Bethlem Royal Hospital

1299:. In 1791, Bethlem's Surveyor, Henry Holland, presented a report to the Governors detailing an extensive list of the building's deficiencies including structural defects and uncleanliness and estimated that repairs would take five years to complete at a cost of £8,660: only a fraction of this sum was allocated and by the end of the decade it was clear that the problem had been largely unaddressed. Holland's successor to the post of Surveyor, James Lewis, was charged in 1799 with compiling a new report on the building's condition. Presenting his findings to the Governors the following year, Lewis declared the building "incurable" and opined that further investment in anything other than essential repairs would be financially imprudent. He was, however, careful to insulate the Governors from any criticism concerning Bethlem's physical dilapidation as, rather than decrying either Hooke's design or the structural impact of additions, he castigated the slipshod nature of its rapid construction. Lewis observed that it had been partly built on land called "the Town Ditch", a receptacle for rubbish, and this provided little support for a building whose span extended to over 500 feet (150 m). He also noted that the brickwork was not on any foundation but laid "on the surface of the soil, a few inches below the present floor", while the walls, overburdened by the weight of the roofs, were "neither sound, upright nor level". 2373:(2006) claimed "As late as 1815, if a report presented to the House of Commons is to be believed, Bethlem Hospital showed its lunatics every Sunday for one penny. The annual revenue from those visits amounted to almost 400 pounds which means that an astonishing 96,000 visitors came to see the mad each year." As Andrews et al. have noted, none of the claims in the above paragraph have any basis in fact. The notional figure of 96,000 visitors, which was first applied to the eighteenth century, derives from the original archival research of O'Donoghue and his 1914 history of the hospital. From this source Robert R. Reed arrived at the above dubious calculation of visitations per annum by dividing the contents of the Bethlem poors' box for a single year by the supposed entrance fee per person. However, there is no credible evidence to suggest that there was an official entrance charge of one penny, there is no way of knowing how much individual visitors donated and the figure of £400 includes the entirety of the contents of the poors' box and hence all the charitable donations that Bethlem received. It is likely that Foucault's source is Reed, and he transposes it to the nineteenth century. The report of the parliamentary inquiry of 1815–16 does not support any of his claims. The impossibility of his account is underlined by the fact that Sunday visits were banned in 1657 and public visitations were curtailed from 1770. 1140: 1083: 1586:, a Quaker land agent and leading advocate of lunacy reform. He visited Bethlem several times during the late spring and early summer of 1814. His inspections were of the old hospital at the Moorfields site, which was then in a state of disrepair; much of it was uninhabitable and the patient population had been significantly reduced. Contrary to the tenets of moral treatment, Wakefield found that the patients in the galleries were not classified in any logical manner as both highly disturbed and quiescent patients were mixed together indiscriminately. Later, when reporting on the chained and naked state of many patients, Wakefield sought to describe their conditions in such a way as to maximise the horror of the scene while decrying the apparently bestial treatment of inmates and the thuggish nature of the asylum keepers. Wakefield's account focused on one patient in particular, James Norris, an American marine reported to be 55 years of age who had been detained in Bethlem since 1 February 1800. Housed in the incurable wing of the hospital, Norris had been continuously restrained for about a decade in a harness apparatus which severely restricted his movement. Wakefield stated that: 777: 1010: 843:

arrangement was not significantly different in the sixteenth century. Although inmates, if deemed dangerous or disturbing, were chained or locked up, Bethlem was an otherwise open building with its inhabitants at liberty to roam around its confines and possibly the local neighbourhood. The neighbouring inhabitants would have been quite familiar with the condition of the hospital as in the 1560s, and probably for some considerable time before that, those who lacked a lavatory in their own homes had to walk through "the west end of the long house of Bethlem" to access the rear of the hospital and reach the "common Jacques". Typically the hospital appears to have been a receptacle for the very disturbed and troublesome and this fact lends some credence to accounts such as that provided by Donald Lupton in the 1630s who described the "cryings, screechings, roarings, brawlings, shaking of chaines, swearings, frettings, chaffings" that he observed.

1046:. At the rear and containing the courtyards where patients exercised and took the air, the walls rose to 14 feet (4.3 m) high. The front walls were only 8 feet (2.4 m) high but this was deemed sufficient as it was determined that "Lunatikes... are not to permitted to walk in the yard to be situate betweene the said intended new Building and the Wall aforesaid." It was also hoped that by keeping these walls relatively low the splendour of the new building would not be overly obscured. This concern to maximise the building's visibility led to the addition of six gated openings 10 feet (3.0 m) wide which punctuated the front wall at regular intervals, enabling views of the facade. Functioning as both advertisement and warning of what lay within, the stone pillars enclosing the entrance gates were capped by the figures of "Melancholy" and "Raving Madness" carved in Portland stone by the Danish-born sculptor 930:" with many acting as visiting physicians to, presiding over, or even, as with the Monros and their predecessor Thomas Allen, establishing their own mad-houses. Initially both surgeons and apothecaries were also without salary and their hospital income was solely dependent upon their presentation of bills for attendance to the Court of Governors. This system was frequently abused and the bills presented were often deemed exorbitant by the Board of Governors. The problem of financial exploitation was partly rectified in 1676, when surgeons received a salary, and from the mid-eighteenth century elected apothecaries were likewise salaried and normally resident within the hospital. Dating from this latter change, the vast majority of medical responsibilities within the institution were undertaken by the sole resident medical officer, the apothecary, owing to the relatively irregular attendance of the physician and surgeon. 1211:... you find yourself in a long and wide gallery, on either side of which are a large number of little cells where lunatics of every description are shut up, and you can get a sight of these poor creatures, little windows being let into the doors. Many inoffensive madmen walk in the big gallery. On the second floor is a corridor and cells like those on the first floor, and this is the part reserved for dangerous maniacs, most of them being chained and terrible to behold. On holidays numerous persons of both sexes, but belonging generally to the lower classes, visit this hospital and amuse themselves watching these unfortunate wretches, who often give them cause for laughter. On leaving this melancholy abode, you are expected by the porter to give him a penny but if you happen to have no change and give him a silver coin, he will keep the whole sum and return you nothing 1480:

hospitals, and admissions to Bethlem, sections of which were deemed uninhabitable, were significantly curtailed such that the patient population fell from 266 in 1800 to 119 in 1814. Financial obstacles to the proposed move remained significant. A national press campaign to solicit donations from the public was launched in 1805. Parliament was successfully lobbied to provide £10,000 for the fund under an agreement whereby the Bethlem Governors would provide permanent accommodation for any lunatic soldiers or sailors of the French Wars. Early interest in relocating the hospital to a site at Gossey Fields had to be abandoned due to financial constraints and stipulations in the lease for Moorfields that precluded its resale. Instead, the Governors engaged in protracted negotiations with the City to swap the Moorfields site for another municipally-owned location at

1590:... a stout iron ring was riveted about his neck, from which a short chain passed to a ring made to slide upwards and downwards on an upright massive iron bar, more than six feet high, inserted into the wall. Round his body a strong iron bar about two inches wide was riveted; on each side of the bar was a circular projection, which being fashioned to and enclosing each of his arms, pinioned them close to his sides. This waist bar was secured by two similar iron bars which, passing over his shoulders, were riveted to the waist both before and behind. The iron ring about his neck was connected to the bars on his shoulders by a double link. From each of these bars another short chain passed to the ring on the upright bar ... He had remained thus encaged and chained more than twelve years. 1645: 1339: 998: 1542:. Problems with the building were soon noted as the steam heating did not function properly, the basement galleries were damp and the windows of the upper storeys were unglazed "so that the sleeping cells were either exposed to the full blast of cold air or were completely darkened". Although glass was placed in the windows in 1816, the Governors initially supported their decision to leave them unglazed on the basis that it provided ventilation and so prevented the build-up of "the disagreable effluvias peculiar to all madhouses". Faced with increased admissions and overcrowding, new buildings, designed by the architect 1418: 910:, a model adopted from the royal hospitals. The medical staff were elected by the Court of Governors and, in a bid to prevent profiteering at the expense of patients that had reached its apogee in Crooke's era, they were all eventually salaried with limited responsibility for the financial affairs of the hospital. Personal connections, interests and occasionally royal favour were pivotal factors in the appointment of physicians, but by the measure of the times appointees were well qualified as almost all were Oxford or Cambridge graduates and a significant number were candidates for or fellows of the 65: 1765: 331: 964:" reigned supreme as all patients, barring those deemed incurable, could expect to be bled and blistered and then dosed with emetics and purgatives. Indiscriminately applied, these curative measures were administered with the most cursory physical examination, if any, and with sufficient excess to risk not only health but also life. Such was the violence of the standard medical course, "involving voiding of the bowels, vomiting, scarification, sores and bruises," that patients were regularly discharged or refused admission if they were deemed unfit to survive the physical onslaught. 1844:, who has supported the Lewis family throughout their campaign, said the jury had reached the most damning possible conclusions on the actions of police and medics. "This was a most horrific death. Eleven police officers were involved in holding down a terrified young man until his complete collapse, legs and hands bound in limb restraints, while mental health staff stood by. Officers knew the dangers of this restraint but chose to go against clear, unequivocal training. Evidence heard at this inquest begs the question of how racial stereotyping informed Seni's brutal treatment." 7945: 1243:

functioned as a moral exemplum of what might happen if the passions and appetites were allowed to dethrone reason. As one mid-eighteenth-century correspondent commented: " better lesson be taught us in any part of the globe than in this school of misery. Here we may see the mighty reasoners of the earth, below even the insects that crawl upon it; and from so humbling a sight we may learn to moderate our pride, and to keep those passions within bounds, which if too much indulged, would drive reason from her seat, and level us with the wretches of this unhappy mansion".

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Bethlem beyond the appointment of keepers, conducted an inspection of the hospital and a census of its inhabitants for the first time in over 40 years. Their purpose was "to view and puse the defaultes and want of repacons". They found that during the period of Sleford's keepership the hospital buildings had fallen into a deplorable condition with the roof caving in and the kitchen sink blocked, and reported that "...it is not fitt for anye man to dwell in wch was left by the Keeper for that it is so loathsomly filthely kept not fit for any man to come into the house".

1555: 1202:"one hundred people at least" were to be found visiting Bethlem's inmates. Evidently Bethlem was a popular attraction, yet there is no credible basis to calculate the annual number of visitors. The claim, still sometimes made, that Bethlem received 96,000 visitors annually is speculative in the extreme. Nevertheless, it has been established that the pattern of visiting was highly seasonal and concentrated around holiday periods. As Sunday visiting was severely curtailed in 1650 and banned seven years later, the peak periods became Christmas, Easter, and 750:, took control and, as with the king's appointees, the office was used to reward loyal servants and friends. Compared to the masters placed by the monarch, those who gained the position through the city were of much more modest status. In 1561, the Lord Mayor succeeded in having his former porter, Richard Munnes, a draper by trade, appointed to the position. The sole qualification of his successor in 1565, a man by the name of Edward Rest, appears to have been his occupation as a grocer. Rest died in 1571, at which point the keepership passed on to 7737: 865:, relying on "gifts in kind" for basic provisions, and the resources available to the steward to purchase foodstuffs was dependent upon the goodwill of the keeper. Patients were fed twice a day on a "lowering diet" (an intentionally reduced and plain diet) consisting of bread, meat, oatmeal, butter, cheese, and generous amounts of beer. It is likely that daily meals alternated between meat and dairy products, almost entirely lacking in fruit or vegetables. That the portions appear to have been inadequate also likely reflected contemporary 516: 1054: 623: 1308: 891: 339: 1880: 52: 8451: 1114:

of civic commitment could also serve to advance the claims to social status or political advantage of its Governors and supporters. However, while consideration of patients' needs may have been distinctly secondary, they were not absent. For instance, both the placement of the hospital in the open space of Moorfields and the form of the building with its large cells and well-lit galleries had been chosen to provide "health and Aire" in accordance with the

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of management laid down by early office-holders, his tenure as keeper was distinguished by his irregular attendance at the hospital and the avid appropriation of its funds as his own. Such were the depredations of his regime that an inspection by the Governors in 1631 reported that the patients were "likely to starve". Charges against his conduct were brought before the Governors in 1632. Crooke's royal favour having dissolved with the death of James I,

1174:, where he observed that "thou shalt in Bedleem see one laugh at the knocking of his head against a post". As More occupied a variety of official positions that might have occasioned his calling to the hospital and as he lived nearby, his visit provides no compelling evidence that public visitation was widespread during the sixteenth century. The first apparently definitive documentation of public visiting derives from a 1610 record which details 1520:, consisted of a central block with two wings of three storeys on either side. Female patients occupied the west wing and males the east; as at Moorfields, the cells were located off galleries that traversed each wing. Each gallery contained only one toilet, a sink and cold baths. Incontinent patients were kept on beds of straw in cells in the basement gallery; this space also contained rooms with fireplaces for attendants. A wing for the 8475: 8487: 8463: 72: 1496: 2297:

offered by the galleries. However, iron grates with a door to allow visitors to pass through them were installed in 1689 and presumably it is from this date patients who were not otherwise violent were permitted to walk the galleries. Patients, if deemed well enough, could use the rear yards for exercise both before and after this date. This allowed them to "take the aire in order to their Recovery".

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refer to admissions they thought this unlikely given that the Bridewell Governors in the same line had already disparaged the hospital's patient accommodation. Instead, they argue, a more plausible interpretation is that it evinces the concern of the Governors that the hospital conditions might dissuade public visitors which they were anxious to increase as a means of augmenting Bethlem's revenues.

450:, in medieval usage, "an institution supported by charity or taxes for the care of the needy". The subordination of the priory's religious order to the bishops of Bethlehem was further underlined in the foundational charter, which stipulated that the prior, canons, and inmates were to wear a star upon their cloaks and capes to symbolise their obedience to the church of Bethlehem. 1129:(1666). It would be regarded, during this period at least, as one of the "Prime Ornaments of the City ... and a noble Monument to Charity". Not least due to the increase in visitor numbers that the new building allowed, the hospital's fame and latterly infamy grew and this magnificently expanded Bethlem shaped English and international depictions of madness and its treatment. 763:

paid for out of the hospital's resources, one was supported by a parochial authority, and the rest were provided for by family, friends, benefactors or, in one instance, out of their own funds. The reason for the Governors' new-found interest in Bethlem is unknown but it may have been connected to the increased scrutiny the hospital was coming under with the passing of

1546:, were added from the 1830s. The wing for criminal lunatics was increased to accommodate a further 30 men while additions to the east and west wings, extending the building's façade, provided space for an additional 166 inmates and a dome was added to the hospital chapel. At the end of this period of expansion Bethlem had a capacity for 364 patients. 834:

intended for patients had been typically misappropriated by the hospital steward, either for his own use or to be sold to the inmates. If patients lacked resources to trade with the steward they often went hungry. These findings resulted in the dismissal in disgrace of Crooke, the last of the old-style keepers, along with his steward on 24 May 1633.

