822:
2989:
2697:
679:
654:
3122:
68:
776:
92:
705:
340:
353:
6695:
2674:
752:
2686:
881:
730:
6705:
6715:
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929:
2940:. This disease was first discovered in Lake County, Ohio, in 2012 and has now spread to over 41 counties in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario, Canada. As of 2024, the disease has become widespread in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and in portions of coastal New Hampshire and coastal and central Maine.
2844:
tolerates hotter climates than
European species but is not planted much as an ornamental due to slower growth and less resistance to urban pollution. It most commonly occurs as an overstory component in the northern part of its range with sugar maple, transitioning to other forest types further south
2724:
after the last glaciation, and may have been restricted to basic soils in the south of
England. Some suggest that it was introduced by Neolithic tribes who planted the trees for their edible nuts. The beech is classified as a native in the south of England and as a non-native in the north where it is
2807:
Some research suggests that early agriculture patterns supported the spread of beech in continental Europe. Research has linked the establishment of beech stands in
Scandinavia and Germany with cultivation and fire disturbance, i.e. early agricultural practices. Other areas which have a long history
2815:
are also an example of a singular, complete, and comprehensive forest dominated by a single tree species - the beech tree. Forest dynamics here were allowed to proceed without interruption or interference since the last ice age. Nowadays, they are amongst the last pure beech forests in Europe to
452:
subgenus in that these beeches are low-branching trees, often made up of several major trunks with yellowish bark. Further differentiating characteristics include the whitish bloom on the underside of the leaves, the visible tertiary leaf veins, and a long, smooth cupule-peduncle. Proposed by
3077:
yields a tough, utility timber. It weighs about 720 kg per cubic metre and is widely used for furniture construction, flooring, and engineering purposes, in plywood and household items, but rarely as a decorative wood. The timber can be used to build chalets, houses, and log cabins.
3108:
when the town was besieged, writing of the fruit: "that of the beech is the sweetest of all; so much so, that, according to
Cornelius Alexander, the people of the city of Chios, when besieged, supported themselves wholly on mast". They can also be roasted and pulverized into an adequate
3093:
The edible fruit of the beech tree, known as beechnuts or mast, is found in small burrs that drop from the tree in autumn. They are small, roughly triangular, and edible, with a bitter, astringent, or in some cases, mild and nut-like taste. According to the Roman statesman
420:–1 in) long, known as cupules. The husk can have a variety of spine- to scale-like appendages, the character of which is, in addition to leaf shape, one of the primary ways beeches are differentiated. The nuts have a bitter taste (though not nearly as bitter as
2816:
document the undisturbed postglacial repopulation of the species, which also includes the unbroken existence of typical animals and plants. These virgin beech forests and similar forests across 12 countries in continental Europe were inscribed on the
2743:
Beech is widely planted for hedging and in deciduous woodlands, and mature, regenerating stands occur throughout mainland
Britain at elevations below about 650 m (2,100 ft). The tallest and longest hedge in the world (according to
3794:
306:
is the most commonly cultivated species, yielding a utility timber used for furniture construction, flooring and engineering purposes, in plywood, and household items. The timber can be used to build homes. Beechwood makes excellent
2791:
boundary, it is the most common forest tree. It grows naturally in
Denmark and southern Norway and Sweden up to about 57–59°N. The most northern known naturally growing (not planted) beech trees are found in a small grove north of
3016:, easily split and burning for many hours with bright but calm flames. Slats of beech wood are washed in caustic soda to leach out any flavour or aroma characteristics and are spread around the bottom of fermentation tanks for
3242:
2812:
2916:
Beech bark is extremely thin and scars easily. Since the beech tree has such delicate bark, carvings, such as lovers' initials and other forms of graffiti, remain because the tree is unable to heal itself.
2784:
As a naturally growing forest tree, beech marks the important border between the
European deciduous forest zone and the northern pine forest zone. This border is important for wildlife and fauna.
3798:
2475:
4094:
2773:
is one of the most common hardwood trees in north-central Europe, in France constituting alone about 15% of all nonconifers. The
Balkans are also home to the lesser-known oriental beech (
2448:
1877:
1071:
2139:
1082:
3768:
2840:
Ice Age, it is believed to have spanned the entire width of the continent from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific but now is confined to the east of the Great Plains.
2530:
2508:
2437:
2205:
1995:
1458:
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1866:
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1314:
364:, bearing both male and female flowers on the same plant. The small flowers are unisexual, the female flowers borne in pairs, the male flowers wind-pollinating
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2006:
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1149:
300:
subgenus beeches are native to Europe and North
America. They are high-branching trees with tall, stout trunks and smooth silver-grey bark. The European beech
2880:
Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acidic or basic, provided they are not waterlogged. The tree canopy casts dense shade and thickens the ground with
2737:
in southeast Wales was designated for its beech woodlands, which are believed to be on the western edge of their natural range in this steep limestone gorge.
6588:
2552:
2541:
2415:
2404:
2271:
2150:
2128:
2084:
1984:
1171:
1160:
2647:φηγός (figós) is from the same root, but the word was transferred to the oak tree (e.g. Iliad 16.767) as a result of the absence of beech trees in southern
1973:
1711:
1634:
1612:
1590:
1303:
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of cultivation, Bulgaria for example, do not exhibit this pattern, so how much human activity has influenced the spread of beech trees is as yet unclear.
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such as beech-magnolia. American beech is rarely encountered in developed areas except as a remnant of a forest that was cut down for land development.
2740:
Beech is not native to Ireland; however, it was widely planted in the 18th century and can become a problem shading out the native woodland understory.
2459:
2371:
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2238:
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1116:
1060:
2017:
1855:
1833:
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1381:
1270:
1226:
1215:
1204:
1127:
1105:
1094:
1038:
1005:
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2117:
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1962:
1811:
1469:
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1414:
1403:
1392:
1370:
1337:
1326:
1259:
1182:
865:
536:. The populations in this area represent a range of often overlapping morphotypes, and genetic analysis does not clearly support separate species.
467:
2848:
The dead brown leaves of the American beech remain on the branches until well into the following spring, when the new buds finally push them off.
6912:
2349:
2338:
2327:
2183:
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1888:
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1689:
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shape. The leaves of beech trees are entire or sparsely toothed, from 5–15 centimetres (2–6 inches) long and 4–10 cm (2–4 in) broad.
2095:
1667:
1546:
1049:
3959:
368:. They are produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The fruit of the beech tree, known as beechnuts or mast, is found in small
6951:
4116:
2928:
is a fungal infection that attacks the American beech through damage caused by scale insects. Infection can lead to the death of the tree.
372:
that drop from the tree in autumn. They are small, roughly triangular, and edible, with a bitter, astringent, or mild and nut-like taste.
296:
is found only in East Asia, distinctive for its low branches, often made up of several major trunks with yellowish bark. The better known
6578:
4072:
7000:
4043:
4018:
6860:
379:) is the most commonly cultivated, although few important differences are seen between species aside from detail elements such as
7090:
6925:
6873:
2956:), widely cultivated in North America as well as its native Europe. Many varieties are in cultivation, notably the weeping beech
940:
2832:) occurs across much of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, with a disjunct population in Mexico. It is the only
516:, is complex, with a variety of different names proposed for different species and subspecies within this region (for example
5070:
4504:
4236:
4201:
4143:
3941:
3907:
3829:
3322:
3772:
6930:
4183:
7095:
6563:
2734:
3922:"beech." The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 17 September 2012.
6708:
6593:
6568:
3020:
beer. This provides a complex surface on which the yeast can settle, so that it does not pile up, preventing yeast
6956:
6899:
7018:
4159:
7146:
6573:
4590:
3247:
2977:
6938:
6583:
6293:
5311:
2936:
478:
subgenus beeches are high-branching with tall, stout trunks and smooth silver-gray bark. This group includes
532:). Research suggests that beeches in Eurasia differentiated fairly late in evolutionary history, during the
6718:
5920:
3311:
The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them
833:
3845:
Bradshaw, R.H.W.; Kito and, N.; Giesecke, T. (2010). "Factors influencing the Holocene history of Fagus".
3440:
Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido; Stogerer, K.; Langer, M.; Hemleben, Vera (2002). "The evolutionary history of
821:
6782:
3601:
Tanai, T. "Des fossiles végétaux dans le bassin houiller de Nishitagawa, Préfecture de Yamagata, Japon".
