Battle of the Eureka Stockade

1863:

wooden monument. It was replaced by a headstone in the 1880s when the soldiers' memorial was erected. In Christ Church Cathedral, Ballarat, a large font bears the inscriptions "by his loving parents" and "in memory of G.R. Littlehales". At the Winchester Cathedral in England, two flagstones are dedicated to the Littlehales family members on the floor. The inscription on the stone dedicated to Captain Littlehales confirms that he "died in Camp at Ballarat and was there buried" at the age of 31. Blake estimates that the total military casualties are more likely to have been around 30 as those suffering from slight injuries were unreported.

1013: 1617: 1955:, 8 December edition, readers were told that casualties from the battle were "more numerous than originally supposed". In 1892, the Peter Lalor statue in Ballarat was inscribed with the names of the dead and wounded taken from his open letter along with the words "and others who were killed". Blake makes the unsourced claim that there was at least 21 unidentified dead buried. Superintendent Henry Foster said that "many persons killed whose names were not known, I buried five myself whose names were not known". 1594: 211: 200: 189: 178: 147: 135: 123: 110: 322: 1062: 1750:

three strokes across the brow, a bayonet wound in the throat ... and other wounds - I counted fifteen in that single carcase. Some were bringing handkerchiefs, others bed furniture and matting to cover up the faces of the dead. O God! sir, it was a sight for a Sabbath morn that, I humbly implore Heaven, may never be seen again. Poor women crying for absent husbands, and children frightened into quietness ... Some of the bodies might have been removed - I counted fifteen.

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continued to fortify their position as 300-400 men arrived from Creswick's Creek, and Carboni recalls they were: "dirty and ragged, and proved the greatest nuisance. One of them, Michael Tuohy, behaved valiantly". Once foraging parties were organised, there was a rebel garrison of around 200 men. Amid the Saturday night revelry, low munitions, and major desertions, Lalor ordered that any man attempting to leave the stockade be shot.

1602: 317: 242: 223: 161: 1769: 1700: 1586: 1179: 1818: 1420: 1487: 2109:, who had seen action during the 1798 Irish rebellion, arrived after the insurgency had been put down. In 1860, Withers stated in a lecture that "The site was most injudicious for any purpose of defence as it was easily commanded from adjacent spots, and the ease with which the place could be taken was apparent to the most unprofessional eye". 1524:

back". FitzSimons points out that although the number of reinforcements converging on Ballarat was probably closer to 500, there is no doubt that as a result of the choice of password "the Stockade is denied many strong-armed men because of the feeling that the Irish have taken over". Withers states that:

1738:. Captain Thomas finally ordered the bugler to sound the retreat, with around 120 rebels, some wounded, being rounded up and marched back to the government camp two kilometres away as prisoners. They were kept there in an overcrowded lock-up before being moved to a more spacious barn on Monday morning. 2131:

One survivor of the battle stated that "the collapse of the rising at Ballarat may be regarded as mainly attributable to the password given by Lalor on the night before the assault". William Craig also recalled that "Many at Ballaarat, who were disposed before that to resist the military, now quietly

2013:

As the materials used by the rebels to fortify the Eureka lead were quickly removed and the landscape subsequently altered by mining, the exact location of the Eureka Stockade is unknown. Various studies have been undertaken that have arrived at different conclusions. Jack Harvey (1994) has conducted

1994:

A variety of weapons were used at the Battle of the Eureka Stockade. The assorted handguns and long arms include Colt revolvers, horse pistols, pepperbox revolvers, percussion pistols, American carbines, muzzle-loading carbines, rifles, shotguns, and the Lovell 1842 pattern smooth bore muzzle-loading

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McGill decided to take most of his two hundred Californian Rangers away from the stockade to intercept rumoured British reinforcements coming from Melbourne. Many Saturday night revellers within the rebel garrison went back to their own tents, assuming that the government camp would not attack on the

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The rebels sent out scouts and established picket lines in order to have advance warning of Rede's movements and a request for reinforcements to the other mining settlements. The "moral force" faction had withdrawn from the protest movement as the men of violence moved into the ascendancy. The rebels

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described it in his 1855 memoirs as being "higgledy piggledy". It encompassed an area said to be one acre; however, that is difficult to reconcile with other estimates that have the dimensions of the stockade as being around 100 feet (30 m) x 200 feet (61 m). Contemporaneous representations

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Ross was one of the captains of the rebel garrison. He was present at the oath-swearing and Eureka flag-raising ceremony at Bakery Hill on 30 November 1854. Ross acted as the Eureka Flag bearer at the head of about 1,000 rebels who marched in double file from Bakery Hill to the Eureka lead, where the

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Then, there was an uproar over the arrest of Catholic Father Smyth's disabled Armenian servant Johannes Gregorious. He was subjected to police brutality and false arrest for licence evasion, even though it was revealed he was exempt from the requirement. Gregorious was instead convicted of assaulting

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They all lay in a small space, with their faces upwards, looking like lead; several of them were still heaving, and at every rise of their breasts, the blood spouted out of their wounds, or just bubbled out and trickled away. One man, a stout-chested fine fellow ... had three contusions in the head,

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The foot police appear, as a body, to have conducted themselves with creditable temper; but assuredly, on the part of the mounted division of that force there seems to have been a needless as well as ruthless sacrifice of human life, indiscriminate of innocent or guilty, and after all resistance had

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At the height of the battle, Lalor's left arm was shattered by a bullet which later required amputation. He was hidden under some slabs before being secreted out of Ballarat to hide as an outlaw with supporters. Golden Point local Dr Timothy Doyle performed the operation with Lalor quoted as saying,

1655:

The party had not advanced three hundred yards before we were seen by a rebel sentry, who fired, not at our party, but to warn his party in the Stockade. He was on Black Hill. Captain Thomas turned his head in the direction of the shot and said, "We are seen. Forward, and steady men! Don't fire; let

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According to Lalor's reckoning: "There were about 70 men possessing guns, 30 with pikes and 30 with pistols, but many had no more than one or two rounds of ammunition. Their coolness and bravery were admirable when it is considered that the odds were 3 to 1 against". Lalor's command was riddled with

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Amid the rising number of rebels absent without leave throughout 2 December, a contingent of 200 Americans under James McGill arrived at 4 pm. Styled as "The Independent Californian Rangers' Revolver Brigade", they had horses and were equipped with sidearms and Mexican knives. In a fateful decision,

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In 2009, military historian Gregory Blake advanced the theory that two flags may have been flown on the day of the battle, as the miners were claiming to be defending their British rights. Blake leaves open the possibility that the flag being carried by the prisoner had been souvenired from the flag

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Manning was a journalist who Carboni mentions as being present at the meeting where Peter Lalor was confirmed as rebel leader. Inspector Carter discovered him in the stockade's armoury when he stormed the tent. Carter arrested Manning himself and placed him into the custody of Lieutenant Richards of

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Thonen was a Prussian who served as one of Lalor's rebel captains and was killed in action during the battle. Carboni records that amid the shooting, "Ross and his division northward and Thonen and his division southward, and both in front of the gully, under cover of the slabs, answered with such a

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Hanrahan was chosen as the captain of the pikemen at the Eureka Stockade. In the days leading up to the battle, he was leading small groups of pikemen along the road to Melbourne, looking to interdict and delay any opposing forces converging on the stockade. After waiting all day on 3 December 1854,

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played an important part in the prelude to the Eureka Rebellion. Black proposed the motion in favour of adult male suffrage and full and fair representation at the Ballarat Reform League meeting at Bakery Hill on 11 November 1854 and served as the league's secretary. Initial reward posters issued by

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The local authorities soon found themselves with fewer police officers and lacking the infrastructure needed to support the expansion of the mining industry. The number of public servants, factory and farm workers leaving for the goldfields to seek their fortune led to a chronic labour shortage that

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in a bayonet charge. Carboni says it was the pikemen who stood their ground that suffered the heaviest casualties, with Lalor ordering the musketeers to take refuge in the mine holes and crying out, "Pikemen, advance! Now for God's sake do your duty". There were twenty to thirty Californians at the

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According to Gregory Blake, the fighting in Ballarat on 3 December 1854 was not one-sided and full of indiscriminate murder by the colonial forces. In his memoirs, one of Lalor's captains, John Lynch, mentions "some sharp shooting". For at least 10 minutes, the rebels offered stiff resistance, with

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In the early hours of 1 December, the rebels were observed to be massing on Bakery Hill, but a government raiding party found the area vacated. The riot act was read to a mob that had gathered around Bath's Hotel, with mounted police breaking up the unlawful assembly. A three-man miner's delegation

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Like many of the immigrant miners, Carboni was involved in the European Revolutions of 1848. He was indicted and acquitted in the 1855 Victorian High Treason trials. Eureka folklore is deeply indebted to Carboni, who published the only full-length eyewitness account of the Eureka Rebellion in 1855.

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Hayes was one of the mining tax protest movement's key agitators. Chaired the 29 November 1854 meeting on Bakery Hill, where the Eureka Flag was first displayed, and mining permits were burned. He incited the crowd, shouting from the platform, "Are you ready to die?" Carboni mentions Hayes as being

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He was wounded in action during the battle with his left arm later requiring amputation. Lalor was hidden and secreted out of the stockade by supporters. He remained on the run until a general amnesty was granted in May 1855. Lalor became a member of parliament and later served as a minister of the

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At his first public appearance, Lalor acted as secretary for the 17 November 1854 meeting that led to the burning of Bentley's Hotel and moved in favour of establishing a central rebel executive. At the 30 November 1854 meeting on Bakery Hill, he took the initiative of mounting a stump armed with a

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Some of the fallen Eureka rebels were buried in a small bush cemetery located near where the Eureka lead intersected what is now Eureka Street. It was reported on 2 December 1857 that the bodies of Henry Ross, James Brown, Edward Thonen, and "Tom the Blacksmith" had been re-interred with the other

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Captain Thomas estimated that thirty diggers died on the spot, and "many more died of their wounds subsequently". Dan Calwell told his US relations thirty had died. Huyghue reckoned that the battle had claimed thirty to forty lives. On 6 December, Thomas Pierson noted in his diary that twenty-five

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The exact numbers of deaths and injuries cannot be determined as, according to researcher Dorothy Wickham, many miners "fled to the surrounding bush, and it is likely a good many more died a lonely death or suffered the agony of their wounds, hidden from the authorities for fear of repercussions".