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victualers, or brewers, and the like. When patients were sent to Bethlem by the Governors of the Bridewell the keeper was paid from hospital funds. For the remainder, keepers were paid either by the families and friends of inmates or by the parish authorities. It is possible that keepers negotiated their fees for these latter categories of patients.

2233:, made significant advances throughout the eighteenth century but medical treatment remained largely moribund. Despite a declining intellectual foundation, the humoral-based medical practices of depletion and purgation, later called antiphlogistic (anti-inflammatory) therapy, had undergone little change since the time of 1295:

the Moorfields building was onerous and the capacity of the Governors to meet these demands was stymied by shortfalls in Bethlem's income in the 1780s occasioned by the bankruptcy of its treasurer; further monetary strains were imposed in the following decade by inflationary wage and provision costs in the context of the

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mad as animalistic and dirty, fit to be kept on a bed of straw, appear to have promoted an acceptance of hospital squalor. However, this was an age with very different standards of public and personal hygiene when people typically were quite willing to urinate or defecate in the street or even in their own fireplaces.

1038:. He constructed an edifice that was monumental in scale at over 500 feet (150 m) wide and some 40 feet (12 m) deep. The surrounding walls were some 680 feet (210 m) long and 70 feet (21 m) deep while the south face at the rear was effectively screened by a 714-foot (218 m) stretch of 2330:

This position, argued by Andrews et al., principally relies on a reading of the last line of the report of the 1598 visitation, quoted above, which refers to the fact that Bethlem was then "so loathsomely and filthely, kept not fitt for any man to come into". While conceding that "come into" here may

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fee – probably grew out of the monastic custom of almsgiving to the poor. While a substantial proportion of such monies undoubtedly found their way into the hands of staff rather than the hospital poors' box, Bethlem profited considerably from such charity, collecting on average between £300 and

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Although Bethlem had been enlarged by 1667 to accommodate 59 patients, the Court of Governors of Bethlem and Bridewell observed at the start of 1674 that "the Hospitall House of Bethlem is very olde, weake & ruinous and to small and streight for keepeing the greater numbr of lunaticks therein att

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were used in their cells. Unsurprisingly, inmates left to brood in their cells with their own excreta were, on occasion, liable to throw such "filth & Excremt" into the hospital yard or onto staff and visitors. Lack of facilities combined with patient incontinence and prevalent conceptions of the

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John Mell's death in 1579 left the keepership open for the long-term keeper Roland Sleford, a London cloth-maker, who left his post in 1598, apparently of his own volition, after a 19-year tenure. Two months later, the Bridewell Governors, who had until then shown little interest in the management of

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The initial attempts by Wakefield to gain access to Bethlem were rebuffed by the hospital authorities who were particularly keen to protect Bethlem's image at a time when they were applying to parliament for funds to finance the move to Southwark. Wakefield, mindful of the difficulties reformers had

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The image shows a shaven-head and near-naked Rakewell in one of galleries of Bethlem, reclining in a position reminiscent of one of Cibber's figures. An attendant (barely visible in this painted version) is in the process of manacling his leg. The figure standing over Rakewell wearing a wig and with

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The Governors debated whether to install iron grates at the entrance to the galleries, which would have allowed patients the freedom to walk in them while preventing intercourse between male and female patients. This proposal was resisted, however, by those who thought it would have spoiled the view

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An Act to provide for the removal of the Bethlem Hospital to the Monks Orchard Estate at Addington in Surrey and Beckenham and West Wickham in Kent and for the disposal of the existing hospital premises and convalescent home and the vesting of the said hospital premises or part thereof in the London

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essential for the institution's survival. This was particularly the case in raising funds to pay for major projects of expansion such as the rebuilding project at Moorfields or the addition of the Incurables Division in 1725–39 with accommodation for more than 100 patients. These highly visible acts

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Thomas Jenner, after a campaign in which he had castigated his rival for being "unskilful in the practice of medicine". While this may appear to provide evidence of the early recognition by the Governors that the inmates of Bethlem required medical care, the formal conditions of Crooke's appointment

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legislation in 1598 and to the decision by the Governors to increase hospital revenues by opening it up to general visitors as a spectacle. After this inspection, the Governors initiated some repairs and visited the hospital at more frequent intervals. During one such visit in 1607, they ordered the

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on its history in 1914. While it is possible that Bethlem was receiving the insane during the late fourteenth century, the first definitive record of their presence in the hospital is in the details of a visitation of the Charity Commissioners in 1403. This recorded that amongst other patients there

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It is unknown when Bethlem, or Bedlam, began to specialise in the care and control of the insane, but it has been frequently asserted that Bethlem was first used for the insane from 1377. This date is derived from the unsubstantiated conjecture of the Reverend Edward Geoffrey O'Donoghue, chaplain to

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reluctantly ceded to the City of London "the custody, order and governance" of the hospital and of its "occupants and revenues". This charter came into effect in 1547. The crown retained possession of the hospital while its administration fell to the city authorities. Following a brief interval when

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One of the side rooms contained about ten patients, each chained by one arm to the wall; the chain allowing them merely to stand up by the bench or form fixed to the wall, or sit down on it. The nakedness of each patient was covered by a blanket only ... Many other unfortunate women were locked up

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in the second century AD. Under this tradition, challenged increasingly from the seventeenth century, physical and mental health was dependent upon the maintenance of a proper balance between the four bodily humours of blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile (choler). The humours were replenished

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Crooke claimed that his keepership of Bethlem had cost him £1,000. Following his dismissal, the additional financial burden imposed by the royal inquiry's lengthy legal process led him to sell his College of Physicians fellowship, attained in 1620, back to that corporate body for £5. In 1642 he was

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where Lewis had been earlier warned against allowing his transfer to Bethlem. "She said to me, 'Look, don't let him go to the Bethlem, don't let him go there'," his mother said. A doctor later persuaded her to take her son to Bethlem hospital. She was concerned about the conditions there. "It was a

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Despite its palatial pretensions, by the end of the eighteenth century Bethlem was physically deteriorating with uneven floors, buckling walls, and a leaking roof. It resembled "a crazy carcass with no wall still vertical – a veritable Hogarthian auto-satire". The financial cost of maintaining

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The Governors actively sought out "people of note and quallitie" – the educated, wealthy and well-bred – as visitors. The limited evidence would suggest that the Governors enjoyed some success in attracting such visitors of "quality". In this elite and idealised model of charity and moral

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in the back yard from which water had to be laboriously transported by bucket. In the same yard since at least the early seventeenth century there was a "washhouse" to clean patients' clothes and bedclothes and in 1669 a drying room for clothes was added. Patients, if capable, were permitted to use

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Bethlem had been built over a sewer that served both the hospital and its precinct. This common drain regularly blocked, resulting in overflows of waste at the entrance of the hospital. The 1598 visitation by the Governors had observed that the hospital was "filthely kept", but the Governors rarely

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instigated an investigation against him in the same year. This established his absenteeism and embezzlement of hospital resources and charged him with failing to pursue "any endeavour for the curing of the distracted persons". It also revealed that charitable goods and hospital-purchased foodstuffs

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From 1619, Crooke unsuccessfully campaigned through petition to the king for Bethlem to become an independent institution from the Bridewell, a move that while likely meant to serve both monarchial and personal interest would bring him into conflict with the Bridewell Governors. Following a pattern

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in 1576, known for his abuse of "the governors, those who gave money to the poor, and the poor themselves." The Bridewell Governors largely interpreted the role of keeper as that of a house manager and this is clearly reflected in the occupations of most appointees as they tended to be inn-keepers,

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A Church of Our Lady that is named Bedlam. And in that place be found many men that be fallen out of their wit. And full honestly they be kept in that place; and some be restored onto their wit and health again. And some be abiding therein for ever, for they be fallen so much out of themselves that

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of Bethlem, a position at that time granted to the most senior of London's Bethlemite brethren, applied to the city authorities seeking protection; thereafter metropolitan office-holders claimed power to oversee the appointment of masters and demanded in return an annual payment of 40 shillings. It

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From 1770 free public access ended with the introduction of a system whereby visitors required a ticket signed by a Governor. Visiting subjected Bethlem's patients to many abuses, including being poked with sticks by visitors or otherwise taunted, given drinks, and physically assaulted or sexually

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which castigated Bethlem as archaic and outmoded, uncaring of its patients and founded upon a despairing medical system whose therapeutic transactions were both injudicious and unnecessarily violent. In contrast, Battie presented St Luke's as a progressive and innovative hospital, oriented towards

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The office of physician was largely an honorary and charitable one with only a nominal salary. As with most hospital posts, attendance was required only intermittently and the greater portion of the income was derived from private practice. Bethlem physicians, maximising their association with the

1798:. Local residents' groups organised mass meetings to oppose the application, with accusations that it was unfair that most patients could be from inner London areas and were, therefore, not locals and that drug use was rife in and around the hospital. Bromley Council refused the application, with 1356:

An Act for vesting the Lease of the Governors of Bethlem Hospital in the Scite of the Hospital, in the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London by whom it was granted; and for authorizing the said Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens to grant certain Lands in Saint George's Fields, in

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Aside from its fund-raising function, the spectacle of Bethlem offered moral instruction for visiting strangers. For the "educated" observer Bedlam's theatre of the disturbed might operate as a cautionary tale providing a deterrent example of the dangers of immorality and vice. The mad on display

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Visits by friends and relatives were allowed and it was expected that the family and friends of poor inmates would bring food and other essentials for their survival. Bethlem was and is best known for the fact that it also allowed public and casual visitors with no connection to the inmates. This

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The committee of inspection found 21 inmates with only two having been admitted during the previous 12 months. Of the remainder, at least six had been resident for a minimum of eight years and one inmate had been there for around 25 years. Three were from outside London, six were charitable cases

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The total cost of the new Bethlem built at Moorfields came to £17,000. This expense served to underline the philanthropic magnificence of the presiding governors and rendered Bethlem's patients, in Edward Hatton's words: "great Objects of Charity; for this new Structure cost erecting about 17000

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was enjoying a recrudescence in popularity. "Cold bathing", opined John Monro, Bethlem physician for 40 years from 1751, "has in general an excellent effect"; and remained much in vogue as a treatment throughout the eighteenth century. By the early nineteenth century, bathing was routine for all

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Police were trained to view Lewis's behaviour as a medical emergency, but the jury found police failed to act on this. The jury found that "the police failed to follow their training, which requires them to place an unresponsive person into the recovery position and if necessary administer life

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had in accessing other institutions, persisted and, having secured an invitation to visit from one of Bethlem's Governors, began the first of his many visits to the hospital on 25 April 1814. This visit was cut short by the hospital steward, but Wakefield returned on 2 May accompanied by

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of a type known to be dangerous. Neither police nor medical staff intervened when Lewis became unresponsive. At coroner's inquest, the jury found many failures by both police and medical staff which played a part in Lewis's death. They said "The excessive force, pain compliance techniques and

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In 1632 it was recorded that the old house of Bethlem had "below stairs a parlour, a kitchen, two larders, a long entry throughout the house, and 21 rooms wherein the poor distracted people lie, and above the stairs eight rooms more for servants and the poor to lie in". It is likely that this

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While the logic of Lewis's report was clear, the Court of Governors, facing continuing financial difficulties, only resolved in 1803 behind the project of rebuilding on a new site, and a fund-raising drive was initiated in 1804. In the interim, attempts were made to rehouse patients at local

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Whilst looking at some of the bed-lying patients, a man arose naked from his bed, and had deliberately and quietly walked a few paces from his cell door along the gallery; he was instantly seized by the keepers, thrown in his bed, and leg-locked, without enquiry or observation: chains were

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At the instigation of the Bridewell Governors and to make a grander architectural statement of "charitable munificence", the hospital was designed as a single- rather than double-pile building, accommodating initially 120 patients. Having cells and chambers on only one side of the building

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In 1812, Wakefield had determined to establish a new London asylum to be modelled on the Retreat and formed a committee to this end. As part of the planning process for this scheme, the committee first resolved to survey the metropolitan institutions for the care of the insane: St Luke's,

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The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are typically seen as decisive in the emergence of new attitudes towards the management and treatment of the insane. Increasingly, the emphasis shifted from the external control of the mad through physical restraint and coercion to their

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For much of the seventeenth century the dietary provision for patients appears to have been inadequate. This was especially so during Crooke's regime, when inspection found several patients suffering from starvation. Corrupt staff practices were evidently a significant factor in patient

1756:, supported by hundreds of patients and ex-patients and widely reported in the media. A sit-in was held outside the earlier Bedlam site at the Imperial War Museum. The historian Roy Porter called the Bethlem Hospital "a symbol for man's inhumanity to man, for callousness and cruelty." 2306:

In 1676 there were 34 cells on one side of each of the four galleries, or 136 cells in all. The cells, large and well ventilated for the time by any measure, were 12 feet (3.7 m) deep by 8 feet 10 inches (2.69 m) wide and 12 feet 10 inches (3.91 m)

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is doubtful whether the city really provided substantial protection and much less that the mastership fell within their patronage but, dating from the 1346 petition, it played a role in the management of Bethlem's finances. By this time, the Bethlehemite bishops had relocated to

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Bethlehems Beauty, Londons Charity, and the Cities Glory, A Panegyrical Poem on that Magnificent Structure lately Erected in Moorfields, vulgarly called New Bedlam. Humbly Addressed to the Honorable Master, Governors, and other Noble Benefactors of that most Splendid and useful

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of London, founded in 1751. The Bethlem Governors, who had presided over the only public asylum in Britain until the early eighteenth century, looked upon St Luke's as an upstart institution and Battie, formerly a Governor at Bethlem, as traitorous. In 1758 Battie published his

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in their cells, naked and chained on straw ... In the men's wing, in the side room, six patients were chained close to the wall by the right arm as well as by the right leg ... Their nakedness and their mode of confinement gave the room the complete appearance of a dog kennel.

