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922:: 27 ships of the line and frigates, two fireships, four bomb-vessels, seven galleys, and several storeships. Byng followed them during the rest of the day. A Spanish account of the battle said that, on the morning of 10 August, the Spanish ships saluted the British ones as they approached, not showing, therefore, any sign of belligerence. The night passed with fair weather; small winds and sometimes calm. The following morning the Spanish fleet was dispersed, with ships divided into three large groups separated from each other. Gaztañeta tried then to form a line of battle by towing his ships of the line with the galleys, but had no time.
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yon have had surpasses, however, my expectations. You have given, upon this occasion, very singular proofs of your courage, conduct, and seal for the common cause: the glory you obtain from thence it indeed great, and yet my gratitude falls nothing short thereof, as Count
Hamilton will fully inform you. You may always depend upon the continuance of my thankfulness and affection towards you: may God have yon always in his holy keeping.
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854:. This defensive position would, according to Cammock, favour the Spanish ships, as the strong currents of the Faro would throw Byng over them, thus avoiding a feared long-range cannonade. Gaztañeta and Patiño, however, were confident of the peaceful intentions of Byng due to Alberoni's letters, and they decided to sail to Malta to join forces with Baltasar de Guevara.
818:. This fleet carried aboard 36,000 infantrymen and 8,000 horse, along with artillery, supplies, and ammunition again under the command of Marquis of Lede. Their objective was the island of Sicily. On 30 June, having embarked reinforcements at the Bay of Cagliari between 25 and 27 June, the Spanish fleet came in sight of the city of
1311:, took fire accidentally and blew up with most of his crew; 160 British and 50 Spaniards. According to Spanish accounts, shortly after the action, a captain of the British fleet made a complaint to the Marquis of Lede in the name of Byng, stating that the Spaniards had fired first. Gaztañeta and his officers were dispatched to
1360:, held by considerable Savoyard garrisons for the following months. Byng detached four of his ships to eliminate Cammock's surviving ships and blockade the Spanish army. In the harbour of Augusta, the British attacked a convoy of small vessels and forced the Spaniards to burn a bomb vessel and a fireship. Off Palermo, HMS
648:, felt threatened by Alberoni who thought he would undermine the power of Emperor Charles VI. Alberoni on hearing this withdrew all claims. This, together with Philip's claims over the French throne, turned Great Britain and France against Spain. Both countries, jointly with the United Provinces, had formed the so-called
750:, informing Philip V of the presence of the British fleet. Alberoni wrote Byng that if he attacked the Spanish fleet he should prepare for a humiliating defeat. Stanhope replied that Britain was acting only as a mediator. Nine days later, Alberoni wrote to Stanhope that Byng would execute his sovereign's orders.
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I have received with a great deal of joy and satisfaction, by the bearer of this, yours of the 18th of August. As soon as I knew you was named by the king your master to command his fleet in the
Mediterranean, I conceived the greatest hopes imaginable from that very circumstance. The glorious success
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Having achieved his goal of destroying or capturing the bulk of
Spanish fleet, Byng, then anchored at Malta. He was resolved to commit all his efforts to lift the Siege of Messina but to his surprise, even though German reinforcements broke through to the citadel, the Marquis d'Andorno surrendered on
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Total was one 74-gun, 1 70-gun, 8 60-gun, 1 54-gun, 2 46-gun, 2 44-gun, 2 36-gun, 3 30-gun, one 26-gun, one 24-gun, one 22-gun, two 20-gun, and one 18-gun. The
Spanish fleet also included three bomb ships, a fireship, one ordnance store ship, three ordinary store ships, a settee, and seven galleys.
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As Victor
Amadeus II of Savoy had agreed to surrender Sicily to the Emperor, the Austrian Viceroy of Naples, Wirich Philipp von Daun, asked Byng to transport 2,000 German infantry under General Wetzel to the citadel of Messina. Byng agreed and sailed from Naples on 6 August, while the Spanish fleet
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In the early months of 1718 a large number of Royal Naval vessels began to be commissioned and refitted; this alarmed the
Spanish ambassador, the Marquis of Monteleon. Admiral George Byng, a man of long experience, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean on 24 March. He was, upon his
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On 26 December Great
Britain declared war on Spain, France did the same soon after on 9 January the following year. In spite of the unfavourable turn of events, Alberoni was even more unwilling than at first to accept the terms dictated by the Quadruple alliance. To reverse the course of the war,
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As Byng's attack had virtually destroyed the
Spanish fleet at Cape Passaro, the Spanish situation at Sicily considerably worsened over the months following the battle. Their army was isolated on the island, so the War Ministry informed Lede that they couldn't send troops or supplies. The blow was
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in a felucca, having taken an oath not to take up arms against the
Habsburg armies for four months. Of the haul of Spanish prisoners taken – 2,600 who were wounded or sick, were also freed. Of the Spanish ships which escaped to Malta, where the Sicilian galleys under the Marquis of Rivaroles were
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fired three more. Then, Mari's ship returned fire and the battle ensued with
British at an advantage. The Marquis, having his ship badly mauled by the British gunfire, resolved to drive his squadron ashore, and later set fire to the ships to avoid capture. His own ship sustained fifty casualties,
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and resulted in a decisive victory for the British fleet, which captured or burned sixteen Spanish ships of line and frigates and several small vessels. Some of the Spanish ships were taken in the main action and some taken or burnt by their crews, who fled to the coast of Sicily; Castañeta and
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With the Spanish rear now severed from the main fleet, Byng committed most of his vessels in pursuing Gaztañeta's squadron, which continued its way towards Cape Passaro. The Spanish admiral had with him six ships of the line and four frigates, but had not succeeded in forming a line of battle.
