743:
656:
836:
812:, between 11 and 18 March 921. The Byzantine commanders formed their battle lines in the lowlands near the springs, while the Bulgarians occupied the higher ground. The Bulgarians charged with a dreadful battle cry. Their initial blow was irresistible and the Byzantine lines broke. John the Rhaiktor immediately fled while many of his soldiers were killed fighting to protect his escape. John the Rhaiktor ultimately escaped aboard a
856:, Simeon I sent a letter to Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos in which he rebuffed the proposal for a dynastic marriage with the family of Romanos I. He insisted that peace was only possible on condition that Romanos I renounce the Byzantine throne in favour of himself. The Bulgarian monarch denied the accusations of Mystikos that he was responsible for the terrible war and instead blamed the
822:
while attempting to board a ship. The brothers Pothos and Leo
Argyros managed to find shelter in a nearby fortress. In the subsequent rout, most of the Byzantine soldiers were killed by the sword, drowned or were captured by the Bulgarians. After the battle, the Bulgarians burned the palaces in Pegae
710:
married his daughter to
Constantine VII and in 920 proclaimed himself senior emperor, ruining Simeon I's ambitions to ascend the throne by diplomatic means. Until his death, the Bulgarian monarch never recognized the legitimacy of Romanos' accession to the throne. Thus, in the beginning of 921 Simeon
750:
The
Byzantine campaign to Aquae Calidae and the threat in a letter by Nicholas Mystikos that numerous Byzantine troops were preparing to invade Bulgaria caused Simeon I to act quickly. He ordered a large army under Kaukanos and Menikos to head for Constantinople while he himself made preparations to
890:
to form a
Bulgarian–Arab alliance for a joint assault of Constantinople. Simeon I remained at the siege of Adrianople while another army was sent to the Byzantine capital. In June 922, the Bulgarians engaged and defeated yet another Byzantine army at the
667:(r. 893–927) who was seeking pretext to wage war and fulfil his ambitions to claim an imperial title for himself and to assume the throne of Constantinople. Unable to confront the Bulgarians, the Byzantines reluctantly recognized Simeon I as
895:. A few weeks later, Adrianople surrendered. In the meantime, the Byzantines captured the ship with the Bulgarian and Fatimid envoys on its way back to Bulgaria. Romanos I thus learned about the negotiations and outbid the Bulgarians.
581:. The Byzantine lines collapsed at the very first Bulgarian attack and their commanders fled the battlefield. In the subsequent rout most Byzantine soldiers were killed by the sword, drowned or were captured.
879:, who was a Bulgarian protégé, to switch sides. The Bulgarians answered with a successful intervention in Serbia, easily gained control of the country and placed in power another Bulgarian candidate,
1302:История на българската държава през средните векове. Том I. История на Първото българско царство. (History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. Volume I. History of the First Bulgarian Empire.)
188:
215:
604:. However, Constantinople itself remained outside their reach, because Bulgaria lacked the naval power to launch a successful siege. The attempts of the Bulgarian emperor
681:) as early as July 913 but the decision was revoked after a palace coup in Constantinople in 914. Three years later, in 917, the main Byzantine forces were routed in the
852:
While the
Bulgarian army operated successfully in the vicinity of Constantinople, Simeon I was preparing another major campaign in Thrace. Before leaving the capital,
770:
at the beginning of March 921. Romanos I was concerned that the
Bulgarians would burn the palaces in Pegae and responded by sending "sufficient troops" under the
181:
1395:
1400:
300:
174:
1326:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
685:
and the
Bulgarians took the military initiative. In the four year that followed they launched a number of successful campaigns, reaching the
840:
578:
650:
570:
330:
316:
104:
35:
875:
and besieged
Adrianople. While the bulk of the Bulgarian forces were concentrated in Thrace, the Byzantines bribed the Serbian prince
108:
774:
723:
113:
712:
1390:
886:
In 922, the
Bulgarians renewed their offensive in Thrace to divert the Byzantines from the clandestine negotiations with the
360:
1336:
696:
Simeon I planned to secure his position in Constantinople through a marriage between his daughter and the infant Emperor
663:
Although the Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict that began in 913 was provoked by the Byzantines, it was the Bulgarian monarch
883:. The conflict in Serbia distracted the Bulgarian military operations against the Byzantine Empire for the rest of 921.
1385:
1286:
1234:
460:
864:, who had rebuffed his proposal to betroth his daughter to Constantine VII in 914 and had attacked Bulgaria in 917.