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On the basis of circumstantial evidence, it is speculated that the Bridewell Governors may have decided as early as 1598 to allow public visitors as means of raising hospital income. The only other reference to visiting in the sixteenth-century is provided in a comment in

954:

physic until the early nineteenth century, had a reputation for conservatism that was neither unearned nor, given the questionable benefit of some therapeutic innovations, necessarily ill-conceived in every instance. Bathing was introduced in the 1680s at a time when

1226:, was a central component in the elicitation of donations, benefactions, and legacies. Nor was the practice of showing the poor and unfortunate to potential donators exclusive to Bethlem as similar spectacles of misfortune were performed for public visitors to the 503:

institution. The memory of its foundation became muddied and muddled; in 1381, the royal candidate for the post of master claimed that from its beginnings it had been superintended by an order of knights and he confused its founder, Goffredo de Prefetti, with the

1870:

that would require psychiatric hospitals to give more detailed information about how and when restraints are used. This bill is referred to as "Seni's law". In November 2018, the bill received Royal Assent as the Mental Health Units (Use of Force) Act 2018.

1839:

first cleared officers over the death, but following pressure from the family, they scrapped the conclusions and started a new inquiry. The IPCC was planning disciplinary action against some of the police officers involved. Deborah Coles of the charity

2353:, would have visited Bethlem at this date, particularly in consideration of the ramshackle condition of the hospital in the early seventeenth-century. This is to ignore, however, the fact that there are many references to children visiting Bethlem. 1511:

style that, while drawing heavily on Hooke's original plan, eschewed the ornament of its predecessor. Completed after three years in 1815, it was constructed during the first wave of county asylum building in England under the County Asylum Act

745:

largely regarded by its occupants as means of profiting at the expense of the poor in their charge. The appointment of the masters, later known as keepers, had lain within the patronage of the Crown until 1547. Thereafter the City, through the

2340:

While in London, the young Percy and his troupe also "saw the lions, the shew of Bethlem, the places where the prince was created and the fireworks at the Artillery Garden". Carol Neely, however, thinks it improbable that an eight-year-old

619:. The presence of a small number of insane patients in 1403 marks Bethlem's gradual transition from a diminutive general hospital into a specialist institution for the confinement of the insane. This process was largely completed by 1460. 1079:". The galleries were constructed more for public display than for the care of patients as, at least initially, inmates were prohibited from them lest "such persons that come to see the said Lunatickes may goe in Danger of their Lives". 487:. As a dependent house of the Order of Saint Bethlehem in Clamecy, Bethlem was vulnerable to seizure by the crown and this occurred in the 1370s when Edward III took control. The purpose of this appropriation was, in the context of the 2477:

On a subsequent visit on 7 June of that year, Wakefield brought an artist who made a drawing of the confined Norris. This image, which was engraved and widely distributed, became an important propaganda tool in the cause of lunacy

1057:

Late seventeenth-century map showing the placement of the new Bethlem Hospital in Moorfields. It shows the large gardens of Moorfields to the north of the front face of the building. The hospital is shown as a very long and thin

935:

But is there so great Merit and Dexterity in being a mad Doctor? The common Prescriptions of a Bethlemitical Doctor are a Purge and a Vomit, and a Vomit and a Purge over again, and sometimes a Bleeding, which is no great mystery

2173:

Although accepted by many historians, including Roy Porter, as Jonathan Andrews points out, Crooke's claim that he was physician to the king, made in the first three editions of his popular medical textbook of human anatomy,

905:

administration of Bethlem. It marked the end of the day-to-day management by an old-style keeper-physician and its replacement by a three-tiered medical regime composed of a non-resident physician, a visiting surgeon and an

1916:

features exhibits about the history of Bethlem Royal Hospital and the history of mental healthcare and treatment. It features a permanent collection of art created by some of its patients, as well as changing exhibitions.

1488:, south of the Thames. The swap was concluded in 1810 and provided the Governors with a 12 acres (4.9 ha; 0.019 sq mi) site in a swamp-like, impoverished, highly populated, and industrialised area where the 1575:, founded in 1796, functioned as an exemplar of this new approach that would seek to re-socialise and re-educate the mad. Bethlem, embroiled in scandal from 1814 over its inmate conditions, would come to symbolise its 1949:, followed patients through the 18-bed Anxiety Disorders Residential Unit. This national unit treats the most anxious people in the country—the top one per cent—and claims a success rate of three in four patients. 1862:

and lack of a care plan contributed to his death. The hospital claimed staffing problems and low morale were factors. Lessons were learned and the adolescent unit where Brennan died was assessed as good in 2016.

1182:

for the privilege of rambling through the hospital to view its deranged denizens. It was also at this time, and perhaps not coincidentally, that Bedlam was first used as a stage setting with the publication of

2362:

It is still frequently and erroneously asserted that either during the eighteenth-century or as late as 1814 or 1815, the period depending on the source, there were 96,000 visits in a given year. For example,

2382:

However, during the seventeenth- and eighteenth-centuries staff at the asylum did try to exact such a fee and by 1742 it was customary for the porter to demand a minimum of one penny from visiting strangers.

1067:, essentially long and capacious corridors, 13 feet (4.0 m) high and 16 feet (4.9 m) wide, which ran the length of both floors to a total span of 1,179 feet (359 m). Such was their scale that 821:

did not detail any required medical duties. Indeed, the Board of Governors continued to refer to the inmates as "the poore" or "prisoners" and their first designation as patients appears to have been by the

1806:

overturned the decision in 2003 and development started. The 89-bed, £33.5m unit (River House) opened in February 2008. It is the most significant development on the site since the hospital opened in 1930.

1598:

Select Committee on Madhouses, which examined the conditions under which the insane were confined in county asylums, private madhouses, charitable asylums and in the lunatic wards of Poor-Law workhouses.

1823:

multiple mechanical restraints were disproportionate and unreasonable. On the balance of probability, this contributed to the cause of death." Ajibola Lewis, Olaseni Lewis's mother, claimed a nurse at

1198:, remarked disapprovingly of the "Swarms of People" that descended upon Bethlem during public holidays. In the mid-eighteenth-century a journalist of a topical periodical noted that at one time during 645:

the word entered everyday speech to signify a state of madness, chaos, and the irrational nature of the world. This development was partly due to Bedlam's staging in several plays of the Jacobean and

8018: 1594:

Wakefield's revelations, combined with earlier reports about patient maltreatment at the York Asylum, helped to prompt a renewed campaign for national lunacy reform and the establishment of an 1815

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is provided in the observation by the Bridewell Governors in 1681 of "the greate quantity of persons that come daily to see the said Lunatickes". Eight years later the English merchant and author,

1030:, just north of the city proper and one of the largest open spaces in London. The architect chosen for the new hospital, which was built rapidly and at great expense between 1675 and 1676, was the 1752:

saw nothing to celebrate in either the original Bedlam or in the current practices of mental health professionals towards those in need of care. A campaign called "Reclaim Bedlam" was launched by

1435:

An Act to enable the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London to let and sell Parcels of Ground in Saint George's Fields near Bethlem Hospital to the Governors of the said Hospital.

7774: 960:

patients of sufficient hardiness from summer "to the setting-in of the cold weather". Spring signalled recourse to the traditional armamentarium; from then until the end of summer Bethlem's "Mad

309:", meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from the hospital's nickname. Although the hospital became a modern psychiatric facility, historically it was representative of the worst excesses of 2317:

his head bowed forward is likely a physician and may have just bled the patient. Scull and Andrews opine that this figure "bears more than a passing resemblance to" James Monro, the father of

1286:

harassed, but its curtailment removed an important element of public oversight. In the period thereafter, with staff practices less open to public scrutiny, the worst patient abuses occurred.

897:

was elected to the post of Bethlem physician in 1728, a position which he retained until his death in 1752. This marked the beginning of a 125-year Monro family dynasty of Bethlem physicians.

847:

made any reference to the need for staff to clean the hospital. The level of hygiene reflected the inadequate water supply, which, until its replacement in 1657, consisted of a single wooden

1960:'s Triage ward for the first time. In a postcode with the highest rates of psychosis in Europe, this is the Accident and Emergency of mental health, where patients are at their most unwell. 462:, the hospital's role as a centre for alms collection persisted, but its linkage to the Order of Bethlehem increasingly unravelled, putting its purpose and patronage in doubt. In 1346, the 1507:

was an unsuccessful entrant. The Governors elected to give James Lewis the task. Incorporating the best elements from the three winning competition designs, he produced a building in the

2188:

still futilely campaigning for his reinstatement, and he died in relative obscurity in 1648. He was immortalised on stage in the character of the grasping asylum doctor, Alibius, in the

8570: 7983: 7663: 1254:

of the freakshow", where Bethlem was "a rare Diversion" to cheer and amuse. It became one of a series of destinations on the London tourist trail which included such sights as the

1832:

support. On the balance of probability this also contributed to the cause of death." A doctor did not act when Lewis became unresponsive while his heart rate dramatically slowed.

7106:. 'Hardly a Hospital, but a Charity for Pauper Lunatics'? Therapeutics at Bethlem in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. In: Barry, Jonathan; Jones, Colin. 2391:

The servants of Bethlem were allowed their own poors' box from 1662. The diversion of other monies into the pockets of the hospital staff undoubtedly helped to keep wages down.

641:

From the fourteenth century, Bethlem had been referred to colloquially as "Bedleheem", "Bedleem" or "Bedlam". Initially "Bedlam" was an informal name but from approximately the

2084:(1812–1852) – English architect, best known for his work on the Houses of Parliament as well as many churches; in the last year of his life he had a breakdown, possibly due to 7302: 499:. After this event the masters of the hospital, semi-autonomous figures in charge of its day-to-day management, were normally crown appointees and it became an increasingly 1582:

Through newspaper reports initially and then evidence given to the 1815 Parliamentary Committee on Madhouses, the state of inmate care in Bethlem was chiefly publicised by

7767: 1851:

found the officers had not committed misconduct. The hearing was criticised by the family because it was held behind closed doors with neither press nor public scrutiny.

922:

dynasty extending through four generations of fathers and sons. Family influence was also significant in the appointment of surgeons but absent in that of apothecaries.

7978: 7968: 512:. The removal of the last symbolic link to the Bethlehemites was confirmed in 1403 when it was reported that master and inmates no longer wore the star of Bethlehem. 1246:

Whether "persons of quality" or not, the primary allure for visiting strangers was neither moral edification nor the duty of charity but its entertainment value. In

6318:

First Report: Minutes of Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee Appointed to Consider of Provision Being Made for the Better Regulation of Madhouses in England

5902: 2269:

whereby not only the Stock of the Hospital is expended, but the Governours are out of Pockets several Sums which they were obliged to take up for that purpose ..."

1606:, Principal Physician, resigned as a result of scandal when he was accused of 'wanting in humanity' towards his patients. The Superintendent from 1852 to 1862 was 7909: 7760: 1748:

In 1997 the hospital started planning celebrations of its 750th anniversary. The service users' perspective was not to be included, however, and members of the

1101:

The architectural design of the new Bethlem was primarily intended to project an image of the hospital and its governors consonant with contemporary notions of

1009: 7929: 1357:

lieu thereof, to Trustees for the Governors of the said Hospital for the like Term, for the Purpose of erecting a new Hospital thereon on an enlarged Scale.

7904: 812:, he was clearly of higher social status than his city-appointed predecessors (his father was a noted preacher, and his elder brother Thomas was created a 261: 5511:"Extracts from the Report of the Committee Employed to Visit Houses and Hospitals for the Confinement of Insane Persons, With Remarks, by Philanthropus', 8555: 7993: 64: 8585: 8575: 7988: 7963: 7856: 7659:. London: "The Lost Hospitals of London" Monday at One Series, Gresham College; 19 March 2012 [Retrieved 4 November 2012]. 7411: 711:). The appropriation of Bedlam as a theatrical locale for the depiction of madness probably owes no little debt to the establishment in 1576 in nearby 8506: 8605: 8023: 5971: 5921: 5782: 1026:

psent". With the increasing demand for admission and the inadequate and dilapidated state of the building it was decided to rebuild the hospital in

8580: 7973: 6434:

Customers and Patrons of the Mad-Trade:The Management of Lunacy in Eighteenth-Century London: With the Complete Text of John Monro's 1766 Case Book

1109:

of hospitals and with patient fees covering only a portion of costs, such self-advertisement was necessary to win the donations, subscriptions and

2519: 272: 5842: 1239:£350 annually from the 1720s until the curtailment of visiting in 1770. Thereafter the poors' box monies declined to about £20 or £30 per year. 8288: 8104: 8056: 8028: 7783: 1968: 1933: 1794:

In 2001, SLaM sought planning permission for an expanded Medium Secure Unit and extensive works to improve security, much of which would be on

1780: 253: 43: 2255:

For instance Thomas Allen, Bethlem physician from 1667 until his death in 1684, happily dismissed the expressed wish of his colleagues in the

8565: 8560: 8114: 7437:. Jonathan Andrews, Asa Briggs, Roy Porter, Penny Tucker & Keir Waddington. London & New York: Routledge; 1997. 6021: 8225: 8013: 7660: 7655: 2259:

that he should try the then experimental treatment for insanity of animal-to-human blood transfusion "upon some mad person in ... Bethlem".

564:

physically intact, this joint administration continued, not without interference by both the crown and city, until incorporation into the

8336: 8235: 2342: 1942:. Staff and patients spent two years working with television company The Garden Productions. The four-part series started on 31 October. 1175: 1082: 927: 615:

are likely to have been used for those regarded as dangerous, little else is known of the actual treatment of the insane for much of the

2238:

through the ingestion of food and discharged naturally when they became noxious. Disease could arise when there was an overabundance or

8376: 5808: 1725: 6517:. Edited by Jean Khalfa. Translated by Jonathan Murphy & Jean Khalfa. London & New York: Routledge; 2006. 1898:

Other services include the Bethlem Adolescent Unit, which provides care and treatment for young people aged 12–18 from across the UK.

8595: 8466: 8436: 8391: 8119: 8080: 8008: 2278:

Estimates of the scale of the building run from 528 to 540 feet (161 to 165 m) wide and 30 to 40 feet (9.1 to 12.2 m) deep.

8478: 5642: 5065: 8421: 8396: 6070: 1836: 1617:

came to the hospital in 1888 and rose to be physician in charge, bringing the hospital into the 20th century and retiring in 1911.