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a year before to maintain the balance of power in the continent. Meanwhile, both Austria and Spain were at loggerheads over Sicily. The British statesmen preferred the island to be ceded to their former ally rather than Spain. France, under the weakness of Philip of Orleans agreed, and it was
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were the first two British ships of the line to engage Gaztañeta's centre. At 10 am, as they approached, the disorganised Spanish vessels opened fire. The two British ships returned fired, having been ordered by Byng not to fire until the Spaniards repeated their firing.
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felt so severe by Alberoni that he banned the circulation of any information on the expedition and took measures against Great Britain, although he did not immediately declare war. He requested that ambassador Monteleone was to leave London and gave orders to issue
693:, and also to renounce Charles VI's claim to the Spanish throne, if Philip abandoned Sicily and accepted Sardinia. In view of Alberoni's negatives, even Gibraltar was offered. The Cardinal was strengthening Spain's position in Europe by forming an alliance with
1275:; but she had engaged and disabled several Spanish vessels. The necessary repairs of the Royal Navy ships, mostly in the rigging, and those relating to prizes taken, were done over the following days. On 18 August Byng received a letter from Captain Walton:
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proceeded to reorganise the royal administration. Alberoni had promised Philip to put Spain in a strong position to recover Sicily and Naples if there were five years of peace. Alberoni was even willing to help Philip V to overthrow the Regent of France,
1307:, then held by Savoyard troops under the Count of Maffei and blockaded by the Spanish army. From there Byng dispatched five captured Spanish ships of the line and four Spanish frigates to Port-Mahon under a heavy escort. One of his ships, Gaztañeta's
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Francisco Grimau's seven galleys, taking advantage of favourable winds, retired to Palermo. The ships which managed to escape were, besides the galleys, four ships of the line, nine frigates, a bomb galley, and one of Pintado's ships. The 64-gun
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The battle was fought without a formal declaration of war but once the Spanish fired on the nearest British ships, this gave Byng his excuse to attack. The British were superior in numbers. The battle was the most significant naval action of the
1121:, from which she received two broadsides. A running fight took place for two hours between the Spanish admiral's ship, supported by three others, and Byng's division of seven ships of line and a fireship. Gaztañeta held off his pursuers until
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in Sicily for two months, but Lede declined. With this offer rejected, Byng was left with no choice but to help the Imperialists and Savoyards resist Spanish attack. The British fleet arrived at Messina but were discovered by a Spanish
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with his few surviving ships. In the meantime, Byng sent his eldest son to England with a full account of the battle. When he was at Naples in November, he received a letter written personally by Emperor Charles VI:
1232:, they left the battle, and headed towards Malta. Byng pursued them for some time, but given the fading light and low wind, he decided to stay with his fleet. George Cammock, convinced of the defeat, set sail to the
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on 15 June with a fleet of twenty ships of line, two fireships, two bomb vessels, a store ship, a hospital ship and two tenders. On 30 June he arrived at Cádiz and sent a letter to the British ambassador at Madrid,
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Walton had succeeded in capturing, by his own account, four men-of-war, a bomb vessel and a storeship in addition to burning four other men-of-war. Having repaired his damaged ships, Byng entered the port of
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severely damaged. She was run aground and her crew escaped inland, but the ship was refloated by her British captors. Two of the Spanish frigates were completely burned; their crews also escaped.
