169:
105:
181:
117:
1356:
192:
128:
1364:
139:
44:
1279:
Macdonald and
Malbrancq to cross the Lys at Menin, and move northeast against Clerfayt. The battle started at 3:00 pm and lasted until 10:00 pm. At first, Clerfayt's troops defended themselves stoutly, but by 6:00 pm Vandamme, Daendels, and Winter cleared their enemies from the Courtrai suburb. Soon after, Clerfayt unleashed a cavalry charge which dispersed Daendels' brigade. However, at this time Malbrancq's brigade was able to join the fighting, the bulk of which was now centred at
1091:. Meanwhile, the French harassed Wurmb's troops at Denain, compelling Clerfayt to send 8,000 from his right wing to their aid. On 24 April, Michaud's 12,000-man division advanced toward Nieuport and Ypres, Moreau's 21,000-strong division surrounded Menin, and Souham's 30,000-man division moved toward Courtrai, which it captured. With Pichegru's plans in his hands, Coburg sent a reinforcement of 12 infantry battalions and 10 cavalry squadrons under
150:
1259:
1109:
1237:
1275:, and drove it back to the outskirts of Courtrai. Vandamme's brigade belonged to Moreau's division. The Coalition troops forced their way into the suburb and might have seized Courtrai itself, had Clerfayt pressed the assault. However, Clerfayt, whose leadership was often marked by hesitation and inertia, chose to stop where he was for the day.
1344:
May attack on
Courtrai "feeble". He criticized the British army's lack of horse artillery, which might have broken the French squares at Willems sooner and caused heavier losses. Fortescue wrote that the Austrian strategists failed to see that throwing their entire strength on one of the French wings might have crushed their enemies.
1343:
wondered why the Allies split their forces before the battle and sent
Clerfayt north to Courtrai while York remained near Tournai. He wrote that they might have "been kept together to strike one heavy blow in the rear of the two French divisions at Courtrai and Menin". Fortescue called Clerfayt's 10
1249:
through York's skilful use of cavalry, which led to the withdrawal of the other units involved in the offensive, as the then-prevalent cordon doctrine of warfare dictated that units of an army should advance and withdraw spread out but in line with each other, placing equal pressure on an enemy army
1278:
Acting on
Pichegru's orders, Souham, who had withdrawn back to Aalbeke at the end of the day after the battle of Willems, turned his division back toward Courtrai. On 11 May, Souham sent the brigades of Daendels and Winter to reinforce Vandamme at Courtrai. Meanwhile, Souham ordered the brigades of
1262:
The battle of
Courtrai, 11 May 1794. With York in retreat back to Tournai, Souham's division is freed to turn on Clerfayt. Reinforcing Vandamme, who was pushed back into Courtrai the previous day, and simultaneously marching to cut Clerfayt off, Souham's division pushes Clerfayt back from Courtrai,
1250:
at all points. While victorious, Willems had given York a much clearer idea of just how many French were in his front, and, realising he was badly outnumbered, he withdrew back to
Tournai calling for reinforcements. York's withdrawal enabled the French to now give their full attention to Clerfayt.
1112:
French and Allied movements prior to the battles of
Willems and Courtrai. After Mouscron and the surrender of Landrecies, Coburg sends York to reinforce Clerfayt, and York decides to counterattack. However, Pichegru (who is personally absent from this part of the front during the battles) has also
1290:
During the fighting, Clerfayt's left wing had been forced back, cutting his lines of communication with York. Separated from the main Allied forces to the east and pushed back from his objective by superior forces, Clerfayt acknowledged defeat at the end of the day and ordered a withdrawal toward
1244:
The French responded to York's and
Clerfayt's advances by launching an attack on York's forces with the divisions of Souham and Bonnaud, and the brigades of Compere and Thierry--all the forces available in the area between the Scheldt and the Lys. However, Bonnaud was pushed back with loss at the
1161:
downstream from
Courtrai and attack Courtrai from the north. At the same time, York would advance west from Tournai in order to cut off Courtrai from the French base at Lille. However, Clerfayt balked and would not budge until he got direct orders from Imperial headquarters. Eventually receiving
1347:
Following the battle of
Courtrai, Coburg, whose main forces were still around Landrecies, was torn between concentrating on his right wing with York and Clerfayt against Pichegru, or on his left wing with Prince Kaunitz against the French forces on the Sambre river under Generals Desjardins and
1335:
Infantry Regiment Nr. 33, and 2 guns. The Hesse-Darmstadt troops lost 47 killed, 181 wounded, and 3 captured, plus 2 cannons. Austrian and French losses were not given. Clerfayt was joined at Ingelmunster by Whyte's British brigade which helped discourage pursuit.
