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Dee using a washtub as a makeshift boat, rather than make a detour of 10 mi (16 km) via Holt Bridge, and arrived in
Chester and delivered his message after 15 minutes, but no orders were issued for a further six hours after that. Barratt speculates that one reason could have been the fatigue of the Royalist troops, and another the rivalries amongst the Royalist commanders: Gerard and Digby opposed each other, with Byron and other commanders disliking Langdale; and Charles not being strong enough to stop the disputes. The Parliamentarians, however, did send support: at approximately 2:00 pm, the Chester forces dispatched 350 horse and 400 musketeers under Colonels Michael Jones and John Booth to reinforce Poyntz.
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began to move, with Gerard advancing with 500 foot and 500 cavalry. Gerard hoped to attack Jones's force from the rear, but the
Parliamentarians responded by dispatching 200 cavalry and 200 infantry to prevent this. With a shorter distance to travel, this force met Gerard on Hoole Heath, and after a confused engagement in which Lord Bernard Stewart was slain, Gerard's force was prevented from marching to Langdale's aid. Instead, Jones and Booth linked up with Poyntz, giving a combined Parliamentarian force of 3,000 horse and 500 musketeers against a tired Royalist army of approximately 2,500 horse. At approximately 4:00 pm Poyntz advanced, covered by the musketeers firing a full volley.
1162:
sufficient to charge and destroy the enemy. In this Poyntz was mistaken. Because the vanguard was entangled with
Royalist troops, it was unable to make any significant progress, and it took approximately half an hour of close-quarters fighting in the mouth of the Whitchurch–Chester Road to force the Royalists back. As the Parliamentarians deployed onto the open ground to pursue the Royalists, they were set on by a fresh group of troops and forced to retreat, and with no reinforcements available, Poyntz retreated. On the Parliamentarian side, this skirmish led to the deaths of 20 soldiers, with a number of wounded and between 50 and 60 prisoners.
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Parliamentarians attacked in two places. Both were repulsed, in one case because of the defenders counter-attacking on foot, and in the other because of the inadequate length of the attacker's scaling ladders preventing them from climbing the wall. Despite this success, the attacking
Parliamentarian forces grew in strength while the defenders were weary; as such, the arrival of Charles and his force on 23 September was met with delight.
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1137:, however, who immediately sent a message to Charles and Langdale. After a brief Council of War, they resolved that Gerard's force and the Lifeguards, along with 500 foot, would advance to either join with Langdale or prevent Colonel Jones's forces linking up with Poyntz. Charles would remain in Chester, and watch the ensuing battle from a tower in Chester's defences, later known as King Charles' Tower.
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1158:, traversed by the Whitchurch–Chester Road, which was surrounded by hedges. Langdale lined the hedgerows with dragoons and dismounted troopers with carbines, and because of the inaccuracy of Parliamentarian reconnaissance, Poyntz was unaware of Langdale's presence until the dragoons opened fire on his vanguard at approximately 7:00 am.
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Despite
Langdale's attempt to counter-charge, the Royalists were soon outflanked. With the Parliamentarian musketeers firing into the rear of Langdale's force, the Royalists broke, some escaping via Holt Bridge and others running towards Chester. On Hoole Heath these retreating soldiers met with part
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The
Royalists, while losing fewer soldiers, were now in a precarious position, since reinforcements from Chester were needed to follow up on the success and defeat Poyntz's force. Langdale sent Lieutenant Colonel Jeffrey Shakerley to report to Charles, requesting reinforcements. Shakerley crossed the
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had come under siege during
December 1644, with a loose blockade or "leager" formed around the town. With Bristol now fallen to the Parliamentarians, Chester was the last port under Royalist control, and crucial for its links with recruiting efforts in Ireland and North Wales. On 20 September 1645, a
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Rowton Heath has been called "a major disaster" for
Charles, with casualties estimated at 600 dead and 900 injured, including 50 members of the Life Guard and Lord Bernard. Parliamentarian losses were also heavy, although unknown, and the battle did give Chester some respite. Despite this, Charles
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The
Royalists in Chester saw the Parliamentarian reinforcements under Jones and Booth advance, and sent Shakerley to warn Langdale's force. After receiving the message, Langdale withdrew nearer to Chester, reforming at Rowton Heath, an entirely open space. At the same time the Royalists in Chester
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Royalist casualties were high, with 600 killed, including
