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a solid fireproof roof which was not secured to the walls but rested upon them like a lid. The eaves projected considerably, and from them screens were hung on all sides, covering all the walls. By means of screws the whole canopy, roof, and screens was now raised to the height of one storey and the workmen proceeded to build the walls of that storey under its protection. This process was repeated in the same manner until the full height of the tower was attained.
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793:), the Massiliots closed their gates to him, having allied with Ahenobarbus and the Optimates. Roused by their hostile actions, he commenced a siege against Massilia, leaving the newly raised XVII, XVIII, and XIX legions to conduct the siege under the command of Gaius Trebonius. He also placed Decimus Brutus in charge of his fleet there. Caesar himself marched with his veteran legions to Hispania to fight the Pompeian generals
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Trebonius built a stationary tower, 30 feet (9.1 m) square and six stories in height, under the very walls of the city and in the face of a rain of missiles from its engines. The walls of the tower were of brickwork 5 feet (1.5 m) thick. When the lowest storey was built it was covered with
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After the siege had begun, Ahenobarbus arrived in
Massilia to defend it against the Caesarian forces. In late June, Caesar's ships, although they were less skilfully built than those of the Massiliots and outnumbered, were victorious in the ensuing naval battle.
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and the
Caesarians undermined the foundations of their city walls. At one point they seemed likely to surrender and declare a truce, but at night they cunningly destroyed the siege works in a gross violation of the treaty, according to Caesar's own account
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41.25.2 records that the
Massiliots destroyed these works in response to a surprise attack by the Caesarian forces). The city's inhabitants were then near surrender.
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At the final surrender of
Massilia, Caesar showed his usual leniency and Lucius Ahenobarbus fled to Thessaly in the only vessel that was able to escape from the
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49 BC siege of
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34 ships during the second naval engagement (16 of these were
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to bring more ships to the aid of
Ahenobarbus. He fought a
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785:) in order to oppose Caesar. As Caesar marched to
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296:(4 months, 2 weeks and 4 days)
450:After the second naval engagement: 22 ships
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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468:17 ships during the first naval engagement
447:After the first naval engagement: 18 ships
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241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
186:This article includes a list of general
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877:Caesar: de Bello Civili, Book II, 8, 9.
14:
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820:, careless in adequately guarding the
97:Please improve this article by adding
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755:'s army. The siege was conducted by
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2851:Sieges involving the Roman Republic
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192:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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45:This article has multiple issues.
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841:burning pitch and pine-shavings
53:or discuss these issues on the
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622:Caesar's invasion of Macedonia
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1:
2886:Military history of Marseille
2856:Battles of Caesar's civil war
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99:secondary or tertiary sources
1478:Frontiers and fortifications
704:Caesar's invasion of Africa
357:Roman annexation of Massilia
294:19 April – 6 September 49 BC
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1537:Decorations and punishments
771:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
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2444:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1019:historiography of the fall
767:, Caesar's naval expert.
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255:Siege of Massilia (413)
207:more precise citations.
