in Catacomb no. 20, "Cave of the Coffins"
456:moshav named after the historical location in 1926
1674:, Vol. 6, entry "Colonies, Agricultural", p. 287.
811:have so far been discovered in the Beit She'arim
735:Broken stone door at entrance to one of the caves
3053:
912:cite Beit She'arim as the burial place of Rabbi
2925:Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev
2920:Baháʼi Holy Places in Haifa and Western Galilee
2282:
2259:
2123:
2063:
1832:, 29 October 2009. Re-accessed 26 January 2022.
1711:Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2014
1395:), ed. Yosef Amar, Jerusalem 1980, s.v.
2219:
1746:The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture
515:
431:rendition of the name, i.e. Βησάρα, "Besara".
3102:Protected areas of Northern District (Israel)
2875:
2387:
849:(South Mesopotamia, today in Iraq), the
287:, "House of Gates") is an extensive rock-cut
2401:
2161:Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land
1730:Official Facebook page of renewed expedition
1340:"Beit She'arim declared World Heritage Site"
556:, head of the Sanhedrin and compiler of the
441:
2147:
2079:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
2026:
2024:
1916:Hirschberg (1946), pp. 53–57, 148, 283–284.
1725:
1723:
1586:Hütteroth & Abdulfattah (1977), p. 158.
1568:Hirschberg (1946), pp. 53–57, 148, 283–284.
1372:
1370:
1368:
2957:Nahal Me'arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves
2882:
2868:
2394:
2380:
2297:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2274:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1964:(in Hebrew). עמותת אעלה בתמר. p. 37.
1521:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2000
1660:The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939
1420:Mazar (1957), p. 19. See also p. 137 in:
1259:
1234:
2285:Beth She'arim II: The Greek Inscriptions
2021:
2008:
1962:Yalqut Teman - Lexicon of Yemenite Jewry
1960:Tobi, Yosef; Seri, Shalom, eds. (2000).
1959:
1777:
1755:
1720:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
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1365:
935:
895:
892:Cave of Yehuda HaNasi (Judah the Prince)
798:
773:
738:
730:
722:
519:
267:
256:
248:
240:
18:Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village)
1495:
1337:
993:
976:
614:
485:
3054:
2342:Video Tour of Beit She'arim necropolis
2184:
2047:
1942:. He notes that today the inscription
1880:
1562:
1509:
1507:
3112:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee
2863:
2375:
1785:(in Hebrew). Vol. 3. Jerusalem:
1473:
1421:
1350:
595:Almost 300 inscriptions primarily in
329:The necropolis is carved out of soft
2361:Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5:
1808:Jewish Palestine Exploration Society
865:, all in today's Lebanon), and even
794:
778:Beit She'arim - Cave of the Horseman
446:The national park is managed by the
2283:Schwabe, M.; Lifshitz, B. (1974) .
1987:"The Mystery Slab of Beth She'arim"
1768:"tentative list", summary from 2002
1504:
1453:
1328:Mazar (1957), p. vi (Introduction).
1302:Conder & Kitchener (1881), pp.
940:Tomb of Himyarite, in Greek uncials
727:Visitors at the Cave of the Coffins
284:
54:Facade of the "Cave of the Coffins"
13:
2337:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2253:
1315:Conder & Kitchener (1881), p.
1253:
1205:Sarcophagus in a catacomb corridor
931:
719:History of archaeological research
673:
638:
592:, to be buried next to his grave.
23:Jewish necropolis at Beit She'arim
14:
3153:
2322:Israel Nature and Parks Authority
2306:
1228:
971:
650:
303:in the southern foothills of the
154:Israel Nature and Parks Authority
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1032:Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel
869:(in Yemen), among other places.
789:
71:
64:
48:
3087:Jezreel Valley Regional Council
2223:A Guide to the Jerusalem Talmud
2040:
1979:
1953:
1932:
1919:
1910:
1907:(Tübingen 1995), p. 247, n. 59.
1894:
1869:
1835:
1817:
1801:
1771:
1734:
1700:
1691:
1677:
1665:
1649:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1551:
1533:
1492:Negev & Gibson, eds. (2001)
1414:
1402:
1382:
968:branched-off from a main hall.