689:. At the same time negotiations had ensued between Austria, Spain, and France in order to avoid a war. The British and French envoys at the same time offered Philip V the Duchies of Parma and
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with another ship of line, came in sight of the Spanish flagship, which had been alerted by the gunfire. Guevara's two ships bore down windward of them and exchanged a broadside with Byng's
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On 18 June a Spanish expedition sailed from Barcelona consisting of twelve ships of line, seventeen frigates, seven galleys, two fireships, and two bomb vessels, plus 276 transports and 123
822:. The Austrian force, surprised by Spanish numbers, evacuated Palermo. A month later, most of the island had fallen to the Spaniards with little or nor resistance, with the exception of
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1466:, and Spain was deprived of its only potential ally. Alberoni decided to continue the project and entrusted the command of the fleet destined to England to Baltasar de Guevara. Off
980:, under Captain Miguel de Sada, was the only ship which offered battle, but were forced to surrender, having sustained heavy damage and casualties. The other Spanish vessels
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and while reinforcing the garrison there was told that the Spanish fleet had been seen on 30 June off Naples. Two days later, the British fleet set sail, arriving at the
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1271:. The British, in contrast, sustained trifling damage with no more than 500 killed or wounded all told. Of Byng's fleet, the ship which suffered the most damage was
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the expedition was dispersed in a long and violent storm which sank several ships and scattered the fleet. Three frigates and five transports with troops reached
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Pedro Dexpois, who had been hit by the shattered bones of a sailor cut in half by a cannonball, also surrendered. Of the remaining ships of Gaztañeta's squadron,
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Total was 1 of 90 guns, 2 of 80 guns, 9 of 70 guns, 7 of 60 guns, 2 of 50 guns, 1 of 44 guns. The British fleet also comprised 6 smaller vessels – the fireships
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and to seize all British vessels and goods in the ports of Spain. This was a task in which Baltasar de Guevera played a major role when he entered the port of
1133:, which could only return fire with her after guns, was left dismasted and had its hull severely mauled, but Gaztañeta was unwilling to surrender. Byng's
1148:. Gaztañeta refused and responded with a broadside. The British fired back and he received a shot which pierced his left leg and wounded his right heel.
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proved useful to extend and protect British trade. In comparison, the Spanish Navy was old and many of their ships needed refitting. Philip ordered more
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Map of Sicily showing vignettes of the British fleet commanded by Admiral John Byng in the Battle of Capo Passero (1718), and landing at Tindari (1719).
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coast informed the British admiral that the Spanish fleet had been seen from the hills laying in. Byng dispatched German troops they were carrying to
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to Great Britain. France had succeeded in placing a king of her own royal house on a neighbouring throne, but the ambitions expressed in the wars of
1462:. The Swedish ships remained at their ports, and no naval action took place. Moreover, on 11 December Charles XII was killed by a cannonball at the
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1156:. staying close to her with the aim to attract some of the British fire upon herself. Pierced by the fire of three British ships, she struck to
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on 8 August, heading to the point of the Faro. The Marquis of Mari warned Gaztañeta and Patiño of the inferiority of the Spanish fleet, and the
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under escort of two of his ships while he headed to Faro point and sent scouts ahead. At noon they discovered the Spanish fleet, drawn into a
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to follow the British fleet at a distance. As Byng stood in off Faro Point, both ships were detected. At the same time, a felucca from the
464:, which Spain had occupied. Spain and Britain were at peace, but Britain was already committed to supporting the ambitions of the Emperor
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850:, a former officer in the British Royal Navy, proposed that the fleet anchor in the Paradiso roadstead where it could be assisted with
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had surrendered, Guevara charged upon the wind and committed himself to collect the few Spanish ships still fighting on. The frigate
941:, two bomb-vessels, a fireship, and some storeships, besides the galley squadron. Mari had lagged behind and was near the shore off
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under Captain Gabriel Alderete, was relieved and allowed to escape from the three British ships. Together with another frigate,
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and had most of her crew killed or injured, including Chacón, who was wounded in the face by splinters. The ship surrendered to
738:(the Prince Maximilian Karl of Löwenstein–Wertheim), that he had been sent to settle the differences between Spain and Austria.
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still anchored. The Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, the Catalan Ramon Perellos y Roccaful, was a sympathiser of the
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On 22 July 1717, a large Spanish fleet set sail from Barcelona with an army led by the Flemish nobleman Lieutenant General
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Sir, We have taken and destroyed all the Spanish ships and vessels which were upon the coast, the number as per margin.
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by the two ships with news of the Spanish fleets departure from Barcelona on 18 June. Byng was joined by Vice-admiral
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and took her after a murderous cannonade, supported by other British ships in the distance. The 60-gun
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and was set on fire, though its crew managed to land 240 men, 700 flintlocks and some gunpowder.
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however by orders of the Emperor gave Spain a pretext to initiate military hostilities in Italy.
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in disorder. No defensive disposition was taken by Gaztañeta, except to leave behind two
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29 September. The Marquis of Lede then held all of Sicily except the towns of Syracuse,
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Chacón were captured. The Spanish army in Sicily was isolated. Four months later the
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This article is about the 18th Century Battle of Cape Passaro. For other uses, see
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after a brief engagement, following which the British took possession of them.
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2343:"View of the Bay of Naples with Admiral Byng's Fleet at Anchor, 1 August 1718"
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to commence in the American and Spanish shipyards. The major political figure
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Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Volume 6
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Esteban de Mari, Marquis of Mari. Anonymous copy of an 18th-century work.
