31:
42:
136:
58:
50:
66:
167:. With the leafcutter bee, as in most such bees, when the pollen ball is complete, the female lays an egg on top of the pollen ball, and seals the brood cell. The egg hatches and the larva consumes the pollen directly; the pollen is not stored separately from the brood. This method of pollen usage can also be seen in the wood-nesting bee species
155:
Foraging bees bring pollen back to the hive, where they pass it off to other worker bees, who pack the pollen into cells with their heads. During collection and possibly packing, the pollen is mixed with nectar and bee salivary secretions, signalling the start of the lactic fermentation process. Bee
151:
Forager bees that gather pollen do not eat it themselves, since they stop producing the proteolytic enzymes necessary to digest it when they transition to foraging. The foragers unload the pollen they gather directly into open cells located at the interface between the brood and stored honey,
214:
Although there is no specific chemical composition, the average composition is said to be 40–60% simple sugars (fructose and glucose), 20–60% proteins, 3% minerals and vitamins, 1–32% fatty acids, and 5% diverse other components. Bee bread is a niche for yeasts and bacteria, including
147:
species) pollen is stored in the chambers of the hives. It differs from field-gathered pollen as honeybee secretions induce a fermentation process, where biochemical transformations break down the walls of flower pollen grains and render the nutrients more readily available.
211:, with no two samples of bee pollen being exactly identical. Accordingly, chemical and nutritional analyses of bee pollen apply only to the specific samples being tested and cannot be extrapolated to samples gathered in other places or other times.
254:
Potential risks of consuming bee pollen include contamination by fungal mycotoxins, pesticides, or toxic metals. Bee pollen is safe for short term use, but for those with pollen allergies, allergic reactions may occur (shortness of breath,
990:
after years of research, scientists still cannot confirm that bee pollen has any health benefits", "medical research has not shown that bee pollen is effective for any of these health concerns
1010:
431:
560:
690:
1040:
1002:
239:. Despite this microbial diversity, stored pollen is a preservation environment similar to honey, and contains consistently low microbial biomass.
858:
Anderson, Kirk E.; Carroll, Mark J.; Sheehan, Tim; Lanan, Michele C.; Mott, Brendon M.; Maes, Patrick; Corby-Harris, Vanessa (5 November 2014).
977:
454:
608:
Gerling, Dan; Hurd, Paul David; Hefetz, Abraham (1983). Comparative behavioral biology of two Middle East species of carpenter bees (
163:
typically form pollen into balls; these are primarily ground-nesting bees or twig-nesting bees, most of which are solitary, such as
152:
creating a typical band of what is called bee bread – the substance which is the main food source for honeybee larvae and workers.
555:
660:
842:
519:
448:
525:
860:"Hive-stored pollen of honey bees: many lines of evidence are consistent with pollen preservation, not nutrient conversion"
251:
as a treatment for a variety of medical conditions. Bee bread is rich in micronutrients, minerals, and phenolic compounds.
379:
Denisow, Bożena; Denisow-Pietrzyk, Marta (2016-10-01). "Biological and therapeutic properties of bee pollen: a review".
546:
267:
has warned against the use of some bee pollen products because they are adulterated with unapproved drugs including
487:
207:
gather the pollen, and can vary from hour to hour, day to day, week to week, colony to colony, even in the same
583:
1063:
1069:
1126:
1092:
1036:
1032:
1006:
264:
430:
Mutsaers, Marieke; van
Blitterswijk, Henk; van‘t Leven, Leen; Kerkvliet, Jaap; van de Waerdt, Jan (2005).
917:"Stingless Bee-Collected Pollen (Bee Bread): Chemical and Microbiology Properties and Health Benefits"
612:
Latreille)(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian
Contributions to Zoology. Smithsonian Institution Press.
17:
969:
139:
Vertical dissection of cells from a comb, showing the packing of different types of pollen over time
195:, other well-known honeybee products that are gathered rather than secreted (i.e., in contrast to
1136:
263:). Bee pollen is not safe for pregnant women and should not be used during breastfeeding. The
1121:
1131:
871:
388:
216:
30:
915:
Mohammad, Salma
Malihah; Mahmud-Ab-Rashid, Nor-Khaizura; Zawawi, Norhasnida (2021-10-12).
