31:
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303:), and took detailed notes on the surrounding ridges and rivers. They returned to the group, arranged for guards for their wagons at a place they named Fort Deposit. Several families in wagons ill-suited for travel through the wilderness remained at Fort Deposit, while the remainder returned to The Dalles. Barlow's group followed the Sandy River west on foot. Palmer noted an intersection with a trail coming from The Dalles by way of Lolo Pass, around the north side of Mount Hood, which had previously been the only overland trail traversed by pioneers. Near the present-day city of
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and grazing were plentiful. Barlow and H. M. Knighton set out to determine the feasibility of a route, seeking a more expedient and less expensive way to the
Willamette Valley. Knighton decided it was impractical after 20 or 25 miles (30–40 km) and returned. Barlow forged on with a train of seven wagons, intending to return for river transport if the mountain passage proved impractical.
374:
392:. Despite the expense and difficulties of passage, the road was very popular, with more than a thousand immigrants and approximately 150 wagons recorded in the first year of operation. Approximately three-quarters of the settlers entering the Willamette Valley traveled the Barlow Road, with most of the remainder choosing the Columbia River route.
1310:
Laurel Hill was once the site of a horrific descent off the southern slopes of Mt. Hood. The hill was a series of three declines, the worst of which was reported to be a 60 percent slope. The current highway is a six percent grade. Pioneers used ropes and sheer strength to lower their wagons down
344:
The road's toll was authorized for two years effective
January 1, 1846 and specified toll rates at five dollars (about a week's wages, equivalent to about $ 170.00 today) for each wagon and ten cents for each head of horse, mule, ass, or horned cattle. The grant named the route "Mount Hood Road"—but
318:
That autumn, Barlow considered the route over the mountains and petitioned the
Provisional Legislature of Oregon for permission to build a road on December 9, 1845, claiming that his estimated cost of $ 4000 was lower than that of others familiar with the route. Permission was granted with a vote of
404:
is in substantially the same location as the Barlow Road, though modern engineering has solved some of Samuel K. Barlow's greatest difficulties. East of the summit the Barlow Road has been in disuse for many years for a considerable distance down the eastern slope, especially where it traversed the
267:
arrived at The Dalles late
September 1845, as many as sixty families were waiting for river transport. The expected wait was more than ten days, and the transportation "exorbitantly" priced. Local inquiries turned up little information about traveling over the mountains except that water, timber,
543:
roads and "Jeep trails", then Rock Creek Dam Road, and finally Wamic Market Road, north of the White River, from the
Cascades to Tygh Valley. The areas east of Mount Hood National Forest have always been sparsely populated. Good wagon wheel rut viewing is possible at Pioneer Woman's Grave near
395:
Barlow's concession expired in 1848, and he and Foster terminated their largely unprofitable partnership on
November 29, 1848. Barlow turned the road over to the state, but it fell into disrepair, and became almost impassible. Others continued to operate the toll road, but weather and mountain
530:
follows more or less the same route from Sandy to
Government Camp; south of Government Camp, US 26 follows a valley just west of the Barlow Road's route along Barlow Creek. The route is concurrent with a few miles of the southern end of Oregon Route 35, and much of the Mount Hood Highway.
208:, but that trail was too rugged for vehicles and unsuitable for wagons. A trading post (allowed by the Department of War) had been built where river crossings could be made along with the disassembly of wagons to make rafts suitable for floating down the remainder of the Columbia.
275:. They came within perhaps 12 miles (19 km) of Mount Hood. They thought they had glimpsed the Willamette Valley, and learned from the Indigenous people in the region of a trail leading to Oregon City, but returned to Tygh Creek about five days after their departure. There
435:
In 1849, a military wagon train destined for Oregon forts passed over the road. It carried 250 short tons (230 t) of munitions in more than 400 wagons pulled by 1700 mules. From the beginning of Barlow Road to the camp the soldiers made at what has been known since as
352:
were eventually built along the route. Barlow's estimate of $ 4000 (equivalent to $ 131,000 today) had underestimated the number of trees to be cut down and forgotten the numerous challenging bridges that would have to be built over rivers such as the Sandy,
364:
In its first season of operation, Barlow recorded the passage of 152 wagons, 1300 sheep, 1559 mules, horses, and cattle. Despite ongoing maintenance, the general condition of the road was considered to vary from "rough to barely passable."