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Byng resumed his voyage and by 8 July the British fleet was rejoined off
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1347:. Byng's victory over the Spanish fleet ensured him the Sicilian throne.
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Warfare on the Mediterranean in the Age of Sail: A History, 1571–1866
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moved to engage another Spanish ship of sixty guns on his starboard.
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30 (Don José de Goycoechea) – Escaped, but then captured at Messina
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60 (Rear-Admiral Don Baltasar Vélez de Guevara) – Escaped to Malta.
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and disembarked about 400 men, but they were soon defeated at the
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for an expedition to Britain itself. He sought alliance with King
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The gods are symbolic of the Emperor (Charles VI) and the King (
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with Admiral Byng's Fleet at Anchor, 1 August 1718. Painting by
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44 (Don Rodrigo de Torres) – Escaped, but then burnt at Messina
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Alberoni began to collect armaments and shipping at Cádiz and
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814:and the General Quartermaster of the Spanish Navy,
776:with a small division of two ships from Gibraltar,
653:proposed to modify the Treaty of Utrecht and force
2955:Naval battles of the War of the Quadruple Alliance
2875:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783
1737:Spain (Rear-Admiral Don José Antonio de Gaztañeta)
1406:The Spanish fleet destroyed by Jupiter and Neptune
1000:flanked on either side by British ships, probably
2031:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon, (1618–1905).
1801:60 (Rear-Admiral Marquiss de Mari) – Captured by
1497:90 (flag of Admiral Sir George Byng, 1st Captain
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1842:54 (Don Gabriel de Alderete) – Escaped to Malta
1774:60 (Don Francisco Guerrero) – Escaped to Malta.
1109:At 1 pm, Gaztañeta's flagship, the 74-gun
1052:struck her colours to Captain Thomas Matthews'
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308:4 smaller warships captured, sunk or destroyed
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2425:"The Battle of Cape Passaro, 11 August 1718"
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1212:struck her colours. Baltasar de Guevara, in
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1733:(John Hubbard) and an unnamed bomb tender.
584:largely directed by Britain was preserved.
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2913:The Balance of Power: History and Theory
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1932:24 (Don Lucas Masnata) – Captured by
1914:30 (Don Francisco de Liaño) – Escaped
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1792:60 (Prince de Chalois) – Captured by
1786:60 (Don Antonio de Arizaga) – Escaped
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2006:. McFarland & Co. p. 121.
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1729:(Timothy Splaine), the bomb-ketch
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1196:Portrait of Sir George Walton, by
902:The Spanish fleet sailed from the
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1452:James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde
1442:, he obtained the support of the
1963:18 (Don Juan Papagena) – Escaped
1292:, off Syracuse, August 16, 1718.
1251:An aerial view of the battle by
972:killed and wounded, and had her
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230:
219:
207:
196:
185:
166:
152:
57:
2753:
2417:
2335:
1721:(Humphrey Orme), the storeship
963:fired two shots near De Mari's
790:. On 23 July Byng anchored off
687:captured the island of Sardinia
665:. The detention of the Spanish
568:to the Kingdom of Prussia, and
2896:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2856:Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy
2002:Blackmore, David S.T. (2010).
1995:
1426:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
1341:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
879:Fight against the Spanish rear
826:and a few coastal fortresses.
709:Byng sent to the Mediterranean
496:around 1720. Oil on canvas by
300:4 ships of the line destroyed
298:10 ships of the line captured
13:
1:
2945:Naval battles involving Spain
2873:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1895).
1983:
1978:Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy
1204:Guevara's arrival and retreat
1090:was left almost shattered by
732:Count Wirich Philipp von Daun
510:War of the Spanish Succession
484:
479:War of the Quadruple Alliance
474:War of the Quadruple Alliance
347:War of the Quadruple Alliance
51:War of the Quadruple Alliance
32:Battle of Cape Passero (1940)
1988:
1331:
1182:meanwhile had been taken by
988:Attack on the Spanish centre
508:On 11 April 1713, after the
7:
2894:A Military History of Italy
2033:Wien, 1908 pg. 176 (German)
1971:
1448:James Francis Edward Stuart
1428:, Vienna, October 22, 1718.
830:was anchored off Paradiso.
717:Portrait of José Patiño by
560:were ceded to Austria, the
540:. It marked the end of the
10:
2971:
1926:26 (M Cavaigne) – Captured
1189:after a three-hour fight.
802:Spanish invasion of Sicily
676:
655:Victor Amadeus II of Savoy
29:
2911:Sheehan, Michael (1996).
2858:. Naval Institute Press.
873:
460:, in the southern tip of
355:
285:
242:
178:
144:
73:
56:
48:
43:
2915:. Taylor & Francis.