892:
597:
379:
351:
1253:
1076:"Continuation of the Chronicle of George Hamartolos" in GIBI, vol. VI, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia,
489:
455:
416:
406:
386:
290:
1264:Гръцки извори за българската история (ГИБИ), том VI (Greek Sources for Bulgarian History (GIBI), volume VI)
441:
391:
367:
198:
1250:Гръцки извори за българската история (ГИБИ), том V (Greek Sources for Bulgarian History (GIBI), volume V)
509:
778:
668:
117:
880:
1272:
722:, reaching Katasyrtai in the outskirts of Constantinople. Romanos I retaliated with a campaign under
285:
240:
235:
230:
225:
782:
682:
448:
336:
322:
121:
30:
1267:(in Bulgarian and Greek). София (Sofia): Издателство на БАН (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press).
1375:
1109:"Chronographia by Theophanes Continuatus" in GIBI, vol. V, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia,
1088:"Chronographia by Theophanes Continuatus" in GIBI, vol. V, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia,
771:
727:
686:
472:
431:
617:
562:
265:
87:
504:
499:
1320:
845:
664:
605:
529:
396:
341:
307:
280:
8:
742:
718:
to betroth one of his daughters or sons to a progeny of Romanos I and sent his army into
372:
295:
250:
245:
1278:
The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
690:
672:
546:
514:
426:
421:
1306:
1282:
1230:
887:
786:
715:
626:
609:
524:
484:
465:
275:
133:
1110:
1089:
1077:
876:
868:
861:
791:
566:
519:
494:
436:
401:
270:
125:
92:
1305:(in Bulgarian) (2 ed.). София (Sofia): Наука и изкуство (Nauka i izkustvo).
1296:
1276:
697:
479:
411:
220:
1262:
1245:
1226:
853:
802:
767:
719:
634:
585:
558:
557:: Μάχη των Πηγαίων) was fought between 11 and 18 March 921 in the outskirts of
554:
62:
58:
1300:
1369:
1351:
1338:
1310:
1221:Андреев (Andreev), Йордан (Jordan); Лалков (Lalkov), Милчо (Milcho) (1996).
1380:
702:
166:
655:
1324:
824:
706:(father-in-law) and guardian of Constantine VII. However, in 919 Admiral
835:
809:
758:
The army commanded by Kaukanos and Menikos marched swiftly through the
797:
759:
734:, but part of his army was ambushed and destroyed by the Bulgarians.
707:
867:
At the head of his army, Simeon I marched from Preslav through the
818:
596:. In June 922 they engaged and defeated yet another Byzantine army
751:
take his main army to besiege the capital of the Theme of Thrace,
872:
608:
to negotiate a joint Bulgarian–Arab assault on the city with the
601:
857:
827:
waterway on the opposite shore of the walls of Constantinople.
813:
752:
731:
589:
584:
In 922 the Bulgarians continued their successful campaigns in
1252:(in Bulgarian and Greek). София (Sofia): Издателство на БАН (
816:. Alexios Mosele, who fled in full armour, drowned with his
1032:
677:
593:
257:
1323:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
1246:"11. Продължителят на Теофан (11. Theophanis Continuati)"
1223:Българските ханове и царе (The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars)
808:
The two armies clashed at Pegae during the fifth week of
588:, capturing a number of towns and fortresses, including
1260:
1243:
789:. The Byzantine army was composed of troops of the
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1367:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
612:were uncovered by the Byzantine and countered.
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1022:
1020:
1063:
659:A map of Bulgaria during the rule of Simeon I.
1220:
1094:
975:
946:
922:
910:
600:, confirming the Bulgarian domination of the
573:. The battle took place in a locality called
182:
1396:Battles involving the First Bulgarian Empire
1044:
1017:
971:
969:
967:
577:(i.e. "the spring"), named after the nearby
196:
1329:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
1281:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
644:
189:
175:
16:921 battle of the Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars
1295:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1057:
1026:
1011:
999:
964:
934:
834:
766:(i.e. "the spring") at the outskirts of
741:
654:
1401:Battles of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
615:The primary sources for the battle are
1368:
762:Mountains and reached the locality of
711:I did not reply to a proposal of the
170:
1297:Златарски (Zlatarski), Васил (Vasil)
1271:
1169:
1121:
987:
958:
592:, Thrace's most important city, and
13:
801:(i.e. the imperial guard) and the
651:Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927
571:Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927
61:, modern village of Balakla, near
14:
1412:
823:and looted the area north of the
361:Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
1319:
1225:(in Bulgarian). Велико Търново (
1038:
841:Church of St. Mary of the Spring
579:Church of St. Mary of the Spring
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1082:
1261:Колектив (Collective) (1965).