6852:
6839:
7013:
5770:
3544:
3017:
2787:
In Denmark and Scania at the southernmost peak of the Scandinavian peninsula, southwest of the natural
613:
35:
17:
4113:
3650:(Fagaceae) fruits, foliage, and pollen from the Middle Eocene of Pacific Northwestern North America".
2988:
564:) previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family, the
7151:
6966:
6878:
6598:
6517:
5736:
5063:
4712:
4354:
4294:
3572:
3229:
in the 17th century. Beech has been listed as one of the 38 plants whose flowers are used to prepare
2909:) is a common pest of American beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of
4740:
4717:
4556:
4295:"Three objectives of historical ecology: the case of litter collecting in Central European forests"
3169:
meaning both "beech tree" and "book". There is a similar relationship in some Slavic languages. In
230:
3133:
for writing-related purposes, especially in a religious context. Beech wood tablets were a common
91:
7005:
6847:
5950:
5098:
5093:
4256:
3683:
3190:
3099:
2696:
678:
436:
Recent classification systems of the genus recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera,
3627:(Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 186. United States Geological Survey. pp. 163–206.
3081:
Beech wood is used for the stocks of military rifles when traditionally preferred woods such as
7108:
6992:
6834:
6735:
6675:
5756:
5726:
5721:
5427:
5015:
4812:
2751:
2746:
2632:
39:
31:
6917:
4456:"Consequence of litter removal on pedogenesis: A case study in Bachs and Irchel (Switzerland)"
7103:
6987:
6979:
5741:
5590:
5452:
5364:
5010:
4226:
4069:
2973:
4494:
3992:
6808:
6698:
6603:
6487:
6378:
5872:
5552:
5532:
5472:
5056:
5032:
4893:
4834:
4685:
4643:
4467:
4426:
4369:
4355:"Soil carbon pools in Swiss forests show legacy effects from historic forest litter raking"
4309:
4047:
4022:
3453:
3230:
3130:
2689:
2636:
690:
502:
190:
3741:
8:
6328:
6323:
5857:
5842:
5822:
5817:
5693:
5575:
4938:
4818:
4638:
4252:
4193:
3021:
2817:
2635:
origin, and played an important role in early debates on the geographical origins of the
4471:
4430:
4373:
4313:
3677:
Wilf, P.; Johnson, K.R.; Cúneo, N.R.; Smith, M.E.; Singer, B.S.; Gandolfo, M.A. (2005).
3457:
653:
7049:
6386:
5896:
5832:
5457:
5412:
5184:
5144:
4943:
4858:
4583:
4395:
4335:
3708:
3518:
3477:
3469:
3422:
3373:
3174:
2931:
2925:
2902:
2888:
86:
3145:
has the primary sense of "beech" but also a secondary sense of "book", and it is from
935:
518:
6974:
6795:
6680:
6537:
6368:
6348:
5935:
5678:
5402:
5244:
4839:
4707:
4665:
4626:
4500:
4232:
4207:
4197:
4139:
3937:
3903:
3825:
3700:
3679:"Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina"
3678:
3526:
3417:
3400:
3381:
3328:
3318:
3288:
3252:
3110:
2759:
711:
665:
484:
4544:
4399:
4339:
3481:
3426:
2934:
is a disease that affects American beeches spread by the newly discovered nematode,
311:. Slats of washed beech wood are spread around the bottom of fermentation tanks for
7054:
6800:
6338:
6313:
6288:
6258:
5915:
5497:
5392:
5159:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4955:
4702:
4675:
4563:
4479:
4475:
4434:
4385:
4377:
4325:
4317:
3873:"Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe"
3854:
3731:
Robert Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Leiden and Boston 2010, pp. 1565–6
3712:
3692:
3659:
3628:
3508:
3461:
3412:
3363:
3225:
was an old non-timber practice in forest management that once occurred in parts of
3222:
3194:
3170:
3134:
2891:
2702:
1946:
1931:
1734:
967:
Numerous species have been named globally from the fossil record spanning from the
828:
685:
601:
524:
461:
4453:
3024:
which would contribute off-flavours to the beer. Beech logs are burned to dry the
7081:
6787:
6773:
6670:
6283:
6219:
5993:
5713:
5683:
5643:
5557:
5259:
4992:
4883:
4863:
4805:
4790:
4670:
4653:
4631:
4120:
4098:
4076:
3858:
3243:
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
3178:
3095:
3059:
3033:
2949:
2730:
2716:
2665:
2628:
2311:
2296:
887:
775:
345:
324:
302:
129:
77:
67:
7041:
6943:
4269:
2996:
7141:
7118:
6649:
6639:
6547:
6507:
6303:
6298:
6263:
6214:
6189:
6179:
6169:
5983:
5746:
5442:
5264:
5249:
5234:
5134:
4680:
3497:"Phylogenetic analysis of "Higher" Hamamelididae based on Plasid Sequence Data"
3121:
2644:
2640:
997:
758:
641:
455:
410: in) long, borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks 1.5–2.5 cm (
224:
116:
4390:
4381:
4330:
4321:
2960:'Pendula', several varieties of copper or purple beech, the fern-leaved beech
386:
The bark is smooth and light gray. The fruit is a small, sharply three-angled
7135:
6619:
6512:
6482:
6184:
6154:
6149:
6139:
6086:
5940:
5925:
5887:
5837:
5827:
5580:
5537:
5294:
5219:
5169:
5129:
5124:
4925:
4888:
4878:
4576:
4211:
3399:
Gömöry, D.; Paule, L.; Brus, R.; Zhelev, P.; Tomović, Z.; Gračan, J. (1999).
3332:
3113:. The leaves can be steeped in liquor to give a light green/yellow liqueur.
2721:
736:
660:
636:
585:
565:
508:
490:
281:
208:
4439:
4414:
4353:
Gimmi, U.; Poulter, B.; Wolf, A.; Portner, H.; Weber, P.; Bürgi, M. (2013).
3960:"Deadly 'Beech Leaf Disease' Identified Across Connecticut and Rhode Island"
3621:
3444:
in western Eurasia: Evidence from genes, morphology and the fossil record".
3292:
2801:
7031:
6758:
6432:
6427:
6363:
6318:
6308:
6273:
6204:
6199:
6159:
6131:
6066:
6051:
5988:
5960:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5562:
5542:
5279:
5254:
5239:
5199:
5164:
4960:
4852:
4780:
4697:
3769:"International Foresters Study Lake District's greener, friendlier forests"
3704:
3530:
3385:
3314:
3218:
782:
704:
496:
339:
216:
4187:
3465:
3368:
3347:
352:
6886:
6767:
6654:
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6532:
6358:
6343:
6209:
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6091:
6056:
5998:
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5877:
5618:
5334:
5284:
5079:
4800:
4608:
4599:
4552:
3226:
3029:
2910:
2895:
2881:
2837:
972:
577:
387:
320:
3797:. Countryside Council for Wales Landscape & wildlife. Archived from
3473:
3401:"Genetic differentiation and phylogeny of beech on the Balkan peninsula"
6865:
6542:
6497:
6278:
6224:
6174:
6164:
6116:
6106:
6061:
6003:
5968:
5908:
5663:
5653:
5648:
5512:
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5316:
5229:
5194:
5000:
4980:
4918:
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4755:
4352:
3522:
3377:
3149:
that the modern word derives. In modern German, the word for "book" is
968:
788:
751:
581:
560:
361:
3872:
3198:
3185:), while that for "letter" (as in a letter of the alphabet) is буква (
3082:
2872:, this beech is one of the most common hardwoods in its native range.
2685:
880:
729:
448:
subgenus is found only in East Asia, and is notably distinct from the
6891:
6821:
6477:
6447:
6442:
6333:
6268:
6111:
6096:
6071:
5882:
5862:
5807:
5797:
5731:
5703:
5638:
5274:
5209:
5154:
5149:
5139:
5005:
4931:
4868:
4824:
4745:
3067:
3037:
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2726:
2678:
2673:
812:
597:
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328:
312:
266:
6729:
4182:
3900:
A Field Guide to the Familiar: Learning to Observe the Natural World
3663:
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6752:
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5782:
5658:
5585:
5527:
5492:
5487:
5384:
5303:
5214:
5179:
5174:
5022:
4950:
4846:
4692:
4660:
4648:
4455:
3879:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
3696:
3632:
3013:
551:
543:
308:
273:
175:
142:
6826:
4160:"How did beech mast save the people of Chios? - Interesting Earth"
6904:
6634:
6629:
6522:
6492:
6452:
6396:
6250:
6229:
6121:
6076:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6008:
5978:
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5751:
5688:
5633:
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5432:
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5329:
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5204:
5037:
4785:
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4765:
4454:
Scalenghe, R.; Minoja, A.P.; Zimmermann, S.; Bertini, S. (2016).