2854:Harbron, John D (1988).
2819:Clements Robert, Markham
2764:. Taylor & Francis.
1661:60 (Christopher O'Brien)
1417:Admiral Sir George Byng,
1067:, meanwhile, confronted
628:, who had come from the
522:Kingdom of Great Britain
294:2,400 killed or wounded
2892:Paoletti, Ciro (2008).
2841:Duro, Cesáreo Fernández
2779:Campbell, John (1818).
1697:50 (Conningsby Norbury)
1597:70 (Charles Strickland)
1557:70 (Archibald Hamilton)
1378:Castellammare del Golfo
1343:, in 1716. Portrait by
705:to the British throne.
498:Miguel Jacinto Meléndez
481:was formally declared.
306:1 bomb ketch destroyed
2877:. Pelican Publishing.
2785:. Baldwyn and Company.
2760:Black, Jeremy (1994).
1617:70 (Thomas Kempthorne)
1533:, Captain John Furzer)
1431:
1413:
1348:
1328:
1295:
1255:
1200:
1021:
1013:
899:
888:
870:
765:
722:
594:
505:
430:Battle of Cape Passaro
179:Commanders and leaders
44:Battle of Cape Passaro
18:Battle of Cape Passero
2815:William Laird, Clowes
1943:San Francisco de Asís
1549:70 (Charles Vanbrugh)
1440:Charles XII of Sweden
1415:
1403:
1339:
1326:
1277:
1250:
1198:Bartholomew Dandridge
1195:
1078:), together with HMS
1044:fell upon the 64-gun
1019:
996:The Spanish flagship
995:
894:
886:
860:
833:Byng also proposed a
810:commanded by Admiral
756:
716:
590:
492:
304:1 storeship captured
291:500 killed or wounded
286:Casualties and losses
265:15 ships of the line
248:22 ships of the line
1758:Príncipe de Asturias
1717:(Samuel Atkins) and
1653:60 (Thomas Beverley)
1637:60 (William Haddock)
1565:70 (Richard Rowzier)
1464:Siege of Fredriksten
1088:Príncipe de Asturias
1069:Príncipe de Asturias
1020:Antonio de Gaztañeta
982:struck their colours
812:Antonio de Gaztañeta
640:The British monarch
605:and the colonies of
456:. It was fought off
454:Antonio de Gaztañeta
302:4 frigates captured
2732:Fernández Duro 1972
2669:Fernández Duro 1972
2659:, pp. 168–169.
2606:Fernández Duro 1972
2589:Fernández Duro 1972
2533:Fernández Duro 1972
2489:Fernández Duro 1972
2462:Fernández Duro 1972
2412:Fernández Duro 1972
2368:Fernández Duro 1972
2349:on 2 September 2011
2330:Fernández Duro 1972
2306:Fernández Duro 1972
2279:Fernández Duro 1972
2264:Fernández Duro 1972
2172:Fernández Duro 1972
2160:Fernández Duro 1972
2096:, pp. 110–111.
2094:Fernández Duro 1972
2082:Fernández Duro 1972
1799:Real Mazi (El Real)
1476:Battle of Glenshiel
835:"cessation of arms"
816:José Patiño Rosales
763:Sir Godfrey Kneller
761:. Oil on canvas by
741:Byng set sail from
546:Spanish Netherlands
534:Kingdom of Portugal
516:was signed between
468:in southern Italy.
452:under Rear-Admiral
448:and a fleet of the
415:Villasur expedition
400:Vigo and Pontevedra
375:Eilean Donan Castle
281:10,000 crew members
117:36.6869°N 15.1483°E
113: /
2320:, pp. 154–56.
1949:San Fernando Menor
1689:50 (Joseph Winder)
1645:60 (Francis Drake)
1541:70 (Barrow Harris)
1414:
1349:
1329:
1256:
1240:with his flagship
1230:San Juan el Chicho
1201:
1117:and soon after by
1113:, was attacked by
1022:
1014:
900:
889:
871:
766:
723:
685:. This force then
646:Elector of Hanover
595:
544:in Europe, as the
530:Kingdom of Prussia
506:
444:under Admiral Sir
438:Battle of Syracuse
262:9,000 crew members
2940:Conflicts in 1718
2746:, pp. 39–40.