Stewart, and 900 taken prisoner. This defeat prevented Charles from relieving the defenders in Chester, which fell to the Parliamentarians on 3 February 1646. Charles instead withdrew with approximately 2,400 remaining cavalry, most of whom
1116:. Although experienced, the troops were depleted in number, and had low morale following the recent string of defeats. Charles and Gerard evaded the loose Parliamentarian siege around the city, taking 600 men into Chester, while the approximately 3,000 remaining cavalry under Langdale crossed the
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to camp outside the city while he and 600 others travelled into Chester itself on 23 September 1645. The intent was to attack the besieging Parliamentarians from both sides, Charles mistakenly believing that Poyntz had failed to follow them. In fact he was barely 15 miles (24 km) behind, and
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As a result of Poyntz's lack of preparation, his force was strung out in a column; because of the boggy ground, they could not easily dismount. In addition, Poyntz had underestimated the strength of the Royalists and tried attacking with those troops immediately available, assuming they would be
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moved to attack Langdale's force in the early hours of 24 September. Although Langdale drove Poyntz off, the Parliamentarians besieging Chester sent reinforcements, and Langdale was forced to retreat to Rowton Heath, closer to Chester, and wait for his own reinforcements. This force, under
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attacked the Royalist barricades, and with the defenders completely taken by surprise, they fell back to the inner city. On 22 September, Parliamentarian artillery began bombarding the city, and after breaching the walls (and having a summons to surrender refused by the defenders), the
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of Gerard's force and made an initially successful counter-attack before being forced back to the walls of Chester. There the retreating cavalry choked up the streets, allowing the Parliamentarian musketeers to fire into the confused mass of horsemen and leading to a rout.
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and bivouacked at Hatton Heath, five miles to the south of Chester itself. The plan was to trap the besiegers between the two forces, destroying them or forcing them to retreat; as they numbered only 500 cavalry and 1,500 foot, this was considered to be relatively simple.
1133:, approximately 15 miles from Chester. After hearing about the situation, Poyntz promised to advance in the morning "with a considerable body of horse", which encouraged the Parliamentarians around Chester to continue resisting. One of his messengers was intercepted by
969:, was prevented from joining them, and Langdale was instead attacked by both Poyntz's force and the reinforcement. After being driven off the field and failing in an attempt to regroup at Chester itself, the Royalists retreated as dusk fell.
1207:. With this retreat, Chester was left without additional support, and surrendered to the Parliamentarians on 3 February 1646. The remaining Royalist cavalry were eventually destroyed in their entirety when Poyntz ambushed them at the
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The Royalist plan failed to take into account Poyntz and his 3,000 cavalry; evidently, they assumed he had lost track of them. This assumption was mistaken, and as Charles entered Chester, Poyntz's soldiers arrived in
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Langdale advanced northwards with 3,000 cavalry, and at Miller's Heath on the morning of 24 September he became aware of Poyntz's force of 3,000 also moving north. Miller's Heath was mainly made up of unenclosed
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on 10 July, along with the subsequent "disintegration" of the new troops in South Wales, led to Charles abandoning this plan. Despite this and the loss of much of Northern England following the
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The Royalist force attempted to join up with Montrose in Scotland. In early August, Charles took 2,500 soldiers and marched north, being forced to turn back at
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Charles's force consisted of 3,500 horse, organised into four brigades, the largest grouping being the 1,200 soldiers of the Northern Horse under
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to pursue the King. Evading Poyntz's forces, Charles again marched north on 18 September, taking 3,500 cavalry under
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This 17th-century building on the side of the A41 was used as a wound dressing station during the battle
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of Chester were betrayed to the enemy", forcing him to change his plans and march towards Chester.
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The concise encyclopedia of the revolutions and wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639–1660
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to pursue the King with approximately 3,000 horse. After Charles was informed that
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and forcing the Parliamentarians besieging Hereford to withdraw. In response, the
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on Chester city walls, from where Charles is said to have watched his army lose.