863:. The battle was fought as part of French efforts to defeat an Allied attempt to recapture Courtrai, which the French captured in the opening days of their 1794 offensive in the Low Countries. On 10 May, a French attempt to advance east toward
1162:
those orders, then complied. Clerfayt's force included the following Hanoverian units: 3rd and 4th Grenadier battalions, and three squadrons of the 10th Light Dragoons. His Austrian troops consisted of 2 battalions each of Infantry Regiments
1099:
on 29 April, inflicting 2,000 casualties and capturing 23 guns. The following night, the Coalition garrison abandoned Menin. In the Allied rear areas there was a panicky retreat of supply trains headed for Ghent and Brussels.
1117:
As soon as Landrecies fell, Coburg sent York with the remainder of his corps to Tournai. Heavy rains slowed York's column so that it was 3 May before it rejoined Erskine's force at Tournai. York sent a detachment west to
879:) from the north but made little progress. On 11 May, with York's retreat, French forces turned on Clerfayt at Courtrai after York's retreat and forced him to retreat to the north. As a result of the battle, the French
902:
The battle of Courtrai refers specifically to the battle on 11 May, but the term is often also used to refer generally to both this battle and the battle of Willems together, as they were part of the same offensive.
1002:
were deployed as follows. With headquarters at Tournai, Clerfayt commanded a field army of 24,000 Austrians, Hanoverians, and Hessians on the Allied right wing. Clerfayt was charged with defending Menin,
1299:
Franz Xaver von Wenckheim killed. A second source stated that Allied losses were 1,500 men and 2 guns. A third source assigned 1,500 casualties to the Allies and 1,000 casualties to the French.
1188:
York believed that French forces in the area numbered 24,000. In fact, Pichegru deployed 40,000–50,000 soldiers between Menin and Courtrai. Also, Pichegru ordered the 20,000-man division of
1220:
went east to support Kaunitz's left wing. Coburg ordered Clerfayt to leave Tournai and attack Courtrai. Accordingly, Clerfayt set out on 8 May and crossed to the north bank of the Lys at
860:
875:, but resulted in York himself retreating to Tournai once he realised he had underestimated the size of the French army. On the same day as Willems, Clerfayt attacked Courtrai (now
1348:
Charbonnier. Kaunitz's victory at the battle of Grandreng reassured Coburg, and he opted to move to Tournai, where his main army would launch another attack within a week, at the
971:, Pichegru controlled 227,703 troops. In mid-April 1794, the Army of the North units in western Flanders were, from left to right: Pierre Antoine Michaud's division (13,943) at
469:
251:
493:
481:
505:
775:
261:
593:
1083:
On 26 April, Allied cavalry smashed a 20,000-man French column that intended to relieve Landrecies, inflicting 7,000 casualties and capturing its commander
1869:
805:
967:
In March 1794, the Army of the North numbered 194,930 men, of which 126,035 were available for the field. Counting the 32,773 soldiers of the subordinate
1126:
to relieve 5,000 of Clerfayt's soldiers who were guarding those places. Near Tournai, York's corps numbered 18,000, Clerfayt's corps counted 19,000, and
244:
1095:
to the right wing and ordered Clerfayt's 8,000 men from Denain back to Tournai. It was too late; Souham defeated the badly-outnumbered Clerfayt in the
810:
800:
964:. The defect of this double envelopment strategy was that the Allies might throw the main weight of their forces on either French wing and crush it.
