109:
95:
77:
232:
The
Bayfield group is a predominantly red sandstone, though it varies through lighter colors such as pink, yellow, light brown, gray and white. A minority portion is a dark "brownstone" which is a good building material. The colors occur in bands, though mottling and other irregular markings are
456:
353:, operated by the Basswood Island Brownstone Company. A few years prior to 1893, the business was booming. However, the heavy influence of speculators helped lead to a decline that paralleled the
349:
was popular in the eastern United States. The discovery of the
Bayfield group, similar to Eastern brownstones, brought immediate exploitation, and the first quarry opened in 1868 on
248:
The grains vary from coarse pebbly grits to shale. The finer the grains, the darker their color. The grains are cemented primarily by quartz, with iron oxide coating the grains.
302:
volcanic clasts. Smaller constituents are 3.9% polycrystalline quartz, 2.3% opaques, 1.6% mafic volcanic clasts, 0.9% metamorphic, 0.7% sedimentary, and 0.4% plagioclase. The
364:
of 1893. By 1897, very little stone was being extracted. By 1912, only two quarries remained producing high quality
Bayfield group sandstone.
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573:
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The only product that
Bayfield group sandstone was used for, the "brownstone" in particular, was building stone.
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By the time that the quarries could recoup their losses, paler limestones had gained favor, partly due to the
158:, and prefixed by the quarry location. The name was changed to the Bayfield group as its relation to
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27:
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is a 300-foot thick, pink-to-white pure quartz sandstone with significant ripples. The
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is entirely devoid of fossils. The
Bayfield group overlies the much thicker
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Prior to the 1900s, Bayfield group sandstone was also variously named
315:
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In order of abundance, the
Bayfield group is composed of: quartz,
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minerals. The quartz usually comprises about 75% of the stone.
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As most of the stone's constituents are the end-products of
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557:. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. 1912.
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The formation, 4300 feet thick, is divided into three:
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The sandstone architecture of the Lake
Superior region
162:(once known as Lake Superior Sandstone) is uncertain.
290:is composed of: 33.3% nonundulatory quartz, 29.7%
205:is a red and white sandstone 1000 feet thick. The
591:
240:, it is very resistant to atmospheric action.
217:, but with a higher feldspar concentration.
362:"White City" of the Chicago World's Fair
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286:Based on an average of 52 samples, the
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525:
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519:
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220:The Bayfield group is a member of the
213:is 3000 feet thick and similar to the
178:sandstones in southern Wisconsin. The
135:coast. It is named for the village of
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112:Formations of the Bayfield group on
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170:The Bayfield group is irregularly
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463:. United States Geological Survey
568:. Wayne State University Press.
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75:
562:Eckert, Kathryn Bishop (2000).
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141:Western Lake Superior Sandstone
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1:
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227:
131:found in Wisconsin along the
605:Geologic groups of Wisconsin
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7:
457:"Geologic Unit: Keweenawan"
174:, in contrast to the even,
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139:, but was once known as
207:Devils Island Sandstone
195:Devils Island Sandstone
148:Lake Superior Sandstone
49:Devils Island Sandstone
117:
222:Keweenawan Supergroup
215:Chequamegon Sandstone
203:Chequamegon Sandstone
191:Chequamegon Sandstone
160:Jacobsville Sandstone
111:
47:Chequamegon Sandstone
38:Keweenawan Supergroup
529:Bulletin 1912, p. 46
511:Bulletin 1912, p. 45
493:Bulletin 1912, p. 27
481:Bulletin 1912, p. 31
446:Bulletin 1912, p. 26
430:Bulletin 1912, p. 48
421:Bulletin 1912, p. 32
412:Bulletin 1912, p. 29
385:Bulletin 1912, p. 25
180:geological formation
304:heavy mineral suite
267:, iron oxide (both
137:Bayfield, Wisconsin
114:NPS Apostle Islands
554:Bulletin, Issue 25
345:In the mid-1860s,
296:potassium feldspar
118:
575:978-0-8143-2807-1
308:Orienta Sandstone
288:Orienta Sandstone
211:Orienta Sandstone
199:Orienta Sandstone
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51:Orienta Sandstone
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461:GEOLEX Database
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351:Basswood Island
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600:Building stone
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294:quartz, 17.3%
281:ferromagnesian
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122:Bayfield group
116:geological map
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19:Bayfield group
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538:Eckert, p. 57
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502:Eckert, p. 34
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403:Eckert, p. 33
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394:Eckert, p. 31
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355:Panic of 1893
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133:Lake Superior
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101:United States
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579:. Retrieved
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553:
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507:
498:
477:
465:. Retrieved
460:
451:
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344:
341:
338:Economic use
307:
287:
285:
250:
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206:
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184:Oronto Group
169:
155:
151:
147:
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140:
121:
119:
60:Oronto Group
261:plagioclase
244:Composition
594:Categories
546:References
347:brownstone
332:tourmaline
292:undulatory
257:orthoclase
238:weathering
228:Properties
176:calcareous
152:brownstone
581:18 August
330:, and 1%
316:leucoxene
298:and 9.4%
269:magnetite
166:Formation
129:sandstone
83:Wisconsin
44:Sub-units
467:June 20,
312:ilmenite
273:limonite
253:feldspar
233:common.
156:redstone
66:Location
56:Overlies
320:apatite
318:, 3-4%
310:is 78%
300:silicic
89:Country
34:Unit of
572:
328:garnet
324:zircon
314:, 13%
279:, and
255:(both
201:. The
197:, and
172:bedded
126:quartz
98:
80:
71:Region
368:Notes
326:, 2%
322:, 3%
277:chert
154:, or
124:is a
28:Group
583:2011
570:ISBN
469:2012
271:and
265:mica
259:and
120:The
24:Type
306:of
275:),
263:),
596::
516:^
486:^
459:.
435:^
376:^
357:.
334:.
224:.
193:,
186:.
150:,
143:.
585:.
471:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
