600:
511:
98:
110:
450:
401:. Linguistically, 86% of the city's population used the Polish language and 11% preferred the Ukrainian language, so most of the inhabitants of Lemberg (Lwów, Lviv) were Poles. In eastern Galicia, Ukrainians made up approximately 58% of the population, while Poles made up 30%, and Jews about 11% of the population and were numerically superior in the cities. As a part of the Austrian partition of Poland, Lemberg became center of Polish culture and scholarship, as well as Polish and Ukrainian political activity.
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44:
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destroying the city's facilities and the most important buildings were declared de-militarized zones. Among them were the hospitals, the water works, gas plant and the energy plant. Local ceasefire agreements were signed on a daily basis and there were even numerous situations where both Polish and
Ukrainian soldiers played football or partied during cease fires. In his memoirs, Polish Lieutenant (later Colonel)
555:, only some 70 kilometres away from Lviv. Believing this move to be part of the preparations to break through the Ukrainian siege, Col. Stefaniv prepared a general offensive on the Polish-held western parts of the city. However, despite the heavy fighting that raged between November 13 and November 15, the Polish defence held out and the Ukrainians were repelled. An armistice was signed on November 18.
634:
Fighting began again on March 1, 1919. Positional skirmishes between entrenched sides lasted until May 1919, when a general Polish offensive on the
Eastern-Galician front forced the Ukrainians, endangered with the risk of encirclement, to pull back from their positions around the city and thus ended
618:
lasted until May 1919. After their withdrawal in
November, Ukrainian forces had laid siege to the city, surrounding it on three sides. The only link between Polish forces in the city and central Poland was the railway line from Przemyśl. Due to its crucial importance for defenders, constant fighting
590:
reported only 64 Jewish deaths. Historian
Andrzej Kapiszewski noted: "the anti-Semitism of the local populations led to many anti-Jewish outbreaks, especially in the Eastern territories, where the Jewish population was particularly large". After establishing order within the city, Polish authorities
486:
and northern
Bukovina. However, a large part of the claimed territory, including the city of Lviv, was also considered Polish by many of the local residents. While the Ukrainian residents enthusiastically supported the proclamation and the city's significant Jewish minority remained mostly neutral
648:
noted that during one of the ceasefires
Lieutenant Levsky, the Ukrainian commander of an outpost fighting with his unit, got so drunk with the Poles that he overslept and woke up late after the latest ceasefire had ended. Immediately another ceasefire was signed to allow the Ukrainian officer to
585:
Chaos during the Polish take-over of the city culminated in a two-day-long riot, in which mostly Polish criminals and soldiers started pillaging the city; over the course of the riots, approximately 340 civilians, 2/3 of them
Ukrainians and the rest Jews, were murdered. The Jews were accused of
539:
succeeded and the Poles managed to capture two
Ukrainian supply trains, largely negating the Ukrainian superiority in arms and munitions. By November 5 the Ukrainians were pushed out of the western part of the town, yet the Polish assault on the city centre was repulsed and both sides reached a
526:
had difficulty breaking into the city from
Bukovina due to the intense resistance of Poles in the suburb of Klepariv. Although their enemies were ill-equipped and mostly untrained, they had the advantage of good knowledge of the city, which proved vital in the early days of the defence. In the
643:
The Polish-Ukrainian fight for Lviv is sometimes referred to as "the last civilized conflict" by Polish historians. Because both sides were too weak to create regular front lines and lacked heavy weapons, the civilian casualties were low and did not exceed 400. Also, both sides tried to avoid
626:
In Lviv itself, Ukrainians started an artillery bombardment of the city on
December 22, preceding the first general offensive, commenced December 27. This assault, and the following one from February 1919, were unsuccessful and Polish forces continued to hold the city. On February 24, 1919, a
464:
throughout the city and proclaimed the birth of the new Ukrainian state. The Austrian governor was interned and handed over power to the vice-director of the governorship, Volodymyr Detsykevych, who in turn recognized the supreme authority of the Ukrainian National Rada. The Austrian military
531:. The Polish defenders also included a significant component of petty criminals, who, nevertheless, were valued for their heroism. On November 3 a few units of the Sich Riflemen broke through and entered the city, and command over the Ukrainian forces was transferred to Col.
256:
527:
following day the forces of the defenders reached roughly 6,000 men and women, more than 1400 of them gymnasium students and youngsters. Because of their heroism and mass participation in the fights, they are commonly referred to as
507:, students and youngsters. More than 1000 people joined the Polish ranks on the first day of the war. This enabled the Poles to retake some of the western parts of the city, while most of the city centre remained in Ukrainian hands.