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had become involved. There were miners from Bendigo, Forrest Creek, and Creswick who were converging on Ballarat to join the rebel garrison. The latter contingent was said to number a thousand men, "but when the news circulated that Irish independence had crept into the movement, almost all turned

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newspaper of 4 December 1854 reported that the Union Jack "had" to be hoisted underneath the Eureka Flag at the stockade and that both flags were in possession of the foot police. Among those willing to credit the first report of the battle as being true and correct it has been theorised that the

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Lalor listed fourteen miners (mostly Irish) as having died at the stockade and another eight who died later from injuries they sustained. A further dozen were wounded but recovered. Published by several newspapers three months after the battle, his letter to the colonists of Victoria states that:

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There is also the case of Captain George Richard Littlehales, who, according to the 12th Regiment's muster list, "Died 12 February 1855 at Ballarat Camp". He was buried in the same enclosure as Privates Webb and Boyle, who died of wounds sustained in the battle. Littlehales' grave initially had a

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dated 14 December 1854 mentioned: "the fact of the Flag belonging to the Insurgents (which had been nailed to the flagstaff) being captured by Constable King of the Force". W. Bourke, a miner who lived about 250 yards from the Eureka Stockade, recalled that: "The police negotiated the wall of the

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Stories tell how women ran forward and threw themselves over the injured to prevent further indiscriminate killing. The second in command, Captain Pasley, threatened to shoot anyone involved in murdering prisoners. His valuable assistance was acknowledged in dispatches printed and laid before the

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A magistrate by the name of Charles Hackett said to have been generally well-liked by the miners in Ballarat, had accompanied Captain Thomas in the hopes of being able to read the riot act to the rebels; however, he had no time before the commencement of hostilities. He later gave sworn testimony

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It is certain that Irish-born people were strongly represented at the Eureka Stockade. Most of the rebels inside the stockade at the time of the battle were Irish, and the area where the defensive position was established was overwhelmingly populated by Irish miners. Blainey has advanced the view

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In his memoirs, Lynch states: "On the afternoon of Saturday we had a force of seven hundred men on whom we thought we could rely". However, there was a false alarm from the picket line during the night. The subsequent roll call revealed there had been a sizable desertion that Lynch says "ought to

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On 20 June 1855, the registrar of Ballarat, William Thomas Pooley, entered 27 consecutive names into the Victorian death register. There are a least three dead buried outside of Ballarat. In total, it has been discovered that there are at least ten other individuals not found on the register but

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A shot from our encampment was taken for a declaration of war, and instantaneously answered by a fusilade of musketry ... The advance of the infantry was arrested for a moment; our left was being unprotected, the troopers seized the advantage, wheeled round, and took us in the rear. We were then

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The Fortieth regiment was advancing, but had not as yet discharged a shot. We could now see plainly the officer and hear his orders, when one of our men, Captain Burnette, stepped a little in front, elevated his rifle, took aim and fired. The officer fell. Captain Wise was his name. This was the

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Initially outnumbering the government camp considerably, Lalor had already devised a strategy where "if the government forces come to attack us, we should meet them on the Gravel Pits, and if compelled, we should retreat by the heights to the old Canadian Gully, and there we shall make our final

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reported that the flag "was carried by in triumph to the Camp, waved about in the air, then pitched from one to another, thrown down and trampled on". The soldiers also danced around the flag on a pole that was "now a sadly tattered flag from which souvenir hunters had cut and torn pieces". The

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day of rest. The soldiers and police marched off in silence at around 3:30 am Sunday morning after the troopers had drunk the traditional tot of rum. The British commander used bugle calls to coordinate his forces. The 40th Regiment was to provide covering fire from one end, with mounted police

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features a rendition of the Eureka Flag with diamond-shaped stars and the words "When Ballarat unfurled the Southern Cross, the bearer was Toronto's Captain Ross". Yet Peter Lalor's casualty list records "Lieutenant Ross" as "wounded and since dead". It appears that Frederick Vern was also more

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Lalor, it is said, gave 'Vinegar Hill' as the night's pass-word, but neither he nor his adherents expected that the fatal action of Sunday was coming, and some of his followers, incited by the sinister omen of the pass-word, abandoned that night what they saw was a badly organised and not very

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Foot police reinforcements arrived in Ballarat on 19 October 1854, with a further detachment of the 40th Regiment a few days behind. On 28 November, the 12th Regiment arrived to reinforce the government camp in Ballarat. By the beginning of December, the police contingent at Ballarat had been

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as the password the night before the battle did not resonate with the non-Irish members of the protest movement and has been cited as the main reason why support for the armed rebellion collapsed. Support for the Eureka Rebellion fell away among those who were otherwise disposed to resist the

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Following the oath swearing and Eureka Flag raising ceremony on Bakery Hill, about 1,000 rebels marched in double file to the Eureka lead where the Eureka Stockade was constructed over the next few days. It consisted of pit props held together as spikes by rope and overturned horse carts.

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A wild 'hurrah!' burst out and 'the Southern Cross' was torn down, I should say, among their laughter, such as if it had been a prize from a May-pole ... The red-coats were now ordered to 'fall in;' their bloody work was over, and were marched off, dragging with them the 'Southern Cross'.

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As the inhuman brutalities practised by the troops are so well known, it is unnecessary for me to repeat them. There were 34 digger casualties of which 22 died. The unusual proportion of the killed to the wounded, is owing to the butchery of the military and troopers after the surrender.

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McGill was an American who commanded the "Californian Rifle Brigade". He mobilised 200 members of the rebel garrison and established the stockade sentry system. In a fateful decision, McGill left with most of his force to intercept rumoured British reinforcements en route from Melbourne.

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and prone to brutal means, having been sentenced to serve in the military. Miners were often arrested for not carrying licences on their person because of the typically wet and dirty conditions in the mines, then subjected to such indignities as being chained to trees and logs overnight.

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John King's firearm that he carried into battle is still under preservation. During the 1876 Ballaarat Mechanics' Institute Fine Arts Exhibition, Mrs Bath put a pike on display that was apparently used at the Eureka Stockade, which she claims to have found the morning after the battle.

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About 50 came at death by their folly. On the other side two soldiers killed and two officers wounded. The sight in the morning was truly appalling – Men lying dead slain by evil. The remedy is very lamentable but it appears it was necessary. It is hoped now rebellion will be checked.

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Called as a witness in the high treason trials of the Eureka rebels, George Webster, the chief assistant civil commissary and magistrate, testified that upon entering the stockade, the besieging forces "immediately made towards the flag, and the police pulled down the flag". Constable

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It has been claimed that Harry de Longville, who was on picket duty when the early morning shootout started, fired the first shot that was possibly intended to be a warning that the government forces were approaching. John O'Neill, serving with the 40th Regiment, later recalled:

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A number of people who played key roles in the Eureka Rebellion and were defending the Eureka Stockade at some point lived in tents situated outside the stockade and were on assignment or otherwise absent when the surprise attack took place on Sunday morning, 3 December 1854.

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display on Bakery Hill. The oath-swearing ceremony took place as the military companies formed were gathered around the Eureka Flag. In the preceding weeks, the men of violence had already been aiming musket balls at the barely fortified government camp during the night.

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He was present at the meeting where Lalor was confirmed as leader and stood as seconder of the motion. Thone was a blacksmith and pike manufacturer for the Eureka Stockade garrison. He came to the goldfields as a lemonade seller and was known as a strong chess player.

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needed to be resolved. The response was a universal mining tax based on time stayed, rather than what was seen as the more equitable option, being an export duty levied only on gold found, meaning it was always designed to make life unprofitable for most prospectors.

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in central Victoria, had found still more deposits. As gold fever took hold, the colony's population increased from 77,000 in 1851 to 198,496 in 1853. Among this number was "a heavy sprinkling of ex-convicts, gamblers, thieves, rogues and vagabonds of all kinds".

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vary and render the stockade as either rectangular or semi-circular. Testimony was heard at the high treason trials for the Eureka rebels that the stockade was four to seven feet high in places and was unable to be negotiated on horseback without being reduced.

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Thomas' interim casualty report for the 12th and 40th Regiments dated 3 December 1854 lists one killed in action, two died of wounds, and fourteen wounded. The Eureka Improvement Committee's 1923 honour roll contains the names of six soldiers. They are Captain

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had their wagon train looted in the vicinity of the Eureka lead, where the rebels ultimately made their last stand. The next day, the Eureka Flag appeared on the platform for the first time. Mining licences were burnt at the final fiery mass meeting of the

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Licence inspections, known as "digger hunts", were treated as a great sport and "carried out in the style of an English fox-hunt" by mounted officials who received a fifty per cent commission from any fines imposed. Many recruits were former prisoners from

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Most of the killings happened after resistance by the rebels had slackened. The government forces destroyed tents and belongings without justification, bayoneting the wounded and targeting non-combatants. The Commission of Inquiry would later find that:

932:– the miner's lobby. The league's founding charter proclaims that "it is the inalienable right of every citizen to have a voice in making the laws he is called upon to obey" and "taxation without representation is tyranny", in the language of the 1859:(DOW) along with Privates Webb (DOW), Roney (KIA), Wall (DOW), Boyle (DOW), and Hall (DOW). In addition, Private Denis Brian was killed in action on 3 December 1854, and Private James Hammond died of wounds after the battle en route to Geelong. 1444:

The shepherds' holes inside the lower part of the stockade had been turned into rifle-pits, and were now occupied by Californians of the I.C. Rangers' Brigade, some twenty or thirty in all, who had kept watch at the 'outposts' during the night.