569:
533:
277:
165:
6813:
6624:
6353:
6101:
5852:
5802:
5698:
5668:
5608:
5482:
5407:
5369:
5322:
5189:
5107:
5027:
4873:
4829:
4775:
4760:
4750:
4735:
3210:
2972:'Dawyck') occurs in green, gold, and purple forms, named after
2797:
2793:
2788:
2648:
763:
425:
365:
155:
5048:
3537:
3157:
meaning "beech tree". In modern Dutch, the word for "book" is
30:
This article is about the genus of trees. For other uses, see
6502:
6411:
6406:
6391:
5812:
5603:
5596:
5567:
5547:
5517:
5502:
5462:
5447:
5422:
5417:
5397:
5374:
5349:
5269:
4913:
4795:
4727:
4616:
4415:"Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010"
3138:
3105:
3063:
3052:
3048:
2976:
in the Scottish Borders, one of the four garden sites of the
2864:) is occasionally planted in Western countries. Smaller than
716:
593:
421:
262:
103:
50:
46:
4531:
4019:"GermanFoods.org - Guide to German Sausages and German Hams"
3622:
Additions to some fossil floras of the Western United States
3348:"Patterns of Molecular and Morphological Differentiation in
3165:
meaning "beech tree". In Swedish, these words are the same,
2659:
6401:
5930:
5867:
5792:
5673:
5628:
5623:
5359:
5103:
3214:
3044:
3025:
2800:
is the largest naturally occurring beech forest in Norway,
380:
316:
284:. There are 13 accepted species in two distinct subgenera,
269:
3085:
are scarce or unavailable or as a lower-cost alternative.
928:
6527:
6018:
5787:
5613:
5507:
5339:
4251:
A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Second Edition (1916),
547:
369:
3844:
572:). They are found throughout the Southern Hemisphere in
4568:
3439:
3047:
are made from beech, which has a tone between those of
2729:
are covered with beech woods, which are habitat to the
892:
2725:
often removed from 'native' woods. Large areas of the
6589:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
3676:
3398:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3129:
In antiquity, the bark of the beech tree was used by
3040:(an offal sausage) from Normandy, and some cheeses.
3819:
3639:
3346:Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido; Hemleben, Vera (2005).
428:content; these are called beechnuts or beech mast.
4536:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families – Fagus
4292:
3934:Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology
3645:
3265:
3345:
7133:
3820:Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.; Dines, T.D. (2002).
3137:in Germanic societies before the development of
542:is the most basal group in the evolution of the
27:Genus of flowering plants in the family Fagaceae
3997:Schlenkerla - die historische Rauchbierbrauerei
4224:
2836:species in the Western Hemisphere. Before the
2796:on the west coast of Norway. Near the city of
5064:
4584:
4412:
3897:
2968:'Roseomarginata'. The columnar Dawyck beech (
4124:(dictionary entry), retrieved 9 October 2011
3646:Manchester, S. R.; Dillhoff, R. M. (2004). "
512:. The classification of the European beech,
4496:Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study
4492:
3567:
3565:
3494:
2654:
5071:
5057:
4591:
4577:
4267:
4225:Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia (25 October 2013).
3993:"Der Brauprozeß von Schlenkerla Rauchbier"
3581:The International Fossil Plant Names Index
2631:), is cognate with English "beech" and of
66:
4486:
4438:
4389:
4329:
3613:
3603:Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography
3512:
3495:Manos, Paul S.; Steele, Kelly P. (1997).
3416:
3367:
2813:primeval beech forests of the Carpathians
6579:Building and Wood Workers' International
4542:
4189:The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants
3948:Credo Reference. Web. 27 September 2012.
3898:Lawrence, Gale; Tyrol, Adelaide (1984).
3838:
3670:
3594:
3562:
3120:
2987:
2964:'Asplenifolia', and the tricolour beech
2695:
2684:
2672:
2658:
351:
338:
3957:
3545:"Fagus L. - Plants of the World Online"
315:beer. Beech logs are burned to dry the
14:
7134:
4228:The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic
4133:
4127:
3865:
3352:(Fagaceae): Phylogenetic Implications"
3104:, beechnut was eaten by the people of
2710:
6734:
6733:
5052:
4572:
4138:(3rd ed.). Krause Publications.
4044:"What is andouille? | Cookthink"
3771:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
3619:
3221:raking as a replacement for straw in
3066:often made wholly from reconstituted
2856:East Asia is home to five species of
2765:
1941:Kryshtofovich & Baikovskaja, 1951
568:(which remains a member of the order
6967:613e56f4-3965-4f22-b574-462ef63ed097
6714:
4184:United States Department of the Army
3308:
3304:
3302:
3287:(PhD). City University of New York.
3278:
2948:The beech most commonly grown as an
6704:
6564:American Association of Woodturners
4564:Traditional and Modern Use of Beech
4413:McGrath, M.J.; et al. (2015).
3055:, the two most popular drum woods.
2735:Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve
2476:Nothofagaphyllites novae-zealandiae
2232:Mindell, Stockey, & Beard, 2009
669:– Siebold's beech or Japanese beech
24:
7019:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30048723-2
2382:Fossil species formerly placed in
905:
25:
7163:
6594:National Wood Carvers Association
4543:Eichhorn, Markus (October 2010).
4524:
4499:. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3.
3902:. Prentice-Hall. pp. 75–76.
3600:
3299:
962:
6713:
6703:
6694:
6693:
6569:Architectural Woodwork Institute
3418:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00076.x
2887:In North America, they can form
2823:
1010:Kornilova & Rajushkina, 1979
927:
879:
840:Eastern Europe and Western Asia
820:
774:
750:
728:
703:
677:
652:
453:botanist Chung-Fu Shen in 1992,
90:
5078:
4447:
4406:
4346:
4286:
4261:
4245:
4218:
4176:
4152:
4105:
4083:
4067:holistic-interior-designs.com,
4061:
4036:
4011:
3985:
3976:
3958:Crowley, Brendan (2020-09-28).
3951:
3925:
3916:
3891:
3813:
3787:
3761:
3734:
3725:
3446:Plant Systematics and Evolution
3405:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2894:forests by partnering with the
2623:The name of the tree in Latin,
1739:Manchester & Dillhoff, 2004
38:. For other uses of Fagus, see
6574:British Woodworking Federation
4480:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.02.024
4274:Online Etymological Dictionary
3999:(in German). Schlenkerla. 2011
3822:New Atlas of the British Flora
3488:
3433:
3392:
3339:
3313:(2nd ed.). Guilford, CN:
3248:English Lowlands beech forests
3032:. Beech is also used to smoke
2978:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2943:
2449:Fagus-pollenites parvifossilis
723:Canada, United States, Mexico
334:
323:. Beech is also used to smoke
13:
1:
6584:Caricature Carvers of America
4293:Bürgi, M.; Gimmi, U. (2007).
3847:Forest Ecology and Management
3309:Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) .
3258:
3125:Painting on beech wood - 1511
2937:Litylenchus crenatae mccannii
1584:(Massalongo) Massalongo, 1858
1419:Huzioka & Takahashi, 1973
1021:(Massalongo) Massalongo, 1853
3877:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
3859:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.035
2907:Grylloprociphilus imbricator
2618:
546:family, which also includes
245:
7:
4493:D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004).
3982:University of New Hampshire
3824:. Oxford University Press.
3236:
3012:Beech wood is an excellent
2920:
2431:(Knowlton) Wolfe & Wehr
2033:Geyler & Kinkelin, 1887
431:
331:sausage, and some cheeses.