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was waiting for him with a 23 wagon party. Palmer had followed Barlow for a better route, and had just returned from exploring the same area. The combined company organized road clearing through the forest, mostly by burning.
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The Barlow Road is intact as a dirt road in a roughly north–south stretch along Barlow Creek; other portions are pristine ruts up to six feet (1.8 m) deep. The easternmost part of the original Barlow Road in
2461:
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The clearing party made it to the top of a ridge, now known as Barlow Pass, where they were effectively lost. Barlow, Palmer, and a man named
Harrison Porter Locke hiked the south face of Mount Hood west of
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The construction of the Barlow Road contributed more towards the prosperity of the
Willamette Valley and the future State of Oregon, than any other achievement prior to the building of the railways in 1870.
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On
October 1, 1845, Barlow and three men scouted ahead of their company and entered Mount Hood's foothills from the east near Tygh Creek, about 35 miles (56 km) from the mouth of the
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181:, which had previously been nearly impossible. Even so, it was by far the most harrowing 100 miles (160 km) of the nearly 2,000-mile (3,200 km) Oregon Trail.
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Bennett Pass and in several other places. Much of the Clackamas County side is buried under US 26. Overall, about twenty percent of the road is still visible today.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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Highway 35 was washed out by the White River on November 6, 2006 and remained closed for 32 days; repair work continued through February.
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A roadside marker and trail at Laurel Hill (just west of Government Camp) provides history and access to the portion where a sixty percent
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to scout a westward route off the mountain. Palmer, in better physical condition than his companions, climbed high on the glacier (likely
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853:
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909:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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1289:
484:
358:
103:
1770:
476:
822:
2400:
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30:
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243:. It still exists as a dirt road in some places, while many other parts have been paved over by newer streets and highways.
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believed by some to be the site of present-day Devil's Half-Acre Meadow, several miles south-southeast of the junction of
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is a small segment of an alternate route, near Wemme, that was separately listed on the National Register in 1974. Also
492:
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456:, became the owner upon Wemme's death in 1914, in a probate dispute so contentious that it shaped the 1930 race for
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and oxen for motor travelers to navigate. In 1978, the entire Oregon Trail, including the Barlow Road, was named a
1100:
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was present in the early Barlow Road. Wagons were lowered down the hill winched by ropes wrapped around trees.
467:
designated the path from Idaho to the Pacific Ocean as the "Old Oregon Trail" route and approved signage with a
448:
Various owners operated the road until 1882. Ownership then passed to the Mount Hood & Barlow Road Company.
1951:
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Before the opening of the Barlow Road, pioneers traveling by land from the east followed the Oregon Trail to
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conditions made this a financial struggle. By 1863, the toll had decreased to $ 2.50 per wagon and team.
2007:
1926:
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264:
154:
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2015:
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that travelers would have seen approaching Mount Hood from the east along the Barlow Road—taken above
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The direction of travel was effectively one-way until 1861, when a better road was blasted through
272:
951:
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35:
Route of the Barlow Road (red); some consider the yellow route from The Dalles as part of the road
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A depiction of the explorers who first charted the Barlow Road by engraver Nathaniel Orr, from
348:
The road was built with the financial backing of Philip Foster and a crew of forty men. Five
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1986:
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8:
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239:. The road was rendered largely irrelevant in the early 1900s by the construction of the
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63:
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God never made a mountain but what He provided a place for man to go over or around it.
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200:, then a perilous and expensive journey. It was also possible to drive livestock over
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purchased that company in 1912, and made improvements to the road. Wemme's attorney,
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178:
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1981:
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traverses an unpopulated area within Mount Hood National Forest and follows small
219:(some consider Tygh Valley the origin), then turns west and roughly parallels the
1941:
1921:
1906:
1881:
1796:
1690:
1680:
1435:
1401:
765:
754:
594:
590:
338:—Sam Barlow, while awaiting a Columbia River boat, contemplated an overland road.