609:
1127:
1209:
237:
1283:, 4 mi (6 km) north of Courtrai. Macdonald's brigade was unable to reach the battlefield before the end of the battle, only getting as far as
1319:
troops led by General Georg Emil von Düring: 2 companies of Jägers, the Light Infantry Battalion, Leib-Grenadiers (2nd Battalion), the
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586:
196:
1811:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
1874:
682:
560:
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1311:
as the French pursued Clerfayt's retreating column. On the French side, Vandamme employed 8,000 infantry, 1,000 cavalry, and 15
1899:
1894:
1818:
1736:
1714:
999:
1830:
924:
devised a strategy in which the French Republican Army of the North would attack the flanks of the Coalition forces in the
579:
1707:
The Hard-Earned Lesson: The British Army & the Campaigns in Flanders & the Netherlands Against the French: 1792–99
752:
20:
138:
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1758:
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835:
547:
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1027:
between the right wing and center. The Duke of York and 22,000 troops formed the right-center with headquarters at
555:
1316:
1295:
under cover of darkness. According to one source, both sides sustained 1,200 casualties and the Austrians lost
1064:
1263:
cuts him off from the rest of the Allied forces around Tournai, and forces him to retreat northwards to Tielt.
830:
815:
677:
667:
510:
404:
627:
486:
1884:
742:
355:
330:
932:. On the western flank, under Pichegru's personal command, 100,000 troops were ordered to strike first at
1036:
672:
532:
310:
305:
1889:
1702:
1323:
Infantry Regiment (1st Battalion), 4 squadrons of Chevau-légers, and 8 guns. The Austrians were led by
1201:
1072:
921:
888:
880:
767:
642:
603:
527:
399:
391:
350:
335:
295:
35:
1224:. At the same time, Souham lunged toward Dottignies, but missed Clerfayt and returned to his camp at
747:
409:
370:
1324:
1296:
1189:
976:
762:
737:
697:
542:
464:
375:
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280:
191:
132:
127:
1776:
1197:
315:
727:
637:
345:
1312:
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365:
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707:
657:
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622:
454:
444:
300:
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173:
143:
109:
1793:
732:
1724:
1340:
1028:
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925:
380:
285:
790:
8:
1349:
795:
757:
717:
712:
459:
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434:
429:
340:
1268:
1157:
On 5 May, the Allied corps commanders worked out a plan where Clerfayt would cross the
1147:
1096:
702:
687:
662:
632:
537:
522:
414:
275:
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998:
At the beginning of April 1794, the Coalition forces under the overall command of
19:
This article is about the battle in 1794. For other battles by the same name, see
1658:
1067:, Coburg's main Coalition army advanced on 17 April and invested the fortress of
953:
647:
154:
43:
1178:
992:
1040:
1677:
The Duke of York's Flanders Campaign: Fighting the French Revolution 1793-1795
1134:. Included in Clerfayt's total was a new British brigade under Richard Whyte (
1863:
1845:
1832:
984:
917:
1308:
1032:
980:
1746:
1158:
1016:
780:
1051:
counted 27,000 Austrian and Dutch troops and covered the ground between
1068:
1052:
1280:
1221:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1031:. Coburg and 43,000 men held the Allied center with headquarters at
229:
1729:
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume I The Armée du Nord
1284:
1119:
1088:
1056:
1008:
961:
957:
941:
896:
887:) which it had won in late April. The fighting occurred during the
876:
73:
49:
945:
1258:
1225:
1193:
1108:
1075:
began on 21 April and ended on 30 April with a French surrender.
1012:
972:
892:
864:
77:
956:. Meanwhile, 50,000 men held the center of the French line near
1151:
1123:
1060:
1024:
168:
104:
1331:
Infantry Regiment Nr. 54 (2nd Battalion), 2 battalions of the
1292:
1272:
1044:
1004:
988:
949:
944:. On the eastern flank, 100,000 soldiers would thrust toward
937:
933:
884:
861:
François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt
149:
1635:
1363:
1589:
1587:
1500:
1498:
1471:
1459:
1267:
On 10 May, Clerfayt had encountered a French brigade under
1131:
1236:
1200:, covering Lille. Meanwhile, Coburg sent the divisions of
1435:
1423:
1584:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1495:
1599:
1483:
1043:
soldiers made up the left-center, with headquarters at
1611:
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1560:
1558:
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1387:
1572:
1534:
601:
1522:
1411:
1399:
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along with Pichegru's plans for overrunning coastal
1623:
1553:
1510:
895:, located about 85 kilometres (53 mi) west of
1447:
1113:called in reinforcements of his own from Cambrai.