469:
became commander-in-chief of the Ukrainian forces in Lviv, which numbered 60 officers and 1,200 soldiers. Lviv was proclaimed the capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, which claimed sovereignty over Eastern Galicia, the
426:
in Galicia and Bukovina) had planned to declare the West Ukrainian People's Republic on November 3, 1918 but moved the date forward to November 1 due to reports that the Polish liquidation committee was to transfer from
421:
and were supposed to join the Ukrainian troops in the city. The Ukrainian National Rada (a council consisting of all Ukrainian representatives from both houses of the Austrian parliament and from the provincial
408:, a Habsburg who adopted a Ukrainian identity and who considered himself a Ukrainian patriot, in October 1918 two regiments consisting of mostly Ukrainian troops were brought into the city, so that most of the
412:
stationed in Lviv were ethnic Ukrainians. At the same time, most of Polish units in Austro-Hungarian service were sent to other fronts in order to avoid conflict between the two groups. In addition, the
270:
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stalemate. With insufficient personnel to man a regular front line, the front was stable only in the centre, while in other areas only the most important buildings were defended.
251:
1314:
164:
571:, one of the most important areas of the city. The remaining Ukrainian forces withdrew during the following night, although they continued to surround Lviv from three sides.
487:
towards the Ukrainian proclamation, the Polish residents, constituting the majority of Lviv's inhabitants, were shocked to find themselves in a proclaimed Ukrainian state.
563:
After two weeks of heavy fighting within the city, a Polish detachment consisting of 140 officers, 1,228 soldiers, and 8 artillery guns under the command of Lt. Colonel
1304:
1159:
586:
cooperating with Ukrainians, and it was claimed that approximately 150 Jews were murdered and 500 Jewish shops and businesses were ransacked in reprisal, although the
567:
of the renascent Polish Army, broke through the Ukrainian siege and arrived at the city. On November 21 the siege was broken and the Ukrainians were repelled from the
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Although numerically superior, well-equipped and battle-hardened, Vitovskyi's soldiers were mostly villagers and were unaccustomed to
891:
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put up a fight armed with 64 outdated rifles. After the initial clashes, the defenders were joined by hundreds of volunteers, mostly
878:
460:
Between 3:30 and 4:00 A.M. on November 1, 1918 Ukrainian soldiers occupied Lviv's public utilities and military objectives, raised
1727:
1319:
652:
Because of that, the losses on both sides were small. The Poles lost 439 men and women, 120 of them gymnasium pupils, such as
881:
In: Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870-1933/39. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
631:
representatives, who arrived in February, in a futile attempt to reconcile the belligerents and bring them to an agreement.
499:, organized a small pocket of resistance in a school on the western outskirts of the city, where a group of veterans of the
1402:
665:
334:
102:
97:
1324:
1199:
909:
903:
Andrzej Kapiszewski (2004). Controversial Reports on the situation of Jews in Poland in the aftermath of World War I,
20:
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declared her independence and the following day the first units of the regular forces of the Polish Army under Maj.
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393:. According to the Austrian census of 1910, which listed religion and language, 52% of the city's population were
1344:
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398:
282:
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However, heavy fighting for other cities claimed by both Poles and Ukrainians continued, and the battle for
1040:
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807:
Timothy Snyder (2008). Red Prince: the Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke. New York: Basic Books, pg. 117
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866:
Nationalizing a Borderland: War, ethnicity and Anti-Jewish violence in east Galicia, 1914-1920.
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325:) took place from November 1918 to May 1919 and was a six-month long conflict in the
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Walka o polską granicę wschodnią 1918-1921 (Fight for the Polish Eastern Border)
528:
1517:
1369:
839:
657:
461:
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934:
in Antisemitism And Its Opponents In Modern Poland (edited by Robert Blobaum)
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commander called on his subordinates to recognize the Rada as well. Colonel
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Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5 (1993), entry written by Andrzej Chojnowski
902:
1109:
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475:
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The Moral Economy of Popular Violence:The Pogrom in Lwow, November 1918
142:
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by the Austrians and is the largest city in the historical region of
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short-lived armistice was signed, based on the strong demand of the
619:
for control of this line was waged, at times including the usage of
428:
1626:
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The Polish forces, initially numbering only about 200 people under
418:
1588:
69:
43:
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punished a number of people accused of participation in riots.
544:
1598:
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374:
346:
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48:
Situation after Ukrainian siege was broken, March 1919
19:
For other battles fought for the city of Lemberg, see
635:
the six-month-long battle for the control over Lviv.