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Memoirs of the Civil War in Wales and the Marches 1642–1649. Volume 2
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in Wales, hoping to recruit new soldiers there and travel across the
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force of 500 horse, 200 dragoons and 700 foot under the command of
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Before the battle, Charles had been attempting to link up with the
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withdrew the next day with the remaining 2,400 horse, heading to
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Cathedrals Under Siege: Cathedrals in English Society, 1600–1700
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and 4,000 cavalry. Charles's troops then made a raid into the
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1620:"English Heritage Battlefield Report: Rowton Heath (S) 1645"
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1743:"The Siege of Chester & Battle of Rowton Heath, 1645"
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Battle of Rowton Heath 1645 and the Siege of Chester
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1108:'s 1,000-strong brigade, and the 200 members of the
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1641:Discovering Battlefields of England and Scotland
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1001:. Charles withdrew with his remaining forces to
1663:. University Park: Pennsylvania State Press.
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1702:English Castles: A Guide by Counties
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997:tilted decisively in favour of the
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1779:Battles of the English Civil Wars
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1741:Plant, David (4 September 2006).
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1582:Charles I: the personal monarch
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1659:Lehmberg, Stanford E. (1996).
925:under the personal command of
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1726:. Longmans, Green, & Co.
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985:Following the destruction of
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1784:Military history of Cheshire
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1209:Battle of Sherburn in Elmet
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1046:Committee of Both Kingdoms
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1579:Carlton, Charles (1984).
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1804:17th century in Cheshire
1705:. Boydell & Brewer.
233:Location within Cheshire
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276:First English Civil War
106:Parliamentarian victory
43:Rowton Moor Battle Site
1638:Kinross, John (1998).
1560:Barratt, John (1994).
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1102:Sir Marmaduke Langdale
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1019:Battle of Marston Moor
903:Battle of Rowton Heath
178:Unknown number of foot
144:Commanders and leaders
24:Battle of Rowton Heath
1644:. Osprey Publishing.
1604:. Pocket Essentials.
1602:The English Civil War
1600:Clark, David (2010).
1177:
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993:on 14 June 1645, the
907:Battle of Rowton Moor
667:Gunnislake New Bridge
188:Casualties and losses
1211:on 15 October 1645.
1203:before moving on to
1114:Lord Bernard Stewart
1058:Lord Charles Gerrard
1040:, getting as far as
1023:Marquess of Montrose
989:'s main army at the
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967:Lord Bernard Stewart
938:Marquess of Montrose
905:, also known as the
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154:Lord Bernard Stewart
1684:. Scarecrow Press.
1237:History of Cheshire
1038:Eastern Association
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1544:Manganiello (2004)
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1032:by the advance of
1015:Battle of Langport
958:Marmaduke Langdale
741:Scarborough Castle
543:2nd Wardour Castle
443:1st Wardour Castle
150:Marmaduke Langdale
87:53.1724°N 2.8284°W
1794:Conflicts in 1645
1670:978-0-271-04420-0
1611:978-1-84243-345-4
1450:, pp. 18–19.
1369:, pp. 14–15.
1135:Sir Richard Lloyd
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915:Parliamentarians
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1693:
1691:0-8108-5100-8
1687:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1651:0-7478-0370-6
1647:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1592:0-7448-0016-1
1588:
1585:. Routledge.
1584:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1571:1-85804-056-6
1567:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1534:, p. 34.
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1498:, p. 22.
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1474:, p. 21.
1473:
1468:
1462:, p. 20.
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1426:, p. 17.
1425:
1420:
1418:
1411:, p. 15.
1410:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1381:, p. 15.
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1357:, p. 14.
1356:
1351:
1345:, p. 13.
1344:
1339:
1333:, p. 12.