8550: 8545: 8109: 8033: 8003: 7477: 7316: 7227: 7202: 7177: 7152: 6481:. London: London County Council; 1955. Chapter 9: Bethlem Hospital, Now the Imperial War Museum, in Lambeth Road. 2346: 7849: 7730: 7300:. The Modern Foundation for the Insanity Defense: the Case of James Hadfield (1800) and Daniel McNaughtan (1843). 1668: 1595: 1440: 1362: 809: 421: 7944: 8263: 8230: 7934: 7914: 7455: 6588: 6193: 5697: 5075: 1513: 17: 1567:

whereby self-discipline would be inculcated through a system of reward and punishment. For proponents of lunacy reform, the

6478:

Survey of London: Volume 25. St. George's Fields (The Parishes of St. George The Martyr, Southwark and St. Mary, Newington)

5672: 2400:

Daniel was purportedly 7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m) tall and the model for Cibber's figure of "Raving madness".

1828:

mess", she told the court. "It was very confused, a lot of activity, a lot of shouting. I was not happy; I was confused."

914:. Although the posts were strongly contested, nepotistic appointment practices played a significant role. The election of 727:; it may also have been coincident with that other theatricalisation of madness as charitable object, the commencement of 8406: 2124: 1803: 1489: 822: 7680:. South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; 30 October 2012(a) [Retrieved 30 October 2012(a)]. 7579: 686:(1622). This dramatic interest in Bedlam is also evident in references to it in early seventeenth-century plays such as 8386: 8220: 6274: 2425: 976: 611:

but it is not clear if any or all of these items were for the restraint of the inmates. While mechanical restraint and

1267: 8600: 8454: 8416: 7842: 7694:. South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; 30 October 2012(b) [Retrieved 30 October 2012]. 7350: 7278:. 'I know not / Where I did lodge last night?': King Lear and the Search for Bethlem (Bedlam) Hospital. 7139: 7117: 7095: 7053: 6990: 6968: 6866: 6844: 6822: 6800: 6764: 6742: 6720: 6698: 6676: 6654: 6632: 6610: 6566: 6544: 6522: 6500: 6464: 6442: 6420: 6346:

A Foreign View of England in the Reigns of George I & II: the Letters of Monsieur César de Saussure to his Family

5048: 3164: 565: 115: 1819: 8590: 1649: 1422: 1343: 1282:'s porter, Daniel, was, at least until the end of the eighteenth-century, quite a respectable motive for visiting. 7631:. Archives and Museum, Bethlem Royal Hospital; 30 October 2012(b) [Retrieved 30 October 2012]. 7617:. Archives and Museum, Bethlem Royal Hospital; 30 October 2012(a) [Retrieved 30 October 2012]. 2287:

A double-pile building has two rooms arranged longitudinally along a central corridor. A single-pile has only one.

2009:– also known as "Moll Cutpurse" or "The Roaring Girl", released from Bedlam in 1644 according to Bridewell records 1535: – was completed in 1816. This addition, which housed 45 men and 15 women, was wholly financed by the state. 1162:

display of madness as public show has often been considered the most scandalous feature of the historical Bedlam.

861:

malnourishment and similar abuses were noted in the 1650s and 1670s. The Governors failed to manage the supply of

8164: 7919: 2189: 1854:

In 2014, Chris Brennan (aged 15) died of asphyxiation while at Bethlem hospital after repeated self-harming. The

1583: 6162: 4654: 688: 8331: 8073: 7924: 7442: 6946: 6924: 6888: 6398: 2081: 1749: 561: 378: 351: 268: 8490: 1696: 1471: 8346: 8038: 7502: 4278: 768:

purchase of clothing and eating vessels for the inmates, presumably indicating the lack of such basic items.

7690: 1538:

The first 122 patients arrived in August 1815 having been transported to their new residence by a convoy of

1390: 637:

in west Moorfields. Both playhouses were a stone's throw away from the original Bethlem site at Bishopsgate.

8315: 7280: 2208:

The first evidence for the existence of a steward in Bethlem is during Crooke's tenure as keeper-physician.

2145: 1603: 1018: 603:", a Latin term indicating insanity. The report of the visitation also noted the presence of four pairs of 208: 7715: 1978:, focuses on older adults, including the inpatient ward for people over 65 with mental health problems at 1516:'s Act") of 1808. Extending to 580 feet (180 m) in length, the new hospital, which ran alongside the 7547: [PhD thesis]. London: Queen Mary and Westfield College, London University; 1991. 2129: 1867: 1106: 911: 694: 5745: 2094:(1723–1792) – a woman cross-dressing as a male soldier; spent the last six months of her life in Bethlem 1818:(known as Seni; aged 23) died in 2010 at Bethlem Royal Hospital after police subjected him to prolonged 1216:

Inveterate letter-writer César de Saussure's account of Bethlem during his 1725 tour of London's sights.

629:

circa 1600 (cylindrical building in the background). Some authorities believe this to be a depiction of

458:

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, with its activities underwritten by episcopal and papal

408:

De Prefetti's need to generate income for the Crusader Church and restore the financial fortunes of his

8283: 8169: 8142: 6792:

The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

2155: 2030: 1913: 968: 700: 8278: 7894: 7823: 7676: 7397: 2150: 2044: 1938: 1799: 1508: 1296: 425: 417: 265: 6755: 6455: 5040: 4617: 2042:– surgeon who was committed for murder; best known for being one of the largest contributors to the 8431: 8341: 8097: 7865: 2368: 967:

The reigning medical ethos was the subject of public debate in the mid-eighteenth century when the

393:

sense, much less as a specialist institution for the insane, but as a centre for the collection of

386: 257: 7591: 6104: 1503:

A competition was held to design the new hospital at Southwark in which the noted Bethlem patient

1234:

for Penitent Prostitutes. The donations expected of visitors to Bethlem – there never was an

424:

in 1244, and his immediate predecessor had further impoverished his cathedral chapter through the

8426: 8268: 8147: 7752: 5629: 1892: 1737: 1125:(1505–17) and one of only a handful of public buildings then constructed in the aftermath of the 915: 894: 869:

that justified rationing the diet of the mad, the avoidance of rich foods, and a therapeutics of

797: 776: 492: 6627:. New York & London: Routledge; 1955. (The Sociology of Mental Health). 4641: 1274:. Curiosity about Bethlem's attractions, its "remarkable characters", including figures such as 539:, petitioned the crown to grant Bethlem to the city. This petition was partially successful and 8310: 8186: 7747: 2318: 2076: 1997: 1815: 1795: 433: 7726: 7641: 7041: 6358: 6172: 4664: 4597: 4347:, ed. Michael V. DePorte, Los Angeles: Augustan Reprint Society (1973), pp. 289–91, quoted in 4268: 4210: 4128: 1764: 8212: 7341: 7108: 6835: 6535: 5536: 4649: 4633: 4625: 4437: 4288: 4260: 4236: 2520:"Bethlem Royal Hospital: why did the infamous Bedlam asylum have such a fearsome reputation?" 2039: 1729: 1657: 1481: 1430: 1351: 1312: 682: 488: 295: 7130: 7019: 6477: 5033: 369:, the Italian Goffredo de Prefetti, following a donation of personal property by the London 8381: 7876: 5609: 2428:, a Member of Parliament. Wakefield returned for a final unauthorized visit on 7 June 1814. 2230: 1902: 1884: 1607: 1504: 1149: 1126: 1094: 1047: 830: 663: 612: 545: 359: 239:. Its famous history has inspired several horror books, films, and TV series, most notably 232: 160: 139: 8474: 6982:

Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody: Public Lunatic Asylums in Early Nineteenth-Century England

6492:

Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris: Medicine, Theology and the Autocrat at the Breakfast Table

8: 8356: 7250:. 'The Pleasure of your Bedlam': The Theatre of Madness in the Renaissance. 7003: 6345: 5650: 2012: 1848: 1733: 1122: 1068: 985:

the possibility of cure and scientific in approach. Monro responded promptly, publishing

902: 724: 557: 553: 509: 441: 366: 7736: 6349:. Edited and translated by Madame Van Muyden. London: John Murray; 1902. 5956: 5939: 5875: 1732:

for use as a park; the central part of the building was retained and became home to the

8068: 7998: 7564:. Obituary: Peter Shaughnessy. Campaigner who took the stigma out of insanity. 7289: 6437:. Berkeley & Los Angeles CA: University of California Press; 2003. 2134: 2097: 2059: 2016: 1776:

was established to showcase the work of artists that have experienced mental distress.

1227: 1102: 1097:(1680), and which adorned the entrance portal of the new Bethlem Hospital at Moorfields 1031: 1014: 901:

The year 1634 is typically interpreted as denoting the divide between the medieval and

669: 526: 491:

between France and England, to prevent funds raised by the hospital from enriching the

241: 8486: 7533: 7128:. The Politics of Committal to Early Modern Bethlem. In: Porter, Roy. 1554: 468: 8401: 8303: 8273: 7807: 7613: 7438: 7346: 7263: 7135: 7113: 7091: 7049: 6986: 6964: 6942: 6920: 6884: 6862: 6840: 6818: 6796: 6760: 6738: 6716: 6694: 6672: 6650: 6628: 6606: 6584: 6562: 6540: 6518: 6496: 6460: 6438: 6416: 6394: 6270: 6189: 5850: 5816: 5693: 5071: 5044: 4609: 3181: 3160: 2411: 1979: 1841: 1824: 1784: 1709: 1673: 764: 747: 436:, would also house the poor and, if they visited, provide hospitality to the bishop, 390: 330: 8298: 8085: 7802: 7645:. Bethlem Gallery; 23 October 2012 [Retrieved 30 October 2012]. 7507: 7482: 7460: 7416: 7380: 7321: 7285: 7255: 7232: 7207: 7182: 7157: 7069: 7064:. Hospitals, Madhouses and Asylums: Cycles in the Care of the Insane. 7023:. Cassell Petter & Galpin; 1878. Chapter XXVI, St. George's Fields. 6331: 6047: 5394: 2139: 2020: 1957: 1753: 1521: 1263: 1231: 651: 549: 480: 6412:

Undertaker of the Mind: John Monro and Mad-Doctoring in Eighteenth-Century England

8207: 8174: 8137: 7834: 7433: 7339:. Richard II and the Monasteries of London. In: Ormrod, W. Mark. 7086: 6981: 6959: 6937: 6915: 6901: 6879: 6857: 6813: 6791: 6777: 6733: 6711: 6689: 6667: 6645: 6623: 6601: 6579: 6557: 6513: 6491: 6433: 6411: 6389: 6317: 5277: 4540: 3154: 2364: 2350: 2085: 1906: 1859: 1773: 1721: 1564: 1279: 1255: 1144: 1053: 919: 716: 626: 496: 355: 7627: 7156:. Online ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; January 2010. 4965:, pub. by his daughter, Catherine Hutton (London, 1816), 1749, p. 71, quoted in 3013: 1855: 483:

had extended its patronage over ecclesiastical positions through the seizure of

8179: 7486: 7325: 7259: 7236: 7161: 7012: 6712:

Distracted Subjects: Madness and Gender in Shakespeare and Early Modern Culture

5613: 3901: 3899: 2072: 2050: 1791:, and the merger of mental health services in Lambeth and Lewisham took place. 1528: 1445: 1222:

benevolence the necessity of spectacle, the showing of the mad so as to excite

972: 951: 793: 789: 622: 500: 472: 437: 409: 310: 287: 127: 7594:. 8 August 2008 [Retrieved 30 October 2012]. BBC, Radio 4. 7582:. 30 October 2008 [Retrieved 30 October 2012]. BBC London. 7464: 7384: 7211: 7186: 4345:

A Discourse of the Causes Natures and Cure of Phrensie, Madness or Distraction

1610:, who did much to reform and improve conditions for patients at the hospital. 852:

the "house of easement", of which there were two at most, but more frequently

560:. Having been thus one of the few metropolitan hospitals to have survived the 8539: 8521: 8508: 8351: 8154: 7742: 7708: 7363: 5854: 5820: 2256: 2068: 2006: 1705: 1543: 1539: 1275: 1115: 299: 246: 191: 110: 7453:. Goffredo de Prefetti and the Church of Bethlehem in England. 6690:

Mystical Bedlam: Madness, Anxiety and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England

6385:

Andrews, Jonathan; Briggs, Asa; Porter, Roy; Tucker, Penny; Waddington, Keir

5553: 5551: 5549: 5435: 5433: 5384: 5382: 5343: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 4793: 4791: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3896: 3386: 1743: 1307: 890: 446: 8061: 7566: 7511: 7267: 6985:. London & New York: Leicester University Press; 1999. 6916:

The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700–1900

5976: 5289: 5160: 4820: 4818: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3747: 3671: 3104: 3102: 3100: 2977: 2925: 2243: 2091: 2034: 1991: 1717: 1686: 1614: 1517: 1461: 1380: 1195: 1064: 1035: 1002: 956: 870: 817: 657: 646: 642: 536: 484: 7073: 6602:

Separate Theaters: Bethlem ("Bedlam") Hospital and the Shakespearian Stage

3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3129: 2242:

in a given humour and this necessitated its removal from the body through

1971:

provides support for more than 35,000 people with mental health problems.