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Here a lad was really courageous with his bugle. He took up boldly his stand to the left of the gully and in front: the red-coats 'fell in' in their ranks to the right of this lad. The wounded on the ground behind must have numbered a dozen.

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Despite Lalor's insistence that his standing orders to all but the riflemen were to engage at a distance of fifteen feet and that "the military fired the first volley", it appears as if the first shots came from the Eureka Stockade garrison.

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The location of the stockade has been described by Eureka man John Lynch as "appalling from a defensive point of view" as it was situated on "a gentle slope, which exposed a sizeable portion of its interior to fire from nearby high ground".

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He gave fiery speeches at mass protest meetings, and Carboni says he boasted of being able to form a company of German miners. Later accused of fleeing the stockade at the first sign of trouble and is suspected of being a double agent.

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outside the Eureka Hotel. There was no finding of guilt regarding the owner, James Bently, who was deeply suspected of involvement, with the case being presided over by a police magistrate accused of having a conflict of interest.

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Peter Lalor himself said the wooden structure was never meant to be a fortress, saying "it was nothing more than an enclosure to keep our own men together, and was never erected with an eye to military defence". However

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describes a funeral cortege for a woman who was mercilessly butchered by a mounted trooper while pleading for the life of her husband during the battle. Her name and the fate and identity of her husband remain unknown.

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ranged fire coming from the Eureka Stockade garrison such that Thomas's best formation, the 40th Regiment, wavered and had to be rallied. Blake says this is "stark evidence of the effectiveness of the defender's fire".

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to attack the Eureka Stockade when the rebel garrison was observed to be at a low watermark. The police and military had the element of surprise, timing their assault on the stockade for dawn on Sunday, the Christian

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day. A small contingent of miners remained at the stockade overnight, which the spies reported to Rede. Common estimates for the size of the garrison at the time of the attack on 3 December range from 120 to 150 men.

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Lessman was a German from Hanover. On 2 December 1854, Peter Lalor sent Lessman for a raid on local storekeepers. He was a lieutenant of the rifleman at the Eureka Stockade and was slightly wounded in the battle.

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The police inspector at Ballarat was Henry Foster. Other notable Victorian police commanders at the Eureka Stockade include sub-inspectors Ladislaus Kossak, Samuel Furnell, Thomas Langley, and Hussey Chomley.

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On 30 November 1854, there was further rioting where missiles were once again directed at military and law enforcement by the protesting miners who had henceforth refused to cooperate with licence inspections

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The figures 1500 and 120 are estimates. Official statistics kept by the colonial administration showed a total of 24,600 people in Ballarat on 2 December 1854, as given by Ian MacFarlane in his authoritative

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Hotham feared that the goldfield's terrain would greatly favour the rebel snipers. Rede would instead order an early morning surprise attack on the rebel camp. Carboni details the rebel dispositions along:

2161:, 9 December 1854 edition, stating that Hugh King had given live testimony at the committal hearings for the Eureka rebels where he stated that the flag was found "rollen up in the breast of a prisoner". 1316:

He was detained about 100 yards from the Eureka Stockade after the battle and taken to Melbourne. Put on trial for high treason and acquitted. Subsequenly supported Peter Lalor's parliamentary nomination.

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by Beryl Ireland (c.1890-1900). This artwork is believed to be an over-painted photographic print of a painted canvas by Izett Watson and Thaddeus Welch exhibited as part of a cyclorama in Fitzroy around

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met with Commissioner Rede to present a peace proposal; however, Rede was suspicious of the chartist undercurrent of the anti-mining tax movement and rejected the proposals as being the way forward.

992: 1720:"Courage, courage, take it off!". It was Doyle who, in May 1853, exclaimed, "Eureka!" as he found the first nuggets of gold near where the stockade was located by which the locality became known. 920:, despite the court hearing testimony to the contrary. The discontent began to spiral out of control when a mob of many thousands of aggrieved miners burned the Eureka Hotel on 17 October 1854. 1809:

morning after the battle, "the policeman who captured the flag exhibited it to the curious and allowed such as so desired to tear off small portions of its ragged end to preserve as souvenirs".

2144:, also known as the second battle of Vinegar Hill, was the site of a convict rebellion in the colony of New South Wales, involving mainly Irish transportees, some of whom were at Vinegar Hill. 1716:

stockade during the battle. After the rebel garrison had already begun to flee and all hope was lost a number of them gamely joined in the final melee bearing their trademark colt revolvers.

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informants, and Rede was kept well advised of his movements, particularly through the work of government agents Henry Goodenough and Andrew Peters, who were embedded in the rebel garrison.

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Acted as Lalor's interpreter when dealing with some of the European miners. He was an eyewitness to the battle, seeking shelter in the chimney of his dwelling that was nearby the stockade.

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Harvey, J.T., 'Locating the Eureka Stockade: Use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in a Historiographical Research Context: Computers and the Humanities', Vol. 37, No. 2, May 2003.

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had been killed and later scrawled in the margin, "time has proved that near 60 have died of the diggers in all". Reverend Taylor initially estimated 100 deaths but reconsidered writing:

1209:. A. W. Crowe recounted in 1893 that "it was Ross who gave the order for the insurgents' flag at Darton and Walker's". Crowe's story is confirmed in that there were advertisements in the 2096:

says that Lalor may have downplayed the fact that the Eureka Stockade may have been intended as something of a fortress, at a time when "it was very much in his interests" to do so.

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hoisting of a Union Jack at the stockade was possibly an 11th-hour response to the divided loyalties among the heterogeneous rebel force which was in the process of melting away.

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Withers also published an account of one of Lalor's captains who stated: "The first shot was fired from our party, and the military answered by a volley at 100 paces distance".

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He was responsible for writing a list of the rebel captains who had stepped forward at the 30 November 1854 oath swearing and Eureka Flag raising ceremony at Bakery Hill.

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Ballarat Reform League Charter, 11 November 1854, VPRS 4066/P Unit 1, November no. 69, VA 466 Governor (including Lieutenant Governor 1851–1855 and Governor's Office),

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stockade was situated. He received a groin injury during the battle while in the vicinity of the flag pole and died later that day after being taken to the Star Hotel.

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One of Peter Lalor's captains, he helped to conceal the rebel leader in a hole with slabs. He was arrested later that day and discharged at the committal hearings.

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Robert Rede was the resident gold commissioner during the armed uprising in Ballarat. He is seen here as commander of the Geelong (Volunteer) Rifles Corps (right).

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covering the flanks. Enemy contact began at approximately 150 yards as the two columns of regular infantry and the contingent of foot police moved into position.

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says he appointed Michael Hanrahan as his lieutenant. Later, Carboni mentions that Hanrahan had been made captain of the pikemen and Curtain was his lieutenant.

809:. The fighting resulted in at least 27 deaths and many injuries, the majority of casualties being rebels. The miners had various grievances, chiefly the cost of 2105:

A detachment of 800 men, which included "two field pieces and two howitzers" under the commander in chief of the British forces in Australia, Major General Sir

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The rebels eventually ran short of ammunition, and the government forces resumed their advance. The Victorian police contingent led the way over the top as the

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It appears that the terms "captain" and "lieutenant" were used interchangeably within the Eureka Stockade garrison. The front cover of Raffaello Carboni's 1855

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in October and November 1854. The ever-present "physical force" faction of the mining tax protest movement gained the ascendancy over those who advocated "

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states that he "was at Ballarat at the Eureka outbreak, which he did something to bring about, but was not in the stockade at the time of the attack".

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Stockade on the south-west, and I then saw a policeman climb the flag-pole. When up about 12 or 14 feet the pole broke, and he came down with a run".

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At one point, up to 1,500 of 17,280 men in Ballarat were garrisoning the stockade, with as few as 120 taking part in the battle. Lalor's choice of

5454: 5439: 4497:. Paper originally presented at Eureka Seminar, University of Melbourne History Department, 1 December 2004. Perth, Australia: Network Books. 5484: 5419: 5414: 2154: 1086: 574: 139: 2014:

an exhaustive survey and has concluded that the Eureka Stockade Memorial is situated within the confines of the historical Eureka Stockade.

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first shot in the Ballarat war. It was said by many that the soldiers fired the first shot, but that is not true, as is well known to many.

1327:

Carboni records that Curtain gave him his iron pike in exchange for Carboni's sword when he was initially chosen as captain of the pikemen.

5424: 5265: 4979: 1995:

musket used by the government forces. In terms of edged and bladed weapons, there were Bowie knives, Mexican knives, swords and pikes.

1982:

claimed that he was the last, which nobody questioned during his lifetime. However, later research has shown that Potter was aboard the

847:

was held, with the chamber having 20 elected and ten appointed members subject to property-based franchise and membership requirements.

5494: 2171:

surpassed by the number of soldiers from the 12th and 40th Regiments. The strength of the various units in the government camp was:

933: 1871:

Deputy Adjutant-General Edward Macarthur's list of British army dead and wounded appeared in the major newspapers in December 1854.

1163:

He was a Chartist and influential member of the Ballarat Reform League. Black bought and edited the radical Ballarat newspaper, the

971:

as his second in command. The government forces at the Ballarat camp were under the immediate command of resident gold commissioner

1213:

dating from October–November 1854 for Darton and Walker, manufacturers of tents, tarpaulin and flags, situated at the Gravel Pits.