10:
7168:
4102:, retrieved 9 October 2011
4080:, retrieved 9 October 2011
3652:Canadian Journal of Botany
3549:Plants of the World Online
3501:American Journal of Botany
3356:American Journal of Botany
2875:
2818:UNESCO World Heritage List
2221:Kvaček & Walther, 1991
1816:Kvaček & Walther, 1991
1705:Kvaček & Walther, 1991
1562:Chaney & Axelrod, 1959
1121:Marion & Laurent, 1895
857:China (Sichuan, Zhejiang)
614:Plants of the World Online
607:
44:
36:Beechwood (disambiguation)
29:
7065:
6742:
6689:
6663:
6612:
6599:Society of Wood Engravers
6556:
6470:
6420:
6377:
6249:
6242:
6130:
6017:
5959:
5778:
5769:
5712:
5383:
5302:
5293:
5117:
5086:
4991:
4904:
4726:
4606:
4382:10.1007/s10980-012-9778-4
4322:10.1007/s10980-007-9128-0
4111:fabricstockexchange.com,
3281:A Monograph of the Genus
3213:was made from beech wood
2291:Göppert & Menge, 1853
2140:Fagus protolongipetiolata
1551:Menge & Göppert, 1886
1441:Grímsson & Denk, 2005
242:
237:
222:
215:
87:Scientific classification
85:
74:
65:
60:
5016:Queensland macadamia nut
4598:
4557:University of Nottingham
3964:The Connecticut Examiner
3204:
3201:" to refer to the tree.
3177:, the word for beech is
3116:
2655:Distribution and habitat
2601:(Ettingshausen) Paterson
2579:(Ettingshausen) Paterson
2557:(Ettingshausen) Paterson
2491:(Ettingshausen) Paterson
1496:(Unger) Iljinskaja, 1964
471:comprise this subgenus.
45:Not to be confused with
4440:10.5194/bg-12-4291-2015
4257:John Richard Clark Hall
3684:The American Naturalist
3285:Tourn. Ex L. (Fagaceae)
3279:Shen, Chung-Fu (1992).
3088:
3007:
2983:
2952:is the European beech (
2851:
2531:Nothofagus magelhaenica
2509:Nothofagus lendenfeldii
2438:Fagoxylon grandiporosum
2206:Fagus sanctieugeniensis
1996:Fagus palaeograndifolia
1459:Fagus grandifoliiformis
1187:(Rérolle) Saporta, 1892
874:China (Hubei), Vietnam
616:as of April 2023:
6676:Frameless construction
5757:Wood-plastic composite
4813:Johnstone River almond
4231:. Rodopi. p. 81.
3932:"beech bark disease".
3126:
3070:of pulped beech wood.
3004:
2747:Guinness World Records
2720:was a late entrant to
2707:
2693:
2682:
2670:
2597:Nothofagus wilkinsonii
2590:(Ettingshausen) Oliver
2513:(Ettingshausen) Oliver
2409:(Fotjanova) Iljinskaja
2162:Fagus pseudoferruginea
2011:Tanai & Onoe, 1961
503:F. longipetiolata
357:
349:
276:, native to temperate
40:Fagus (disambiguation)
32:Beech (disambiguation)
7147:Edible nuts and seeds
7104:Paleobiology Database
6988:Paleobiology Database
4741:Australian cashew nut
3620:Brown, R. W. (1937).
3466:10.1007/s006060200044
3369:10.3732/ajb.92.6.1006
3124:
3073:The European species
2991:
2974:Dawyck Botanic Garden
2860:, only one of which (
2777:) and Crimean beech (
2752:Meikleour Beech Hedge
2733:and other flora. The
2699:
2688:
2676:
2662:
2608:Trigonobalanus minima
2575:Nothofagus risdoniana
2564:Nothofagus ninnisiana
2535:(Ettingshausen) Dusén
2520:Nothofagus luehmannii
1922:Fagus orientaliformis
1518:(Watari) Watari, 1952
1360:Fagus ettingshausenii
1275:Reid & Reid, 1915
355:
342:
6604:Timber Framers Guild
5458:Australian Blackwood
4164:interestingearth.com
4089:uniformreuse.co.uk,
3801:on 25 September 2010
3231:Bach flower remedies
3131:Indo-European people
2828:The American beech (
2690:North American beech
2637:Indo-European people
2586:Nothofagus ulmifolia
2498:Nothofagus dicksonii
2487:Nothofagus benthamii
2420:(Lesquereux) Hollick
2074:Fagus praeninnisiana
2007:Fagus palaeojaponica
1624:Fagus japoniciformis
1150:Fagus bonnevillensis
612:Species accepted by
375:The European beech (
319:used in some German
6324:Hammer-headed tenon
5843:Janka hardness test
4819:Irvingia gabonensis
4472:2016Geode.271..191S
4431:2015BGeo...12.4291M
4374:2013LaEco..28..835G
4314:2007LaEco..22S..77B
4194:Skyhorse Publishing
4136:Rifles of the World
4134:Walter, J. (2006).
3458:2002PSyEv.232..213D
2870:F. grandifolia
2711:Britain and Ireland
2553:Nothofagus muelleri
2542:Nothofagus maidenii
2416:Fagopsis longifolia
2405:Castanea abnormalis
2398:(Borsuk) Iljinskaja
2272:Fagus subferruginea
2254:Ettingshausen, 1891
2151:Fagus protonucifera
2129:Fagus protojaponica
2122:Ettingshausen, 1887
2100:Ettingshausen, 1867
2089:Ettingshausen, 1893
2085:Fagus praeulmifolia
2078:Ettingshausen, 1893
1985:Fagus palaeocrenata
1860:Ettingshausen, 1887
1772:Ettingshausen, 1893
1750:Ettingshausen, 1895
1529:Ettingshausen, 1887
1353:Ettingshausen, 1891
1176:Ettingshausen, 1887
1172:Fagus celastrifolia
1161:Fagus castaneifolia
1076:(Berry) Brown, 1944
485:F. grandifolia
356:Beechnuts in autumn
5185:Japanese carpentry
4976:Single-leaf pinyon
4391:20.500.11850/66782
4331:20.500.11850/58945
4119:2011-09-25 at the
4097:2011-10-24 at the
4075:2011-10-09 at the
3775:on 28 January 2010
3141:. The Old English
3127:
3005:
2932:Beech leaf disease
2926:Beech bark disease
2903:beech blight aphid
2775:F. orientalis
2766:Continental Europe
2708:
2694:
2683:
2671:
2453:(Traverse) Potonié
1974:Fagus palaeococcus
1712:Fagus kuprianoviae
1672:Jakubovskaya, 1975
1635:Fagus japonicoides
1613:Fagus irvajamensis
1591:Fagus integrifolia
1194:Fagus chamaephegos
982:Fagus aburatoensis
525:F. orientalis
462:F. engleriana
358:
350:
7129:
7128:
6975:Open Tree of Life
6736:Taxon identifiers
6727:
6726:
6681:Green woodworking
6538:Wood preservation
6466:
6465:
6369:Tongue and groove
6349:Mortise and tenon
6238:
6237:
5936:Warrington hammer
5765:
5764:
5453:African Blackwood
5245:Segmented turning
5046:
5045:
4944:Monkey-puzzle nut
4806:Shellbark hickory
4791:Mockernut hickory
4751:Borneo tallow nut
4506:978-81-7021-271-3
4425:(14): 4291–4316.
4362:Landscape Ecology
4302:Landscape Ecology
4238:978-94-012-0984-7
4203:978-1-60239-692-0
4145:978-0-89689-241-5
3943:978-0-470-03545-0
3909:978-0-13-314071-2
3831:978-0-19-851067-3
3658:(10): 1509–1517.
3324:978-1-59921-887-8
3253:The Weeping Beech
3111:coffee substitute
2970:F. sylvatica
2966:F. sylvatica
2962:F. sylvatica
2958:F. sylvatica
2866:F. sylvatica
2830:Fagus grandifolia
2760:Perth and Kinross
2627:(from whence the
2612:(M. Chandler) Mai
2480:(Oliver) Campbell
2427:Fagopsis undulata
2394:Alnus paucinervis
2228:Fagus schofieldii
2029:Fagus pliocaenica
1911:Fagus orbiculatum
1900:Fagus olejnikovii
1882:Andreánszky, 1959
1779:Fagus macrophylla
1768:Fagus leptoneuron
1761:Andreánszky, 1959
1679:Fagus kitamiensis
1503:Fagus hitchcockii
1437:Fagus friedrichii
1293:Fagus deucalionis
1139:Fagus betulifolia
1054:Andreánszky, 1959
1032:Andreánszky, 1959
993:Fagus alnitifolia
960:
959:
903:
902:
803:Fagus multinervis
712:Fagus grandifolia
514:F. sylvatica
480:F. sylvatica
474:The better known
252:
251:
211:
193:
16:(Redirected from
7159:
7152:Ornamental trees
7122:
7121:
7112:
7111:
7099:
7098:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7058:
7057:
7045:
7044:
7035:
7034:
7022:
7021:
7009:
7008:
6996:
6995:
6983:
6982:
6970:
6969:
6960:
6959:
6947:
6946:
6944:NHMSYS0000458707
6934:
6933:
6921:
6920:
6908:
6907:
6895:
6894:
6882:
6881:
6869:
6868:
6856:
6855:
6843:
6842:
6830:
6829:
6817:
6816:
6804:
6803:
6791:
6790:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6731:
6730:
6717:
6716:
6707:
6706:
6697:
6696:
6247:
6246:
5916:Thickness planer
5776:
5775:
5570:(lime, basswood)
5300:
5299:
5160:Chainsaw carving
5073:
5066:
5059:
5050:
5049:
4801:Shagbark hickory
4703:Malabar chestnut
4593:
4586:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4560:
4545:"The Beech Tree"
4539:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4359:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4333:
4299:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4268:Douglas Harper.