3072:Archaeological sites in Israel
3067:World Heritage Sites in Israel
2262:Beth She'arim I: Catacombs 1–4
1687:, Vol. I, pp. 325–328, 343–351
1331:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1287:
1278:
713:
1:
1672:Universal Jewish Encyclopedia
1389:Babylonian Talmud, Punctuated
1222:
1121:Sarcophagi in Catacomb no. 20
528:After the destruction of the
494:. The Roman Jewish historian
1715:Israel Antiquities Authority
1707:Israel Antiquities Authority
655:A small Arab village called
7:
3082:Jewish cemeteries in Israel
2327:Beit She'arim National Park
1685:Survey of Western Palestine
1260:Smallwood, E. Mary (1976).
1235:Smallwood, E. Mary (1976).
1025:
753:Survey of Western Palestine
667:showed the place, named as
665:Napoleon's invasion of 1799
516:Roman and Byzantine periods
473:
309:Beit She'arim National Park
245:Beit She'arim National Park
29:Beit She'arim National Park
10:
3158:
2133:Israel Exploration Society
2057:Israel Exploration Society
1766:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1360:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1145:Menorah in Catacomb no. 20
1133:Chamber in Catacomb no. 20
1047:
696:World Zionist Organization
362:Palestine Exploration Fund
166:UNESCO World Heritage Site
15:
3027:
2905:
2851:Nature reserves of Israel
2843:
2768:
2732:
2723:
2695:
2637:
2599:
2451:
2413:
2318:Bet Shearim National Park
2287:. Vol. 2. Jerusalem.
2264:. Vol. 1. Jerusalem.
2260:Mazar, Benjamin (1973) .
2202:10.1163/9789047404675_001
2125:Mazar (Maisler), Benjamin
1467:
1392:
1262:The Jews under Roman Rule
1237:The Jews under Roman Rule
450:. It borders the town of
442:History of the settlement
435:
291:located near the ancient
235:
231:
223:
213:
196:
188:
180:
172:
163:
159:
149:
112:
102:
88:
59:
47:
33:
28:
16:For the nearby ruin, see
3077:National parks of Israel
3019:Beit She'arim necropolis
1338:Eichner, Itamar (2015).
1169:Chamber of burial niches
680:1922 census of Palestine
623:(7th-8th centuries) and
448:National Parks Authority
277:Beit She'arim Necropolis
227:Europe and North America
2357:Conservation Department
2353:Israel Antiquities Site
2220:Zelcer, Heshey (2002).
2196:. pp. XXXVII–XLV.
2077:. Vol. 1. London:
1991:Corning Museum of Glass
1876:Bet Shearim archaeology
410:
3004:White City of Tel Aviv
1787:Keter Publishing House
1638:In 1925, according to
1411:Jewish Virtual Library
941:
901:
804:
779:
748:
736:
728:
525:
273:
265:
254:
246:
2086:Hirschberg, Haim Zeev
1293:Avigad (1958), p. 37.
1284:Avigad (1958), p. 36.
939:
899:
802:
777:
742:
734:
726:
523:
374:Constantine the Great
271:
260:
252:
244:
134:32.70222°N 35.12694°E
2891:World Heritage Sites
2228:Universal Publishers
2099:, Tel Aviv (Hebrew).
1826:, Eli Ashkenazi for
1697:Mazar (1957), p. 27.
1577:Mazar (1957), p. 20.
1501:Mazar (1957), p. 19.
1008:Magharat al-Jahannam
994:Poem inside catacomb
977:Glassmaking industry
684:Jewish National Fund
615:Early Islamic period
486:Second Temple period
366:Mŭghâret el-Jehennum
2471:Beit Alfa Synagogue
2423:Adullam-France Park
1409:Modern Bet She'arim
1376:Sharon (2004), p.
841:. Others came from
784:University of Haifa
324:World Heritage Site
315:, led by Patriarch
150:Governing body
130: /
2415:Jerusalem District
2014:Sharon (2004), p.