4110: 4035: 19:

This article is about the military conflict primarily. For political and social developments, and the origin and aftermath, see

5514: 5429: 4972: 3440: 765: 569: 3860: 3228: 1226:

He returned to Ballarat to deliver an oration for the second anniversary of the battle. Lynch's memoirs were published in the

883:

In the years leading up to the Eureka Stockade, several mass public meetings were held to address the miner's grievances. The

5504: 4887: 4858: 4836: 4786: 4755: 4727: 4696: 4677: 4655: 4618: 4559: 4540: 4521: 4502: 4471: 4453: 3641: 2157:, recalled that a "flag was afterwards taken from one of the prisoners like a union jack". There was a further report in the 2118:

Peter FitzSimons has questioned whether this contemporaneous report of the otherwise unaccounted-for Union Jack known as the

5489: 5232: 5214: 5125: 5100: 2106: 2050: 1830: 980: 958: 924: 536: 436: 1334:

Curtain's store was situated inside the stockade and was destroyed in the fighting, and he made a claim for compensation.

5204: 5151: 3269:

Anne Sunter, 'Eureka; Gathering 'the Oppressed of All Nations', 'Eureka; Releasing the Spirit of Democracy' (2008) 10(1)

1571:

On the eve of the battle, Father Smyth issued a plea for Catholics to down their arms and attend mass the following day.

1156:

Black was one of Lalor's captains who had been sent to go to Creswick Creek to raise more support for the rebellion. The

682: 556: 476: 1243:

He later claimed to have fired the first shot of the battle by either side, which killed Captain Wise. Carried a rifle.

5120: 5031: 2153:

In a signed contemporaneous affidavit dated 7 December 1854, Private Hugh King, who was at the battle serving with the

1856: 1424: 1351: 648: 481: 1364:

Sheehan was one of the rebel captains leading the pikemen at the Eureka Stockade. Avoided capture by the authorities.

1271:

Later felt ashamed of his participation in the Eureka Rebellion and yet kept a firearm hidden in a wall in his house.

1240:

Burnete was one of Peter Lalor's rebel captains in command of the "Independent Californian Rangers Revolver Brigade".

5509: 5393: 5079: 5041: 4814: 4599: 4434: 4123: 2045: 1580: 1081:

recalls a meeting at Diamond's store where he was elected as "president" and "commander in chief" of the rebel camp.

1007: 758: 516: 5459: 5444: 5258: 5227: 5164: 3926: 840: 697: 345: 5011: 1785:

volunteered to take the Eureka Flag into police custody while the battle was still raging. The report of Captain

1414: 1172:

the Victorian government offered a 400-pound reward for information about the whereabouts of "Lawler and Black".

461: 3273:(special issue based on papers presented at the Eureka Conference at the University of Ballarat, November 2004). 1568:

stand". On being brought to battle that day, Lalor stated: "we would have retreated, but it was then too late".

5449: 5352: 4493:

Beggs-Sunter, Anne (2004). "Contesting the Flag: the mixed messages of the Eureka Flag". In Mayne, Alan (ed.).

891:

by a miner's delegation in August 1853. There were also delegations received by the Ballarat gold commissioner

4897: 1073:

rifle and declaring "Liberty". Lalor called for the formation of paramilitary companies and presided over the

5524: 5286: 5189: 4047: 3575: 3436: 2141: 2062: 2008: 1735: 844: 687: 421: 114: 24: 2132:

withdrew from the movement". Asked by one of his subordinates for the "night pass", he gave "Vinegar Hill",

5529: 5479: 5464: 5179: 1754:

Carboni recalls the casualties being piled onto horse carts with the rebel dead destined for a mass grave.

1661:

that: "No shots were fired by the military or the police previous to shots being fired from the stockade".

798: 712: 466: 5383: 5251: 5174: 5169: 1478: 707: 702: 411: 5519: 5469: 5362: 5021: 1549: 588: 511: 4246: 2613: 5434: 5332: 5327: 5115: 5064: 1341: 968: 623: 446: 215: 1624:

Rede planned to send the combined military police formation of 276 men under the command of Captain

1012: 979:

and the high commander of the British colonial forces in Australia, Major General Sir Robert Nickle

5184: 4824: 1143:

Period of service in the rank, promotions and previous military experience. Termination of service

1108:

Period of service in the rank, promotions and previous military experience. Termination of service

1052:

Period of service in the rank, promotions and previous military experience. Termination of service

836: 722: 692: 1837:

There are no recorded casualties among the Victorian police officers who took part in the battle.

1257:

In the aftermath of the battle, McGill fled from Ballarat by stagecoach while dressed as a woman.

5141: 2137: 1773: 1461: 1313:

present at the meeting in Diamond's store where Lalor was confirmed as rebel commander-in-chief.

564: 76: 5322: 4096:

R.E. Johns Papers, MS10075, Manuscript Collection, La Trobe Library, State Library of Victoria.

3233: 2133: 1793:

Carboni records the Eureka Flag was then trailed in an age-old celebration of victory, saying:

1515: 1402:

To mark the second anniversary of the battle, he carried a garland of flowers in a procession.

1194: 929: 672: 486: 426: 377: 5110: 4027: 3606: 3567: 3467: 3298:, (May 1890) (available in an annual compilation; Vol. II: August 1889 to July 1890), p. 749. 3188: 2283: 1978:

The last known survivor of the battle is believed to be William Edward Atherdon (1838–1936).

1786: 1625: 964: 204: 3462: 1486: 904: 608: 603: 506: 367: 4594:. Vol. IV: The Earth Abideth Forever 1851-1888. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. 3483: 662: 638: 8: 5474: 5388: 5306: 5194: 5105: 5074: 4277: 4163: 3572:

Captain Thomas reports on the attack on the Eureka Stockade to the Major Adjutant General

2723: 2033: 2028: 1979: 1467: 972: 892: 858:. In August 1851, the news was received worldwide that, on top of several earlier finds, 806: 794: 677: 618: 541: 397: 387: 193: 4462: 2619: 2319:

An Act for better Government of Her Majesty's Australian Colonies. United Kingdom. 1850.

5378: 5342: 5301: 4304: 4272: 4107: 3958: 2718: 2370: 1804: 1782: 810: 546: 521: 3953: 3031: 3029: 2365: 1616: 5534: 5159: 4854: 4832: 4810: 4782: 4751: 4723: 4692: 4673: 4651: 4614: 4595: 4579: 4569: 4555: 4536: 4517: 4498: 4467: 4449: 4430: 4119: 3092: 3053: 2278: 1432: 1379: 1078: 633: 628: 231: 4575:

The Eureka Stockade: The Consequence of Some Pirates Wanting a Quarterdeck Rebellion

4427:

Report from the Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Condition of the Goldfields

3764: 3685: 1550:

Departing detachment of Independent Californian Rangers leaves small garrison behind

5222: 5026: 4665: 4481: 3854: 3531: 3026: 2465: 2093: 2067: 888: 884: 822: 802: 747: 598: 551: 531: 441: 431: 306: 250: 127: 80: 39: 20: 4884: 3183: 1829:

It has been thought that all the deaths at Eureka were men. However, the diary of

1472: 5357: 5347: 5199: 4891: 4114: 1609: 1593: 1520: 1020: 832: 717: 643: 151: 4964: 2674: 2672: 5095: 5069: 4715: 1641: 976: 917: 896: 859: 828: 392: 210: 199: 188: 182: 177: 146: 134: 122: 109: 4800:. Pictorial Social Studies. Vol. 16. Sydney: Australian Visual Education. 4573: 2885: 2883: 2790: 2788: 1462:

Vinegar Hill blunder: Irish dimension factors in dwindling numbers at stockade

827:

The colony of Victoria was created on 1 July 1851 gaining autonomy within the

5408: 5337: 5296: 5059: 4774: 4587: 4309: 3911: 2915: 2913: 2669: 2072: 1278: 900: 851: 613: 496: 471: 451: 4443: 3601: 3519: 3489: 2645: 2643: 4924: 4846: 3000: 2880: 2841: 2829: 2785: 2662: 1712: 945: 908: 501: 4939: 2965: 2947: 2930: 2928: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2870: 2868: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2760: 2758: 5049: 5016: 2775: 2773: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2119: 2023: 1763: 1539: 1074: 1067: 975:. Overall command was exercised by the executive lieutenant governor Sir 526: 456: 326: 316: 227: 47: 4739:

Story of the Eureka Stockade: Epic Days of the Early Fifties at Ballarat

4714: 4382: 4329: 3982: 3745: 3098: 3059: 1061: 887:

received over 5,000 signatures and was presented to Lieutenant-Governor

5054: 3921: 2925: 2895: 2865: 2853: 2817: 2800: 2755: 2699: 2550: 2477: 1198: 1184: 491: 321: 246: 4914: 4909: 4371: 3208: 3041: 2770: 2625: 2211: 1656:

the insurgents fire first. You must wait for the sound of the bugle".

1298:

The fortification of the Eureka lead was apparently overseen by Vern.

5243: 4929: 4764: 4348: 3691: 3537: 3035: 2471: 863: 855: 4934: 3414: 3412: 1373: 1367:

Listed as "wounded and since recovered" in Lalor's casualty report.

4959: 4689:

Eureka Rediscovered: In search of the site of the historic stockade

4054: 3910: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 1601: 876: 790: 382: 4949: 4919: 4705: 4361:

Ballaarat Mechanics' Institute Fine Arts Exhibition 1876 Catalogue

4202: 2988: 1817: 1699: 1193:

There is a popular tradition where the flag design is credited to

4741:(Reprint ed.). Melbourne: Australian Catholic Truth Society. 3409: 2413:. London: Fleetway Publications Ltd. 14 February 1970. p. 6. 1630: 1556: 1202: 727: 4514:

To Pierce the Tyrant's Heart: The Battle for the Eureka Stockade

3859:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 2342:

The Victoria Electoral Act of 1851 No 3a. New South Wales. 1851.