689:
Mohammad, Salma
Malihah; Mahmud-Ab-Rashid, Nor-Khaizura; Zawawi, Norhasnida (2020-08-25).
231:
spp., and others. A study of bee pollen samples showed that they may contain 188 kinds of
8:
1116:
169:
1003:"Public Notification: "Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen Capsules" Contains Hidden Drug Ingredient"
875:
392:
943:
916:
892:
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725:
104:
41:
1098:
948:
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838:
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412:
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175:
135:
70:
622:
Mohammad, Salma
Malihah; Mahmud-Ab-Rashid, Nor-Khaizura; Zawawi, Norhasnida (2020).
938:
928:
887:
879:
801:
760:
709:
668:
639:
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713:
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for humans and marketed as having various, but yet unproven, health benefits.
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344:
308:
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96:
35:
547:"Examination of "pollen Balls" in the nests of the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee,
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952:
901:
691:"Probiotic properties of bacteria isolated from bee bread of stingless bee
644:
623:
416:
312:
292:
268:
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196:
57:
624:"Botanical Origin and Nutritional Values of Bee Bread of Stingless Bee (
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204:
203:), the exact chemical composition depends on the plants from which the
116:
112:
883:
400:
115:, and a small percentage of other components. Bee pollen is stored in
49:
479:
284:
256:
248:
164:
65:
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236:
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192:
95:, and used as the primary food source for the hive. It consists of
92:
200:
108:
100:
1033:"FDA warns consumers not to use Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen capsules"
303:, or milk protein, but they often fail to provide the essential
232:
208:
88:
914:
688:
621:
973:
296:
188:
120:
480:"Chapter 2:Pollen: Nutrition, Functional Properties, Health"
857:
124:
584:"Vernal pool flowers and their specialist bee pollinators"
300:
288:
283:
There are several artificial pollen diets available for
378:
156:
pollen is the primary source of protein for the hive.
501:
486:. Vol. 2. Bee Product Science. pp. 1–31.
830:
790:"Microbiology of Pollen and Bee Bread: The Yeasts"
507:
345:"Microbiology of pollen and bee bread: the yeasts"
278:
745:"Microbiology of Pollen and Bee Bread: The Genus
433:Bee products properties, processing and marketing
1108:
287:that incorporate a variety of ingredients like
119:, mixed with saliva, and sealed with a drop of
508:Sammataro, Diana; Avitabile, Alphonse (1998).
381:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
242:
658:
27:Ball of pollen gathered by worker honeybees
61:Frozen bee pollen, a human food supplement
942:
932:
891:
805:
764:
643:
586:. California Vernal Pools. Archived from
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964:
962:
514:. Cornell University Press. p. 60.
477:
134:
87:, is a ball or pellet of field-gathered
69:Bee bread: the bee pollen stored in the
64:
56:
48:
40:
29:
787:
742:
556:United States Department of Agriculture
443:: Agromisa Foundation. pp. 34–35.
342:
14:
1109:
970:"Bee Pollen Benefits and Side Effects"
652:
1061:
1043:from the original on January 28, 2017
959:
828:
822:
581:
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563:from the original on 9 February 2012
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372:
1013:from the original on April 16, 2014
980:from the original on April 16, 2014
539:
24:
1070:USDA Agricultural Research Service
25:
1148:
1086:
582:Thorp, Robbin W. (5 March 2013).
559:. Agricultural Research Service.
423:
369:
1055:
1025:
995:
908:
851:
781:
736:
702:Journal of Apicultural Research
682:
659:Staff writer (September 2011).
615:
528:from the original on 2020-06-25
490:from the original on 2019-07-19
315:needed by honeybees to thrive.