1642:, evidence to the
1602:2019-12-22 at the
942:
902:
805:
780:
759:, employed by the
749:
737:
729:
548:, and thence into
544:, from there into
526:
421:Yechezkel Kutscher
274:
266:
255:
247:
214:Reference no.
139:32.70222; 35.12694
80:Location in Israel
3049:
3048:
3039:of Jerusalem and
2857:
2856:
2839:
2838:
2725:Southern District
2697:Tel Aviv District
2453:Northern District
2443:Judaean Mountains
2367:Wikimedia commons
2211:978-90-04-13197-2
2097:Yisrā’ēl ba-‘Arāb
1944:Menae presbyteros
1891:and his brother."
1858:Babylonian Talmud
1814:, 5 November 1936
1626:Avneri, 1984, p.
1595:Karmon, 1960, p.
1540:Babylonian Talmud
962:Menae presbyteros
910:Babylonian Talmud
795:Jewish necropolis
704:Hapoel HaMizrachi
464:Sursock Purchases
239:
238:
209:
103:Nearest city
3149:
3122:Jewish catacombs
3062:IUCN Category II
2915:Old City of Acre
2884:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2730:
2729:
2647:Alexander stream
2639:Central District
2591:Yehi'am Fortress
2486:Belvoir Fortress
2396:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2347:Jacques Neguer,
2302:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2265:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2215:
2194:Brill Publishers
2181:
2179:
2177:
2144:
2120:
2094:
2082:
2060:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1993:. Archived from
1983:
1977:
1975:
1957:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1898:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1842:Jerusalem Talmud
1839:
1833:
1821:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1775:
1769:
1759:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1656:Kenneth W. Stein
1653:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1471:
1469:
1455:
1442:Jerusalem Talmud
1439:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1393:תלמוד בבלי מנוקד
1386:
1380:
1374:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
914:Judah the Prince
906:Jerusalem Talmud
851:Phoenician coast
496:Josephus Flavius
437:
299:, 20 km east of
286:
203:
145:
144:
142:
141:
140:
135:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
75:
74:
68:
52:
26:
25:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3023:
2987:Tel Be'er Sheva
2983:Biblical Tells
2901:
2888:
2858:
2853:
2835:
2831:Tel Be'er Sheva
2764:
2719:
2691:
2667:Palmachim beach
2657:Mazor Mausoleum
2633:
2595:
2541:Montfort Castle
2521:Horns of Hattin
2447:
2409:
2400:
2329:- official site
2309:
2290:
2289:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2254:Further reading
2251:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2212:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2155:, eds. (2001).
2117:
2088:
2069:Kitchener, H.H.
2043:
2038:
2030:Sharon (2004),
2029:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1958:
1954:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1840:
1836:
1822:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1776:
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1760:
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1735:
1728:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1654:
1650:
1644:Shaw Commission
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1604:Wayback Machine
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
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1552:
1538:
1534:
1524:
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1500:
1496:
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1355:
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1258:
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1225:
1218:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1158:
1157:Catacomb no. 20
1155:
1146:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1098:
1095:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1050:
1042:Vigna Randanini
1028:
996:
979:
974:
934:
932:Himyarite tombs
894:
837:(in Syria) and
797:
792:
721:
716:
688:Yehoshua Hankin
676:
674:British Mandate
653:
645:Crusader period
641:
639:Crusader period
617:
578:Jewish diaspora
570:Mount of Olives
566:Marcus Aurelius
550:Beit She'arayim
518:
488:
476:
444:
425:Yemenite Jewish
413:
285:בֵּית שְׁעָרִים
168:
138:
136:
132:
129:
124:
121:
119:
117:
116:
84:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
55:
43:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3132:Haifa District
3129:
3127:Rock-cut tombs
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3047:
3046:
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3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3006:
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2999:
2994:
2989:
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2948:
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2922:
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2909:
2903:
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2887:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:Negev Monument
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
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2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
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2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2601:Haifa District
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:Tzalmon Stream
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Hamat Tiberias
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2403:National parks
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2308:
2307:External links
2305:
2304:
2303:
2280:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2217:
2210:
2182:
2169:
2153:Gibson, Shimon
2149:Negev, Avraham
2145:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2083:
2061:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
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2020:
2007:
1978:
1970:
1952:
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1918:
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1664:
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1588:
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1570:
1561:
1550:
1532:
1519:www.mfa.gov.il
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1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1018:on Knowledge.