1772:San Juan Bautista
1679:Streynsham Master
1669:60 (Arthur Field)
1607:Edward Falkingham
1529:80 (Rear-Admiral
1513:80 (Vice-Admiral
1386:letters of marque
1370:Swiss mercenaries
1318:House of Habsburg
1298:End of the battle
736:Governor of Milan
728:Viceroy of Naples
635:Philip of Orleans
566:Prussian Guelders
562:Kingdom of Sicily
550:Kingdom of Naples
514:Treaty of Utrecht
494:Philip V of Spain
423:
422:
312:
311:
226:Antonio Gaztañeta
203:Charles Cornewall
140:
139:
96:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
2962:
2926:
2907:
2888:
2869:
2850:
2836:
2810:
2786:
2775:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2492:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2446:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2398:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2027:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1938:
1901:
1854:
1807:
1575:Nicholas Haddock
1515:Charles Cornwall
1429:
1368:with a corps of
1293:
1263:, under Captain
1061:Nicholas Haddock
939:Águila de Nantes
774:Charles Cornwall
748:William Stanhope
669:José Molinés at
667:Grand Inquisitor
582:balance of power
526:United Provinces
432:, also known as
405:Cape St. Vincent
350:
348:
338:
331:
324:
315:
314:
254:1 hospital ship
235:
234:
233:
224:
223:
222:
212:
211:
210:
201:
200:
199:
190:
189:
188:
171:
170:
169:
162:
158:
156:
155:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
122:36.6869; 15.1483
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
75:
74:
61:
41:
40:
21:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2904:
2885:
2866:
2833:
2807:
2772:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2449:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2401:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2037:
2029:Gaston Bodart:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1974:
1936:
1918:Conde de Tolosa
1899:
1852:
1840:Perla de España
1805:
1739:
1707:Philip Vanbrugh
1503:Richard Lestock
1499:George Saunders
1489:
1484:
1482:Order of battle
1468:Cape Finisterre
1430:
1424:
1418:
1334:
1300:
1294:
1283:
1244:and a frigate.
1206:
1010:Isaac Sailmaker
990:
929:, the frigates
881:
876:
852:shore batteries
846:Squadron Chief
804:
711:
703:House of Stuart
679:
650:Triple Alliance
644:, who was also
626:Giulio Alberoni
592:Giulio Alberoni
487:
434:Battle of Avola
426:
425:
424:
419:
351:
346:
344:
342:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
297:
296:3,600 captured
295:
280:
278:
276:
274:
272:
270:
268:
266:
261:
259:
257:
255:
253:
251:
249:
231:
229:
228:
220:
218:
208:
206:
205:
197:
195:
194:
186:
184:
167:
165:
153:
151:
136:British victory
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
98:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2908:
2902:
2889:
2883:
2870:
2864:
2851:
2849:. Museo Naval.
2837:
2831:
2811:
2805:
2787:
2776:
2770:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2734:, p. 171.
2724:
2712:
2710:, p. 169.
2700:
2698:, p. 173.
2688:
2673:
2671:, p. 206.
2661:
2649:
2637:
2635:, p. 159.
2622:
2620:, p. 168.
2610:
2608:, p. 156.
2593:
2591:, p. 155.
2581:
2579:, p. 158.
2564:
2562:, p. 160.
2552:
2550:, p. 159.
2537:
2535:, p. 152.
2525:
2523:, p. 164.
2510:
2508:, p. 158.
2493:
2491:, p. 150.
2478:
2476:, p. 162.
2466:
2464:, p. 151.
2447:
2445:, p. 157.
2430:
2416:
2414:, p. 149.
2399:
2397:, p. 156.
2384:
2382:, p. 155.
2372:
2370:, p. 148.
2360:
2334:
2332:, p. 145.
2322:
2310:
2308:, p. 144.
2295:
2293:, p. 152.
2283:
2281:, p. 141.
2268:
2266:, p. 140.
2256:
2239:
2237:, p. 149.
2227:
2225:, p. 148.
2215:
2200:
2198:, p. 144.
2188:
2186:, p. 236.
2176:
2174:, p. 138.
2164:
2162:, p. 135.
2152:
2150:, p. 235.
2137:
2135:, p. 110.
2125:
2123:, p. 234.
2110:
2098:
2086:
2084:, p. 110.
2074:
2072:, p. 110.
2062:
2060:, p. 220.
2050:
2048:, p. 219.
2035:
2019:
2013:978-0786447992
2012:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1955:San Juan Menor
1952:
1946:
1940:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1862:
1856:
1843:
1837:
1828:
1815:
1809:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1754:
1738:
1735:
1711:
1710:
1702:Charles Galley
1698:
1690:
1682:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1618:
1610:
1598:
1590:
1587:Thomas Mathews
1578:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1531:George Delaval
1522:
1506:
1501:, 2nd Captain
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1422:
1333:
1330:
1299:
1296:
1281:
1269:George Delaval
1205:
1202:
1170:at nightfall.