320:
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was not a part of the original Barlow Road, though frequently spoken of as such.
1976:
1876:
1821:
1725:
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300:
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197:
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790:
Clackamas County Historical Society; Wasco County Historical Society (1998) .
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1946:
1846:
1831:
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1530:
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423:
304:
174:
170:
158:
1239:
799:
1971:
1871:
1851:
1705:
1552:
354:
166:
1991:
1936:
1916:
1911:
1896:
1856:
1801:
1735:
1710:
1311:
the near-vertical slopes on their way to make land claims in Oregon City.
604:
276:
2462:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
758:
460:. Joseph and his wife donated the road to the people of Oregon in 1919.
223:
on the north and then west, crosses the south shoulder of Mount Hood at
2116:
1627:
1092:
984:. Oregon Department of Transportation. December 8, 2006. Archived from
405:
canyon of White River. The Oak Grove Road from Salmon River Meadows to
205:
1654:
1242:(Press release). Federal Highway Administration. September 22, 2005.
440:, they abandoned 45 wagons after dozens of mules died of starvation.
349:
518:
361:. The White River continues to challenge its bridges to this day.
251:
2487:
National Register of Historic Places in Hood River County, Oregon
1265:
712:"Palmer's Journal of Travels Over the Rocky Mountains, 1845–1846"
643:
2482:
National Register of Historic Places in Clackamas County, Oregon
2331:
922:
150:
44:
283:
2492:
National Register of Historic Places in Wasco County, Oregon
400:
From the summit of the Cascade Range westward to Sandy, the
2502:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
1240:"Share the Celebration! 45 New Designations Announced"
1214:
Oregon State Archives, Department of Transportation Records
1477:
373:
443:
319:
8-2 on December 17, 1845, approved by Speaker pro-tem
149:) is a historic road in what is now the U.S. state of
1438:
from USGenNet for Clackamas County genealogy research
856:. National Park Service. May 25, 2004. Archived from
794:(6th ed.). Bend, Oregon: Maverick Publications.
558:
287:
A marker on the Barlow Road, near its crossing with
2419:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1405:
165:, and served as the last overland segment of the
2448:
1296:. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from
1170:Marbech, Peter; Cook, Janet (October 15, 2001).
1141:McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) .
1140:
819:"The Historic Barlow House, and the Barlow Road"
487:. In 2005, part of it was incorporated into the
877:
875:
495:was designated in 2009, including Barlow Pass.
345:it was immediately known as the "Barlow Road."
1176:. Graphic Arts Center Publishing. p. 24.
945:
943:
941:
2102:
1463:
785:
783:
479:. In 1992, the Barlow Road was placed on the
872:
246:
2512:Transportation in Hood River County, Oregon
1169:
938:
569:National Register of Historic Places portal
510:, was also separately NRHP-listed in 1974.