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1743:Conflict of the Orders
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2291:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1520:Siege in Ancient Rome
1129:Executive magistrates
850:2.14; alternatively,
478:Casualties and losses
305:Massilia and Western
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2006:Ammianus Marcellinus
1345:Tribune of the plebs
751:and a detachment of
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2376:Velleius Paterculus
2216:Nicolaus Damascenus
2196:Marcellus Empiricus
1585:Republican currency
830:second naval battle
444:Initially: 12 ships
421:Militia of Massilia
418:XVII, XVIII and XIX
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110:"Siege of Massilia"
2871:Caesar's civil war
2499:Phlegon of Tralles
2306:Seneca the Younger
1780:Naming conventions
1510:Personal equipment
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270:Caesar's Civil War
18:Battle of Massilia
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26:
9:
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2:
2898:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Julius Caesar
2859:
2857:
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2239:
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2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Julius Paulus
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Fabius Pictor
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Amphitheatres
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
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1708:
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1703:
1701:
1698:
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1693:
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1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:Deforestation
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Siege engines
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Establishment
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:Extraordinary
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Promagistrate
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Twelve Tables
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
984:
982:
978:
972:
969:
965:
962:
961:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
943:
939:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
921:
916:
909:
904:
902:
897:
895:
890:
889:
886:
874:
870:
862:
860:
855:
853:
849:
848:
847:Bellum Civile
842:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
800:
796:
792:
789:(en route to
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
679:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
649:
648:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
604:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
557:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
535:
532:
527:
517:
512:
510:
505:
503:
498:
497:
494:
485:
482:
481:
476:
470:
467:
466:
465:
463:
458:
454:
449:
446:
443:
442:
441:
439:
434:
430:
429:
424:
420:
417:
414:
413:
408:
405:
402:
399:
394:
391:
390:
385:
382:
376:
374:
373:Julius Caesar
370:
369:
364:
356:
351:
350:
346:
343:
342:
337:
308:
303:
300:
299:
293:
290:
289:
285:
279:
274:
271:
266:
261:
256:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
206:
202:
196:
195:
189:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
94:
93:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2770:Institutions
2634:Leptis Magna
2587:Major cities
2494:Philostratus
2281:Quadrigarius
2101:Rufus Festus
1964:Contemporary
1685:Romanization
1608:Architecture
1215:Collegiality
1064:Constitution
915:Ancient Rome
873:
856:
845:
838:
834:
810:siege towers
807:
803:
769:
737:
735:
723:Hippo Regius
564:
464:17–34 ships
461:
457:Land forces:
456:
455:
440:12−22 ships
437:
433:Land forces:
432:
431:
366:Belligerents
237:
219:
210:
191:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2765:Geographers
2449:Dioscorides
2429:Cassius Dio
2051:Cassiodorus
1954:Renaissance
1560:Agriculture
1532:Auxiliaries
1473:Engineering
1310:Magistrates
1162:Citizenship
1157:Mos maiorum
1092:Late Empire
814:testudo-ram
773:had become
632:Dyrrhachium
352:Territorial
333:43.29; 5.37
331: /
213:August 2024
205:introducing
151:August 2024
2845:Categories
2654:Mediolanum
2594:Alexandria
2559:Themistius
2524:Porphyrius
2351:Tertullian