4265:
4259:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4131:
4125:
4109:
4103:
4092:Modal data sheet
4087:
4081:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4046:. Archived from
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4021:. Archived from
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3516:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3452:(3–4): 213–236.
3437:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3371:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3276:
3223:animal husbandry
3135:writing material
2995:photographed by
2703:Fagus engleriana
2692:, seen in autumn
2663:European beech (
2613:
2602:
2591:
2580:
2569:
2558:
2547:
2536:
2525:
2524:(Deane) Paterson
2514:
2503:
2492:
2481:
2465:
2460:Juglans ginannii
2454:
2443:
2432:
2421:
2410:
2399:
2377:
2372:Fagus washoensis
2366:
2355:
2344:
2333:
2322:
2307:
2292:
2281:
2266:
2261:Fagus stuxbergii
2255:
2244:
2243:Chelebaeva, 1991
2239:Fagus septembris
2233:
2222:
2211:
2200:
2195:Fagus salnikovii
2189:
2178:
2167:
2166:Lesquereux, 1878
2156:
2145:
2134:
2123:
2112:
2101:
2090:
2079:
2068:
2063:Fagus praelucida
2057:
2056:Lesquereux, 1868
2052:Fagus polycladus
2046:
2041:Fagus pliocenica
2034:
2023:
2012:
2001:
2000:Pavlyutkin, 2002
1990:
1979:
1968:
1957:
1956:Iljinskaja, 1982
1948:Fagus orientalis
1942:
1933:Fagus orientalis
1927:
1916:
1915:Lesquereux, 1892
1905:
1904:Pavlyutkin, 2015
1894:
1883:
1872:
1861:
1850:
1849:Iljinskaja, 1982
1845:Fagus napanensis
1839:
1828:
1823:Fagus microcarpa
1817:
1806:
1805:Massalongo, 1858
1795:
1784:
1773:
1762:
1751:
1746:Fagus laptoneura
1740:
1735:Fagus langevinii
1728:
1723:Fagus lancifolia
1717:
1706:
1701:Fagus kraeuselii
1695:
1684:
1673:
1662:
1651:
1646:Fagus jobanensis
1640:
1629:
1618:
1617:Chelebaeva, 1980
1607:
1602:Fagus intermedia
1596:
1585:
1574:
1569:Fagus inaequalis
1563:
1558:Fagus idahoensis
1552:
1541:
1530:
1519:
1514:Fagus hondoensis
1508:
1507:Lesquereux, 1861
1497:
1486:
1481:Fagus haidingeri
1475:
1474:Massalongo, 1858
1464:
1453:
1442:
1431:
1430:Massalongo, 1853
1426:Fagus forumlivii
1420:
1409:
1398:
1387:
1386:Chelebaeva, 1980
1376:
1365:
1364:Velenovský, 1881
1354:
1349:Fagus etheridgei
1343:
1332:
1331:Chelebaeva, 2005
1320:
1309:
1298:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1254:
1249:Fagus cordifolia
1243:
1232:
1221:
1220:Massalongo, 1858
1210:
1199:
1188:
1177:
1166:
1155:
1144:
1143:Massalongo, 1858
1133:
1122:
1117:Fagus aurelianii
1111:
1100:
1088:
1087:Chelebaeva, 2005
1077:
1066:
1065:Massalongo, 1858
1061:Fagus arduinorum
1055:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1000:
987:
943:
931:
910:
909:
896:– European beech
895:
883:
871:
854:
837:– Oriental beech
836:
829:Fagus orientalis
824:
808:
791:
778:
766:
754:
742:
741:Palib. ex Hayata
732:
720:– American beech
719:
707:
694:
686:Fagus engleriana
681:
668:
656:
647:China (Sichuan)
644:
619:
618:
602:Tierra del Fuego
556:southern beeches
468:F. okamotoi
456:F. japonica
419:
418:
414:
409:
408:
404:
399:
398:
394:
207:
189:
95:
94:
75:European beech (
70:
58:
57:
21:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7117:
7115:
7107:
7102:
7094:
7089:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7061:
7053:
7048:
7040:
7038:
7030:
7025:
7017:
7012:
7004:
6999:
6991:
6986:
6978:
6973:
6965:
6963:
6955:
6950:
6942:
6937:
6929:
6924:
6916:
6911:
6903:
6898:
6890:
6885:
6877:
6872:
6864:
6859:
6851:
6846:
6838:
6833:
6825:
6820:
6812:
6807:
6799:
6794:
6786:
6781:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6738:
6728:
6723:
6685:
6671:Frame and panel
6659:
6608:
6552:
6462:
6421:Surface piecing
6416:
6373:
6294:Crown of thorns
6234:
6220:Smoothing plane
6126:
6013:
5955:
5858:Milling machine
5761:
5722:Cross-laminated
5708:
5379:
5289:
5260:Spindle turning
5250:Shingle weaving
5220:Pallet crafting
5113:
5082:
5077:
5047:
5042:
4987:
4961:Colorado pinyon
4900:
4722:
4602:
4597:
4530:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4491:
4487:
4452:
4448:
4411:
4407:
4357:
4351:
4347:
4297:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4276:
4266:
4262:
4253:Blōtan-Boldwela
4250:
4246:
4239:
4223:
4219:
4204:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4132:
4128:
4121:Wayback Machine
4110:
4106:
4099:Wayback Machine
4088:
4084:
4077:Wayback Machine
4066:
4062:
4053:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3966:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3936:. Wiley. 2006.
3931:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3853:(11): 2204–12.
3843:
3839:
3832:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3753:
3751:
3749:linnaeus.nrm.se
3744:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3675:
3671:
3664:10.1139/b04-112
3644:
3640:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3514:10.2307/2446139
3507:(10): 1407–19.
3493:
3489:
3438:
3434:
3397:
3393:
3344:
3340:
3325:
3317:. p. 138.