1244:Колектив (Collective) (1964).
1005:
993:
981:
952:
940:
928:
916:
904:
380:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
1:
1254:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
746:A view of the spring at Pegae
1391:920s in the Byzantine Empire
898:
871:and the valley of the river
830:
700:(r. 913–959), thus becoming
7:
10:
1417:
1214:
726:, who reached the town of
648:
561:between the forces of the
976:Andreev & Lalkov 1996
947:Andreev & Lalkov 1996
923:Andreev & Lalkov 1996
911:Andreev & Lalkov 1996
737:
550:
208:
152:
139:
98:
81:
41:
28:
23:
1386:10th century in Bulgaria
893:Battle of Constantinople
839:The Bulgarians burn the
449:Uprising of Peter Delyan
200:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
31:Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars
937:, pp. 382, 408–410
881:Zaharija Pribisavljević
772:Domestic of the Schools
687:walls of Constantinople
645:Origins of the conflict
621:, Leo the Grammarian's
473:Second Bulgarian Empire
1352:41.01224°N 28.976018°E
849:
747:
660:
625:, the continuation of
618:Theophanes Continuatus
99:Commanders and leaders
1321:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
838:
745:
658:
639:Synopsis of Histories
153:Casualties and losses
1273:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
1229:): Абагар (Abagar).
713:Ecumenical Patriarch
1357:41.01224; 28.976018
1348: /
669:Emperor of Bulgaria
1208:, pp. 433–434
1136:, pp. 410–411
1041:, #23693 Kaukanos.
1014:, pp. 408–409
1002:, pp. 406–407
990:, pp. 150–151
850:
846:Manasses Chronicle
748:
691:Isthmus of Corinth
683:Battle of Achelous
661:
515:Uprising of Ivaylo
352:3rd Constantinople
291:2nd Constantinople
216:1st Constantinople
888:Fatimid Caliphate
787:John the Rhaiktor
716:Nicholas Mystikos
708:Romanos Lekapenos
627:George Hamartolos
598:at Constantinople
538:
537:
165:
164:
134:John the Rhaiktor
77:
76:
73:Bulgarian victory
1408:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1330:
1314:
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1268:
1257:
1240:
1209:
1203:
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1191:
1185:
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1155:
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1125:
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1113:
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1061:
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991:
985:
979:
973:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
869:Balkan Mountains
862:Zoe Karbonopsina
720:Byzantine Thrace
586:Byzantine Thrace
567:Byzantine Empire
563:Bulgarian Empire
552:
490:2nd Arcadiopolis
461:5th Thessalonica
456:4th Thessalonica
417:3rd Thessalonica
407:2nd Thessalonica
392:1st Thessalonica
368:1st Arcadiopolis
203:
201:
191:
184:
177:
168:
167:
130:
93:Byzantine Empire
88:Bulgarian Empire
43:
42:
21:
20:
1416:
1415:
1411:
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1409:
1407:
1406:
1405:
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1334:
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1237:
1217:
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1192:
1188:
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1128:
1120:
1116:
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953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
901:
833:
740:
698:Constantine VII
653:
647:
543:Battle of Pegae
539:
534:
204:
199:
197:
195:
132:
126:
120:
116:
107:
65:
34:
24:Battle of Pegae
17:
12:
11:
5:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:920s conflicts
1332:
1331:
1316:
1315:
1293:
1287:
1269:
1258:
1241:
1235:
1227:Veliko Tarnovo
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:Zlatarski 1972
1198:
1194:Zlatarski 1972
1186:
1182:Zlatarski 1972
1174:
1162:
1158:Zlatarski 1972
1150:
1146:Zlatarski 1972
1138:
1134:Zlatarski 1972
1126:
1114:
1093:
1081:
1062:
1058:Zlatarski 1972
1043:
1031:
1027:Zlatarski 1972
1016:
1012:Zlatarski 1972
1004:
1000:Zlatarski 1972
992:
980:
963:
951:
939:
935:Zlatarski 1972
927:
915:
902:
900:
897:
877:Pavle Branović
832:
829:
783:Alexios Mosele
781:, the admiral
777:, his brother
775:Pothos Argyros
768:Constantinople
739:
736:
730:, near modern
724:Pothos Argyros
649:Main article:
646:
643:
635:John Skylitzes
559:Constantinople
551:битка при Пиги
536:
535:
533:
532:
527:
522:
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512:
510:2nd Adrianople
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387:Trajan's Gates