1332:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
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1234:
1230:
1224:
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1212:
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1206:
1202:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1179:Phoenix Tower
1176:
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1163:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
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1103:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1081:Michael Jones
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Sydnam Poyntz
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:George Goring
1008:
1004:
1003:Raglan Castle
1000:
996:
992:
988:
978:
976:
970:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
950:Sydnam Poyntz
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:Sydnam Poyntz
916:
912:
908:
904:
891:
890:2nd Worcester
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
855:
854:
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844:
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839:
837:
836:Denbigh Green
834:
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541:
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531:
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521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
488:Roundway Down
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:Burton Bridge
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Adwalton Moor
466:
464:
461:
459:
458:1st Worcester
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:Seacroft Moor
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
393:Braddock Down
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
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350:
347:
345:
344:Turnham Green
342:
340:
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335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
319:Powick Bridge
317:
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289:
283:
278:
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263:
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256:
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248:
245:
231:
210:
201:
197:
195:900 prisoners
192:
191:
186:
180:
175:
174:
169:
166:
165:Michael Jones
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
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131:
129:
119:
118:
113:
105:
102:
101:
96:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1766:
1751:. Retrieved
1746:
1722:
1701:
1680:
1660:
1640:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:
1601:
1581:
1561:
1554:Bibliography
1539:
1527:
1515:
1508:Clark (2010)
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1438:, p. 9.
1431:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1321:, p. 8.
1314:
1307:Clark (2010)
1302:
1297:, p. 4.
1290:
1278:
1271:Clark (2010)
1266:
1261:, p. 3.
1197:
1188:
1184:
1170:Rowton Heath
1164:
1160:
1152:
1141:Hatton Heath
1127:
1099:
1074:
1034:David Leslie
1027:
984:
971:
935:
906:
902:
900:
880:2nd Aberdeen
852:
850:
816:Rowton Heath
815:
718:
716:
687:1st Aberdeen
662:Marston Moor
647:Tipton Green
569:
567:
528:Olney Bridge
498:Gainsborough
473:2nd Bradford
438:Sourton Down
428:Ripple Field
408:Hopton Heath
385:
383:
374:1st Bradford
369:Muster Green
354:Piercebridge
324:Kings Norton
314:Babylon Hill
287:
222:Rowton Heath
115:Belligerents
18:
1747:BCW Project
1110:Life Guards
860:Bovey Heath
811:2nd Chester
806:Philiphaugh
801:2nd Bristol
756:3rd Taunton
746:2nd Taunton
712:2nd Newbury
702:1st Taunton
697:1st Chester
677:Lostwithiel
597:Boldon Hill
538:Heptonstall
518:1st Newbury
493:1st Bristol
181:3,350 horse
176:3,500 horse
90: /
1773:Categories
1243:References
1131:Whitchurch
1066:Presteigne
1042:Huntington
981:Background
921:, and the
885:Lagganmore
875:3rd Oxford
865:Torrington
831:Annan Moor
761:2nd Oxford
726:Inverlochy
682:Tippermuir
632:1st Oxford
617:Lyme Regis
503:Gloucester
379:Chichester
364:1st Exeter
304:Portsmouth
193:600 killed
75:53°10′21″N
67:, Cheshire
1194:Aftermath
1118:River Dee
1062:River Wye
1030:Doncaster
923:Royalists
766:Leicester
582:Newcastle
483:Lansdowne
453:Wakefield
423:Lichfield
418:Camp Hill
359:Tadcaster
339:Brentford
334:Aylesbury
128:Royalists
78:2°49′42″W
1629:6 August
1215:See also
1070:outworks
1048:ordered
948:ordered
791:Hereford
786:Langport
751:Auldearn
736:Weymouth
707:Carlisle
672:Ormskirk
652:Oswestry
607:Cheriton
577:Nantwich
508:2nd Hull
448:Stratton
329:Edgehill
309:Plymouth
294:1st Hull
171:Strength
60:Location
29:Part of
1753:8 March
1076:Chester
954:Chester
796:Kilsyth
627:Lincoln
558:Arundel
523:Winceby
433:Reading
198:Unknown
1730:
1709:
1688:
1667:
1648:
1608:
1589:
1568:
1088:Battle
846:Newark
776:Alford
771:Naseby
637:Bolton
592:Newark
103:Result
65:Rowton
1394:Plant
1156:heath
612:Selby
548:Alton
398:Leeds
163:Col.
1755:2011
1728:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1631:2022
1606:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1122:Holt
1056:and
965:and
901:The
853:1646
719:1645
622:York
570:1644
386:1643
288:1642
52:Date
1120:at
1064:at
1775::
1745:.
1622:.
1416:^
1401:^
1386:^
1251:^
933:.
1757:.
1736:.
1715:.
1694:.
1673:.
1654:.
1633:.
1614:.
1595:.
1574:.
1396:.
266:e
259:t
252:v
156:†
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