3307:
3300:
3277:
3266:
3261:
3239:
3207:
3119:
3101:Natural History
3096:Pliny the Elder
3091:
3075:Fagus sylvatica
3034:Westphalian ham
3028:used in German
3010:
2986:
2954:Fagus sylvatica
2950:ornamental tree
2946:
2923:
2878:
2862:F. crenata
2854:
2826:
2779:F. taurica
2771:Fagus sylvatica
2768:
2731:common bluebell
2717:Fagus sylvatica
2713:
2700:Chinese beech (
2666:Fagus sylvatica
2657:
2629:generic epithet
2621:
2616:
2611:
2600:
2589:
2578:
2567:
2556:
2546:(Deane) Chapman
2545:
2534:
2523:
2512:
2501:
2490:
2479:
2463:
2452:
2441:
2430:
2419:
2408:
2397:
2380:
2375:
2364:
2353:
2342:
2331:
2320:
2313:Fagus sylvatica
2305:
2298:Fagus sylvatica
2290:
2275:
2264:
2253:
2242:
2231:
2220:
2209:
2199:Fotjanova, 1988
2198:
2187:
2176:
2165:
2154:
2143:
2132:
2121:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2077:
2066:
2055:
2044:
2032:
2021:
2018:Fagus pittmanii
2010:
1999:
1988:
1977:
1966:
1955:
1940:
1925:
1914:
1903:
1892:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1856:Fagus nelsonica
1848:
1837:
1834:Fagus miocenica
1826:
1815:
1804:
1801:Fagus marsillii
1793:
1782:
1771:
1760:
1757:Fagus latissima
1749:
1738:
1726:
1715:
1704:
1693:
1682:
1671:
1660:
1649:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1572:
1561:
1550:
1539:
1528:
1517:
1506:
1495:
1484:
1473:
1462:
1451:
1440:
1429:
1418:
1407:
1396:
1385:
1382:Fagus evenensis
1375:Schwarewa, 1960
1374:
1363:
1352:
1341:
1330:
1318:
1307:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1271:Fagus decurrens
1263:
1252:
1241:
1230:
1227:Fagus chinensis
1219:
1216:Fagus chiericii
1209:Alexeenko, 1977
1208:
1205:Fagus chankaica
1197:
1186:
1175:
1164:
1153:
1142:
1131:
1128:Fagus australis
1120:
1109:
1106:Fagus attenuata
1098:
1095:Fagus atlantica
1086:
1075:
1064:
1053:
1042:
1039:Fagus antipofii
1031:
1020:
1009:
1006:Fagus altaensis
996:
985:
965:
944:– Crimean beech
939:
936:Fagus × taurica
908:
906:Natural hybrids
891:
888:Fagus sylvatica
869:
852:
849:Fagus pashanica
832:
806:
786:
762:
740:
715:
695:– Chinese beech
689:
664:
640:
610:
530:F. moesica
519:F. taurica
509:F. hayatae
491:F. crenata
434:
416:
412:
411:
406:
402:
401:
396:
392:
391:
390:10–15 mm (
377:Fagus sylvatica
346:Fagus sylvatica
337:
325:Westphalian ham
303:Fagus sylvatica
292:. The subgenus
233:
228:
206:
188:
89:
78:Fagus sylvatica
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7165:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7113:
7100:
7087:
7071:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7055:wfo-4000014560
7046:
7036:
7023:
7010:
6997:
6984:
6971:
6961:
6948:
6935:
6922:
6909:
6896:
6883:
6870:
6857:
6844:
6831:
6818:
6805:
6792:
6779:
6764:
6748:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6701:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6650:Quarter sawing
6647:
6642:
6640:Wood splitting
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6548:Wood finishing
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6508:Paint stripper
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6215:Shoulder plane
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6190:Moulding plane
6187:
6182:
6180:Japanese plane
6177:
6172:
6170:Grooving plane
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5984:Flooring clamp
5981:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5941:Winding sticks
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5921:Timber-framing
5918:
5913:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5747:Particle board
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5727:Glue laminated
5724:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5308:
5306:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5265:Timber framing
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:Relief carving
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5135:Bush carpentry
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5053:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4971:Mexican pinyon
4968:
4963:
4958:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4889:English walnut
4886:
4881:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4835:Planted karuka
4827:
4822:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4713:Red bopple nut
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4676:European hazel
4673:
4668:
4666:American hazel
4658:
4657:
4656:
4654:Sweet chestnut
4646:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4632:European beech
4629:
4627:American beech
4619:
4613:
4611:
4609:botanical nuts
4604:
4603:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4540:
4526:
4525:External links
4523:
4520:
4519:
4505:
4485:
4446:
4419:Biogeosciences
4405:
4368:(5): 385–846.
4345:
4285:
4260:
4244:
4237:
4217:
4202:
4196:. p. 29.
4175:
4151:
4144:
4126:
4104:
4082:
4060:
4035:
4010:
3984:
3975:
3950:
3942:
3924:
3915:
3908:
3890:
3864:
3837:
3830:
3812:
3786:
3760:
3733:
3724:
3697:10.1086/430055
3691:(6): 634–650.
3669:
3638:
3633:10.3133/pp186J
3612:
3593:
3561:
3536:
3487:
3432:
3411:(4): 746–752.
3391:
3362:(6): 1006–16.
3338:
3323:
3298:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3206:
3203:
3191:Serbo-Croatian
3118:
3115:
3090:
3087:
3036:, traditional
3009:
3006:
2985:
2982:
2945:
2942:
2922:
2919:
2877:
2874:
2853:
2850:
2842:F. grandifolia
2825:
2822:
2767:
2764:
2712:
2709:
2656:
2653:
2641:beech argument
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2592:
2581:
2570:
2568:(Unger) Oliver
2559:
2548:
2537:
2526:
2515:
2504:
2493:
2482:
2471:
2466:(new name for
2455:
2444:
2433:
2422:
2411:
2400:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2361:Fagus vivianii
2356:
2345:
2334:
2323:
2308:
2293:
2287:Fagus succinea
2282:
2267:
2256:
2250:Fagus shagiana
2245:
2234:
2223:
2217:Fagus saxonica
2212:
2201:
2190:
2179:
2168:
2157:
2146:
2135:
2124:
2118:Fagus producta
2113:
2107:Fagus pristina
2102:
2091:
2080:
2069:
2058:
2047:
2036:
2024:
2013:
2002:
1991:
1980:
1969:
1963:Fagus pacifica
1958:
1943:
1928:
1917:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1873:
1862:
1851:
1840:
1829:
1818:
1812:Fagus menzelii
1807:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1763:
1752:
1741:
1730:
1718:
1707:
1696:
1685:
1674:
1663:
1661:Johnston, 1892
1652:
1641:
1630:
1619:
1608:
1606:Nathorst, 1888
1597:
1586:
1575:
1564:
1553:
1542:
1531:
1520:
1509:
1498:
1487:
1476:
1470:Fagus gussonii
1465:
1454:
1448:Fagus gortanii
1443:
1432:
1421:
1415:Fagus florinii
1410:
1404:Fagus feroniae
1399:
1393:Fagus faujasii
1388:
1377:
1371:Fagus europaea
1366:
1355:
1344:
1338:Fagus eocenica
1333:
1327:Fagus echinata
1322:
1310:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1264:Newberry, 1868
1260:Fagus cretacea
1255:
1244:
1233:
1222:
1211:
1200:
1189:
1183:Fagus ceretana
1178:
1167:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1123:
1112:
1101:
1090:
1078:
1067:
1056:
1045:
1034:
1023:
1012:
1001:
988:
976:
964:
963:Fossil species
961:
958:
957:
954:
945:
932:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
907:
904:
901:
900:
897:
884:
876:
875:
872:
866:Fagus sinensis
862:
859:
858:
855:
845:
842:
841:
838:
825:
817:
816:
809:
799:
796:
795:
792:
779:
771:
770:
767:
759:Fagus japonica
755:
747:
746:
743:
733:
725:
724:
721:
708:
700:
699:
696:
682:
674:
673:
670:
657:
649:
648:
645:
633:
630:
629:
626:
623:
609:
606:
497:F. lucida
433:
430:
336:
333:
272:in the family
250:
249:
240:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:Castanea fagus
220:
219:
213:
212:
199:
195:
194:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
146:
145:
140:
133:
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
72:
71:
63:
62:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7164:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7120:
7114:
7110:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7092:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7064:
7056:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7037:
7033:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6962:
6958:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6720:
6712:
6710:
6702:
6700:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6620:Chainsaw mill
6618:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:Organizations
6555:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6513:Steam bending
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:French polish
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6354:Rabbet/Rebate
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6339:Mason's mitre
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6185:Jointer plane
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6155:Compass plane
6153:
6151:
6150:Chamfer plane
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6140:Bedrock plane
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5926:Veneer hammer
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5838:Impact driver
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Red Quebracho
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:Bow and arrow
5128:
5126:
5125:Boat building
5123:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:Macadamia nut
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:Chilgoza pine
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4919:Burrawang nut
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4766:Chilean hazel
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4718:Yellow walnut
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4308:(S1): 77–87.
