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disembarked and made quick work of the Arab garrison and retook the city. The Arab garrison was forced to flee back to
Kairouan. Taking advantage of their momentum, John sent forces out to retake surrounding small towns to ensure better access of supplies to Carthage. After a fight with a Moorish tribe, Hassan was finally informed of the Byzantine break through. He quickly reorganized his army and hastily marched them to Carthage. Anticipating an upcoming struggle, both generals quickly wrote back to their capitals requesting aid and reinforcements. Despite Constantinople being closer than Damascus, the Byzantine were not able to respond quick enough to the letter. Due to Byzantine bureaucratic dawdling, the Umayyads were able to send an entire fresh army to Hassan before John's reinforcements even left the port of Constantinople.
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ground. As soon as the additional army arrived, John surmised he was too out numbered to wait for his reinforcements and it was time to abandon the city. The
Byzantine forces held the wall only as long as was needed to man all the ships and hastily embark. Meanwhile, Hassan began heavy attacks on the Carthaginian walls and as soon as the Byzantines left his forces took the walls and opened the gates for him. John took part in one more battle in the neighbouring town of Utica. However this also proved to be too much for the Byzantine force and they quickly reembarked just as they were about to be overtaken by Hassan's forces.
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When the Arab forces arrived at the gates of
Carthage they quickly established a land siege of the city and offered terms to the inhabitants. Many wealthy Carthaginains fled and took most of the wealth of the city off to Iberia, Italy, and Greece. Once all evacuating citizens had left, the remaining population surrendered to the Arabs in order to prevent any bloodshed.
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Africa. Wishing to not have a change in overlord, the Berber queen Kahina led what could today be described as a fierce guerilla war against the Arab forces. However, the
Berbers could not stop the growing Arab power and ultimately fell to their strength. In 709 A.D., Hassan completed his conquest of North Africa and returned to the Levant a legend.
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and
Byzantines, who he would deal with the former first. The subduing of the Berbers of Tripolitania and Africa gave Hassan and his army access to the interior of the provinces, while the coast was still controlled by the Byzantines. Once Hassan recaptured Kairouan, he and his forces regrouped in the fortified town and prepared to march on
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Just as Hassan had committed himself to doing, he destroyed
Carthage and eliminated the possibility of the Byzantines from claiming a strong defensible city if they ever invaded with another larger army. The consequences of this battle were immense. This would mark the final end of Roman control and
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For the
Byzantines, the tragic loss of one of the great cities of the Roman Empire set a series of crises in motion. After the loss at Utica, John took his forces to reorganise in Crete before returning to Constantinople. From there he planned to set out to see the Emperor Leontius and tell him the
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In a surprise attack on the city, John the
Patrician's force burst through the chains blocking the Great Carthaginian Cothon. They were able to do this as a result of John ordering the larger ships with reinforced hulls to lead the charge through the chain. Once in the harbour, the Byzantine forces
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to an army, that historians claim to be numbered at 40,000 strong, that would reconquer the lost territory and push on through the rest of
Byzantine and Berber provinces. In his push back into Tripolitania, Hassan took to a divide and conquer strategy. He would deny coordination between the Berbers
1149:
Hassan, now free of the largest threat to his invasion turned his sights West and aimed to bring the remainder of former Roman North Africa under the yoke of the
Umayyad Caliphate. Hassan had to deal with 5 years worth of insurrection in what was Numidia before he could reach the Atlantic Coast of
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In 697, Hassan began his foray into proper Byzantine controlled territory. To isolate Carthage in preparation for the coming siege, Hassan's forces conquered the surrounding towns and eliminated the surrounding garrisons. The Arab forces encountered little resistance and faced minimal casualties.
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Prior to his reinforcements arriving, Hassan began his second siege of Carthage. Throughout the siege, the Byzantines sallied out a few times but each attack was beaten back. Hassan soon became enraged with the situation and decided that when he eventually took the city he would raze it to the
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Emperor Leontius, only in the third year of his reign, soon learnt of the events that befell Africa and undertook a mobilisation effort. Tasked to the reclaiming of the province was the general John the Patrician. He was given a contingent of soldiers from Sicily, veteran
1078:. Due to other ongoing conflicts to the North and East of the Umayyad Caliphate, these conquering forces were redeployed elsewhere. In the vacuum, Byzantine and Berber forces in the region were able to push the garrison forces out and back to Cyrenaica.