594:
765:
God's playground: a history of Poland in two volumes
333:. The battle was fought between forces of the local
977:. Koszalin, Wyższa Szkoła Inżynierska. p. 86.
868:
Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, pg. 80
16:
1918 battle between during the Polish-Ukrainian war
848:, pp. 367-368, University of Toronto Press, 2000,
456:(in the middle) accompanied by two officers, 1918
1684:
972:
949:
879:"Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth Century Poland."
973:various authors (1993). Bogusław Polak (ed.).
1048:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
780:Encyclopædia Britannica, Partitions of Poland
158:
706:, Legenda Lwowskich Orląt, Lwów wśród nas.
664:students. Most of them were interred in the
315:
833:
514:Polish Supreme Command defending Lwów, 1918
341:resistance, assisted later by the invading
1055:
1041:
810:
754:New Haven: Yale University Press. pg. 123
331:dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
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741:New Haven: Yale University Press. pg. 134
723:New International Encyclopedia, Volume 13
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598:
509:
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172:
558:
1685:
1538:
1330:Monastery and church of St. Onuphrius
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828:Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5, 1993
438:
146:
794:, University of Toronto Press, 1999
490:
1693:Battles of the Polish–Ukrainian War
830:entry written by Andrzej Chojnowski
535:. However, a Polish assault on the
522:. Furthermore, the elite Ukrainian
13:
1248:
922:
871:
595:Ukrainian siege and Polish victory
14:
1749:
1403:Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów
864:Alexander Victor Prusin. (2005).
767:, Oxford University Press, 2005,
666:Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów
445:November Uprising (Lemberg, 1918)
345:for the control over the city of
313:(in Polish historiography called
1698:West Ukrainian People's Republic
1665:
1664:
1340:Church of the Purification, Lviv
1235:Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive (1944)
792:Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples
335:West Ukrainian People's Republic
108:
96:
896:
884:
858:
60:November 1, 1918 - May 22, 1919
21:Battle of Lwów (disambiguation)
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752:The Reconstruction of Nations.
744:
739:The Reconstruction of Nations.
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716:
697:
678:
574:
565:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski
311:Battle of Lemberg (Lviv, Lwów)
29:Battle of Lemberg (Lviv, Lwów)
1:
1728:Lviv in the Russian Civil War
1345:Church of the Transfiguration
671:
368:
1325:Church of St. Mary Magdalene
646:Bolesław Szwarcenberg-Czerny
638:
501:Polish Military Organization
7:
1508:Theatre of Opera and Ballet
1215:Massacre of Lwów professors
1200:Lwów–Warsaw school of logic
1195:Secret Ukrainian University
497:Zdzisław Tatar-Trześniowski
406:Archduke Wilhelm of Austria
404:Due to the intervention of
357:as both nations fought the
10:
1754:
1310:Church of John the Baptist
1205:Lwów School of Mathematics
687:"Obrona Lwowa w 1918 roku"
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18:
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1652:Pidzamche railway station
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1240:Sknyliv air show disaster
1070:
685:Naleźniak, Paweł (2019).
397:, 31% Jews, and 15% were
349:. The battle sparked the
184:
120:
89:
52:
41:
33:
28:
1647:Suburban railway station
1160:Ruthenian National House
1105:Siege by Cossacks (1655)
1100:Siege by Cossacks (1648)
1062:
950:Michał Klimecki (1998).
750:Timothy Snyder. (2003).
737:Timothy Snyder. (2003).
1335:Church of the Dormition
1320:Church of St. Elizabeth
1300:Convent of Benedictines
1275:Cathedral of St. George
1145:Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia
415:Ukrainian Sich Riflemen
1463:Polytechnic University
1315:Church of Mary of Snow
1254:
1125:Stauropegion Institute
611:
543:On November 11, 1918,
515:
457:
316:
121:Commanders and leaders
1632:Intercity bus station
1528:Union of Lublin Mound
1443:Lychakivskiy Cemetery
1252:
1115:Siege by Turks (1675)
1090:Dormition Brotherhood
602:
588:Morgenthau commission
513:
474:up to the village of
452:
1642:Main railway station
1253:Coat of arms of Lviv
649:return to his unit.