1768: 1685:

In the area where the first contact was made, Carboni mentions:

1986:

en route to Melbourne from Liverpool on the day of the battle.

1268:

the pikemen returned to discover that the stockade had fallen.

1206: 92:

Miners' rebellion defeated by the Victorian colonial government

4879: 4181: 1681:

placed between two fires, and further resistance was useless.

1585: 1388:

Among other things, he documents the rebel command structure.

854:

for making discoveries within 320 kilometres (200 mi) of

4954: 4648:

The Experiences of a Forty-Niner in Australia and New Zealand

4609:

Corfield, Justin; Wickham, Dorothy; Gervasoni, Clare (2004).

4322: 4290: 3963: 3397: 3201: 2736: 2620:

Australian Dictionary of Biography Vol 5: 1851-1890, K-Q 1974

2501: 2383: 2288: 1419: 1178: 1121:

Black was the rebel secretary of war at the Eureka Stockade.

923:

On 28 November 1854, there was a skirmish as the approaching

3495: 1772:

The Eureka Flag fragments donated by the King family to the

1757: 1642:

Contradictory accounts as to which side fired the first shot

1498: 3709: 2603: 2601: 4944: 4226: 4128: 4008: 3164: 2743: 4874: 4273:"EUREKA STOCKADE RECALLED: William Edward Atherdon, (96)" 4140: 3822: 3810: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3543: 3343: 3318: 3316: 2976: 2346: 1542:

rather than being configuration of the Southern Cross".

4898:

150th Anniversary of the Eureka Stockade - Official site

4608: 4464:

Australian Dictionary of Biography Vol 5: 1851-1890, K-Q

4388: 4335: 4118:

an extract from her book "Deaths at Eureka", 64pp, 1996

3988: 3834: 3751: 3697: 3525: 3152: 3070: 3068: 3006: 2934: 2919: 2904: 2889: 2874: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2794: 2779: 2764: 2705: 2689: 2687: 2678: 2649: 2634: 2598: 2562: 2556: 2489: 2483: 2224: 1502:

An extract of an affidavit by Hugh King, 7 December 1854

3934: 3887: 3733: 3721: 3663: 3661: 3622: 3610:. No. 2357. Melbourne. 28 November 1854. p. 4 3360: 3358: 3333: 3331: 3294:

H.R. Nicholls. "Reminiscences of the Eureka Stockade",

2302: 2300: 2298: 4769:(2nd ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. 4710:. London: Fleetway Publications Ltd. 14 February 1970. 4066: 3970: 3779: 3313: 3128: 2538: 2453: 2417: 2390: 2250: 2248: 2235: 2233: 1958: 1546:

pole as the routed garrison was fleeing the stockade.

1538:

that the white cross of the Eureka Flag is "really an

4214: 4034:(Report). Colonial Secretary's Office. Archived from 4026: 3673: 3301: 3140: 3065: 2684: 2586: 2323: 1664:

Withers mentions an American rebel who claimed that:

1597:

The 40th Regiment arrives in Ballarat from Melbourne.

1476:

The oath swearing scene from the 1949 motion picture

1167:, founded by George Thompson and Henry Holyoake. The 1130: 4804: 4078: 4060: 3875: 3798: 3658: 3507: 3355: 3328: 3276: 3116: 2295: 1729:

disappeared with the dispersed and fleeing rioters.

967:

led the attack on the Eureka Stockade, with Captain

907:, after a judicial enquiry into the murder of miner 4829:

History of Ballarat and Some Ballarat Reminiscences

4394: 3370: 3229:"$ 10,000 reward to track down 'other' Eureka flag" 3104: 3080: 2574: 2513: 2441: 2429: 2245: 2230: 1408: 3962:. Geelong. 6 December 1854. p. 4 – via 3393:. 7 May 2001. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2287:. Melbourne. 10 April 1855. p. 7 – via 2002: 1989: 1866: 1694: 1534:have been seriously considered, but it was not". 1350:He was subsequently indicted and acquitted in the 4994: 3490:Australian Encyclopaedia Volume Four ELE-GIB 1983 1676:Lynch recalled the course of the battle, saying: 1482:featuring the Union Jack beneath the Eureka Flag. 5406: 4578:. Melbourne: J. P. Atkinson and Co. – via 1883:Private William Webb, mortally ditto, since dead 1574: 797:on 3 December 1854, between gold miners and the 3871:– via Australian Dictionary of Biography. 813:and the officious way the system was enforced. 4533:Eureka Stockade: A ferocious and bloody battle 4005:, 35 (Supreme Court of Victoria 1855). 3930:. Vol. 43. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 3296:The Centennial Magazine: An Australian Monthly 3023:, 29 (Supreme Court of Victoria 1855). 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 1812: 1620:A map of the stockade and the opposing forces. 986: 5259: 4980: 4516:. Loftus, ACT: Australian Army History Unit. 4466:. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. 1974. 3099:Three Despatches From Sir Charles Hotham 1978 3060:Three Despatches From Sir Charles Hotham 1978 2155:40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot 1895:Private William Buttwill, very severely ditto 1519:military as word spread that the question of 1087:Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly 1032:commonly known as a rebel "colonel" instead. 831:after a decade of de facto independence from 766: 575:40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot 16:1854 military conflict in Victoria, Australia 5500:Riots and civil disorder in Victoria (state) 4750:. Melbourne: Public Record Office Victoria. 4492: 4446:Australian Encyclopaedia Volume Four ELE-GIB 2749: 2198:Eureka rebels at the Ballarat Old Cemetery. 1849: 350: 5394:2024 Wakeley church stabbing aftermath riot 4805:Wickham, Dorothy; Gervasoni, Clare (1998). 4779:Flags Through the Ages and Across the World 4157: 4155: 2260: 1840: 5266: 5252: 4987: 4973: 4915:Ballarat and District Genealogical Society 4745: 4664: 4630:My Adventures on the Australian Goldfields 4232: 4187: 4146: 4014: 3692:Historical Studies: Eureka Supplement 1965 3618:– via National Library of Australia. 3549: 3538:Historical Studies: Eureka Supplement 1965 3349: 3214: 3184:"By Express. Fatal Collision at Ballaarat" 3134: 3047: 3036:Historical Studies: Eureka Supplement 1965 2994: 2507: 2472:Historical Studies: Eureka Supplement 1965 1932:Private Patrick Sullivan, slightly wounded 1821:Battle of the Eureka Stockade honour roll. 1745:, 6 December 1854 edition, reported that: 952: 801:. It was the culmination of the 1851–1854 773: 759: 4495:Eureka: reappraising an Australian Legend 4448:(4th ed.). Sydney: Grolier Society. 3853:Turner, Ian. "Lalor, Peter (1827–1889)". 3562: 3560: 3558: 3260:(Public Records Office, Melbourne, 1995). 1929:Private Joseph Wall, mortally, since dead 1926:Private Bernard O'Donnell, severely ditto 1758:Eureka Flag seized by Constable John King 1017:Swearing Allegiance to the Southern Cross 934:United States Declaration of Independence 288:120+ prisoners (including non combatants) 232: 5353:1980-1985 Bathurst motorcycle race riots 4720:Three Despatches From Sir Charles Hotham 4645: 4613:. Ballarat: Ballarat Heritage Services. 4424: 4199:Sydney Morning Herald, 19 December 1854. 4152: 3893: 3727: 3382: 1880:Lieutenant W. H. Paull, severely wounded 1816: 1767: 1698: 1615: 1600: 1592: 1584: 1497: 1485: 1471: 1418: 1137: 1102: 1046: 1011: 993:Victorian police in the Eureka Rebellion 561:Victorian police in the Eureka Rebellion 299:This article is part of a series on the 4831:. Ballarat: Ballarat Heritage Service. 4823: 4809:. Ballarat: Ballarat Heritage Service. 4568: 4480: 4072: 3976: 3792: 3739: 3715: 3628: 3501: 3471:. Melbourne. 9 December 1854. p. 5 3322: 3307: 3192:. Melbourne. 4 December 1854. p. 5 3170: 3158: 3146: 3074: 2982: 2693: 2607: 2592: 2580: 2495: 2459: 2423: 2396: 2352: 2329: 1923:Private William Juniper, severely ditto 1914:Captain H. C. Wise, dangerously wounded 5455:Resistance to colonialism in Australia 5407: 5273: 4845: 4795: 4706:"The Defence of the Eureka Stockade". 4686: 4636: 4400: 4389:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 4336:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 4208: 4134: 3989:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 3752:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 3703: 3566: 3555: 3526:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 3513: 3364: 3271:Journal of Australian Colonial History 3122: 3007:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2935:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2920:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2905:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2890:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2875:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2860:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2848:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2836:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2824:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2812:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2795:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2780:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2765:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2727:. Ballarat. 4 December 1854. p. 2 2706:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2679:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2650:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2635:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2557:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2484:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 2409:"The Defence of the Eureka Stockade". 2306: 2225:Corfield, Wickham & Gervasoni 2004 1973: 1920:Private Henry Cottes, slightly wounded 1901:Private William French, severely ditto 1898:Private Timothy Galvin, severely ditto 1886:Private Robert Adair, severely wounded 1846:referred to elsewhere as having died. 1145: 1142: 1139: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1077:raising and oath-swearing ceremonies. 1054: 1051: 1048: 570:William Wright (Australian politician) 251: 5440:Rebellions against the British Empire 5247: 4968: 4880:Heretic Press - Ballarat 3rd Dec 1854 4773: 4767:Historical Studies: Eureka Supplement 4736: 4627: 4586: 4549: 4530: 4511: 4238: 4220: 4084: 3940: 3915: 3881: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3679: 3667: 3418: 3403: 3376: 3337: 3282: 3226: 3110: 3086: 2568: 2544: 2519: 2447: 2435: 2254: 2239: 1936: 1423:A plan of the Eureka Stockade in the 1039: 5420:Battles involving the United Kingdom 5415:Battles involving the British Empire 5233:Bibliography of the Eureka Rebellion 5126:British army in the Eureka Rebellion 4691:. Ballarat: University of Ballarat. 4247:"Papers 1846-1856 [page 69]" 4032:Capt. Thomas' report - Flag captured 3959:Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer 3899: 3430: 3389:"Historians discuss Eureka legend". 2051:British army in the Eureka Rebellion 959:British army in the Eureka Rebellion 925:12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot 537:Robert Nickle (British Army officer) 437:British army in the Eureka Rebellion 5425:Sieges involving the United Kingdom 5205:Eureka Rebellion in popular culture 4722:. Melbourne: Public Record Office. 4161: 1959:Other estimates of rebel casualties 1892:Private Felix Boyle, severely ditto 1095: 1001: 839:was awaiting a ratification by the 683:Eureka Rebellion in popular culture 557:Vexillology of the Eureka Rebellion 477:John Foster (Australian politician) 23:. For the site of this battle, see 13: 5292:1854 Battle of the Eureka Stockade 5287:1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion 5032:1855 Victorian high treason trials 4868: 4672:. Sydney: Random House Australia. 4305:"LAST SURVIVOR OF EUREKA STOCKADE" 4244: 3863:from the original on 2 August 2017 3856:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3852: 3433:"Deposition of Witness: Hugh King" 1917:Private John Bryan, severely ditto 1889:Private John Smith, severely ditto 1425:1855 Victorian high treason trials 1352:1855 Victorian High Treason trials 1131:Colonels, captains and lieutenants 850:Gold prospectors were offered 200 649:1855 Victorian high treason trials 325: 14: 5546: 5080:List of Eureka Stockade defenders 4903: 4670:Eureka: The Unfinished Revolution 2046:List of Eureka Stockade defenders 1581:List of Eureka Stockade defenders 1230:from October 1893 to March 1894. 1008:List of Eureka Stockade defenders 517:List of Eureka Stockade defenders 5495:19th century in Victoria (state) 5485:History of Australia (1851–1900) 5228:Timeline of the Eureka Rebellion 5165:The Eureka Stockade (1855 novel) 4748:Eureka from the Official Records 4552:Peter Lalor: the man from Eureka 4429:. Melbourne: Red Rooster Press. 4406: 4364: 4355: 4341: 4313:. Mackay. 15 May 1934. p. 6 4297: 4281:. Kyogle. 29 May 1934. p. 3 4265: 4193: 4099: 4090: 4020: 3994: 3946: 3927:Dictionary of National Biography 3916:Vetch, Robert Hamilton (1895). " 3905: 3846: 3757: 3634: 3258:Eureka From the Official Records 2191: 2180:12th Regiment (infantry): 65 men 2174:40th Regiment (infantry): 87 men 2164: 1409:Fortification of the Eureka lead 1372: 1177: 1060: 843:. An election for a provisional 741: 698:The Eureka Stockade (1855 novel) 320: 315: 240: 221: 209: 198: 187: 176: 159: 145: 133: 121: 108: 46: 5012:Eureka Stockade (fortification) 4535:. Newport: Big Sky Publishing. 4444:Appleton, Richard, ed. (1983). 4418: 3594: 3455: 3424: 3288: 3263: 3249: 3220: 3176: 3012: 2958: 2940: 2711: 2655: 2525: 2402: 2358: 2177:40th Regiment (mounted): 30 men 2147: 2125: 2112: 2099: 2085: 2003:Location of the Eureka Stockade 1990:Weapons of the Eureka Rebellion 1867:Colonel Edward Macarthur's list 1695:Eureka Stockade garrison routed 1415:Eureka Stockade (fortification) 462:Eureka Stockade (fortification) 4853:. Melbourne: Text Publishing. 4851:The Forgotten Rebels of Eureka 4641:. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 4632:. London: Cassell and Company. 4488:. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 3431:King, Hugh (7 December 1854). 3227:Cowie, Tom (22 October 2013). 2335: 2312: 2279:"TO THE COLONISTS OF VICTORIA" 1911:Private Michael Rooney, killed 336:by John Black Henderson (1854) 55:by John Black Henderson (1854) 1: 5515:Military history of Australia 5430:Battle of the Eureka Stockade 5190:Eureka Stockade Memorial Park 4996:Battle of the Eureka Stockade 4945:Public Record Office Victoria 4048:Public Record Office Victoria 4002:The Queen v Joseph and others 3576:Public Record Office Victoria 3437:Public Record Office Victoria 3020:The Queen v Joseph and others 2533:Public Record Office Victoria 2205: 2063:Castle Hill convict rebellion 2009:Eureka Stockade Memorial Park 1736:Victorian Legislative Council 1575:Battle of the Eureka Stockade 944:. That afternoon there was a 816: 787:Battle of the Eureka Stockade 688:Eureka Stockade Memorial Park 422:Anti-Gold Licence Association 33:Battle of the Eureka Stockade 25:Eureka Stockade Memorial Park 5505:Victoria (state) gold rushes 5302:1860-1861 Lambing Flat riots 5180:Eureka Stockade (miniseries) 4894:Radical nationalist database 4650:. Melbourne: Gaston Renard. 