952:in order to cut off Austrian communications with
883:maintained their grip on Courtrai and Menin (now
1861:
1271:, who was guarding the north bank of the Lys at
991:, and Pierre-Jacques Osten's brigade (7,822) at
48:The landscape on the outskirts of Courtrai (now
1170:Nr. 33, the 3rd Battalion of Infantry Regiment
1128:Johann Ludwig, Reichsgraf von Wallmoden-Gimborn
1185:Dragoon Regiment Nr. 3, about 8,500 soldiers.
1103:
587:
245:
1870:French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands
1208:east toward Tournai. Other divisions under
594:
580:
252:
238:
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1641:
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1489:
1477:
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1441:
1429:
1393:
1362:
1354:
1257:
1235:
1107:
16:Battle in the War of the First Coalition
1791:
1774:
1680:. Havertown, Pa.: Pen and Sword Books.
1192:(Chapuy's former command) to move from
1049:Franz Wenzel, Graf von Kaunitz-Rietberg
1862:
1808:
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1578:
1547:
1417:
1405:
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1453:
1000:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
859:oppose Coalition forces commanded by
575:
259:
233:
1656:
1629:
1605:
1566:
1731:. USA: Pickle Partners Publishing.
1130:'s division had 4,000–6,000 men at
21:Battle of Courtrai (disambiguation)
13:
1768:
1315:. He was opposed by the following
1240:The battle of Willems, 10 May 1794
14:
1911:
1809:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009-12-23).
1777:"Battle of Courtrai, 11 May 1794"
1206:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
1794:"Battle of Willems, 10 May 1794"
1307:On 12 May, there was a clash at
190:
179:
167:
148:
137:
126:
115:
103:
42:
1875:Battles involving Great Britain
1659:"Annals of the Wars: 1783–1795"
1065:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
916:For the spring 1794 campaign,
1:
1900:1794 in the Holy Roman Empire
1895:1794 in the Habsburg monarchy
1751:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book
1650:
906:
831:Italian campaign of 1796-1797
1302:
1210:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
7:
1104:The Allied Counteroffensive
1078:
1037:William V, Prince of Orange
10:
1916:
1231:
1202:Franz Joseph, Count Kinsky
922:Committee of Public Safety
889:War of the First Coalition
605:War of the First Coalition
36:War of the First Coalition
18:
1880:Battles involving Hanover
1813:. ABC-CLIO. p. 978.
1253:
1181:Regiment Nr. 31, and the
1150:) that was marching from
811:Rhine campaign of 1793–94
618:
271:
215:
202:
160:
96:
56:
41:
33:
29:Battle of Courtrai (1794)
28:
1371:
1325:Johann Rudolf von Sporck
1297:Lieutenant Field Marshal
1190:Jacques Philippe Bonnaud
1154:and had not yet joined.
987:'s (31,856) division at
979:'s division (15,968) at
977:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
911:
1174:Nr. 18, 8 squadrons of
867:was turned back by the
1368:
1360:
1264:
1241:
1114:
1047:. The left wing under
1023:and 5,000 troops held
826:Rhine campaign of 1796
821:Rhine campaign of 1795
786:Mediterranean campaign
161:Commanders and leaders
1753:. London: Greenhill.
1725:Phipps, Ramsay Weston
1674:Brown, Steve (2021).
1657:Cust, Edward (1859).
1366:
1358:
1261:
1239:
1198:Sainghin-en-Mélantois
1111:
930:Jean-Charles Pichegru
857:Jean-Charles Pichegru
396:Battle of Vaux (1794)
216:Casualties and losses
174:Jean-Charles Pichegru
1792:Rickard, J. (2009).