4307:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4064:
4050:on 2012-05-12
4049:
4045:
4039:
4025:on 2012-11-23
4024:
4020:
4014:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3979:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3800:
3796:
3795:"Cwm Clydach"
3790:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3750:
3743:
3737:
3728:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3568:
3566:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3303:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3062:is a kind of
3061:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:North America
2821:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2722:Great Britain
2719:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:Indo-European
2630:
2626:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2502:(Dusén) Tanai
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2376:LaMotte, 1936
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2354:Huzioka, 1951
2352:
2351:
2350:Fagus uotanii
2346:
2341:
2340:
2339:Fagus uemurae
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:Fagus tenella
2324:
2321:Saporta, 1873
2319:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:Saporta, 1892
2304:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2210:Hollick, 1927
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:Fagus pyrrhae
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:Fagus pygmaea
2169:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2144:Huzioka, 1951
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2111:Saporta, 1867
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2045:Saporta, 1882
2043:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1889:Fagus obscura
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:Fagus oblonga
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:Fagus oblonga
1863:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1838:Ananova, 1974
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:Fagus maorica
1786:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1729:(nomen nudum)
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1694:Huzioka, 1951
1692:
1691:
1690:Fagus koraica
1686:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:Fagus jonesii
1653:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1628:Ananova, 1974
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1580:Fagus incerta
1576:
1573:Göppert, 1855
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:Fagus horrida
1532:
1527:
1526:
1525:Fagus hookeri
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:Fagus herthae
1488:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1342:Watelet, 1866
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:Watelet, 1866
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1286:Göppert, 1855
1284:
1283:
1282:Fagus dentata
1278:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:Fagus coalita
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1110:Göppert, 1855
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1028:Fagus angusta
1024:
1019:
1018:
1017:Fagus ambigua
1013:
1008:
1007:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
989:
984:
983:
978:
977:
975:
974:
970:
955:
953:
949:
948:F. orientalis
946:
942:
938:
937:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:Distribution
921:
918:
915:
912:
911:
898:
894:
890:
889:
885:
882:
878:
877:
873:
868:
867:
863:
861:
860:
856:
851:
850:
846:
844:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
826:
823:
819:
818:
814:
811:South Korea (
810:
805:
804:
800:
798:
797:
793:
790:
787:Rehder &
785:
784:
780:
777:
773:
772:
768:
765:
761:
760:
756:
753:
749:
748:
744:
739:
738:
737:Fagus hayatae
734:
731:
727:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
709:
706:
702:
701:
697:
692:
688:
687:
683:
680:
676:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
661:Fagus crenata
658:
655:
651:
650:
646:
643:
639:
638:
637:Fagus chienii
634:
632:
631:
628:Distribution
627:
624:
621:
620:
617:
615:
605:
603:
599:
596:(principally
595:
591:
588:, as well as
587:
586:New Caledonia
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:Nothofagaceae
563:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:
521:
520:
515:
511:
510:
505:
504:
499:
498:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
477:
472:
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
457:
451:
447:
443:
439:
429:
427:
424:) and a high
423:
389:
384:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
354:
348:
347:
341:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:North America
279:
275:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
247:
241:
236:
232:
227:
226:
221:
218:
214:
210:
205:
204:
200:
197:
196:
192:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:Tracheophytes
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
80:
79:
73:
69:
64:
59:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7066:
6743:
6488:Heat bending
6433:Edge banding
6205:Router plane
6200:Rebate plane
6160:Finger plane
5891:
5595:
5589:
5569:
5563:Lignum vitae
5437:
5321:
5315:
5280:Wood carving
5255:Shipbuilding
5240:Root carving
5200:Log building
5165:Chip carving
5023:Paradise nut
4930:
4879:Black walnut
4853:Panda oleosa
4851:
4817:
4671:Beaked hazel
4621:
4548:
4535:
4510:. Retrieved
4495:
4488:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4365:
4361:
4348:
4305:
4301:
4288:
4277:. Retrieved
4273:
4263:
4247:
4227:
4220:
4192:. New York:
4188:
4178:
4167:. Retrieved
4163:
4154:
4135:
4129:
4112:
4107:
4090:
4085:
4070:Modal Fabric
4068:
4063:
4052:. Retrieved
4048:the original
4038:
4027:. Retrieved
4023:the original
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3996:
3987:
3978:
3967:. Retrieved
3963:
3953:
3933:
3927:
3918:
3899:
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3876:
3867:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3821:
3815:
3803:. Retrieved
3799:the original
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3773:the original
3763:
3752:. Retrieved
3748:
3736:
3727:
3716:. Retrieved
3688:
3682:
3672:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3615:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3580:
3574:
3553:. Retrieved
3551:. 2022-05-07
3548:
3539:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3341:
3315:FalconGuides
3310:
3284:
3280:
3209:The pigment
3208:
3186:
3182:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3128:
3100:
3098:in his work
3092:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3058:The textile
3057:
3042:
3030:smoked beers
3011:
3000:
2997:Eugène Atget
2992:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2886:
2879:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2810:
2806:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2762:, Scotland.
2745:
2742:
2739:
2715:
2714:
2701:
2664:
2624:
2622:
2606:
2595:
2584:
2573:
2562:
2551:
2540:
2529:
2518:
2507:
2496:
2485:
2474:
2467:
2458:
2447:
2442:(Beyer) Süss
2436:
2425:
2414:
2403:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2370:
2359:
2348:
2337:
2332:Panova, 1966
2326:
2316:
2312:
2301:
2297:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2259:
2248:
2237:
2226:
2215:
2204:
2193:
2182:
2171:
2160:
2155:Dawson, 1884
2149:
2138:
2133:Suzuki, 1959
2127:
2116:
2105:
2096:Fagus prisca
2094:
2083:
2072:
2061:
2050:
2039:
2035:(jr homonym)
2027:
2016:
2005:
1994:
1989:Okutsu, 1955
1983:
1972:
1967:Chaney, 1927
1961:
1951:
1947:
1936:
1932:
1920:
1909:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1871:Suzuki, 1959
1865:
1854:
1843:
1832:
1821:
1810:
1799:
1794:Oliver, 1936
1788:
1777:
1766:
1755:
1744:
1733:
1721:
1716:Rylova, 1996
1710:
1699:
1688:
1677:
1668:Fagus juliae
1666:
1655:
1650:Suzuki, 1961
1644:
1633:
1622:
1611:
1600:
1589:
1578:
1567:
1556:
1547:Fagus humata
1545:
1540:Ludwig, 1858
1534:
1523:
1512:
1501:
1490:
1485:Kováts, 1856
1479:
1468:
1463:Panova, 1966
1457:
1446:
1435:
1424:
1413:
1402:
1391:
1380:
1369:
1358:
1347:
1336:
1325:
1321:(jr homonym)
1313:
1302:
1291:
1280:
1269:
1258:
1247:
1242:Rylova, 1996
1236:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1192:
1181:
1170:
1159:
1154:Chaney, 1920
1148:
1137:
1132:Oliver, 1936
1126:
1115:
1104:
1093:
1089:(jr homonym)
1083:Fagus aspera
1081:
1072:Fagus aspera
1070:
1059:
1050:Fagus aperta
1048:
1037:
1026:
1015:
1004:
991:
980:
966:
952:F. sylvatica
951:
947:
934:
886:
864:
847:
827:
801:
783:Fagus lucida
781:
757:
735:
710:
684:
659:
635:
611:
559:
555:
539:
538:
529:
523:
517:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
479:
475:
473:
466:
460:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
435:
385:
376:
374:
360:Beeches are
359:
344:
321:smoked beers
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
258:
254:
253:
243:
223:
217:Type species
202:
201:
185:
149:
136:
123:
110:
76:
55:
6887:iNaturalist
6768:Wikispecies
6709:WikiProject
6655:Rift sawing
6645:Flat sawing
6533:Wood drying
6210:Scrub plane
6195:Razee plane
6145:Block plane
5999:Mitre clamp
5946:Wood scribe
5897:Combination
5639:Purpleheart
5335:Douglas fir
5285:Woodturning
5118:Occupations
5080:Woodworking
5033:Peanut tree
4993:Angiosperms
4966:Korean pine
4906:Gymnosperms
4840:Wild karuka
4686:Asian hazel
4553:Brady Haran
4512:2 September
4466:: 191–201.
4003:11 December
3883:13 November
3227:Switzerland
2944:Cultivation
2911:Lepidoptera
2896:sugar maple
2889:beech-maple
2882:leaf litter
2838:Pleistocene
2677:Beeches in
2468:F. ginannii
2365:Unger, 1850
2343:Tanai, 1995
2265:Tanai, 1976
2188:Unger, 1854
2177:Unger, 1861
2022:Deane, 1902
1978:Unger, 1847
1893:Dusén, 1908
1783:Unger, 1854
1683:Tanai, 1995
1595:Dusén, 1899
1452:Fiori, 1940
1408:Unger, 1845
1397:Unger, 1850
1315:Fagus dubia
1304:Fagus dubia
1297:Unger, 1847
1198:Unger, 1861
1165:Unger, 1847
1099:Unger, 1847
986:Tanai, 1951
973:Pleistocene
578:New Zealand
335:Description
182:Subfamily:
130:Angiosperms
7136:Categories
6664:Techniques
6613:Conversion
6543:Wood stain
6471:Treatments
6259:Birdsmouth
6225:Spokeshave
6175:Jack plane
6165:Fore plane
6004:Pipe clamp
5969:Band clamp
5893:Carpenters
5714:Engineered
5664:Rubberwood
5513:Eucalyptus
5317:Calocedrus
5230:Pyrography
5195:Kohlrosing
5001:Brazil nut
4981:Stone pine
4926:Ginkgo nut
4756:Breadfruit
4279:2011-11-18
4169:2019-10-07
4054:2012-11-22
4029:2012-05-17
3969:2020-11-15
3754:2019-08-07
3718:2019-02-22
3609:: 119–135.