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events of the campaign. Fearing reprisals from the emperor for their failure and considering they would have a better reception if one of their own took over, the Theme army mutinied against John, hailed one of the other high-ranking officers,
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Gibbon, Edward (1776–1788). "LI – The Conquest Of Persia, Syria, Egypt, Africa, And Spain, By The Arabs Or Saracens. — Empire Of The Caliphs, Or Successors Of Mahomet. — State Of The Christians, &c., Under Their Government.".
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of Carthage, the city would be safe from any Byzantine reprisals. Presuming his position secure, Hassan took the majority of his forces to continue the conquest and went to fight the Berbers tribes to the West.
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Roman Carthage was destroyed, its walls torn down, its water supply cut off, and its harbours made unusable.
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1241:. Translated by Mango, Cyril; Scott, Roger; Greatrex, Geoffery. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 370–372.
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Theme Navy and they immediately began their excursion that fall. Hassan figured as long as he chained the
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The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein Contained
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The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
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Travels, or Observations relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant
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influence over Carthage, and subsequently all of North Africa.
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Theophanes the Confessor; George of Synkellos (1997).
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Abd al-Malik's responded with appointing the general
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1058:and put remaining Byzantine resistance to rest.
1186:. Cambridge: Da Capo Press. pp. 215–220.
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1141:The Umayyad Caliphate at its height in 732AD
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1054:. The battle was a lynchpin of the ongoing
1050:expeditionary force and the armies of the
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1219:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
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1070:, the forces sent by the Umayyad Caliph
1386:Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate
1313:(in French). Aix-en-Provence: Peeters.
1271:(in Spanish). Royal Court of Felipe II.
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16:Engagement of the conquest of Maghreb
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1269:De la Descripcion General de Affrica
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1267:de Marmol y Carvajal, Luis (1573).
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1094:Preparation
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785:1st Milazzo
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712:Bathys Ryax
524:Iron Bridge
489:Marj ar-Rum
232:Territorial
197: /
1375:Categories
1348:10°19′24″E
1345:36°51′10″N
1329:1101650130
1166:References
1062:Background
1017:2nd Aleppo
888:Cephalonia
800:Garigliano
702:Faruriyyah
672:Kopidnadon
558:Alexandria
548:Heliopolis
534:Germanicia
519:1st Aleppo
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432:The Levant
69:newspapers
1221:. London.
1133:Aftermath
1048:Byzantine
964:5th Crete
949:Andrassos
908:4th Crete
903:3rd Crete
858:2nd Crete
853:1st Crete
831:2nd Malta
760:1st Malta
568:Darishkur
529:2nd Emesa
509:Jerusalem
1406:Carthage
1088:Carthage
1076:Kairouan
1007:Basil II
868:Damietta
848:Keramaia
707:Lalakaon
650:Akroinon
614:Anatolia
602:Carthage
587:Sufetula
504:Laodicea
474:Damascus
454:Ajnadayn
340:Carthage
295:Strength
281:Leontius
238:Carthage
169:Carthage
164:Location
133:and the
1156:Apsimar
1012:Orontes
979:Antioch
974:Cilicia
893:Euripos
843:Phoenix
816:Rometta
745:Lentini
735:Messina
692:Amorium
662:Kamacha
607:Tabarka
592:Vescera
573:Bahnasa
499:Yarmouk
303:Unknown
234:changes
173:Tunisia
83:scholar
1327:
1317:
1190:
1120:Battle
1113:Cothon
1022:Apamea
989:John I
969:Aleppo
939:Marash
878:Kardia
873:Ragusa
863:Thasos
778:&
740:Butera
719:Sicily
677:Krasos
645:Nicaea
616:&
563:Nikiou
459:Yaqusa
425:Dathin
410:Mu'tah
300:40,000
210:Result
159:698 AD
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
999:Syria
944:Raban
687:Anzen
635:Tyana
597:Mamma
541:Egypt
514:Hazir
494:Emesa
449:Bosra
420:Firaz
415:Balqa
90:JSTOR
76:books
1325:OCLC
1315:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1105:Goth
1042:The
1031:Azaz
913:Tyre
750:Enna
721:and
484:Fahl
316:High
156:Date
62:news
1391:698
1290:doi
313:Low
45:by
1377::
1323:.
1227:^
1202:^
1174:^
1162:.
1090:.
171:,
1331:.
1296:.
1292::
1196:.
384:e
377:t
370:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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