800:

graduate, the author of an enormously successful English language book of

784:(1615). Crooke was appointed keeper-physician to Bethlem Hospital in 1619. 373:

and former sheriff, Simon FitzMary. The original location was just beyond

8240: 8202: 6283: 6211: 5546: 5445: 5430: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5301: 5240: 5228: 5204: 5148: 5120: 5108: 5084: 4898: 4788: 4764: 4520: 3940: 3911: 3884: 3856: 2904: 2902: 2119: 1572: 1199: 1167: 1086: 1039: 997: 853: 720: 630: 616: 520: 459: 382: 374: 283: 279: 122: 7720: 7481:. Online ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008. 7320:. Online ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008. 7231:. Online ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008. 7206:. Online ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008. 7181:. Online ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004. 6335:. Edited by D. O'Connor. London: Art and Book Co.; 1903. 5723: 4815: 3759: 3735: 3723: 3659: 3271: 3097: 3041: 3001: 1879: 515: 306: 51: 8159: 6919:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press; 1993. 6495:. Lebanon NH: University of New Hampshire Press; 2006. 5922:"Police watchdog to hold misconduct hearing in secret over man's death" 5625: 3516: 3473: 3190: 2989: 2876:

By 1403, 'lunatic' patients formed the majority of Bedlam's population

2716: 2676: 2648: 2106: 2101: 2063: 2054: 2001: 1788: 1576: 1259: 1247: 1223: 1191: 1027: 907: 712: 634: 540: 531:(1720). From 1557, Bethlem was administered by the Bridewell Governors. 476: 291: 7090:. Vol. 2. London & New York: Tavistock; 1985. 2899: 2570: 1704:

In 1930, the hospital moved to the suburbs of Croydon, on the site of

1143:

Eighteenth-century Bethlem was most notably portrayed in a scene from

1139: 338: 278:

Founded in 1247, the hospital was originally located just outside the

5843:"Mother of man who died after police restraint calls for prosecution" 5783:"From football to dating to TV: 10 areas rife with racial bias in UK" 1713: 1485: 1367: 1271: 1110: 751: 604: 595: 413: 402: 389:

now stands. Bethlem was not initially intended as a hospital, in the

97: 6836:

The Politics of Regicide in England, 1760–1850: Troublesome Subjects

5903:"Six police cleared over death of man restrained in London hospital" 5809:"Man who died after police restraint was 'gentle giant', court told" 4081: 1524: – a legal category newly minted in the wake of the trial of a 7420: 6671:. Brookfield CT: Twenty-First Century Books; 2003. 5959: 2024: 1532: 1525: 1179: 1043: 874: 866: 742: 398: 370: 7782: 6941:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press; 1996. 6539:. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press; 1996. 6022:"Bethlem Museum of the Mind on shortlist for museum of year award" 8092: 6880:

Madmen: A Social History of Madhouses, Mad-Doctors & Lunatics

6839:. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2000. 6415:. California: California University Press; 2001. 2192: 1921: 1568: 1203: 1154: 848: 813: 801: 314: 7048:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1979a. 6938:

Masters of Bedlam: The Transformation of the Mad-Doctoring Trade

1190:

Evidence that the number of visitors rose following the move to

1153:(1735), the story of a rich merchant's son, Tom Rakewell, whose 264:, is a major centre for psychiatric research. It is part of the 7345:. Vol. 7. Woodbridge: Boydell Press; 2012. 7084:. In: Bynum, W.F.; Porter, Roy; Shepherd, Michael. 6905:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; 1952. 6734:

The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

6693:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1981. 1495: 1071:

remarked in a 1676 text eulogising the new Bethlem that their "

608: 505: 429: 298:

in Southwark in 1815, before moving to its current location in

236: 7303:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6646:

Healing Body and Mind: A Critical Issue for Health Care Reform

5972:"MPs pass mental health restraint bill after filibuster fears" 4145: 2071:– tried for high treason after the attempted assassination of 385:

area. The hospital was located where the south-east corner of

8411: 6817:. Eugene OR: Harvest House Publishers; 2007. 6737:. 3rd ed. New York: Facts on File; 2007. 4972: 3506: 3504: 3429: 3119: 3117: 2887: 2234: 1090: 7134:. Amsterdam & Atlanta GA: Rodopi; 1995. 6795:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1971. 6715:. New York: Cornell University Press; 2004. 6235: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 3987: 3985: 3983: 7087:

The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry

6580:

God's Architect: Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain

5876:"Olaseni Lewis: 'Excessive force' by officers led to death" 5216: 4354: 3683: 3595: 3332: 3330: 3183:

The Story of Bethlehem Hospital from Its Foundation in 1247

1936:(SLaM) took part in a Channel 4 observational documentary, 862: 816:). Crooke had successfully ousted the previous keeper, the 394: 7969:

Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine

7007:. London: Keegan Paul, Trench & Co.; 1882. 7004:

Chapters in the History of the Insane in the British Isles

6393:. London & New York: Routledge; 1997. 4830: 4752: 4544:, 2nd edition (London: T. Sowle, 1695), p. 290, quoted in 4464: 3501: 3315: 3283: 3202: 3114: 2914: 2858: 2846: 2799: 1121:

It was London's first major charitable building since the

485:

priories under the control of non-English religious houses

416:

had suffered significant losses following the destructive

8571:

Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Bromley

6861:. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002. 6383: 6289: 6217: 5586: 5557: 5495: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5400: 5388: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5337: 5320: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5267: 5255: 5234: 5210: 5194: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5090: 4945: 4904: 4859: 4857: 4824: 4803: 4797: 4770: 4695: 4561: 4545: 4526: 4514: 4494: 4458: 4445: 4421: 4384: 4321: 4293: 4264: 4206: 4175: 4124: 4093: 4025: 3997: 3980: 3958: 3946: 3928: 3922: 3905: 3890: 3878: 3862: 3850: 3770: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3701: 3677: 3665: 3619: 3571: 3559: 3529: 3491: 3479: 3419: 3417: 3392: 3376: 3374: 3309: 3277: 3196: 3135: 3108: 3075: 3059: 3047: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2931: 2908: 2793: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2722: 2706: 2688: 2682: 2670: 2654: 2638: 2636: 2576: 2540: 877:

to restore the body to balance and restrain the spirits.

796:(1576–1648) was appointed keeper-physician in 1619. As a 6883:. revised ed. Stroud: Tempus; 2006. 6605:. Newark: University of Delaware; 2005. 6247: 5957:'Seni's Law': MPs' initial approval to laws on restraint 4869: 3831: 3789: 3327: 3219: 3217: 2621: 2587: 2585: 1302: 926:

hospital, typically earned their coin in the lucrative "

918:

as physician in 1728 marked the beginning of a 125-year

7395:. The Fictions of Foucault's Scholarship. 7046:

Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century

6756:

Dickens in Bedlam: Madness and Restraint in his Fiction

6456:

Social Perceptions of People with Disability in History

5692:(guidebook), (London: Imperial War Museum, 2009) pp. 5 4187: 4133: 4052:

A New View of London: Or, an Ample Account of that City

3806: 3804: 3711: 3361: 3359: 3156:

Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century

1663:

County Council as an open space and for other purposes.

544:

it was placed under the management of the governors of

7727:"Archival material relating to Bethlem Royal Hospital" 6311: 6139: 5532: 5035:

The Royal Griffin: Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707-51

4996: 4984: 4910: 4854: 4842: 4776: 4740: 4567: 4366: 3607: 3583: 3547: 3535: 3414: 3371: 3085: 2744: 2633: 1891:

The hospital includes specialist services such as the

1005:, 1676, "primarily as a piece of fundraising rhetoric" 350:

The hospital was founded in 1247 as the Priory of the

6933:

Scull, Andrew; MacKenzie, Charlotte; Hervey, Nicholas

6223: 6115: 5765: 5763: 5096: 4701: 3347: 3345: 3214: 2771: 2609: 2597: 2582: 808:(1615) and a member of the medical department of the 275:(NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health. 7905:

Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience

7621: 7607: 6931: 6561:. London: Taylor and Francis; 1979. 6558:

The Second Coming: Popular Millenarianism, 1780–1850

6150: 6127: 5592: 5540: 5499: 5467: 5420: 5198: 5182: 5142: 3974: 3821: 3819: 3801: 3783: 3631: 3356: 2965: 2953: 950:

The medical regime, being married to a depletive or

548:, from 1557 it was administered by the governors of 381:, which for civil purposes was coterminous with the 346:

is shown north of the city wall, outside Bishopgate.

262:

Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience

7748:

Historical images of Bethlem In Monks Orchard Album

4215: 2759: 1779:In 1999, Bethlem Royal Hospital became part of the 806:

Microcosmographia: a Description of the Body of Man

475:. This was significant as, throughout the reign of 7864: 7412:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 6003: 5992: 5760: 5702: 5032: 4713: 3342: 1924:is held in the grounds of Bethlem Royal Hospital. 1909:, displaying work of current and former patients. 1724:. The old hospital and its grounds were bought by 8024:Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics 7500:. The 700th Anniversary of Bethlem. 7431:. The Architecture of Bethlem at Moorfields. 7042:Management and Mismanagement at Bedlam, 1547–1633 5626:OBITUARY. SIR WILLIAM CHARLES HOOD, M.D., KNIGHT. 4476: 3816: 3264:"A View of Bethalem", 4 December 1598, quoted in 2832: 2830: 2500: 2345:and his equally young cousins, while his father, 8537: 7534:Bedlam Revisited: A History of Bethlem Hospital 6778:The Story of Bethlem from its Foundation in 1247 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 5748:. South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 3873: 3871: 2229:Medical knowledge, particularly in the field of 2088:, and was for a short period confined in Bethlem 1549: 992: 7635: 7586: 5920:Evans, Rob; Gayle, Damien (11 September 2017). 5781:Gayle, Damien; Marsh, Sarah (3 December 2018). 4585: 2460:universally substituted for the straitwaistcoat 2142:, an anonymous poem c. 1600, about a Bedlamite. 1905:department, which has its own art gallery, the 1744:750th anniversary and "Reclaim Bedlam" campaign 273:National Institute for Health and Care Research 8289:South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 8029:School of Education, Communication and Society 7915:Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences 7784:South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 6771: 6649:. Westport CT: Praeger; 2007. 4675: 3180:O'Donoghue, Edward Geoffrey (1 January 1915). 3179: 2920: 2827: 1969:South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 1934:South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 1781:South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 428:of a considerable amount of its property. The 254:South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 71: 44:South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust 7935:Faculty of Social Science & Public Policy 7850: 7768: 7109:Medicine and Charity before the Welfare State 6960:English Madness: Ideas on Insanity, 1580–1890 6639: 6321:. London: House of Commons; 1815. 6088: 5724:"Who we are - Bethlem GalleryBethlem Gallery" 4891:, no. xxxiii (7 June 1753) p. 138, quoted in 4645: 3868: 1558:James (William) Norris, Bethlem Patient, 1815 1499:A view of Bethlem Hospital, published in 1896 1250:'s memorable phrase, what drew them "was the 8014:Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute 6583:. London: Allen Lane; 2007. 6427: 6405: 6359:Plan of an Asylum for Lunatics, & c 5570: 4560:, no. xxiii, 7 June 1753, p. 138, quoted in 4360: 2246:, purging, or a reduction in dietary intake. 1866:In November 2017, a bill was debated in the 1736:in 1936. The hospital was absorbed into the 412:had been occasioned by two misfortunes: his 7691:Interactive Tour of Bethlem Adolescent Unit 7471: 7112:. London: Routledge; 1994. 7060: 7036: 6963:. London: Routledge; 1979. 6785: 6668:Snake Pits, Talking Cures and Magic Bullets 6253: 5718: 5716: 4272: 4015: 3717: 3510: 3321: 3289: 3265: 3248: 3208: 3123: 2947: 2943: 2893: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2817: 2805: 2556: 1075:Length ... wearies the travelling eyes' of 987:Remarks on Dr. Battie's Treatise on Madness 8556:Buildings and structures completed in 1675 7857: 7843: 7775: 7761: 7735: 7721:Care Quality Commission inspection reports 7335: 7080: 6749: 6471: 6183: 5919: 5841:Gayle, Damien; Dodd, Vikram (9 May 2017). 5780: 5333: 5014: 4730: 4691: 4679: 4613: 3336: 3148: 3146: 3144: 2734: 2710: 2694: 8586:Hospitals established in the 14th century 8576:English medieval hospitals and almshouses 8437:Third-oldest university in England debate 8392:Chelsea College of Science and Technology 8009:Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives 7716:Bethlem Royal Hospital on the NHS website 7496: 7427: 7405: 7221: 7200:. Cibber, Caius Gabriel (1630–1700). 6683: 6353: 6145: 6071:"Bedlam Trust: why we let the cameras in" 5940:"Hospital neglect 'contributed to death'" 5840: 5424: 4589: 4348: 4339:"Philotheos Physiologus" (Thomas Tyson), 4327: 4311: 4299: 4240: 4181: 4116: 4104: 4087: 4075: 4059: 4038: 4019: 4003: 3991: 3653: 2881: 2487:Not to be confused with the York Retreat. 2216: 2214: 2100:– conspirator who plotted to assassinate 971:erupted between John Monro and his rival 571: 453: 8606:History of the London Borough of Bromley 8337:King's College London Mathematics School 8231:Rugby Club (Guy's, Kings and St Thomas') 6953: 6807: 6551: 6507: 6339: 6168: 6068: 5713: 5063: 4758: 4660: 4629: 4621: 4593: 1967:, films a community mental health team. 1878: 1847:A disciplinary hearing conducted by the 1837:Independent Police Complaints Commission 1763: 1553: 1494: 1306: 1138: 1105:and benevolence. In an era prior to the 1081: 1052: 1008: 996: 889: 775: 621: 607:, 11 chains, six locks and two pairs of 514: 337: 329: 8581:Health in the London Borough of Croydon 8377:Academic dress of King's College London 8034:Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases 8004:International Centre for Prison Studies 7984:Department of International Development 7920:Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine 7527: 7478:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7449: 7409:. Robert Hooke's Bethlem. 7317:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7274: 7246: 7228:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7203:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7178:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7153:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7146: 7124: 7102: 7011: 6781:. London: T.F. Unwin; 1914. 6595: 6485: 6459:. Charles C. Thomas; 1998. 6269:. Psychology Press, 1997. p. 390. 6264: 5598: 5479: 5222: 5030: 5018: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4933: 4892: 4875: 4863: 4848: 4836: 4809: 4782: 4746: 4573: 4510: 4498: 4441: 4433: 4408: 4388: 4372: 4315: 4284: 4256: 4232: 4193: 4169: 4151: 4139: 3795: 3705: 3689: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3495: 3451: 3435: 3423: 3408: 3380: 3305: 3301: 3236: 3223: 3152: 3141: 3091: 3079: 3063: 3035: 2836: 2789: 2777: 2753: 2666: 2642: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2560: 2544: 2023:in the British legal system) after the 1157:living causes him to end up in Bethlem. 584:William Gregory, Lord Mayor of London, 27:Psychiatric hospital in London, England 14: 8538: 7357: 7196: 7171: 6873: 6851: 6529: 6121: 5102: 4949: 4916: 4221: 4120: 4071: 3962: 3934: 3837: 3810: 3463: 3447: 3404: 3365: 3351: 2959: 2877: 2821: 2564: 2211: 1759: 1001:The new Bethlem Hospital, designed by 943:The London Citizen Exceedingly Injured 8397:Coat of arms of King's College London 7838: 7756: 7684: 7670: 7574: 7560: 7391: 7371: 7314:. Wakefield, Edward (1774–1854). 7296: 6975: 6909: 6829: 6705: 6624:Lunacy, Law and Conscience, 1744–1845 6617: 6449: 6229: 6156: 6133: 6009: 5998: 5900: 5806: 5769: 5708: 5582: 5520: 5483: 5412: 5271: 5067:Bedlam: London's Hospital for the Mad 4734: 4719: 4707: 4605: 4470: 4392: 4244: 3467: 3252: 3153:Webster, Charles (30 November 1979). 2971: 2765: 1697:Text of statute as originally enacted 1472:Text of statute as originally enacted 1391:Text of statute as originally enacted 1303:Bethlem rebuilt at St George's Fields 444:of Bethlehem. Thus, Bethlem became a 8566:Hospital buildings completed in 1930 8561:Hospital buildings completed in 1814 8462: 7649: 7310: 7044:. In: Webster, Charles. 6997: 6895: 6727: 6661: 6573: 6325: 6241: 5619: 5519:, August 1814, pp. 122–8, quoted in 5416: 4637: 4601: 4482: 4404: 4341:A Treatise of Dreams and Visions ... 3825: 2506: 2178:(1615, 1616 and 1618), was baseless. 728: 7964:Centre for Children and Adolescents 7175:. Crooke, Helkiah (1576–1648). 7030:Journals articles and book chapters 6105:"Bedlam - Channel 4 - Info - Press" 5603: 5064:Chambers, Paul (29 November 2019). 2125:History of psychiatric institutions 2015:– catalyst for the creation of the 1985: 1810: 1804:Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 780:The title page of Helkiah Crooke's 633:, the other Elizabethan theatre at 535:In 1546, the Lord Mayor of London, 24: 8264:Evelina London Children's Hospital 7580:£33m goes to 760-year-old hospital 7290:10.1111/j.1475-6757.2000.tb01170.x 6641:Kathol, Roger G.; Gatteau, Suzanne 5677:broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk 5541:Scull, MacKenzie & Hervey 1996 5500:Scull, MacKenzie & Hervey 1996 5468:Scull, MacKenzie & Hervey 1996 5421:Scull, MacKenzie & Hervey 1996 5183:Scull, MacKenzie & Hervey 1996 5143:Scull, MacKenzie & Hervey 1996 3975:Scull, MacKenzie & Hervey 1996 3784:Scull, MacKenzie & Hervey 1996 1134: 1063:facilitated the dimensions of the 471:, France, under the surety of the 401:Church and to link England to the 352:New Order of our Lady of Bethlehem 25: 8617: 8422:King's College London–UCL rivalry 7700: 7475:. Snell, Hannah (1723–1792). 7456:Journal of Ecclesiastical History 7225:. Frith, Mary (1584x9–1659). 7150:. Monro, Thomas (1759–1833). 6814:Overcoming Anxiety and Depression 6069:Charlton, Dan (3 December 2013). 5807:Gayle, Damien (7 February 2017). 5199:Scull, MacKenzie & Hervey1996 1021:History of London, published 1739 885: 771: 519:"The Prospect of Bridewell" from 8596:Psychiatric hospitals in England 8485: 8473: 8461: 8450: 8449: 7979:Department of Digital Humanities 7943: 7930:Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery 6759:. York Press; 1995. 6429:Andrews, Jonathan; Scull, Andrew 6407:Andrews, Jonathan; Scull, Andrew 6258: 6202: 6177: 6062: 6048:"Bethlem Royal Hospital parkrun" 6040: 6014: 5964: 5950: 5932: 5913: 5901:Gayle, Damien (6 October 2017). 5894: 5868: 5834: 5800: 5774: 5738: 5683: 5665: 5635: 5576: 5563: 5526: 5513:The Medical and Physical Journal 5505: 5489: 5473: 5457: 5406: 5326: 5313: 5261: 5188: 5172: 5132: 5057: 5039:. Jarrolds Publishers. pp. 5024: 5008: 4955: 4939: 4922: 4881: 4724: 4685: 4669: 4579: 4551: 4541:A Treatise of Dreams and Visions 4532: 4504: 4488: 4451: 4427: 4414: 4398: 4378: 4333: 4305: 4250: 4226: 4199: 4157: 4110: 4065: 4044: 4009: 3968: 3952: 3843: 2481: 2471: 2451: 2431: 2417: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2356: 2334: 2324: 2310: 2300: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2262: 2249: 2223: 1650:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1643: 1423:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1416: 1344:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1337: 1042:projecting westward from nearby 599:were six male inmates who were " 256:. It is closely associated with 70: 63: 50: 8387:Associateship of King's College 7506:. 1947;93(393):740–47. 7068:. 1979b;134(4):321–34. 5070:. History Press. p. 2019. 3776: 3695: 3643: 3485: 3457: 3441: 3398: 3295: 3258: 3242: 3229: 3173: 3069: 3053: 3025: 2937: 2870: 2811: 2783: 2728: 2700: 2660: 2202: 2181: 2167: 1620: 525:An Accurate Edition of Stow's " 463: 290:. It moved a short distance to 8551:1330 establishments in England 8546:1247 establishments in England 8417:King's College London Business 8074:Christopher Geidt, Baron Geidt 7910:Faculty of Arts and Humanities 7415:. 1996;55(3):254–275. 7254:. 1995;6(23):283–308. 6188:. New York: Harper Perennial. 2550: 2534: 2512: 2082:Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin 1952:The next programme was called 1768:Bethlem Royal Hospital in 2011 1750:psychiatric survivors movement 1492:and St George's Spa had been. 1297:Revolutionary wars with France 1013:Most of Bethlehem Hospital by 594:the hospital, who published a 562:dissolution of the monasteries 379:St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate 269:academic health science centre 13: 1: 8347:Royal Academy of Dramatic Art 8039:Twins Early Development Study 7743:Catholic Encyclopedia: Bedlam 7535: 7459:. 1998;49(2):213–35. 7284:. 2000;30(2):213–40. 7131:Medicine in the Enlightenment 7066:British Journal of Psychiatry 6787:Parry-Jones, William Llywelyn 6553:Harrison, John Fletcher Clews 5647:bethlemheritage.wordpress.com 2000:– would-be assailant of King 1874: 1550:1815–16 Parliamentary Inquiry 993:Bethlem rebuilt at Moorfields 975:, physician to the reformist 837: 741:The position of master was a 736: 705: 674: 325: 260:and, in partnership with the 8316:University Hospital Lewisham 8165:King's College London Chapel 7554:Newspapers and news agencies 7281:English Literary Renaissance 7020:Old and New London: Volume 6 6902:Bedlam on the Jacobean Stage 6186:The Professor and the Madman 5643:"Theo Hyslop - Bethlem Blog" 2493: 2349:, was then ensconced in the 2146:List of hospitals in England 2062:– would-be assassin of King 2053:– would-be assassin of King 1802:also objecting. However the 1289: 880: 689:Epicœne, or The Silent Woman 320: 252:The hospital is part of the 7: 6773:O'Donoghue, Edward Geoffrey 6332:The Four Last Things (1522) 5569:Wakefield, 1815, quoted in 5533:Committee on Madhouses 1815 2130:John Cutting (psychiatrist) 2113: 912:Royal College of Physicians 32:Hospital in London, England 10: 8622: 8143:Gordon Museum of Pathology 7379:. 1999;43:248–55. 7260:10.1177/0957154X9500602302 6299: 6265:Andrews, Jonathan (1997). 6184:Winchester, Simon (1998). 5690:Imperial War Museum London 4963:The Life of William Hutton 4168:(London, 1676), quoted in 4054:, 2 vols. (London, 1708), 2156:Bethlem Museum of the Mind 1956:; cameras were allowed in 1920:Every Saturday morning, a 1914:Bethlem Museum of the Mind 1625:United Kingdom legislation 1398:United Kingdom legislation 1319:United Kingdom legislation 701:A New Way to Pay Old Debts 365:It was established by the 342:Map of London in c. 1300. 8445: 8369: 8324: 8256: 8249: 8195: 8128: 8047: 7994:Department of War Studies 7952: 7941: 7885: 7874: 7816: 7790: 7570:. 23 January 2003:22. 7503:Journal of Mental Science 7465:10.1017/S0022046998006319 7398:Times Literary Supplement 7385:10.1017/s0025727300065133 4646:Kathol & Gatteau 2007 4090:, pp. 264, 274 n. 88 2045:Oxford English Dictionary 1783:("SLaM"), along with the 1695: 1685: 1680: 1667: 1656: 1642: 1637: 1632:Bethlem Hospital Act 1926 1630: 1470: 1460: 1455: 1439: 1429: 1415: 1410: 1405:Bethlem Hospital Act 1839 1403: 1389: 1379: 1374: 1361: 1350: 1336: 1331: 1326:Bethlem Hospital Act 1810 1324: 723:, two of the main London 579:it is incurable unto man 367:Bishop-elect of Bethlehem 334:Plan of the first Bethlem 204: 186: 181: 171: 166: 156: 148: 138: 133: 121: 109: 104: 92: 87: 58: 49: 42: 37: 8601:Social history of London 8432:Roman Baths, Strand Lane 8180:Somerset House East Wing 8098:Archbishop of Canterbury 8069:Chairman of the Council: 7989:Department of Philosophy 6858:Madness: A Brief History 5673:"Bethlem Royal Hospital" 5632:, 15 January 1870, p. 72 5571:Andrews & Scull 2001 4564:, pp. 178, 195 n. 6 4548:, pp. 178, 195 n. 5 4387:, p. 132. See also 4361:Andrews & Scull 2003 2161: 1927: 1185:The Honest Whore, Part I 652:The Honest Whore, Part I 387:Liverpool Street Station 8591:NHS hospitals in London 8427:Queen Elizabeth College 8284:King's College Hospital 8269:Francis Crick Institute 8236:Students' Union (KCLSU) 8148:Museum of Life Sciences 7492:(subscription required) 7367:. 1997;47(10):41–8. 7337:Phillpotts, Christopher 7331:(subscription required) 7242:(subscription required) 7217:(subscription required) 7192:(subscription required) 7167:(subscription required) 6244:, pp. 484–90, 492. 5630:British Medical Journal 5403:, p. 415, 416, 417 1893:National Psychosis Unit 1738:National Health Service 566:National Health Service 198:/bethlem-royal-hospital 116:National Health Service 8294:Bethlem Royal Hospital 8279:King's Health Partners 8187:King George III Museum 8110:List of notable alumni 7974:Department of Classics 7824:King's Health Partners 7798:Bethlem Royal Hospital 7512:10.1192/bjp.93.393.740 7487:10.1093/ref:odnb/25975 7326:10.1093/ref:odnb/28414 7237:10.1093/ref:odnb/10189 7162:10.1093/ref:odnb/18981 6390:The History of Bethlem 6313:Committee on Madhouses 6267:The History of Bethlem 6075:Health Service Journal 5286:, pp. 391–92, 404 5031:Walters, John (1972). 3022:, pp. 1–2, 130–31 2468: 2448: 2445:Edward Wakefield, 1814 2151:King's Health Partners 1888: 1796:Metropolitan Open Land 1769: 1592: 1559: 1500: 1316: 1213: 1158: 1118:of disease causation. 