995:
992:
988:Abbasid period
978:
975:
973:
972:Abbasid period
970:
933:
930:
893:
890:
807:A total of 21
796:
793:
791:
788:
765:Benjamin Mazar
757:Alexander Zaïd
720:
717:
715:
712:
675:
672:
661:Pierre Jacotin
652:
651:Ottoman period
649:
640:
637:
616:
613:
599:, but also in
580:, from nearby
532:in 70 CE, the
517:
514:
510:Jezreel Valley
506:Queen Berenice
487:
484:
475:
472:
443:
440:
412:
409:
378:Constantius II
370:Benjamin Mazar
237:
236:
233:
232:
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225:
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164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
93:Haifa District
90:
86:
85:
79:
70:
69:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
34:
31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3154:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Kiryat Tiv'on
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Talmud places
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
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3098:
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3042:
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3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
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2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Nahal Me'arot
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:HaSharon Park
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
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2522:
2519:
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2516:Ma'ayan Harod
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Gan HaShlosha
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Beit She'arim
2479:
2477:
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2300:
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2271:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2239:
2237:9781581126303
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:Sharon, Moshe
2183:
2172:
2170:0-8264-1316-1
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:"Beth Sharim"
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2116:3-920405-41-2
2112:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:. Jerusalem:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2011:
1997:on 2012-02-20
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1971:965-7121-03-5
1967:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1928:
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1762:Beth She'arim
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1037:Sheikh Bureik
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1004:Arabic script
1001:
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845:(in Turkey),
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790:Main findings
787:
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769:Nahman Avigad
766:
762:
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746:
743:"Cave of the
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524:The synagogue
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460:Sheikh Bureik
457:
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415:According to
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173:Official name
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41:
40:national park
37:
36:IUCN category
32:
27:
19:
3018:
2781:Besor Stream
2750:Semekh caves
2672:Rubin Stream
2652:Hof HaSharon
2629:Tel Shikmona
2619:Mount Carmel
2556:Rosh HaNikra
2536:Hurvat Minia
2284:
2261:
2241:. Retrieved
2222:
2189:
2174:. Retrieved
2160:
2128:
2105:
2096:
2073:
2065:Conder, C.R.
2052:
2041:Bibliography
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:the original
1981:
1961:
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1947:
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1926:
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1779:Zaharoni, M.
1773:
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1622:
1610:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
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1543:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1518:
1497:
1457:
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1427:
1423:
1416:
1404:
1399:32b (Hebrew)
1396:
1388:
1384:
1352:
1343:
1333:
1324:
1311:
1298:
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1261:
1255:
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1020:
1007:
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965:
961:
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943:
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921:Gamaliel III
917:
903:
886:
871:
826:Atra Kadisha
824:
816:
806:
781:
750:
678:The October
677:
669:Cheik Abrit.
668:
654:
642:
618:
594:
584:to far-away
540:, then into
527:
500:
489:
477:
468:Samuel Klein
445:
433:
419:, following
417:Moshe Sharon
414:
382:
365:
358:C. R. Conder
355:
346:
345:lamps found
328:
308:
276:
275:
3142:Necropoleis
3014:Beit Guvrin
2997:Tel Megiddo
2977:El Wad Cave
2755:Tel Lachish
2745:Beit Guvrin
2662:Migdal Afek
2576:Tel Megiddo
2551:Mount Tabor
2546:Mount Arbel
2531:Hurshat Tal
2526:Hula Valley
2506:Hamat Gader
2476:Beit She'an
2089: [
1430:: 115–146.
1217:Sarcophagus
1002:written in
984:glassmaking
714:Archaeology
708:Sde Ya'akov
629:glassmaking
356:Lieutenant
343:terra-cotta
137: /
113:Coordinates
3097:Jewish art
3056:Categories
2967:Skhul Cave
2845:See also:
2760:Tel Tzafit
2687:Tzur Natan
2571:Tel Kedesh
2561:Sde Amudim
2428:Bayt 'Itab
2176:25 January
2049:Avigad, N.