2507:Transportation in Clackamas County, Oregon
2109:
2095:
1470:
1456:
1086:
1084:
813:
811:
809:
780:
311:and Philip Foster's farm near present-day
2118:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1350:
1093:"Church History:Clackamas County, Oregon"
95:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
902:
882:
517:
372:
282:
250:
1163:
1081:
1069:from the original on September 28, 2007
949:
925:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
806:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
2517:Transportation in Wasco County, Oregon
2449:
1266:"National Register Information System"
1031:
1025:
709:
687:. Historic Oregon City. Archived from
644:"National Register Information System"
2457:1845 establishments in Oregon Country
2090:
1478:Pioneer history of Oregon (1806–1890)
1451:
1258:
1190:from the original on January 31, 2021
923:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
825:from the original on December 3, 2007
722:from the original on January 31, 2021
526:On the western side of the Cascades,
506:, a campsite on the Barlow Road near
1442:Daughters of the American Revolution
1271:National Register of Historic Places
958:from the original on October 6, 2008
668:
649:National Register of Historic Places
636:
481:National Register of Historic Places
2467:Historic trails and roads in Oregon
1103:from the original on August 9, 2007
1009:. December 11, 2006. Archived from
1007:Oregon Department of Transportation
493:Mount Hood National Recreation Area
444:Later use and historic designations
257:Eleven Years in the Rocky Mountains
235:for some way, and finally leads to
13:
1246:from the original on July 18, 2011
1145:(7th ed.). Portland, Oregon:
1090:
1056:
979:"Highway 35 Reopens Friday Dec. 8"
837:
323:, and signed into law by Governor
14:
2528:
1347:Template:Attached KML/Barlow Road
1319:
1220:from the original on June 6, 2018
500:Oregon Trail, Barlow Road Segment
307:, they turned southwest to reach
163:Provisional Legislature of Oregon
2330:
2323:
1581:
1516:Oregon & California Railroad
952:"Sam Barlow and The Barlow Road"
575:
561:
29:
2043:Oregon Steam Navigation Company
1282:
1232:
1202:
1173:Mount Hood: The Heart of Oregon
1134:
1115:
1050:
995:
970:
1383:Reminiscences of seventy years
1034:Mount Hood: A Complete History
771:
743:
734:
703:
504:Rock Corral on the Barlow Road
116:
1:
1603:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
1216:. Oregon Secretary of State.
630:
522:Barlow Road in September 2008
1099:. Avalon Travel Publishing.
1065:. Avalon Travel Publishing.
917:American Antiquarian Society
897:American Antiquarian Society
685:"The Final Leg of the Trail"
368:
161:, with authorization of the
7:
2386:National Historic Landmarks
1388:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1375:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1362:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1128:Oregon Historical Quarterly
718:catalog F592 .T54 vol. 30.
554:
465:Oregon Legislative Assembly
169:. Its construction allowed
10:
2533:
2477:Mount Hood National Forest
1406:Walter E. Meacham (1947).
1357:History of the Barlow Road
1210:"Agency History 1914–1939"
1123:History of the Barlow Road
211:The Barlow Road begins at
153:. It was built in 1846 by
2409:
2378:
2339:
2321:
2128:
2051:
2000:
1784:
1668:
1650:Constitutional Convention
1608:Willamette Cattle Company
1590:
1579:
1483:
1412:Oregon Historical Society
1147:Oregon Historical Society
1003:"Highway 35 Slide Repair"
377:A fall view from central
247:Planning and construction
135:
127:
115:NRHP reference
114:
110:
101:
92:
85:
81:
77:
69:
51:
40:
28:
23:
1434:October 2, 2016, at the
1381:Barlow, William (1912):
1355:Barlow, Mary S. (1902):
1121:Barlow, Mary S. (1902):
513:
2396:National Historic Sites
1776:Willamette Trading Post
1633:Donation Land Claim Act
1521:Oregon boundary dispute
1368:Bailey, Walter (1912):
1143:Oregon Geographic Names
950:Greenstreet, Evelyn L.
764:August 9, 2011, at the
759:Devils Half Acre Meadow
489:Mount Hood Scenic Byway
473:National Historic Trail
402:Mount Hood Loop Highway
192:) and floated down the
16:Historic road in Oregon
2414:Keeper of the Register
2061:Native peoples history
1761:Thomas and Ruckle Road
1573:Provisional Government
1036:. Grauer. p. 20.
777:Palmer (1847), p. 152.
768:by Online Highways.com
523:
418:
411:
385:
334:
291:
260:
104:U.S. Historic district
2434:Contributing property
1837:Abigail Scott Duniway
1400:June 5, 2016, at the
1276:National Park Service
1032:Grauer, Jack (1975).
991:on December 17, 2006.
710:Palmer, Joel (1847).
654:National Park Service
521:
413:
398:
376:
330:
286:
254:
204:on the north side of
1511:Hudson's Bay Company
1491:American Fur Company
1351:KML is from Wikidata
1013:on December 18, 2006
821:. Barlow Genealogy.
714:. pp. 120–121.