2286:Quintilian
2276:Propertius
2171:Lactantius
2121:Fulgentius
2056:Censorinus
1878:Sanitation
1863:Metallurgy
1820:Technology
1785:Demography
1733:Patricians
1700:Spectacles
1658:Literature
1653:Hairstyles
1490:Technology
1240:Praefectus
1192:Government
1182:Litigation
1167:Auctoritas
1112:Centuriate
999:Principate
994:Pax Romana
954:Foundation
865:References
824:, allowed
666:Alexandria
553:Brundisium
188:references
121:newspapers
88:references
50:improve it
2810:Quaestors
2740:Empresses
2730:Dynasties
2720:Dictators
2695:and other
2684:Volubilis
2679:Vindobona
2639:Londinium
2564:Theodoret
2534:Procopius
2514:Polyaenus
2489:Pausanias
2391:Vitruvius
2336:Symmachus
2331:Suetonius
2241:Petronius
2226:Obsequens
2191:Macrobius
2186:Lucretius
2111:Frontinus
2086:Eutropius
2071:Columella
2021:Augustine
2011:Appuleius
1959:Neo-Latin
1934:Classical
1925:Versions
1833:Aqueducts
1775:Patronage
1695:Sexuality
1668:Mythology
1643:Education
1633:Cosmetics
1458:Campaigns
1453:Structure
1406:Decemviri
1265:Imperator
964:overthrow
859:Populares
783:Marseille
775:proconsul
749:Optimates
738:siege of
656:Nicopolis
642:Pharsalus
580:Tauroento
548:Corfinium
56:talk page
2815:Tribunes
2805:Praetors
2755:Generals
2735:Emperors
2644:Lugdunum
2629:Eboracum
2619:Carthage
2604:Aquileia
2519:Polybius
2509:Plutarch
2479:Libanius
2469:Josephus
2464:Herodian
2356:Tibullus
2271:Priscian
2246:Phaedrus
2206:Manilius
2151:Jordanes
2136:Hydatius
2066:Claudian
2046:Catullus
2036:Boëthius
2031:Ausonius
1949:Medieval
1921:Alphabet
1893:Theatres
1868:Numerals
1853:Concrete
1843:Circuses
1810:Bagaudae
1800:Adoption
1795:Marriage
1768:Assembly
1673:Religion
1648:Folklore
1628:Clothing
1623:Calendar
1580:Currency
1570:Commerce
1468:Strategy
1430:Military
1416:Triumvir
1396:Dictator
1391:Interrex
1370:Governor
1355:Quaestor
1318:Ordinary
1300:Province
1290:Tetrarch
1280:Augustus
1245:Vicarius
1235:Officium
1172:Imperium
1122:Plebeian
1082:Republic
1004:Dominate
971:Republic
932:Timeline
787:Hispania
740:Massilia
700:Bagradas
426:Strength
301:Location
268:Part of
2785:Legions
2745:Fiction
2715:Consuls
2710:Climate
2664:Ravenna
2659:Pompeii
2649:Lutetia
2614:Bononia
2609:Berytus
2599:Antioch
2574:Zosimus
2569:Zonaras
2544:Sozomen
2529:Priscus
2504:Photius
2346:Terence
2341:Tacitus
2326:Statius
2311:Servius
2296:Sallust
2251:Plautus
2231:Orosius
2211:Martial
2166:Juvenal
2141:Hyginus
2126:Gellius
1985:Writers
1916:History
1898:Thermae
1888:Temples
1838:Bridges
1805:Slavery
1753:Equites
1725:Society
1705:Theatre
1678:Deities
1638:Cuisine
1618:Bathing
1600:Culture
1575:Finance
1552:Economy
1443:Borders
1438:History
1340:Tribune
1335:Praetor
1225:Legatus
1220:Emperor
1107:Curiate
1077:Kingdom
1072:History
1048:History
1031:decline
989:History
959:Kingdom
942:History
927:Outline
761:legates
718:Thapsus
713:Ascurum
708:Ruspina
612:Curicta
595:Corduba
585:Carteia
543:Rubicon
395:(siege)
354:changes
316:43°17′N
201:improve
135:scholar
2795:Nomina
2780:Legacy
2760:Gentes
2697:topics
2693:Lists
2674:Smyrna
2554:Strabo
2484:Lucian
2474:Julian
2424:Arrian
2419:Appian
2409:Aelian
2386:Vergil
2161:Justin
2146:Jerome
2131:Horace
2116:Fronto
2106:Florus
2081:Ennius
2061:Cicero
2041:Caesar
1939:Vulgar
1763:Tribes
1690:Romans
1500:Legion
1483:castra
1360:Aedile
1330:Censor
1325:Consul
1285:Caesar
1255:Lictor
1177:Status
1117:Tribal
1097:Senate
1087:Empire
981:Empire
917:topics
753:Caesar
689:Africa
683:Apamea
637:Gomphi
627:Oricum
617:Tauris
570:Ilerda
462:Naval:
438:Naval:
381:Pompey
344:Result
319:5°22′E
190:, but
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
2866:49 BC
2459:Galen
2401:Greek
2371:Varro
2181:Lucan
1993:Latin
1908:Latin
1883:Ships
1873:Roads
1858:Domes
1790:Women
1738:Plebs
1663:Music
1205:Forum
1200:Curia
695:Utica
600:Lauro
590:Munda
559:Spain
537:Italy
486:4,000
483:1,100
416:Legio
142:JSTOR
128:books
2775:Laws
2750:Film
2669:Roma
2236:Ovid
2176:Livy
1944:Late
1758:Gens
1715:Wine
1527:Navy
1495:Army
1134:SPQR
1036:fall
1014:fall
797:and
779:Gaul
736:The
678:Zela
671:Nile
291:Date
114:news
1929:Old
1613:Art
1386:Rex
1230:Dux
1144:Law
852:Dio
816:".
777:of
90:to
2847::
101:.
59:.
907:e
900:t
893:v
844:(
515:e
508:t
501:v
257:.
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
197:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
95:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
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