3555:2023-04-24
3259:References
2993:Beech Tree
2802:Bøkeskogen
2464:Massalongo
2317:pliocenica
1827:Miki, 1933
1727:Heer, 1868
1639:Miki, 1963
1308:Mirb, 1822
1253:Heer, 1883
1043:Heer, 1858
969:Cretaceous
789:E.H.Wilson
582:New Guinea
561:Nothofagus
446:Engleriana
438:Engleriana
362:monoecious
294:Engleriana
286:Engleriana
18:Beech tree
7082:Q14920699
7067:Fagoideae
6453:Parquetry
6448:Oystering
6443:Marquetry
6284:Butterfly
5951:Workbench
5883:Sandpaper
5863:Mitre box
5808:Drawknife
5798:Burnisher
5783:Abrasives
5732:Hardboard
5393:Afromosia
5275:Whittling
5225:Parquetry
5210:Marquetry
5155:Certosina
5150:Carpentry
5140:Cabinetry
5087:Overviews
5006:Macadamia
4939:Bunya nut
4932:Araucaria
4884:Butternut
4869:Pistachio
4859:Pekea nut
4781:Gabon nut
4746:Betel nut
4698:Kurrajong
4644:Candlenut
4607:True, or
4549:Test Tube
4212:277203364
3333:560560606
3189:), while
3175:Bulgarian
3068:cellulose
3038:andouille
3022:autolysis
3018:Budweiser
3003:1910–1915
2820:in 2007.
2756:Meikleour
2750:) is the
2727:Chilterns
2681:, Germany
2679:Ehrenbach
2619:Etymology
2386:include:
2302:diluviana
1952:palibinii
919:Parentage
813:Ulleungdo
642:W.C.Cheng
598:Patagonia
590:Argentina
574:Australia
552:chestnuts
329:andouille
313:Budweiser
267:deciduous
186:Fagoideae
100:Kingdom:
7116:VASCAN:
7076:Wikidata
7039:VASCAN:
7032:40008464
7027:Tropicos
6753:Wikidata
6699:Category
6478:Adhesive
6458:Purfling
6438:Intarsia
6379:Profiles
6304:Dovetail
6243:Geometry
6082:Hand saw
6067:Crosscut
6052:Circular
6047:Chainsaw
5994:Holdfast
5659:Rosewood
5591:American
5586:Mahogany
5558:Jelutong
5528:Hornbeam
5493:Cocobolo
5488:Chestnut
5403:Andiroba
5215:Millwork
5180:Intarsia
5175:Fretwork
5170:Ébéniste
5099:Glossary
4951:Pine nut
4894:Heartnut
4864:Pili nut
4847:Mongongo
4825:Jack nut
4708:Palm nut
4693:Kola nut
4661:Hazelnut
4649:Chestnut
4639:Breadnut
4555:for the
4460:Geoderma
4400:16930894
4340:21130814
4186:(2009).
4117:Archived
4095:Archived
4073:Archived
3805:4 August
3779:4 August
3705:15937744
3531:21708548
3482:33581227
3474:23644392
3427:83666988
3386:21652485
3293:28329966
3237:See also
3217:. Beech
3014:firewood
2921:Diseases
2067:Li, 1982
1937:fossilis
1926:Kul'kova
1231:Li, 1978
956:Eurasia
853:C.C.Yang
693:ex Diels
544:Fagaceae
432:Taxonomy
343:Leaf of
309:firewood
274:Fagaceae
238:Species
176:Fagaceae
172:Family:
143:Eudicots
6980:1028998
6918:1306833
6905:13497-1
6866:2874875
6719:Commons
6635:Whipsaw
6630:Sawmill
6523:Varnish
6518:Thermal
6493:Lacquer
6428:Binding
6397:Chamfer
6264:Biscuit
6230:Surform
6122:Whipsaw
6092:Keyhole
6077:Fretsaw
6057:Compass
6042:Bucksaw
6032:Bandsaw
6027:Backsaw
6009:Sawbuck
5979:F-clamp
5974:C-clamp
5848:Jointer
5752:Plywood
5704:Zebrano
5644:Ovankol
5609:Meranti
5597:African
5568:Linden
5523:Hickory
5478:Cedrela
5473:Camphor
5468:Bubinga
5463:Boxwood
5443:Bilinga
5428:Avodire
5345:Juniper
5330:Cypress
5205:Luthier
5094:History
5038:Soybean
4786:Hickory
4771:Coconut
4681:Filbert
4468:Bibcode
4427:Bibcode
4370:Bibcode
4310:Bibcode
3713:3209281
3523:2446139
3454:Bibcode
3378:4126078
3195:Slovene
3171:Russian
2876:Ecology
998:Hollick
971:to the
899:Europe
745:Taiwan
608:Species
570:Fagales
558:(genus
534:Miocene
415:⁄
405:⁄
395:⁄
366:catkins
278:Eurasia
261:) is a
198:Genus:
166:Fagales
162:Order:
104:Plantae
7001:PLANTS
6964:NZOR:
6853:112623
6840:112623
6814:107351
6759:Q25403
6625:Hewing
6364:Splice
6319:Halved
6314:Groove
6309:Finger
6289:Coping
6274:Bridle
6251:Joints
6132:Planes
6117:Veneer
6107:Scroll
6102:Ripsaw
6087:Jigsaw
6062:Coping
5961:Clamps
5888:Square
5878:Shaper
5873:Router
5853:Mallet
5828:Gimlet
5803:Chisel
5699:Willow
5689:Walnut
5679:Totara
5669:Sapele
5634:Poplar
5619:Padauk
5581:Merbau
5553:Jarrah
5538:Imbuia
5533:Idigbo
5498:Cumaru
5483:Cherry
5408:Anigre
5370:Spruce
5323:Cedrus
5190:Khatam
5145:Caning
5108:lumber
5028:Peanut
4874:Walnut
4830:Karuka
4776:Durian
4761:Cashew
4736:Almond
4728:Drupes
4532:"WCSP"
4503:
4398:
4338:
4270:"Book"
4235:
4210:
4200:
4142:
3940:
3906:
3828:
3711:
3703:
3529:
3521:
3480:
3472:
3425:
3384:
3376:
3331:
3321:
3291:
3219:litter
3211:bistre
3083:walnut
2892:climax
2798:Larvik
2794:Bergen
2789:spruce
2649:Greece
2639:, the
2280:, 2005
2278:et al.
834:Lipsky
794:China
769:Japan
764:Maxim.
698:China
691:Seemen
672:Japan
554:. The
528:, and
506:, and
465:, and
444:. The
426:tannin
422:acorns
191:K.Koch
156:Rosids
61:Beech
7142:Fagus
7109:53734
7006:FAGUS
6993:55969
6957:21024
6931:19461
6913:IRMNG
6892:49203
6827:1FAUG
6801:8VXN4
6788:60881
6774:Fagus
6744:Fagus
6503:Paint
6412:Ovolo
6407:Ogive
6392:Bevel
6359:Scarf
6344:Miter
6112:Table
6097:Miter
6072:Frame
5989:Gripe
5905:Speed
5901:Miter
5833:Gauge
5823:Float
5818:Fence
5813:Drill
5771:Tools
5694:Wenge
5684:Utile
5649:Ramin
5604:Maple
5576:Lovoa
5548:Iroko
5518:Hazel
5503:Ebony
5448:Birch
5438:Beech
5433:Balsa
5423:Aspen
5418:Apple
5398:Alder
5355:Kauri
5350:Larch
5312:Cedar
5295:Woods
5270:Treen
4935:spp.
4914:Cycad
4796:Pecan
4622:Beech
4617:Acorn
4396:S2CID
4358:(PDF)
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