625:Dufur Ranger Station
620:William Barlow House
2391:Bridges and Tunnels
2370:South and Southwest
1957:Eliza Hart Spalding
1568:Pacific Fur Company
1536:Oregon missionaries
1501:Executive Committee
1290:"Laurel Hill Chute"
716:Library of Congress
610:Mount Hood Corridor
215:and heads south to
2401:National Monuments
1902:Morton M. McCarver
1892:David Thomas Lenox
1756:Philip Foster Farm
1660:Great Gale of 1880
1496:Columbian exchange
1395:Map of Barlow Road
1300:on October 8, 2012
1059:"The Oregon Trail"
740:Palmer, p. 125–129
691:on August 10, 2014
615:Santiam Wagon Road
524:
458:Governor of Oregon
386:
292:
261:
241:Mount Hood Highway
2442:
2441:
2429:Historic district
2084:
2083:
1967:William Vandevert
1862:Cornelius Gilliam
1842:Thomas Lamb Eliot
1817:William H. Boring
1812:François Blanchet
1741:Methodist Mission
1613:Champoeg Meetings
1421:978-0-87595-035-8
1278:. March 13, 2009.
1183:978-1-55868-923-7
485:historic district
426:, Oregon's first
179:Willamette Valley
139:
138:
52:Nearest city
2524:
2334:
2327:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2087:
1987:Geo. H. Williams
1982:Narcissa Whitman
1792:George Abernethy
1766:Tualatin Academy
1751:Oregon Institute
1645:Rogue River Wars
1623:Whitman massacre
1585:
1548:Oregon Territory
1542:Oregon Spectator
1472:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1429:Oregon Trail map
1425:
1341:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1294:America's Byways
1286:
1280:
1279:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1138:
1132:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
999:
993:
992:
990:
983:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
947:
936:
935:
933:
931:
920:
914:
900:
894:
879:
870:
869:
867:
865:
860:on June 11, 2009
850:
835:
834:
832:
830:
815:
804:
803:
787:
778:
775:
769:
747:
741:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
681:
666:
665:
663:
661:
640:
585:
580:
579:
578:
571:
566:
565:
564:
469:prairie schooner
454:George W. Joseph
431:
340:
325:George Abernethy
213:Wascopam Mission
186:Wascopam Mission
118:
33:
21:
20:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2447:
2446:
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2438:
2405:
2374:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2319:
2131:
2124:
2115:
2085:
2080:
2071:Pioneer history
2066:History to 1806
2047:
1996:
1942:Osborne Russell
1922:James D. Miller
1907:John McLoughlin
1797:Jesse Applegate
1780:
1771:Whitman Mission
1681:Applegate Trail
1664:
1586:
1577:
1479:
1476:
1436:Wayback Machine
1422:
1402:Wayback Machine
1370:The Barlow Road
1352:
1349:
1344:
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1342:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1303:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1283:
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1233:
1223:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1168:
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1135:
1120:
1116:
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297:Palmer Glacier
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198:Fort Vancouver
194:Columbia River
177:and reach the
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477:U.S. Congress
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175:Cascade Range
173:to cross the
172:
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159:Philip Foster
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128:Added to NRHP
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2497:Oregon Trail
2444:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2016:Lot Whitcomb
2014:
2008:
1972:Elijah White
1872:Chief Joseph
1852:Peter French
1721:Fort William
1706:Fort Astoria
1685:
1637:
1563:Organic Laws
1553:Oregon Trail
1540:
1444:, Jan. 1919.