2001:2010-02-28
1812:B. Maisler
1223:References
1193:Sarcophagi
821:sarcophagi
813:necropolis
389:sarcophagi
385:mausoleums
339:sarcophagi
307:. Part of
289:necropolis
197:Designated
3092:Catacombs
3041:its Walls
3029:Jerusalem
3008:Caves of
2992:Tel Hazor
2899:Jerusalem
2786:Ein Avdat
2769:Beersheba
2710:Sidna Ali
2682:Tel Gezer
2566:Tel Hazor
2491:Capernaum
2438:Ein Hemed
2293:cite book
2270:cite book
2141:492594574
1929:, p. 351.
1795:745203905
1440:. In the
1397:Sanhedrin
954:Sanhedrin
809:catacombs
609:Palmyrene
582:Phoenicia
574:Jerusalem
562:Sepphoris
546:Shefar'am
534:Sanhedrin
498:, in his
401:Palmyrene
335:catacombs
331:limestone
313:Sanhedrin
125:35°7′37″E
122:32°42′8″N
3037:Old City
2826:Tel Arad
2791:Ein Gedi
2740:Ashkelon
2733:Ashkelon
2677:Tel Afek
2609:Caesarea
2586:Tzippori
2496:Chorazin
2243:16 April
2127:(1957).
2095:(1946).
2071:(1881).
2051:(1958).
1948:Ômêritôn
1940:qyl ḥmyr
1856:12:3 );
1847:Kila'yim
1781:(1978).
1600:Archived
1525:16 April
1454:בית שריי
1436:23458348
1344:Ynetnews
1026:See also
1012:acrostic
958:qyl ḥmyr
923:and the
878:epigrams
480:Iron Age
474:Iron Age
295:town of
189:Criteria
184:Cultural
89:Location
3010:Maresha
2940:Mampsis
2816:Nitzana
2801:Mamshit
2344:YouTube
2032:p. XLII
1863:Ketubot
1853:Ketubot
1829:Haaretz
1662:, p. 60
1468:Βησάραν
1462:§ 24, (
1446:Kila'im
1424:'Atiqot
1048:Gallery
843:Antioch
835:Palmyra
831:uncials
745:Lulavim
692:Zionist
625:Abbasid
621:Umayyad
605:Aramaic
558:Mishnah
508:in the
397:Aramaic
360:of the
347:in situ
317:Judah I
262:Menorah
206:session
192:ii, iii
2952:Masada
2945:Shivta
2935:Haluza
2907:Israel
2895:Israel
2821:Shivta
2806:Masada
2796:Eshkol
2715:Yarkon
2466:Bar'am
2461:Achziv
2433:Castel
2407:Israel
2234:
2208:
2167:
2139:
2113:
1976:p. 37.
1968:
1793:
1717:(IAA).
1646:, 1930
1548:31a–b)
1450:Hebrew
1434:
1378:XXXVII
1268:
1243:
966:loculi
946:Himyar
925:hakham
874:relief
867:Himyar
863:Byblos
859:Beirut
847:Mesene
819:) and
817:loculi
700:Harbaj
686:, via
607:, and
601:Hebrew
586:Himyar
538:Jabneh
403:, and
393:Hebrew
387:, and
321:UNESCO
293:Jewish
281:Hebrew
224:Region
204:(39th
97:Israel
2972:Tabun
2962:Jamal
2930:Avdat
2776:Avdat
2705:Arsuf
2093:]
1866:103b)
1850:9:3;
1464:Greek
1432:JSTOR
1306:- ff.
1000:elegy
950:Yemen
948:(now
882:Homer
855:Sidon
663:from
633:below
597:Greek
590:Yemen
492:Herod
436:בֵּית
405:Greek
301:Haifa
107:Haifa
3012:and
2897:and
2849:and
2299:link
2276:link
2245:2016
2232:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2178:2022
2165:ISBN
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1966:ISBN
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1791:OCLC
1527:2016
1459:Vita
1266:ISBN
1241:ISBN
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767:and
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