1140:came close to
1008:– painting by
989:
986:
920:line of battle
880:
877:
875:
872:
848:George Cammock
803:
800:
787:Charles Galley
730:(at that time
710:
707:
678:
675:
630:Duchy of Parma
554:Duchy of Milan
542:Spanish Empire
538:Duchy of Savoy
486:
483:
421:
420:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
356:
353:
352:
341:
340:
333:
326:
318:
310:
309:
292:
288:
287:
283:
282:
271:3 bomb ketchs
263:
258:1 bomb tender
245:
244:
240:
239:
237:George Camocke
216:
214:George Delaval
181:
180:
176:
175:
163:
147:
146:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
89:
87:
83:
82:
81:11 August 1718
79:
71:
70:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2967:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2924:
2922:9780415119306
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2903:9780275985059
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2884:9781455606344
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2865:9780870216954
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2832:9781861760111
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2806:9780266528371
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2771:9781857281736
2767:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2722:, p. 41.
2721:
2716:
2709:
2708:Campbell 1818
2704:
2697:
2696:Campbell 1818
2692:
2686:, p. 39.
2685:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2657:Campbell 1818
2653:
2647:, p. 38.
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:Campbell 1818
2614:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2560:Campbell 1818
2556:
2549:
2548:Campbell 1818
2544:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2521:Campbell 1818
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:Campbell 1818
2502:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2474:Campbell 1818
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2443:Campbell 1818
2439:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:Campbell 1818
2391:
2389:
2381:
2380:Campbell 1818
2376:
2369:
2364:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2318:Campbell 1818
2314:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2291:Campbell 1818
2287:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2254:, p. 32.
2253:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2235:Campbell 1818
2231:
2224:
2223:Campbell 1818
2219:
2213:, p. 31.
2212:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:Campbell 1818
2192:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2108:, p. 49.
2107:
2106:Paoletti 2008
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:George Walton
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
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1367:
1366:Porto Longone
1363:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1291:
1287:
1286:George Walton
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:Andrea Reggio
1262:
1254:
1249:
1245:
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1199:
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985:
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955:
954:
948:
947:George Walton
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
893:
885:
868:
867:Gaspar Butler
864:
863:Bay of Naples
859:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
799:
798:on 1 August.
797:
796:Bay of Naples
793:
789:
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782:
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615:North America
612:
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603:Mediterranean
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395:San Sebastián
393:
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334:
332:
327:
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275:4 storeships
264:
256:1 bomb ketch
247:
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193:
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160:Great Britain
149:
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97:
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68:Richard Paton
65:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2912:
2893:
2874:
2855:
2845:
2822:
2795:
2791:Cust, Edward
2781:
2761:
2754:Bibliography
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2613:
2584:
2555:
2528:
2469:
2419:
2375:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2347:the original
2337:
2325:
2313:
2286:
2259:
2230:
2218:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2133:Sheehan 1996
2128:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2030:
2003:
1997:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1951:20 – Escaped
1948:
1945:22 – Escaped
1942:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1818:Santa Isabel
1817:
1812:San Fernando
1811:
1802:
1798:
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1762:
1756:
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1593:
1581:
1569:
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1553:
1545:
1537:
1525:
1519:John Balchen
1509:
1493:
1432:
1416:
1405:
1382:
1373:
1361:
1350:
1308:
1301:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1261:Santa Isabel
1260:
1257:
1253:Peter Monamy
1242:San Fernando
1241:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:. Told that
1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1185:
1179:
1176:flag captain
1171:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
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1136:
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1001:
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977:
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952:
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934:
930:
926:
924:
901:
861:View of the
832:
828:
805:
786:
779:
770:Cape Spartel
767:
757:Admiral Sir
740:
724:
680:
657:to exchange
639:
619:shipbuilding
611:Newfoundland
596:
507:
502:Prado Museum
470:
458:Cape Passaro
450:Spanish Navy
437:
433:
429:
427:
365:Cape Passaro
364:
273:2 fireships
269:1 storeship
252:1 storeship
250:2 fireships
145:Belligerents
92:Cape Passaro
63:
49:Part of the
36:
2744:Clowes 1897
2720:Clowes 1897
2684:Clowes 1897
2645:Clowes 1897
2252:Clowes 1897
2211:Clowes 1897
1826:Dorsetshire
1634:Dreadnought
1526:Dorsetshire
1456:John Norris
1446:pretender,
1345:Jan Kupecký
897:Hans Hysing
759:George Byng
607:Nova Scotia
446:George Byng
385:Francavilla
279:1,320 guns
267:6 frigates
260:1,444 guns
192:George Byng
120: /
2934:Categories
2184:Mahan 1895
2148:Mahan 1895
2121:Mahan 1895
2070:Black 1994
2058:Mahan 1895
2046:Mahan 1895
1984:References
1939:s division
1934:Canterbury
1902:s division
1897:Canterbury
1855:s division
1850:Canterbury
1846:San Isidro
1831:Santa Rosa
1822:San Isabel
1808:s division
1803:Canterbury
1790:San Carlos
1622:Canterbury
1517:, Captain
1510:Shrewsbury
1390:privateers
1309:San Felipe
1290:Canterbury
1236:island of
1222:San Felipe
1210:San Felipe
1172:San Felipe
1154:San Felipe
1146:San Felipe
1142:San Felipe
1131:San Felipe
1111:San Felipe
1075:Cumberland
1071:(formerly
1050:San Carlos
1046:Santa Rosa
998:San Felipe
969:Canterbury
953:Canterbury
931:San Isidro
904:Faro Point
844:Irish-born
792:Port-Mahon
734:) and the
599:Port Mahon
564:to Savoy,
485:Background
466:Charles VI
442:Royal Navy
380:Glen Shiel
277:7 galleys
108:15°08′54″E
105:36°41′13″N
2821:(1996) .