1407:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1327:
1309:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:the original
1293:
1284:
1269:
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1248:. Retrieved
1234:
1224:February 11,
1222:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1172:
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1126:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1096:
1071:. Retrieved
1062:
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1015:. Retrieved
1011:the original
997:
986:the original
972:
960:. Retrieved
930:February 29,
928:. Retrieved
908:
888:
862:. Retrieved
858:the original
827:. Retrieved
791:
773:
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736:
726:November 13,
724:. Retrieved
705:
695:December 21,
693:. Retrieved
689:the original
658:. Retrieved
647:
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546:
537:Wasco County
533:
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379:Wasco County
363:
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270:
262:
210:
183:
167:Oregon Trail
146:
142:
140:
18:
2379:Other lists
1992:Ewing Young
1937:Joel Palmer
1917:Ezra Meeker
1912:Joseph Meek
1897:Asa Lovejoy
1857:Joseph Gale
1802:Ira Babcock
1746:Oregon City
1736:Meek Cutoff
1711:Fort Dalles
1686:Barlow Road
1408:Barlow Road
1194:December 7,
901:1700–1799:
881:1634–1699:
829:October 31,
792:Barlow Road
605:Meek Cutoff
390:Laurel Hill
383:Pine Hollow
309:Eagle Creek
277:Joel Palmer
237:Oregon City
233:Sandy River
225:Barlow Pass
221:White River
217:Tygh Valley
143:Barlow Road
87:Barlow Road
70:Established
64:Oregon City
24:Barlow Road
2472:Mount Hood
2451:Categories
2305:Washington
2205:Hood River
1952:Levi Scott
1927:John Minto
1882:H.A.G. Lee
1867:David Hill
1807:Sam Barlow
1628:Cayuse War
1250:October 4,
1017:October 1,
962:October 1,
864:October 4,
751:US 26
631:References
508:Brightwood
350:toll gates
265:Sam Barlow
229:Camp Creek
227:, follows
206:Mount Hood
190:The Dalles
155:Sam Barlow
56:The Dalles
2365:Southeast
2360:Northwest
2355:Northeast
2280:Tillamook
2265:Multnomah
2220:Josephine
2215:Jefferson
2180:Deschutes
2150:Clackamas
2132:by county
1887:Jason Lee
1731:Linn City
1655:Modoc War
1304:April 17,
600:Lolo Pass
593:built by
463:The 1923
407:Wapinitia
369:Early use
313:Clackamas
202:Lolo Pass
2341:Portland
2285:Umatilla
2160:Columbia
2009:Columbia
1696:Champoeg
1432:Archived
1398:Archived
1329:KML file
1244:Archived
1218:Archived
1188:Archived
1107:July 14,
1101:Archived
1073:July 14,
1067:Archived
956:Archived
906:(1992).
886:(1997).
823:Archived
800:28723399
762:Archived
720:Archived
555:See also
231:and the
122:92000334
41:Location
2315:Yamhill
2310:Wheeler
2295:Wallowa
2275:Sherman
2250:Malheur
2240:Lincoln
2225:Klamath
2210:Jackson
2190:Gilliam
2185:Douglas
2155:Clatsop
2037:Gazelle
2023:Canemah
1691:Canemah
1506:Ferries
1149:Press.
757:. See
475:by the
2260:Morrow
2255:Marion
2200:Harney
2145:Benton
2122:Oregon
1785:People
1676:Albina
1669:Places
1591:Events
1484:Topics
1418:
1180:
1153:
1040:
798:
491:. The
359:Salmon
355:Zigzag
151:Oregon
45:Oregon
2350:North
2343:lists
2300:Wasco
2290:Union
2195:Grant
2175:Curry
2170:Crook
2140:Baker
2130:Lists
1404:from
989:(PDF)
982:(PDF)
913:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
549:grade
514:Today
483:as a
305:Sandy
263:When
188:(now
47:, USA
2270:Polk
2245:Linn
2235:Lane
2230:Lake
2165:Coos
1416:ISBN
1338:help
1334:edit
1306:2008
1252:2007
1226:2012
1196:2020
1178:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1109:2007
1075:2007
1038:ISBN
1019:2007
964:2007
932:2024
866:2007
831:2007
796:OCLC
753:and
728:2016
697:2015
662:2013
498:The
157:and
141:The
73:1845
2120:in
196:to
117:No.
2453::
1414:.
1410:.
1385:,
1372:,
1359:,
1336:•
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1083:^
1061:.
1005:.
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940:^
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874:^
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808:^
782:^
670:^
652:.
646:.
327:.
315:.
2110:e
2103:t
2096:v
1471:e
1464:t
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1332:(
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1021:.
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868:.
833:.
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730:.
699:.
664:.
422:—
259:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