1098: 1059: 1022: 1006: 969:Paper War of 1752–1753 938: 898: 785: 638: 581: 572:From Bethlem to Bedlam 532: 454:Politics and patronage 347: 335: 266:King's Health Partners 217:Bethlem Royal Hospital 38:Bethlem Royal Hospital 8342:King's College School 7867:King's College London 7306:. 1985;447:31–42. 7252:History of Psychiatry 7212:10.1093/ref:odnb/5415 7187:10.1093/ref:odnb/6775 7074:10.1192/bjp.134.4.321 4243:, p. 271 n. 20; 2465:Edward Wakefield 1815 2457: 2437: 2040:William Chester Minor 1974:The final programme, 1963:The third programme, 1945:The first programme, 1882: 1858:found lack of proper 1767: 1730:London County Council 1728:and presented to the 1588: 1557: 1498: 1310: 1278:, the dramatist, and 1209: 1142: 1085: 1056: 1040:London's ancient wall 1012: 1000: 933: 893: 779: 625: 576: 518: 418:conquest of Bethlehem 341: 333: 294:in 1676, and then to 258:King's College London 18:Bedlam Lunatic Asylum 8522:51.38083°N 0.02944°W 8382:Aldwych tube station 7878:University of London 7731:UK National Archives 7656:The Bethlem Hospital 7429:Stevenson, Christine 7407:Stevenson, Christine 7401:. 21 March 2007. 7342:14th Century England 7082:Allderidge, Patricia 7062:Allderidge, Patricia 7038:Allderidge, Patricia 6751:Oberhelman, David D. 6365:. 1812;2:226–29. 5946:. 21 September 2016. 5726:. Bethlemgallery.com 4586:Today Programme 2008 4351:, p. 270, n. 10 4154:, p. 172 n. 170 4058:, p. 732, quoted in 3498:, pp. 242, 322. 3438:, p. 247, n. 15 2231:anatomical pathology 1903:occupational therapy 1901:The hospital has an 1885:Occupational therapy 1608:William Charles Hood 1505:James Tilly Matthews 1311:Bethlem Hospital at 1172:The Four Last Things 1127:Great Fire of London 1095:Caius Gabriel Cibber 1089:and Raving Madness ( 1048:Caius Gabriel Cibber 664:The Duchess of Malfi 613:solitary confinement 358:during the reign of 233:psychiatric hospital 209:Hospitals in England 161:Psychiatric hospital 140:Emergency department 96:Monks Orchard Road, 8518: / 8357:Thomas Young Centre 8311:St Thomas' Hospital 7623:Archives and Museum 7609:Archives and Museum 7276:Jackson, Kenneth S. 6707:Neely, Carol Thomas 6597:Jackson, Kenneth S. 6487:Dowling, William C. 6290:Andrews et al. 1997 6218:Andrews et al. 1997 5653:on 22 November 2016 5587:Andrews et al. 1997 5573:, p. 274 n. 85 5558:Andrews et al. 1997 5496:Andrews et al. 1997 5464:Andrews et al. 1997 5452:Andrews et al. 1997 5440:Andrews et al. 1997 5401:Andrews et al. 1997 5389:Andrews et al. 1997 5374:Andrews et al. 1997 5362:Andrews et al. 1997 5350:Andrews et al. 1997 5338:Andrews et al. 1997 5321:Andrews et al. 1997 5308:Andrews et al. 1997 5296:Andrews et al. 1997 5284:Andrews et al. 1997 5268:Andrews et al. 1997 5256:Andrews et al. 1997 5235:Andrews et al. 1997 5211:Andrews et al. 1997 5195:Andrews et al. 1997 5179:Andrews et al. 1997 5167:Andrews et al. 1997 5155:Andrews et al. 1997 5139:Andrews et al. 1997 5127:Andrews et al. 1997 5115:Andrews et al. 1997 5091:Andrews et al. 1997 4981:, p. 41 n. 154 4946:Andrews et al. 1997 4932:, p. 291 quoted in 4905:Andrews et al. 1997 4825:Andrews et al. 1997 4798:Andrews et al. 1997 4771:Andrews et al. 1997 4696:Andrews et al. 1997 4562:Andrews et al. 1997 4546:Andrews et al. 1997 4527:Andrews et al. 1997 4515:Andrews et al. 1997 4495:Andrews et al. 1997 4473:, pp. 202, 209 4459:Andrews et al. 1997 4446:Andrews et al. 1997 4422:Andrews et al. 1997 4391:, pp. 223–24; 4385:Andrews et al. 1997 4318:, pp. 70, 171. 4314:, pp. 262–67; 4265:Andrews et al. 1997 4207:Andrews et al. 1997 4125:Andrews et al. 1997 3959:Andrews et al. 1997 3947:Andrews et al. 1997 3923:Andrews et al. 1997 3906:Andrews et al. 1997 3891:Andrews et al. 1997 3879:Andrews et al. 1997 3863:Andrews et al. 1997 3851:Andrews et al. 1997 3771:Andrews et al. 1997 3754:Andrews et al. 1997 3742:Andrews et al. 1997 3730:Andrews et al. 1997 3704:, pp. 265–66; 3702:Andrews et al. 1997 3692:, pp. 257, 260 3678:Andrews et al. 1997 3666:Andrews et al. 1997 3530:Andrews et al. 1997 3492:Andrews et al. 1997 3480:Andrews et al. 1997 3393:Andrews et al. 1997 3310:Andrews et al. 1997 3278:Andrews et al. 1997 3197:Andrews et al. 1997 3136:Andrews et al. 1997 3109:Andrews et al. 1997 3076:Andrews et al. 1997 3060:Andrews et al. 1997 3048:Andrews et al. 1997 3032:Andrews et al. 1997 3020:Andrews et al. 1997 3008:Andrews et al. 1997 2996:Andrews et al. 1997 2984:Andrews et al. 1997 2932:Andrews et al. 1997 2909:Andrews et al. 1997 2794:Andrews et al. 1997 2739:Andrews et al. 1997 2723:Andrews et al. 1997 2709:, pp. 16, 58; 2707:Andrews et al. 1997 2683:Andrews et al. 1997 2671:Andrews et al. 1997 2655:Andrews et al. 1997 2577:Andrews et al. 1997 2559:, pp. 144–45; 2543:, pp. 15, 23; 2541:Andrews et al. 1997 2021:defence of insanity 1849:Metropolitan Police 1760:Recent developments 1734:Imperial War Museum 1706:Monks Orchard House 1490:Dog and Duck tavern 1032:natural philosopher 982:Treatise on Madness 554:house of correction 510:Godfrey de Bouillon 434:Church of Bethlehem 383:Bishopsgate Without 377:, in the parish of 284:Bishopsgate Without 245:, a 1946 film with 8527:51.38083; -0.02944 7999:Digital Classicist 7473:Wheelwright, Julie 7434:History of Bethlem 6685:MacDonald, Michael 6514:History of Madness 6363:The Philanthropist 6341:Saussure, César de 5336:, pp. 76–80; 5225:, pp. 341–368 4604:, pp. 25–26; 4247:, p. 22 n. 59 4123:, pp. 17–18; 3604:, p. 181, 183 3395:, pp. 63, 261 2630:, pp. 230–31. 2370:History of Madness 2135:Lists of hospitals 2098:Bannister Truelock 2060:Margaret Nicholson 2027:of Edward Drummond 2019:(criteria for the 1889: 1770: 1674:16 & 17 Geo. 5 1560: 1501: 1482:St George's Fields 1317: 1313:St George's Fields 1228:Foundling Hospital 1159: 1099: 1060: 1034:and City Surveyor 1023: 1019:William Maitland's 1015:William Henry Toms 1007: 989:in the same year. 941:Alexander Cruden, 899: 788:At the bidding of 786: 639: 533: 527:A Survey of London 489:Hundred Years' War 432:, obedient to the 348: 336: 296:St George's Fields 225:Bethlehem Hospital 8501: 8500: 8402:Creighton Lecture 8365: 8364: 8304:Maudsley Hospital 8115:List of chaplains 7832: 7831: 7808:Maudsley Hospital 7677:Psychosis Service 7666:29 May 2012]. 7529:Andrews, Jonathan 7498:Whittaker, Duncan 7451:Vincent, Nicholas 7353:. p. 197–224. 7198:Gibson, Katharine 7148:Andrews, Jonathan 7126:Andrews, Jonathan 7104:Andrews, Jonathan 7056:. p. 141–164. 6999:Tuke, Daniel Hack 6977:Smith, Leonard D. 6589:978-0-7139-9499-5 6536:Seeing the Insane 6531:Gilman, Sander L. 6451:Covey, Herbert C. 6371:Secondary sources 6355:Wakefield, Edward 6195:978-0-06-083978-9 5698:978-1-904897-95-8 5427:, pp. 226–29 5077:978-0-7509-9186-5 4163:Roger L'Strange, 3965:, pp. 164–65 3937:, pp. 165–66 3680:, pp. 262–63 3628:, pp. 183–86 2986:, pp. 113–15 2934:, pp. 115–16 2896:, pp. 142–43 2824:, pp. 156–57 2796:, pp. 17, 60 2176:Microcosmographia 1980:Maudsley Hospital 1825:Maudsley Hospital 1785:Maudsley Hospital 1702: 1701: 1638:Act of Parliament 1522:criminally insane 1477: 1476: 1411:Act of Parliament 1396: 1395: 1332:Act of Parliament 1232:Magdalen Hospital 1170:'s 1522 treatise 1150:A Rake's Progress 782:Microcosmographia 748:Court of Aldermen 546:Christ's Hospital 422:Khwarazmian Turks 221:St Mary Bethlehem 214: 213: 100:, London, England 16:(Redirected from 8613: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8493: 8489: 8481: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8299:Lambeth Hospital 8254: 8253: 8086:Ellen Clark-King 7947: 7900:Dental Institute 7879: 7868: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7836: 7835: 7803:Lambeth Hospital 7777: 7770: 7763: 7754: 7753: 7739: 7734: 7712: 7711: 7709:Official website 7695: 7687: 7681: 7673: 7667: 7652: 7646: 7638: 7632: 7624: 7618: 7614:About the Museum 7610: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7563: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7530: 7515: 7499: 7493: 7490: 7474: 7468: 7452: 7446: 7445:. p. 230–59. 7430: 7424: 7408: 7402: 7394: 7388: 7374: 7368: 7360: 7354: 7338: 7332: 7329: 7313: 7307: 7299: 7293: 7277: 7271: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7199: 7193: 7190: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7149: 7143: 7127: 7121: 7105: 7099: 7083: 7077: 7063: 7057: 7039: 7024: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6978: 6972: 6956: 6950: 6934: 6928: 6912: 6906: 6898: 6892: 6876: 6870: 6854: 6848: 6832: 6826: 6810: 6804: 6788: 6782: 6774: 6768: 6752: 6746: 6730: 6724: 6708: 6702: 6686: 6680: 6664: 6658: 6642: 6636: 6620: 6614: 6598: 6592: 6576: 6570: 6554: 6548: 6532: 6526: 6510: 6509:Foucault, Michel 6504: 6488: 6482: 6474: 6468: 6452: 6446: 6430: 6424: 6408: 6402: 6386: 6366: 6356: 6350: 6342: 6336: 6328: 6322: 6314: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6262: 6256: 6254:Wheelwright 2008 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6181: 6175: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6109:www.channel4.com 6101: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6018: 6012: 6007: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5968: 5962: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5778: 5772: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5720: 5711: 5706: 5700: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5649:. 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7103: 7081: 7061: 7037: 7014:Walford, Edward 7013: 6998: 6976: 6955:Skultans, Vieda 6954: 6932: 6910: 6897:Reed, Robert R. 6896: 6874: 6852: 6830: 6808: 6786: 6772: 6750: 6728: 6706: 6684: 6662: 6640: 6619:Jones, Kathleen 6618: 6596: 6574: 6552: 6530: 6508: 6486: 6473:Darlington, Ida 6472: 6450: 6428: 6406: 6384: 6354: 6340: 6326: 6312: 6306:Primary sources 6302: 6297: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6182: 6178: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6103: 6102: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6028:. 28 April 2016 6020: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5951: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5918: 5914: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5839: 5835: 5825: 5823: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5703: 5688: 5684: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5624: 5620: 5610:Dr Charles Hood 5608: 5604: 5597: 5593: 5585:, p. 112; 5581: 5577: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5547: 5531: 5527: 5510: 5506: 5498:, p. 423; 5494: 5490: 5482:, p. 422; 5478: 5474: 5466:, p. 424; 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5415:, p. 112; 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5334:Darlington 1955 5331: 5327: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5270:, p. 407; 5266: 5262: 5254: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197:, p. 402; 5193: 5189: 5181:, p. 401; 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5141:, p. 399; 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5029: 5025: 5015:Allderidge 1985 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4960: 4956: 4948:, p. 187; 4944: 4940: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4886: 4882: 4878:, pp. 23–4 4874: 4870: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4731:Allderidge 1985 4729: 4725: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4692:Allderidge 1985 4690: 4686: 4680:Allderidge 1985 4676:O'Donoghue 1914 4674: 4670: 4659: 4655: 4614:Oberhelman 1995 4592:, p. 122; 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4556: 4552: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513:, p. 224; 4509: 4505: 4497:, p. 132; 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4452: 4444:, p. 224; 4432: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4403: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4283: 4279: 4255: 4251: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4216: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4119:, p. 260; 4115: 4111: 4103: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4070: 4066: 4050:Edward Hatton, 4049: 4045: 4037: 4026: 4018:, p. 328; 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961:, p. 267; 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3912: 3904: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3517: 3509: 3502: 3494:, p. 261; 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3462: 3458: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3415: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3337:Allderidge 1985 3335: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308:, p. 223; 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3251:, p. 153; 3247: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3159:. CUP Archive. 3151: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078:, p. 132; 3074: 3070: 3062:, p. 132; 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034:, p. 130; 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946:, p. 143; 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2921:O'Donoghue 1914 2919: 2915: 2907: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880:, p. 156; 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2835: 2828: 2820:, p. 149; 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2745: 2737:, p. 207; 2735:Phillpotts 2012 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2711:Phillpotts 2012 2705: 2701: 2695:Phillpotts 2012 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669:, p. 231; 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2645:, pp. 231. 2641: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563:, p. 224; 2555: 2551: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2522:. History Extra 2518: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2426:Charles Western 2422: 2418: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2365:Michel Foucault 2361: 2357: 2351:Tower of London 2339: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2254: 2250: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2116: 2086:hyperthyroidism 2031:Jonathan Martin 2017:M'Naghten Rules 1988: 1930: 1907:Bethlem Gallery 1877: 1860:risk assessment 1813: 1800:Croydon Council 1774:Bethlem Gallery 1762: 1746: 1726:Lord Rothermere 1652: 1644: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1552: 1540:Hackney coaches 1446:2 & 3 Vict. 1425: 1417: 1404: 1399: 1346: 1338: 1325: 1320: 1305: 1292: 1280:Oliver Cromwell 1219: 1215: 1145:William Hogarth 1137: 1135:Public visiting 1065:great galleries 995: 948: 940: 928:trade in lunacy 888: 883: 840: 810:royal household 774: 739: 729:public visiting 708: 677: 627:Curtain Theatre 617:medieval period 591: 583: 574: 493:French monarchy 479:(1327–77), the 456: 397:to support the 328: 323: 190: 176: 175:1247 as priory 83: 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 75: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8619: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8483: 8471: 8459: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8373: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8274:Guy's Hospital 8271: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8210: 8205: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8134: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8088: 8076: 8064: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7950: 7949: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7862: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7839: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7780: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7702: 7701:External links 7699: 7697: 7696: 7682: 7668: 7651:Gale, Colin S. 7647: 7633: 7619: 7604: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7592:Lunatic London 7584: 7576:Cooke, Matthew 7572: 7557: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7494: 7469: 7447: 7425: 7421:10.2307/991148 7403: 7389: 7369: 7355: 7333: 7312:Moss, David J. 7308: 7298:Moran, Richard 7294: 7272: 7248:Hattori, Natsu 7244: 7219: 7194: 7169: 7144: 7142:. p. 6–53. 7122: 7100: 7078: 7058: 7033: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7009: 6995: 6973: 6951: 6929: 6907: 6893: 6871: 6849: 6827: 6805: 6783: 6769: 6747: 6725: 6703: 6681: 6659: 6637: 6615: 6593: 6575:Hill, Rosemary 6571: 6549: 6527: 6505: 6483: 6469: 6447: 6425: 6403: 6380: 6379: 6368: 6367: 6351: 6337: 6323: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6282: 6276:978-0415017732 6275: 6257: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6210: 6201: 6194: 6176: 6161: 6149: 6146:Griffiths 2008 6138: 6126: 6114: 6087: 6061: 6039: 6013: 6002: 5991: 5963: 5949: 5931: 5912: 5893: 5867: 5833: 5799: 5773: 5759: 5737: 5712: 5701: 5682: 5664: 5634: 5618: 5614:British Museum 5602: 5591: 5575: 5562: 5545: 5525: 5504: 5488: 5486:, p. 113. 