307:(such as lipids and proteins),
279:Alternative diets for honeybees
602:
471:
336:
325:
247:Bee pollen has been touted by
182:
13:
1:
1065:Microalgae is the Bee's Knees
714:10.1080/00218839.2020.1801152
318:
311:(vitamins and minerals), and
123:. Bee pollen is harvested as
1037:Food and Drug Administration
1007:Food and Drug Administration
829:Black, Jacquelyn G. (2004).
265:Food and Drug Administration
7:
10:
1153:
478:Bogdanov, Stefan (2017) .
332:Oxford Canadian Dictionary
243:Use as a health supplement
130:
934:10.3390/molecules26040957
788:Gilliam, Martha (1979).
743:Gilliam, Martha (1979).
511:The Beekeeper's Handbook
343:Gilliam, Martha (1979).
1062:Jiang, Georgia (2021),
837:. John Wiley and Sons.
632:Journal of Food Quality
807:10.1051/apido:19790106
766:10.1051/apido:19790304
665:Keeping-Honey-Bees.com
362:10.1051/apido:19790106
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46:
38:
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52:
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33:
1009:. October 24, 2012.
661:"What Is Bee Bread?"
645:10.1155/2020/2845757
217:lactic acid bacteria
1127:Dietary supplements
876:2014MolEc..23.5904A
693:Heterotrigona itama
626:Heterotrigona itama
549:Megachile rotundata
393:2016JSFA...96.4303D
170:Xylocopa sulcatipes
141:
74:
63:
55:
47:
39:
1099:Xylocopa sonorina
1039:. April 7, 2014.
884:10.1111/mec.12966
870:(23): 5904–5917.
864:Molecular Ecology
844:978-0-471-42084-2
590:on 7 October 2018
521:978-0-8014-8503-9
450:978-90-8573-028-6
401:10.1002/jsfa.7729
387:(13): 4303–4309.
176:Xylocopa sonorina
91:packed by worker
16:(Redirected from
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1093:Producing Pollen
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667:. Archived from
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259:, swelling, and
235:and 29 kinds of
159:Bees other than
79:, also known as
53:Fresh bee pollen
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222:Bifidobacterium
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165:leafcutter bees
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143:In honeybees (
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34:Honeybee with
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45:A pollen trap
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1122:Bee products
1103:Example bee)
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1132:Pollination
708:: 172–187.
293:corn gluten
269:sibutramine
261:anaphylaxis
205:worker bees
197:royal jelly
183:Composition
117:brood cells
113:fatty acids
1117:Beekeeping
1111:Categories
927:(4): 957.
794:Apidologie
753:Apidologie
675:2011-10-07
532:2018-04-03
494:2022-04-04
464:2018-04-03
441:Wageningen
349:Apidologie
319:References
249:herbalists
77:Bee pollen
1075:16 August
1047:April 16,
1017:April 16,
984:April 16,
921:Molecules
816:0044-8435
775:0044-8435
730:225208290
722:0021-8839
594:5 October
409:1097-0010
355:: 45–53.
285:honeybees
93:honeybees
81:bee bread
18:Bee bread
1041:Archived
1011:Archived
978:Archived
953:33670262
902:25319366
747:Bacillus
638:: 1–12.
610:Xylocopa
561:Archived
526:Archived
488:Archived
417:27013064
237:bacteria
228:Bacillus
193:propolis
109:vitamins
105:minerals
85:ambrosia
944:7917892
893:4285803
872:Bibcode
389:Bibcode
201:beeswax
131:Details
101:protein
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209:apiary
974:WebMD
726:S2CID
698:(PDF)
458:(PDF)
437:(PDF)
297:yeast
257:hives
233:fungi
189:honey
187:Like
121:honey
71:combs
1077:2021
1049:2014
1019:2014
986:2014
949:PMID
898:PMID
839:ISBN
812:ISSN
771:ISSN
718:ISSN
636:2020
596:2012
569:2011
516:ISBN
445:ISBN
413:PMID
405:ISSN
271:and
199:and
191:and
173:and
161:Apis
145:Apis
125:food
107:and
83:and
939:PMC
929:doi
888:PMC
880:doi
802:doi
761:doi
710:doi
640:doi
397:doi
357:doi
301:egg
289:soy
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