4425:Anderson, Hugh, ed. (1978). 3421:, pp. 243–244, note 78. 3217:, pp. 654–655, note 56. 2663:"George Black - eurekapedia" 2374:. 12 January 2023. p. 2 799:colonial forces of Australia 713:Eureka Stockade (miniseries) 467:Forest Creek Monster Meeting 7: 5490:History of Victoria (state) 5384:2005 Macquarie Fields riots 5175:Eureka Stockade (1949 film) 5170:Eureka Stockade (1907 film) 4930:Ballarat Reform League Inc. 4925:Ballarat Historical Society 4781:. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill. 4211:, pp. 480–481, note 2. 3918:Pasley, Charles (1824–1890) 3767:. State Library of Victoria 3602:"SERIOUS RIOT AT BALLAARAT" 3050:, p. 648, footnote 13. 2966:"Peter Lalor - eurekapedia" 2948:"Peter Lalor - eurekapedia" 2122:being present is accurate. 2017: 1813:Estimates of the death toll 987:Victorian police commanders 708:Eureka Stockade (1949 film) 703:Eureka Stockade (1907 film) 10: 5551: 5363:1996 Parliament House riot 5022:John King (police officer) 4950:Sovereign Hill/Gold Museum 4920:Ballarat Heritage Services 4765:Smith, F. B., ed. (1965). 4646:Ferguson, Charles (1979). 4554:. Belmont: Neptune Press. 4168:Ballarat Heritage Services 2006: 1761: 1578: 1465: 1412: 1005: 990: 956: 820: 512:John King (police officer) 18: 5371: 5333:Broome race riots of 1920 5328:1919 Fremantle Wharf riot 5315: 5279: 5213: 5150: 5134: 5088: 5040: 5002: 4960:The C.J. La Trobe Society 4955:State Library of Victoria 4251:State Library of Victoria 4061:Eureka Reminiscences 1998 2142:1804 Castle Hill uprising 1850:Captain John Thomas' list 1158:Cyclopedia of Australisia 895:and La Trobe's successor 624:John Manning (journalist) 447:Charles Pasley (engineer) 273: 260: 169: 100: 59: 45: 37: 32: 5510:1854 in military history 5185:Eureka Stockade Monument 4746:MacFarlane, Ian (1995). 4253:. Unpublished manuscript 3642:"Eureka Stockade | Ergo" 2078: 1841:Victorian death register 1494:report, 4 December 1854. 1201:who was originally from 916:a constable and fined 5 723:William Bramwell Withers 693:Eureka Stockade Monument 5460:19th-century rebellions 5445:Rebellions in Australia 5343:1942 Battle of Brisbane 5142:William Edward Atherden 4910:Art Gallery of Ballarat 4628:Craig, William (1903). 4611:The Eureka Encyclopedia 4531:Blake, Gregory (2012). 4512:Blake, Gregory (2009). 4372:"Pikemen - eurekapedia" 4349:"Weapons - eurekapedia" 4113:24 January 2014 at the 3406:, p. 183, note 78. 2997:, p. 648, note 12. 1774:Art Gallery of Ballarat 1329:The Eureka Encyclopedia 953:British army commanders 565:William Edward Atherden 5323:Liverpool riot of 1916 5121:Henry Christopher Wise 4940:Eureka Centre Ballarat 4592:A History of Australia 4486:A History of Australia 3568:Thomas, John Wellesley 2183:mounted police: 70 men 2057:Australian rebellions: 1971: 1949: 1822: 1800: 1777: 1752: 1731: 1708: 1692: 1683: 1671: 1658: 1621: 1613: 1598: 1590: 1531: 1503: 1495: 1483: 1447: 1427: 1195:Ballarat Reform League 1024: 930:Ballarat Reform League 837:Victorian constitution 673:Australian nationalism 487:Henry Richard Nicholls 482:Henry Christopher Wise 427:Ballarat Reform League 378:Australian gold rushes 330: 170:Commanders and leaders 5450:Protests in Australia 5111:John Wellesley Thomas 4687:Harvey, Jack (1994). 4637:Currey, C.H. (1954). 4028:John Wellesley Thomas 3954:"THE EUREKA MASSACRE" 3504:, pp. 84–85, 94. 3237:. Ballarat. p. 3 2186:foot police: 24 men. 2007:Further information: 1966: 1944: 1820: 1795: 1771: 1747: 1726: 1702: 1687: 1678: 1666: 1653: 1619: 1604: 1596: 1588: 1579:Further information: 1526: 1501: 1489: 1475: 1466:Further information: 1442: 1422: 1250:James Herbert McGill 1015: 329: 284:22–60+ dead (14+ KIA) 274:Casualties and losses 83:), Ballarat, Victoria 5525:December 1854 events 5358:1987 Brewarrina riot 5348:1979 Star Hotel riot 5135:Last known survivors 4890:8 March 2017 at the 4885:The Eureka Rebellion 4807:Eureka Reminiscences 4798:The Revolt at Eureka 4796:Wenban, Ray (1958). 4737:Lynch, John (1940). 4245:Taylor, Theophilus. 4030:(14 December 1854). 3528:, pp. 226, 424. 2681:, p. xiii, 196. 2138:1798 Irish rebellion 2134:the site of a battle 905:John Basson Humffray 748:Australia portal 609:Henry Samuel Chapman 604:Butler Cole Aspinall 507:John Basson Humffray 413:The Eureka Rebellion 334:Eureka Stockade Riot 53:Eureka Stockade Riot 5530:History of Ballarat 5480:Australian folklore 5465:19th-century sieges 5389:2005 Cronulla riots 5307:Sydney Riot of 1879 5195:Eureka Jack Mystery 5106:Robert William Rede 5089:Military and police 4639:The Irish at Eureka 4550:Blake, Les (1979). 4376:www.eurekapedia.org 4278:The Kyogle Examiner 4190:, pp. 204–205. 4137:, pp. 428–429. 3831:, pp. 267–268. 3819:, pp. 136–138. 3718:, pp. 123–124. 3646:ergo.slv.vic.gov.au 3570:(3 December 1854). 3443:on 12 November 2013 3173:, pp. 116–117. 3009:, pp. 190–191. 2970:www.eurekapedia.org 2952:www.eurekapedia.org 2892:, pp. 363–364. 2850:, pp. 261–622. 2838:, pp. 520–522. 2797:, pp. 349–350. 2510:, pp. 192–193. 2355:, pp. 254–255. 2034:Battle of the Alamo 2029:Eureka Jack Mystery 1980:John Lishman Potter 1974:Last known survivor 1468:Eureka Jack Mystery 1347:the 40th Regiment. 1029:The Eureka Stockade 893:Robert William Rede 845:legislative council 841:Imperial parliament 807:Victorian gold rush 795:Victoria, Australia 678:Eureka Jack Mystery 619:John Joseph (rebel) 590:High treason trials 542:Robert William Rede 398:Victorian gold rush 388:Revolutions of 1848 5379:2004 Redfern riots 5338:1929 Rothbury riot 5297:1857 Buckland riot 5274:Riots in Australia 4570:Carboni, Raffaello 4162:Wickham, Dorothy. 3843:, pp. 29, 99. 2985:, pp. 77, 81. 2922:, pp. 99–103. 2571:, p. 223-224. 2371:Geelong Advertiser 1953:Geelong Advertiser 1937:Peter Lalor's list 1823: 1805:Geelong Advertiser 1778: 1743:Geelong Advertiser 1709: 1622: 1614: 1599: 1591: 1529:hopeful movement. 1504: 1496: 1484: 1428: 1040:Commander in chief 1025: 547:Sir Charles Hotham 331: 115:Colony of Victoria 5520:1854 in Australia 5470:Conflicts in 1854 5402: 5401: 5241: 5240: 5160:Raffaello Carboni 4860:978-1-92214-737-0 4838:978-1-87-647878-0 4788:978-0-07-059093-9 4757:978-0-73-066011-8 4729:978-0-72-411706-2 4698:978-0-90-802664-7 4679:978-1-74-275525-0 4666:FitzSimons, Peter 4657:978-0-95-998994-6 4620:978-1-87-647861-2 4580:Project Gutenberg 4561:978-0-90-913140-1 4542:978-1-92-213204-8 4523:978-0-98-047532-6 4504:978-1-92-084536-0 4482:Barnard, Marjorie 4473:978-0-52-284061-2 4455:978-0-95-966042-5 4164:"Eureka's Fallen" 4105:Dorothy Wickham, 3943:, pp. 78–79. 3765:"Eureka Stockade" 3706:, pp. 68–69. 3161:, pp. 78–79. 2750:Beggs-Sunter 2004 2652:, pp. 57–58. 2610:, pp. 60–64. 2547:, pp. 75–76. 2498:, pp. 38–39. 1490:An extract of an 1433:Raffaello Carboni 1406: 1405: 1380:Raffaello Carboni 1264:Michael Hanrahan 1128: 1127: 1093: 1092: 1079:Raffaello Carboni 783: 782: 639:William à Beckett 634:Sir Redmond Barry 629:Raffaello Carboni 292: 291: 96: 95: 5542: 5435:Eureka Rebellion 5268: 5261: 5254: 5245: 5244: 5223:Eureka Rebellion 4989: 4982: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4935:Eureka Australia 4864: 4842: 4825:Withers, William 4820: 4801: 4792: 4770: 4761: 4742: 4733: 4711: 4702: 4683: 4661: 4642: 4633: 4624: 4605: 4583: 4565: 4546: 4527: 4508: 4489: 4477: 4459: 4440: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4108:Deaths at Eureka 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4045: 4043: 4038:on 12 April 2019 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3578:. 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1417: 1411: 1295:Frederick Vern 1237:Robert Burnete 1133: 1098: 1042: 1021:Charles Doudiet 1010: 1004: 995: 989: 961: 955: 833:New South Wales 825: 819: 779: 742: 740: 739: 734: 733: 732: 718:Charles Doudiet 667: 663: 655: 654: 653: 644:William Stawell 593: 589: 581: 580: 579: 522:Miner's licence 416: 412: 404: 403: 402: 372: 368: 360: 337: 307: 298: 287: 285: 280: 279:6+ dead (2 KIA) 241: 239: 238: 237: 222: 220: 208: 207: 197: 196: 186: 185: 175: 165:Stockade rebels 160: 158: 152:Victoria Police 144: 132: 120: 107: 84: 67:3 December 1854 51: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5548: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 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4381: 4363: 4354: 4340: 4338:, p. 433. 4328: 4296: 4264: 4237: 4235:, p. 104. 4225: 4223:, p. 199. 4213: 4201: 4192: 4180: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4098: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4019: 4017:, p. 477. 4007: 3993: 3991:, p. 182. 3981: 3969: 3945: 3933: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3778: 3756: 3754:, p. 191. 3744: 3742:, p. 109. 3732: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3682:, p. 133. 3672: 3657: 3633: 3631:, p. 111. 3621: 3593: 3554: 3552:, p. 196. 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3454: 3423: 3408: 3396: 3381: 3369: 3354: 3352:, p. 455. 3342: 3340:, p. 270. 3327: 3325:, p. 105. 3312: 3300: 3287: 3285:, p. 104. 3275: 3262: 3248: 3219: 3207: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3025: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2957: 2939: 2937:, p. 329. 2924: 2909: 2907:, p. 470. 2894: 2879: 2877:, p. 137. 2864: 2862:, p. 261. 2852: 2840: 2828: 2826:, p. 506. 2816: 2814:, p. 250. 2799: 2784: 2769: 2767:, p. 340. 2754: 2742: 2710: 2708:, p. 452. 2698: 2683: 2668: 2654: 2639: 2624: 2612: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2559:, p. 209. 2549: 2537: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2486:, p. 151. 2476: 2464: 2462:, p. 260. 2452: 2440: 2428: 2426:, p. 261. 2416: 2411:Look and Learn 2401: 2399:, p. 255. 2389: 2357: 2345: 2334: 2332:, p. 321. 2322: 2311: 2309:, p. 428. 2294: 2259: 2257:, p. 198. 2244: 2242:, p. 195. 2229: 2227:, p. xiv. 2209: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2163: 2146: 2124: 2111: 2098: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2004: 2001: 1991: 1988: 1975: 1972: 1960: 1957: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1868: 1865: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1814: 1811: 1762:Main article: 1759: 1756: 1696: 1693: 1643: 1640: 1576: 1573: 1551: 1548: 1463: 1460: 1413:Main article: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309:Timothy Hayes 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1211:Ballarat Times 1191: 1187: 1182: 1174: 1173: 1161: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1070: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1003: 1000: 991:Main article: 988: 985: 977:Charles Hotham 969:Charles Pasley 957:Main article: 954: 951: 897:Charles Hotham 860:Thomas Hiscock 829:British Empire 821:Main article: 818: 815: 811:mining permits 789:was fought in 781: 780: 778: 777: 770: 763: 755: 752: 751: 736: 735: 731: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 669: 668: 661: 660: 657: 656: 652: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 595: 594: 587: 586: 583: 582: 578: 577: 572: 567: 562: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 418: 417: 410: 409: 406: 405: 401: 400: 395: 393:Thomas Hiscock 390: 385: 380: 374: 373: 366: 365: 362: 361: 359: 358: 353: 348: 342: 339: 338: 332: 312: 311: 303: 302: 290: 289: 282: 276: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 258: 257: 218: 216:Charles Pasley 183:Charles Hotham 172: 171: 167: 166: 156: 155: 154: 142: 130: 103: 102: 98: 97: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 75: 73: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 43: 42: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5547: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5101:Robert Nickle 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5060:Edward Thonen 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5027:Pikeman's dog 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4847:Wright, Clare 4844: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4816:0-646-35238-5 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4601:9780522841473 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4436:0-9596490-1-8 4432: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4409: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4358: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4332: 4324: 4312: 4311: 4310:Daily Mercury 4306: 4300: 4292: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4156: 4149:, p. 96. 