5472: 5456: 5444: 5429: 5425:Wakefield 1812 5423:, p. 28; 5405: 5393: 5378: 5366: 5354: 5342: 5325: 5312: 5300: 5288: 5276: 5260: 5239: 5227: 5215: 5203: 5187: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5076: 5056: 5049: 5023: 5017:, p. 28; 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4954: 4938: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4880: 4868: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4814: 4802: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4733:, p. 23; 4723: 4712: 4700: 4694:, p. 23; 4684: 4668: 4653: 4590:MacDonald 1981 4578: 4566: 4550: 4538:Thomas Tryon, 4531: 4519: 4503: 4501:, p. 224. 4487: 4475: 4463: 4450: 4426: 4413: 4397: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4349:Stevenson 1996 4332: 4328:Stevenson 1996 4320: 4312:Stevenson 1996 4304: 4300:Stevenson 1996 4292: 4277: 4249: 4241:Stevenson 1996 4225: 4214: 4198: 4186: 4182:Stevenson 1996 4174: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4117:Stevenson 1996 4109: 4105:Stevenson 1996 4092: 4088:Stevenson 1996 4080: 4076:Stevenson 1996 4074:, p. 71; 4064: 4060:Stevenson 1996 4043: 4039:Stevenson 1996 4024: 4020:Stevenson 1996 4008: 4004:Stevenson 1997 3996: 3992:Stevenson 1996 3979: 3967: 3951: 3949:, pp. 277 3939: 3927: 3910: 3895: 3883: 3867: 3855: 3842: 3830: 3815: 3800: 3788: 3775: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3708:, p. 244. 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3654:Whittaker 1947 3642: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3515: 3500: 3484: 3472: 3470:, p. 199. 3456: 3454:, p. 245. 3450:, p. 42; 3440: 3428: 3413: 3407:, p. 42; 3397: 3385: 3370: 3355: 3341: 3326: 3314: 3304:, p. 49; 3294: 3282: 3270: 3257: 3255:, p. 171. 3241: 3228: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3172: 3165: 3140: 3128: 3113: 3096: 3084: 3068: 3052: 3040: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2950:, p. 323. 2936: 2924: 2913: 2898: 2886: 2884:, p. 742. 2882:Whittaker 1947 2869: 2857: 2855:, p. 144. 2845: 2843:, p. 149. 2826: 2810: 2798: 2792:, p. 11; 2782: 2770: 2758: 2743: 2727: 2715: 2713:, p. 207. 2699: 2687: 2675: 2659: 2647: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2581: 2569: 2549: 2547:, p. 213. 2533: 2511: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2480: 2470: 2462: 2450: 2442: 2430: 2416: 2412:Guy's Hospital 2402: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2355: 2333: 2323: 2309: 2299: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2261: 2248: 2222: 2210: 2201: 2197:The Changeling 2180: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2095: 2089: 2079: 2073:Queen Victoria 2066: 2057: 2051:James Hadfield 2048: 2037: 2033:– set fire to 2028: 2010: 2004: 1995: 1987: 1984: 1929: 1926: 1876: 1873: 1812: 1809: 1761: 1758: 1745: 1742: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1551: 1548: 1531:for attempted 1529:James Hadfield 1475: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1304: 1301: 1291: 1288: 1208: 1178:payment of 10 1136: 1133: 1123:Savoy Hospital 994: 991: 973:William Battie 952:antiphlogistic 932: 887: 886:Medical regime 884: 882: 879: 867:humoral theory 839: 836: 794:Helkiah Crooke 790:James VI and I 773: 772:Helkiah Crooke 770: 738: 735: 683:The Changeling 575: 573: 570: 552:, a prototype 473:Avignon papacy 455: 452: 356:city of London 344:St Mary Spital 327: 324: 322: 319: 313:in the era of 288:City of London 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 188: 184: 183: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 142: 136: 135: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 113: 107: 106: 102: 101: 94: 90: 89: 85: 84: 78: 69: 68: 62: 61: 60: 59: 56: 55: 47: 46: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8618: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8534: 8531: 8494: 8488: 8484: 8482: 8476: 8472: 8470: 8460: 8458: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8352:Russell Group 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8155:Strand Campus 8153: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8120:List of deans 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7957:and divisions 7951: 7946: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7925:School of Law 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7884: 7880: 7873: 7869: 7860: 7855: 7853: 7848: 7846: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7773: 7771: 7766: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7704: 7693: 7692: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7545: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7495: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7393:Scull, Andrew 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7373:Scull, Andrew 7370: 7366: 7365: 7364:History Today 7356: 7352: 7351:9781843837213 7348: 7344: 7343: 7334: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7245: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7220: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7195: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7170: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7145: 7141: 7140:9789051835625 7137: 7133: 7132: 7123: 7119: 7118:9780415111362 7115: 7111: 7110: 7101: 7097: 7096:9780415008594 7093: 7089: 7088: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7054:9780521226431 7051: 7047: 7043: 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6567:9780710001917 6564: 6560: 6559: 6550: 6546: 6545:9780803270640 6542: 6538: 6537: 6528: 6524: 6523:9780415277013 6520: 6516: 6515: 6506: 6502: 6501:9781584655800 6498: 6494: 6493: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6470: 6466: 6465:9780398068370 6462: 6458: 6457: 6448: 6444: 6443:9780520226609 6440: 6436: 6435: 6426: 6422: 6421:9780520231511 6418: 6414: 6413: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6292:, p. 657 6291: 6286: 6278: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6232:, p. 286 6231: 6226: 6220:, p. 359 6219: 6214: 6205: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6169:Harrison 1979 6165: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6049: 6043: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5995: 5980:. 6 July 2018 5979: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5747: 5741: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5595: 5589:, p. 415 5588: 5584: 5579: 5572: 5566: 5560:, p. 424 5559: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5523:, p. 113 5522: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5454:, p. 422 5453: 5448: 5442:, p. 421 5441: 5436: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5391:, p. 417 5390: 5385: 5383: 5376:, p. 416 5375: 5370: 5364:, p. 410 5363: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5340:, p. 409 5339: 5335: 5329: 5323:, p. 409 5322: 5316: 5310:, p. 409 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5258:, p. 407 5257: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5237:, p. 406 5236: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5213:, p. 403 5212: 5207: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5157:, p. 400 5156: 5151: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5129:, p. 398 5128: 5123: 5117:, p. 381 5116: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5093:, p. 397 5092: 5087: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5060: 5052: 5050:9780091112400 5046: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5027: 5021:, p. 99. 5020: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4952:, p. 157 4951: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4919:, p. 157 4918: 4913: 4907:, p. 186 4906: 4901: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4877: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4811: 4806: 4800:, p. 182 4799: 4794: 4792: 4784: 4779: 4773:, p. 181 4772: 4767: 4760: 4759:Saussure 1902 4755: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4721: 4716: 4710:, p. 208 4709: 4704: 4698:, p. 180 4697: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4661:Foucault 2006 4657: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4630:Phillips 2007 4627: 4623: 4622:Skultans 1979 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594:Foucault 2006 4591: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4529:, p. 178 4528: 4523: 4517:, p. 130 4516: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4461:, p. 187 4460: 4454: 4448:, p. 132 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4424:, p. 132 4423: 4417: 4411:, p. 287 4410: 4407:, p. 7; 4406: 4401: 4395:, p. 209 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4330:, p. 255 4329: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4302:, p. 261 4301: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4196:, p. 173 4195: 4190: 4184:, p. 266 4183: 4178: 4172:, p. 84. 4171: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4142:, p. 234 4141: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4107:, p. 260 4106: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4078:, p. 258 4077: 4073: 4068: 4062:, p. 260 4061: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4041:, p. 259 4040: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4022:, p. 263 4021: 4017: 4012: 4006:, p. 233 4005: 4000: 3994:, p. 254 3993: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3925:, p. 275 3924: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3893:, p. 272 3892: 3887: 3881:, p. 272 3880: 3874: 3872: 3865:, p. 271 3864: 3859: 3853:, p. 271 3852: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3773:, p. 267 3772: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3750: 3744:, p. 266 3743: 3738: 3732:, p. 269 3731: 3726: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3668:, p. 262 3667: 3662: 3656:, p. 747 3655: 3652:, p. 4; 3651: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3616:, p. 187 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3592:, p. 157 3591: 3586: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3556:, p. 155 3555: 3550: 3544:, p. 222 3543: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3513:, p. 145 3512: 3507: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3426:, p. 181 3425: 3420: 3418: 3411:, p. 246 3410: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3383:, p. 246 3382: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3324:, p. 154 3323: 3318: 3312:, p. 123 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3292:, p. 323 3291: 3286: 3280:, p. 124 3279: 3274: 3268:, p. 153 3267: 3261: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3239:, p. 223 3238: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3211:, p. 153 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3168: 3166:9780521226431 3162: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3137: 3132: 3126:, p. 149 3125: 3120: 3118: 3111:, p. 261 3110: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3094:, p. 245 3093: 3088: 3082:, p. 224 3081: 3077: 3072: 3066:, p. 287 3065: 3061: 3056: 3050:, p. 130 3049: 3044: 3038:, p. 283 3037: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3010:, p. 131 3009: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2974:, p. 249 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2867:, p. 142 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2839:, p. 1; 2838: 2833: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2808:, p. 148 2807: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2756:, p. 232 2755: 2750: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2697:, p. 200 2696: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2629: 2624: 2618:, p. 226 2617: 2612: 2606:, p. 217 2605: 2600: 2594:, p. 224 2593: 2588: 2586: 2578: 2573: 2567:, p. 41. 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2521: 2515: 2509:, p. 60. 2508: 2503: 2499: 2484: 2474: 2461: 2454: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2303: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2265: 2258: 2257:Royal Society 2252: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2140:Tom o' Bedlam 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2077:Prince Albert 2074: 2070: 2069:Edward Oxford 2067: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1932:In 2013, the 1925: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1881: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1816:Olaseni Lewis 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1772:In 1997, the 1766: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1602:In June 1816 1600: 1597: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1547: 1545: 1544:Sydney Smirke 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1414: 1409: 1402: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1335: 1330: 1323: 1314: 1309: 1300: 1298: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1276:Nathaniel Lee 1273: 1269: 1268:London Bridge 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1218: 1212: 1207: 1205: 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Retrieved 5651:the original 5646: 5637: 5621: 5605: 5599:Andrews 2010 5594: 5578: 5565: 5543:, p. 30 5539:; quoted in 5528: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5502:, p. 30 5491: 5480:Andrews 1991 5475: 5470:, p. 31 5459: 5447: 5408: 5396: 5369: 5357: 5345: 5328: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5263: 5230: 5223:Walford 1878 5218: 5206: 5201:, p. 19 5190: 5185:, p. 19 5174: 5162: 5150: 5145:, p. 18 5134: 5122: 5110: 5105:, p. 43 5098: 5086: 5066: 5059: 5034: 5026: 5019:Andrews 1991 5010: 5005:, p. 40 5003:Andrews 1991 4998: 4993:, p. 41 4991:Andrews 1991 4986: 4979:Andrews 1991 4974: 4969:, p. 40 4967:Andrews 1991 4962: 4957: 4941: 4936:, p. 38 4934:Andrews 1991 4929: 4924: 4912: 4900: 4893:Andrews 1991 4888: 4883: 4876:Andrews 1991 4871: 4866:, p. 23 4864:Andrews 1991 4851:, p. 16 4849:Andrews 1991 4844: 4837:Andrews 1991 4832: 4827:, p. 14 4810:Andrews 1991 4805: 4785:, p. 19 4783:Andrews 1991 4778: 4766: 4754: 4749:, p. 18 4747:Andrews 1991 4742: 4737:, p. 51 4726: 4715: 4703: 4687: 4682:, p. 23 4671: 4656: 4581: 4576:, p. 14 4574:Andrews 1991 4569: 4557: 4553: 4539: 4534: 4522: 4511:Jackson 2000 4506: 4499:Jackson 2000 4490: 4478: 4466: 4453: 4442:Jackson 2000 4434:Jackson 2005 4429: 4416: 4409:Hattori 1995 4400: 4389:Jackson 2000 4380: 4375:, p. 11 4373:Andrews 1991 4368: 4363:, p. 37 4356: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4323: 4316:Andrews 1994 4307: 4295: 4285:Andrews 1994 4280: 4275:, p. 31 4257:Andrews 1994 4252: 4233:Andrews 1994 4228: 4217: 4201: 4194:Andrews 1991 4189: 4177: 4170:Andrews 1991 4164: 4159: 4152:Andrews 1991 4147: 4140:Andrews 1991 4135: 4112: 4083: 4067: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4011: 3999: 3977:, p. 18 3970: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3886: 3858: 3845: 3833: 3813:, p. 72 3796:Dowling 2006 3791: 3786:, p. 10 3778: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3706:Andrews 1991 3697: 3690:Andrews 1991 3685: 3673: 3661: 3650:Andrews 1991 3645: 3638:Andrews 1991 3633: 3626:Andrews 1991 3621: 3614:Andrews 1991 3609: 3602:Andrews 1991 3597: 3590:Andrews 1991 3585: 3578:Andrews 1991 3573: 3566:Andrews 1991 3561: 3554:Andrews 1991 3549: 3542:Andrews 1991 3537: 3532:, p. 51 3496:Andrews 1991 3487: 3482:, p. 88 3475: 3459: 3452:Andrews 1991 3443: 3436:Andrews 1991 3431: 3424:Andrews 1991 3409:Andrews 1991 3400: 3388: 3381:Andrews 1991 3368:, p. 42 3339:, p. 29 3317: 3306:Jackson 2000 3302:Jackson 2005 3297: 3285: 3273: 3260: 3244: 3237:Jackson 2000 3231: 3226:, p. 49 3224:Jackson 2005 3204: 3199:, p. 91 3192: 3182: 3175: 3155: 3131: 3092:Andrews 1991 3087: 3080:Jackson 2000 3071: 3064:Hattori 1995 3055: 3043: 3036:Hattori 1995 3027: 3015: 3003: 2998:, p. 82 2991: 2979: 2967: 2962:, p. 41 2955: 2939: 2927: 2916: 2889: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2837:Andrews 1991 2813: 2801: 2790:Andrews 1995 2785: 2780:, p. 11 2778:Andrews 1995 2773: 2768:, p. 11 2761: 2754:Vincent 1998 2741:, p. 81 2730: 2725:, p. 55 2718: 2702: 2690: 2685:, p. 56 2678: 2673:, p. 57 2667:Vincent 1998 2662: 2657:, p. 84 2650: 2643:Vincent 1998 2628:Vincent 1998 2623: 2616:Vincent 1998 2611: 2604:Vincent 1998 2599: 2592:Vincent 1998 2579:, p. 25 2572: 2561:Vincent 1998 2552: 2545:Vincent 1998 2536: 2524:. 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