1775:Rickard, J. (2009).
1341:Ramsay Weston Phipps
1063:. Under the eyes of
1029:Saint-Amand-les-Eaux
969:Army of the Ardennes
926:Austrian Netherlands
851:(11 May 1794) saw a
1885:History of Kortrijk
1842: /
1644:, pp. 106–108.
1608:, pp. 196–197.
1480:, pp. 102–104.
1468:, pp. 100–102.
1350:battle of Tourcoing
1093:Sir William Erskine
1085:René-Bernard Chapuy
1073:Siege of Landrecies
806:East Indies Theatre
796:War of the Pyrenees
405:Villers-en-Cauchies
1796:. historyofwar.org
1779:. historyofwar.org
1703:Fortescue, John W.
1661:. pp. 196–197
1369:
1361:
1313:12-pounder cannons
1269:Dominique Vandamme
1265:
1242:
1148:8th Light Dragoons
1115:
1097:Battle of Mouscron
849:Battle of Courtrai
388:Marchiennes (1793)
1890:Conflicts in 1794
1820:978-1-85109-672-5
1738:978-1-908692-24-5
1716:978-1-78282-500-5
1620:, pp. 78–79.
1444:, pp. 90–92.
1432:, pp. 84–85.
1327:and included the
1247:battle of Willems
1218:Franz von Werneck
881:Army of the North
873:Battle of Willems
853:Republican French
844:
843:
836:Anglo-Spanish War
816:Atlantic campaign
801:Italian campaigns
791:War in the Vendée
776:Flanders campaign
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263:Flanders campaign
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186:Count of Clerfayt
110:Republican France
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1846:50.833°N 3.267°E
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1769:Further reading
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1214:József Alvinczi
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891:near Kortrijk,
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1642:Fortescue 2016
1634:
1632:, p. 197.
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1598:
1596:, p. 108.
1594:Fortescue 2016
1583:
1581:, p. 300.
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1569:, p. 196.
1552:
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1533:
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1507:, p. 106.
1505:Fortescue 2016
1494:
1492:, p. 105.
1490:Fortescue 2016
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1478:Fortescue 2016
1470:
1466:Fortescue 2016
1458:
1446:
1442:Fortescue 2016
1434:
1430:Fortescue 2016
1422:
1420:, p. 292.
1410:
1408:, p. 284.
1398:
1394:Fortescue 2016
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940:, and finally
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871:troops in the
869:Duke of York's
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533:2nd Aldenhoven
530:
528:2nd Maastricht
525:
520:
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491:
482:2nd Le Quesnoy
479:
470:2nd Landrecies
467:
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400:1st Landrecies
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385:Cysoing (1793)
383:
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361:Avesnes-le-Sec
358:
353:
351:1st Le Quesnoy
348:
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88:French victory
86:
82:
81:
72:
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54:
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31:
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15:
9:
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1858:
1855:
1851:50.833; 3.267
1822:
1816:
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1807:
1795:
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1778:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1760:1-85367-276-9
1756:
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1687:9781526742704
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1518:
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985:Joseph Souham
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918:Lazare Carnot
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27:
22:
1827:
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1781:. Retrieved
1750:
1747:Smith, Digby
1728:
1706:
1691:. Retrieved
1676:
1663:. Retrieved
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1574:
1524:
1512:
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1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1309:Ingelmunster
1306:
1289:
1277:
1266:
1243:
1187:
1182:
1179:Chevau-léger
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1116:
1082:
1033:Valenciennes
997:
993:Pont-à-Marcq
966:
915:
901:
848:
846:
728:Newfoundland
693:Altenkirchen
552:Geldermalsen
425:2nd Courtrai
424:
371:1st Courtrai
197:Duke of York
97:Belligerents
34:Part of the
1849: /
1709:. Leonaur.