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331:War of 913–927
327:
326:
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323:Boulgarophygon
317:War of 894–896
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303:
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286:1st Adrianople
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122:Alexios Mosele
114:Pothos Argyros
111:
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100:
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84:
83:
79:
78:
75:
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67:
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63:Constantinople
57:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
36:War of 913–927
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1288:0-472-08149-7
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1236:954-427-216-X
1232:
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1219:
1218:
1207:
1202:
1196:, p. 425
1195:
1190:
1184:, p. 417
1183:
1178:
1172:, p. 150
1171:
1166:
1160:, p. 413
1159:
1154:
1148:, p. 411
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1124:, p. 151
1123:
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1106:
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1060:, p. 410
1059:
1054:
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1040:
1035:
1029:, p. 409
1028:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1001:
996:
989:
984:
978:, p. 101
977:
972:
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968:
961:, p. 145
960:
955:
948:
943:
936:
931:
925:, p. 100
924:
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865:
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837:
828:
826:
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820:
819:protomandator
815:
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769:
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733:
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728:Aquae Calidae
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251:2nd Marcellae
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241:2nd Anchialus
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231:1st Marcellae
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40:
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27:
22:
19:
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1277:
1263:
1249:
1222:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1084:
1034:
1007:
995:
983:
954:
949:, p. 98
942:
930:
918:
913:, p. 97
906:
885:
866:
851:
844:
817:
807:
796:
790:
763:
757:
749:
703:basileopator
701:
695:
676:
662:
638:
630:
622:
616:
614:
583:
574:
542:
540:
471:
470:
447:
446:
378:
377:
359:
358:
346:
329:
315:
310:'s campaigns
306:
305:
260:'s campaigns
256:
255:
210:
127:
82:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
1355: /
860:of Empress
825:Golden Horn
779:Leo Argyros
569:during the
505:Klokotnitsa
442:Dyrrhachium
236:Rishki Pass
118:Leo Argyros
1370:Categories
1343:28°58′34″E
1340:41°00′44″N
810:Great Lent
753:Adrianople
590:Adrianople
530:Rusokastro
397:Spercheios
373:Dorostolon
342:Katasyrtai
281:Versinikia
211:Early wars
145:Large army
1299:(1972) .
1275:(1991) .
1170:Fine 1991
1122:Fine 1991
988:Fine 1991
959:Fine 1991
899:Citations
831:Aftermath
798:Hetaireia
760:Strandzha
673:Bulgarian
631:Chronicle
623:Chronicle
547:Bulgarian
427:Strumitsa
296:Mesembria
246:Litosoria
49:March 921
1311:67080314
689:and the
665:Simeon I
610:Fatimids
606:Simeon I
565:and the
422:Kleidion
337:Achelous
308:Simeon I
301:Burdizon
276:Debeltos
140:Strength
105:Kaukanos
54:Location
1256:Press).
1215:Sources
873:Tundzha
858:eunuchs
854:Preslav
792:tagmata
602:Balkans
525:Skafida
485:Tryavna
466:Ostrovo
266:Serdica
158:Unknown
148:Unknown
128:†
109:Menikos
1309:
1285:
1233:
1111:p. 131
1090:p. 130
1078:p. 145
814:dromon
795:, the
738:Battle
732:Burgas
520:Devina
495:Serres
480:Lovech
437:Setina
432:Bitola
402:Skopje
271:Pliska
124:
70:Result
764:Pegae
594:Bizye
575:Pegae
555:Greek
500:Varna
412:Kreta
347:Pegae
221:Ongal
161:Heavy
59:Pegae
1307:OCLC
1283:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1039:PmbZ
803:navy
785:and
678:Tsar
671:(in
633:and
541:The
258:Krum
46:Date
1381:921
755:.
1372::
1248:.
1096:^
1065:^
1046:^
1019:^
966:^
843:,
805:.
693:.
675:,
641:.
637:'
629:'
553:,
549::
1313:.
1291:.
1239:.
545:(
190:e
183:t
176:v
33::
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