2633:Cust 1858
2577:Cust 1858
1989:Citations
1878:Esperanza
1784:San Pedro
1686:Rochester
1614:Royal Oak
1332:Aftermath
951:HMS
912:Calabrian
719:Jean Ranc
578:Louis XIV
574:Gibraltar
390:Pensacola
2843:(1972).
2793:(1858).
1972:See also
1912:Castilla
1893:Sorpresa
1859:Hermione
1778:San Luis
1731:Basilisk
1494:Barfleur
1472:Scotland
1444:Jacobite
1423:—
1410:George I
1305:Syracuse
1284:Captain
1282:—
1234:Venetian
1218:Barfleur
1214:San Luis
1160:Montague
1137:Barfleur
1082:and HMS
978:Sorpresa
967:, while
908:frigates
808:tartanes
743:Spithead
663:Sardinia
642:George I
623:Cardinal
558:Sardinia
536:and the
520:and the
360:Sardinia
243:Strength
86:Location
2353:21 July
1869:Montagu
1865:Volante
1767:Captain
1747:Superbe
1723:Success
1719:Griffin
1715:Garland
1650:Montagu
1642:Dunkirk
1570:Grafton
1554:Captain
1546:Burford
1458:to the
1436:Corunna
1362:Grafton
1358:Trapani
1354:Melazzo
1313:Augusta
1273:Grafton
1150:Volante
1104:Grafton
1100:Captain
1092:Grafton
1084:Captain
1065:Grafton
1036:Grafton
1002:Superbe
974:rigging
965:El Real
927:El Real
840:felucca
824:Messina
820:Palermo
691:Tuscany
677:Prelude
601:in the
570:Minorca
500:in the
370:Milazzo
2919:
2900:
2881:
2862:
2829:
2803:
2768:
2010:
1961:Flecha
1930:Águila
1906:Galera
1873:Rupert
1835:Orford
1694:Argyll
1674:Superb
1666:Rupert
1658:Rippon
1602:Orford
1460:Baltic
1374:Lennox
1356:, and
1167:Rupert
1127:Superb
1119:Superb
1102:while
1042:Oxford
1029:Oxford
960:Argyll
916:Reggio
874:Battle
780:Argyll
699:Sweden
695:Russia
659:Sicily
552:, the
548:, the
532:, the
528:, the
524:, the
518:France
512:, the
462:Sicily
410:Nassau
157:
133:Result
1937:'
1924:Tigre
1900:'
1888:Essex
1853:'
1806:'
1763:Breda
1594:Lenox
1562:Essex
1538:Breda
1394:Cádiz
1376:near
1238:Corfu
1226:Perla
1186:Essex
1096:Breda
1080:Breda
943:Avola
935:Tigre
671:Milan
173:Spain
2917:ISBN
2898:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2860:ISBN
2827:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2355:2019
2008:ISBN
1884:Juno
1871:and
1794:Kent
1765:and
1751:Kent
1749:and
1727:Looe
1705:44 (
1677:60 (
1625:60 (
1605:70 (
1585:70 (
1582:Kent
1573:70 (
1184:HMS
1180:Juno
1165:HMS
1163:and
1158:HMS
1135:HMS
1123:Kent
1115:Kent
1098:and
1073:HMS
1056:Kent
1054:HMS
1034:HMS
1032:and
1027:HMS
1006:Kent
1004:and
958:HMS
785:HMS
783:and
778:HMS
697:and
661:for
609:and
572:and
556:and
428:The
90:Off
78:Date
1388:to
1063:'s
949:of
613:in
436:or
2936::
2817:;
2676:^
2625:^
2596:^
2567:^
2540:^
2513:^
2496:^
2481:^
2450:^
2433:^
2402:^
2387:^
2298:^
2271:^
2242:^
2203:^
2140:^
2113:^
2038:^
2022:^
1820:/
1478:.
1288:,
1086:.
937:,
933:,
94:,
66:,
2925:.
2906:.
2887:.
2868:.
2835:.
2809:.
2774:.
2357:.
2016:.
1709:)
1681:)
1629:)
1609:)
1589:)
1577:)
1521:)
1505:)
1412:)
1012:.
869:.
504:.
337:e
330:t
323:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