559:Ukrainian withdrawal
359:Ukrainian-Soviet War
353:, ultimately won by
351:Polish-Ukrainian War
176:Polish–Ukrainian War
36:Polish-Ukrainian War
1503:Shevchenkivskyi Hai
1473:Metropolitan Palace
1423:King Cross Leopolis
1398:Catholic University
1290:Bridgettine Convent
1220:Lviv pogroms (1941)
1019:49.8300°N 24.0142°E
1015: /
691:Przystanek Historia
654:Antoni Petrykiewicz
484:Carpathian Ruthenia
381:by the Ukrainians,
373:The modern city of
252:Volodymyr-Volynskyi
1305:Church of St. Anne
1270:Armenian Cathedral
1255:
1130:Stauropegion Press
994:Czesław Mączyński
912:2007-10-06 at the
845:Ukraine: a history
727:Lemberg'.' pg. 760
612:
581:Lwów pogrom (1918)
549:Wacław Stachiewicz
537:Main Train Station
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458:
439:Ukrainian takeover
417:were stationed in
385:by the Poles, and
363:Polish-Soviet Wars
1703:Conflicts in 1919
1680:
1679:
1468:Lubomirski Palace
1453:Mickiewicz Square
1413:Freedom Boulevard
1388:Bandinelli Palace
1285:Bernardine Church
790:Paul R. Magocsi,
704:Stanisław Nicieja
607:on a painting by
605:Lychakiv Cemetery
603:Fighting for the
569:Lychakiv Cemetery
491:Polish resistance
480:Komancza Republic
327:region of Galicia
306:
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136:Czesław Mączyński
85:
84:
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1418:Government House
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1723:1919 in Ukraine
1718:1918 in Ukraine
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1563:Shevchenkivskyi
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1523:Ukraina Stadium
1513:Skarbek Theatre
1483:Pharmacy Museum
1458:National Museum
1438:Lviv University
1428:Korniakt Palace
1393:Black Kamienica
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1360:Latin Cathedral
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1155:Ruthenian Triad
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323:Defense of Lwów
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1230:Lwów Uprising
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1210:Battle (1939)
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1190:Battle (1920)
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1185:Pogrom (1918)
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996:Boje Lwowskie
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984:83-900510-7-9
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965:83-11-08750-4
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541:
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533:Hnat Stefaniv
530:
525:
524:Sich Riflemen
521:
520:city fighting
512:
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478:in the west (
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131:Hnat Stefaniv
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1669:
1594:Briukhovychi
1582:City Council
1573:Zaliznychnyi
1558:Lychakivskyi
1179:
1175:Lwów Eaglets
1000:
974:
951:
929:
907:, pp.257-304
904:
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693:(in Polish).
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529:Lwów Eaglets
517:
494:
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403:
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317:obrona Lwowa
314:
310:
308:
264:
193:
103:West Ukraine
90:Belligerents
72:(Lviv, Lwów)
1548:Frankivskyi
1370:Attractions
1280:Boim Chapel
1225:Lwów Ghetto
1022: /
992:(in Polish)
575:Lwów pogrom
472:Carpathians
377:was called
269: [
255: [
243: [
231: [
219: [
207: [
1687:Categories
1622:Trolleybus
1568:Sykhivskyi
1408:Forum Lviv
1378:Arena Lviv
1135:Ossolineum
1010:24°00′51″E
1007:49°49′48″N
954:. Warsaw,
672:References
369:Background
337:and urban
265:Volchukhiv
1609:Transport
1553:Halytskyi
1539:Districts
1518:Town Hall
1110:Lwów Oath
660:, and 76
639:Aftermath
629:Entente's
1671:Category
1478:Old Town
1262:Religion
1150:Prosvita
1080:Timeline
910:Archived
725:. 1915.
553:Przemyśl
551:entered
476:Komańcza
419:Bukovina
298:Lubaczów
293:Chortkiv
283:Pokuttia
189:Przemyśl
65:Location
34:Part of
1637:Airport
1617:Tramway
1589:Vynnyky
1170:Batiars
1072:History
956:Bellona
890:Hagen,
796:p. 1057
387:Lemberg
228:Zhovkva
70:Lemberg
981:
962:
938:
852:
769:p. 379
710:
545:Poland
505:Scouts
429:Kraków
355:Poland
339:Polish
321:, the
288:Hutsul
199:Khyriv
115:Poland
78:Result
1599:Rudne
424:diets
273:]
259:]
247:]
240:Kowel
235:]
223:]
211:]
1064:Lviv
979:ISBN
960:ISBN
936:ISBN
850:ISBN
708:ISBN
656:and
616:Lviv
433:Lviv
383:Lwów
379:Lviv
375:Lviv
361:and
347:Lviv
309:The
204:Belz
194:Lwów
57:Date
1627:Bus
892:p.9
482:),
431:to
1689::
842:,
812:^
689:.
668:.
623:.
435:.
271:ru
257:ru
245:ru
233:ru
221:pl
209:pl
1056:e
1049:t
1042:v
987:.
968:.
798:,
166:e
159:t
152:v
23:.
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