1579:Phipps 2011
1548:Phipps 2011
1418:Phipps 2011
1406:Phipps 2011
1039:and 19,000
1017:Marchiennes
855:army under
781:Chouannerie
509: [
497: [
485: [
473: [
445:Erquelinnes
356:Hondschoote
281:1st Limburg
64:11 May 1794
1864:Categories
1651:References
1618:Smith 1998
1529:Brown 2021
1517:Smith 1998
1454:Smith 1998
1339:Historian
1329:Callenberg
1166:Nr. 9 and
1069:Landrecies
1053:Bettignies
907:Background
683:Den Helder
678:Guadeloupe
673:Martinique
643:Thionville
623:Porrentruy
561:Den Helder
548:Luxembourg
381:Wattignies
311:Neerwinden
286:Anderlecht
1630:Cust 1859
1606:Cust 1859
1567:Cust 1859
1382:Citations
1377:Footnotes
1303:Aftermath
1281:Lendelede
1222:Harelbeke
1159:Lys River
1144:55th Foot
1140:38th Foot
1136:12th Foot
768:Diersheim
758:Fishguard
718:Neresheim
628:Quiévrain
556:Amsterdam
506:2nd Condé
460:Lambusart
450:Gosselies
435:Tourcoing
430:Grandreng
392:Le Cateau
341:Lincelles
316:1st Condé
52:) in 2009
1800:3 August
1783:3 August
1749:(1998).
1727:(2011).
1705:(2016).
1367:Clerfayt
1359:Pichegru
1321:Landgraf
1285:Moorsele
1164:Clerfayt
1132:Warcoing
1120:Marquain
1089:Flanders
1079:Mouscron
1057:Maubeuge
1009:Nieuport
962:Maubeuge
958:Bouchain
942:Brussels
928:, under
897:Brussels
877:Kortrijk
748:Biberach
743:2nd Kehl
733:Würzburg
708:1st Kehl
703:Kircheib
688:Siegburg
668:Sardinia
663:Jemappes
633:Marquain
543:Nijmegen
538:Puiflijk
523:Sprimont
415:Mouscron
410:Beaumont
376:Maubeuge
276:Jemappes
203:Strength
74:Kortrijk
69:Location
50:Kortrijk
1834:50°50′N
1693:May 19,
1665:2 April
1333:Sztáray
1232:Willems
1226:Aalbeke
1194:Cambrai
1168:Sztáray
1013:Orchies
973:Dunkirk
936:, then
920:of the
893:Belgium
865:Tournai
763:Neuwied
753:Ireland
738:Limburg
698:Wetzlar
465:Fleurus
440:Tournay
420:Willems
346:Dunkirk
321:Raismes
144:Hanover
78:Belgium
1837:3°16′E
1817:
1757:
1735:
1713:
1684:
1254:Battle
1216:, and
1183:Kaiser
1176:Latour
1172:Stuart
1152:Ostend
1146:, and
1124:Lamain
1071:. The
1061:Dinant
1059:) and
1055:(near
1025:Denain
1015:, and
981:Cassel
723:Amberg
713:Malsch
638:Verdun
518:Boxtel
326:Famars
211:40,000
208:60,000
85:Result
1372:Notes
1293:Tielt
1273:Heule
1045:Bavay
1041:Dutch
1005:Ypres
989:Lille
950:Namur
946:Liège
938:Ghent
934:Ypres
912:Plans
885:Menen
658:Mainz
653:Lille
648:Valmy
513:]
501:]
489:]
477:]
455:Ypres
366:Menin
301:Breda
291:Namur
224:1,500
221:1,000
1815:ISBN
1802:2014
1785:2014
1755:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1695:2021
1682:ISBN
1667:2021
1204:and
1122:and
960:and
948:and
847:The
610:List
61:Date
1196:to
1866::
1586:^
1555:^
1536:^
1497:^
1287:.
1228:.
1212:,
1142:,
1138:,
1035:.
1019:.
1011:,
1007:,
995:.
983:,
975:,
899:.
511:fr
499:fr
487:fr
475:fr
76:,
1823:.
1804:.
1787:.
1763:.
1741:.
1719:.
1697:.
1669:.
1352:.
612:)
608:(
595:e
588:t
581:v
253:e
246:t
239:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