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4124:0-646-30283-3 4121: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4102: 4093: 4087:, p. 88. 4086: 4081: 4075:, p. 82. 4074: 4069: 4063:, p. 22. 4062: 4057: 4049: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3979:, p. 99. 3978: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3912:public domain 3902: 3896:, p. 43. 3895: 3894:Anderson 1978 3890: 3884:, p. 31. 3883: 3878: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3807:, p. 81. 3806: 3801: 3795:, p. 98. 3794: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3730:, p. 60. 3729: 3728:Ferguson 1979 3724: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3694:, p. 39. 3693: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3670:, p. 30. 3669: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3540:, p. 36. 3539: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3516:, p. 25. 3515: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3492:, p. 59. 3491: 3486: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3400: 3392: 3385: 3379:, p. 37. 3378: 3373: 3367:, p. 93. 3366: 3361: 3359: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3310:, p. 90. 3309: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3259: 3252: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3203: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3149:, p. 94. 3148: 3143: 3136: 3131: 3125:, p. 24. 3124: 3119: 3113:, p. 93. 3112: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3089:, p. 88. 3088: 3083: 3077:, p. 96. 3076: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3038:, p. 37. 3037: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2782:, p. 87. 2781: 2776: 2774: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2752:, p. 48. 2751: 2746: 2738: 2726: 2725: 2724:Ballarat Star 2720: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2696:, p. 59. 2695: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2658: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2637:, p. 57. 2636: 2631: 2629: 2622:, p. 51. 2621: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2595:, p. 51. 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2522:, p. 73. 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2474:, p. 33. 2473: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2450:, p. 67. 2449: 2444: 2438:, p. 68. 2437: 2432: 2425: 2420: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2385: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2361: 2354: 2349: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2194: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2107:Robert Nickle 2102: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2073:Rum Rebellion 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2010: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1970: 1965: 1956: 1954: 1948: 1943: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1906:40th Regiment 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1875:12th Regiment 1872: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1847: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1831:Charles Evans 1827: 1819: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1618: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1595: 1587: 1582: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1500: 1493: 1488: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1469: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1361:Luke Sheehan 1360: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1284:smart fire". 1282: 1280: 1279:Edward Thonen 1277: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1228:Austral Light 1225: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1153:George Black 1152: 1150: 1149: 1136: 1123: 1120: 1118:Alfred Black 1117: 1115: 1114: 1101: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 999: 994: 984: 982: 981:Robert Nickle 978: 974: 970: 966: 960: 950: 947: 943: 937: 935: 931: 926: 921: 919: 913: 910: 906: 903:", including 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 878: 872: 868: 865: 862:, outside of 861: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 824: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 776: 771: 769: 764: 762: 757: 756: 754: 753: 749: 738: 737: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 666: 659: 658: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 614:Henry Seekamp 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 592: 585: 584: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 532:Pikeman's dog 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 497:Henry Seekamp 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 472:Fredrick Vern 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452:Edward Thonen 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 415: 408: 407: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 371: 364: 363: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 343: 341: 340: 335: 328: 323: 318: 314: 313: 310: 305: 304: 301: 296: 295: 283: 281:11–30 wounded 278: 277: 272: 268: 265: 264: 259: 254: 248: 235: 229: 219: 217: 212: 206: 201: 195: 190: 184: 179: 174: 173: 168: 157: 153: 148: 143: 141: 140:40th Regiment 136: 131: 129: 128:12th Regiment 124: 119: 118: 117: 116: 111: 105: 104: 99: 91: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77:Ballarat East 74: 71: 70: 66: 63: 62: 58: 54: 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 5372:21th century 5316:20th century 5291: 5280:19th century 5065:John Manning 5003: 4995: 4850: 4828: 4806: 4797: 4778: 4766: 4747: 4738: 4719: 4707: 4688: 4669: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4610: 4591: 4574: 4551: 4532: 4513: 4494: 4485: 4463: 4445: 4426: 4419:Bibliography 4408: 4396: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4343: 4331: 4321:– via 4315:. Retrieved 4308: 4299: 4289:– via 4283:. Retrieved 4276: 4267: 4255:. Retrieved 4250: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4195: 4183: 4171:. Retrieved 4167: 4142: 4130: 4106: 4101: 4092: 4080: 4073:Withers 1999 4068: 4056: 4046:– via 4040:. Retrieved 4036:the original 4022: 4010: 4001: 3996: 3984: 3977:Carboni 1855 3972: 3957: 3948: 3936: 3925: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3865:. Retrieved 3855: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3793:Carboni 1855 3769:. Retrieved 3759: 3747: 3740:Withers 1999 3735: 3723: 3716:Withers 1999 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3649:. Retrieved 3645: 3636: 3629:Withers 1999 3624: 3612:. Retrieved 3605: 3596: 3584:. Retrieved 3580:the original 3545: 3533: 3521: 3509: 3502:Carboni 1855 3497: 3485: 3473:. Retrieved 3466: 3457: 3445:. Retrieved 3441:the original 3426: 3399: 3390: 3384: 3372: 3345: 3323:Withers 1999 3308:Carboni 1855 3303: 3295: 3290: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3239:. Retrieved 3232: 3222: 3210: 3200:– via 3194:. Retrieved 3187: 3178: 3171:Withers 1999 3166: 3159:Carboni 1855 3154: 3147:Withers 1999 3142: 3130: 3118: 3106: 3101:, p. 7. 3094: 3082: 3075:Carboni 1855 3062:, p. 2. 3055: 3043: 3019: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2983:Carboni 1855 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2745: 2735:– via 2729:. Retrieved 2722: 2713: 2701: 2694:Carboni 1855 2657: 2615: 2608:Carboni 1855 2593:Carboni 1855 2588: 2581:Carboni 1855 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2532: 2527: 2515: 2503: 2496:Carboni 1855 2491: 2479: 2467: 2460:Barnard 1962 2455: 2443: 2431: 2424:Barnard 1962 2419: 2410: 2404: 2397:Barnard 1962 2392: 2382:– via 2376:. Retrieved 2369: 2360: 2353:Barnard 1962 2348: 2337: 2330:Barnard 1962 2325: 2314: 2282: 2193: 2166: 2158: 2149: 2127: 2114: 2101: 2087: 2056: 2055: 2039: 2038: 2012: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1977: 1967: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1905: 1904: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1861: 1853: 1844: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1779: 1753: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1713:forlorn hope 1710: 1703: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1623: 1605: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1516:Vinegar Hill 1513: 1507: 1505: 1491: 1477: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1429: 1342:John Manning 1328: 1227: 1210: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1034: 1028: 1026: 1016: 996: 962: 946:paramilitary 941: 938: 922: 914: 909:James Scobie 882: 873: 869: 849: 826: 786: 784: 502:James Scobie 355: 333: 297: 205:J. W. Thomas 106: 101:Belligerents 52: 38:Part of the 5075:John Joseph 5050:Peter Lalor 5017:Eureka Flag 4875:Eurekapedia 4401:Harvey 1994 4209:Wright 2013 4135:Wright 2013 4042:10 December 3922:Lee, Sidney 3704:Currey 1954 3514:Wenban 1958 3463:"BALLAARAT" 3365:Currey 1954 3241:17 November 3234:The Courier 3123:Harvey 1994 2378:17 November 2366:"MORE GOLD" 2307:Wright 2013 2136:during the 2120:Eureka Jack 2024:Eureka Flag 1787:John Thomas 1764:Eureka Flag 1626:John Thomas 1540:Irish cross 1220:John Lynch 1146:Commentary 1111:Commentary 1075:Eureka Flag 1068:Peter Lalor 1055:Commentary 973:Robert Rede 965:John Thomas 901:moral force 805:during the 527:Peter Lalor 457:Eureka Flag 286:12+ wounded 228:Peter Lalor 194:Robert Rede 5475:1854 riots 5409:Categories 5055:Henry Ross 4221:Blake 2009 4085:Blake 1979 3941:Clark 1987 3882:Lynch 1940 3841:Blake 1979 3829:Craig 1903 3817:Blake 2012 3805:Blake 1979 3680:Blake 2012 3668:Lynch 1940 3651:2022-08-24 3614:13 January 3574:(Report). 3475:13 January 3447:13 January 3419:Blake 2012 3404:Blake 2009 3377:Lynch 1940 3338:Craig 1903 3283:Blake 2012 3196:13 January 3111:Blake 1979 3087:Blake 2012 2719:"Untitled" 2569:Blake 2009 2545:Clark 1987 2520:Clark 1987 2448:Clark 1987 2436:Clark 1987 2255:Blake 2009 2240:Blake 2009 2206:References 1199:Henry Ross 1185:Henry Ross 1085:crown and 1006:See also: 817:Background 492:Henry Ross 247:Henry Ross 3867:14 August 3607:The Argus 3468:The Argus 3189:The Argus 2284:The Argus 1783:John King 864:Buninyong 856:Melbourne 5535:Ballarat 5215:See also 4888:Archived 4849:(2013). 4827:(1999). 4777:(1975). 4718:(1978). 4668:(2012). 4590:(1987). 4572:(1855). 4484:(1962). 4111:Archived 3861:Archived 3391:Lateline 2731:19 April 2018:See also 963:Captain 942:en masse 877:Tasmania 791:Ballarat 383:Chartism 346:Timeline 269:120–150+ 261:Strength 72:Location 3924:(ed.). 3914:: 3771:30 June 1951:In the 1631:Sabbath 1557:Sabbath 1203:Toronto 1197:member 852:guineas 728:Len Fox 369:Origins 249: ( 230: ( 5152:Legacy 4857: 4835: 4813: 4785: 4754: 4726: 4695: 4676: 4654: 4617: 4598: 4558: 4539: 4520: 4501: 4470: 4452: 4433: 4317:29 May 4285:29 May 4257:13 May 4173:2 June 4122: 3920:". In 3586:2 June 2140:. The 2040:Lists: 1984:Falcon 1612:, 1854 1207:Canada 1023:(1854) 918:pounds 835:. 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Battle of the Eureka Stockade

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