398:
lower portion of the body including the area around the anal fin. There are 12–20 vertical bands along the sides. In females the bands usually appear as thin and distinct black bands that often do not span the full width of the body. In males, the bands are silvery in color, are less distinct, and are closer together. The number of bands are useful in sexing an individual; male banded killifish have a greater (approximately >9) number of bands anterior to the dorsal fin. Fins rounded, base of first dorsal ray slightly ahead of or directly over first anal ray. Snout is blunt, with small superior mouth and projecting lower jaw. Lateral line is missing; 39–43 scales in the lateral series. There are 10 to 13 dorsal fin rays, 9 to 11 anal fin rays and 6 pelvic fin rays. Max length is 13 cm (5.1 in)
448:, and the two species have been known to interbreed where their habitat overlaps. The banded killifish, while euryhaline, is more commonly found in freshwater, whereas the mummichog primarily inhabits brackish and coastal waters. The two species can be visually identified by the difference in bands; the banded killifish has thin dark bars, while the mummichog has thin light bars. The species can also be differentiated by the thicker caudal peduncle in the mummichog and branchiostegal rays often numbering 6,6 for the banded killifish (5,5 in the mummichog). Banded killifish have larger and more numerous gill rakers compared to mummichogs (8–12 vs. 4–7, respectively).
31:
777:. In order to achieve this, banded killifish have shown the ability to discriminate between individuals within the species. Banded killifish distinguish individuals by body coloration phenotype. Banded killifish are likely to enter shoals with those of similar body color in order to maximize predator avoidance. An individual of different color might present as a contrast. This contrast is likely to make the shoal stand out and gain the predator's attention. Banded killifishes' level of preference for similarly colored shoalmates differs in the presence and absence of a predatory stimulus.
471:, South Carolina to Newfoundland; also found in southern Pennsylvania, northeastern Nebraska, and northern Illinois, and north to St. Lawrence-Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins from Manitoba to Quebec. The eastern subspecies is found on the Atlantic Slope, and the western subspecies in the rest of its range. Westward expansion by the eastern subspecies may be the result of introductions as bait or aquarium fish into novel waterbodies, climate change expanding favorable habitat, or a higher pollution tolerance compared to the western subspecies.
228:
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741:. From the dilution effect, each individual will have a lesser chance of being attacked by a predator, since there are many other individuals in the group. In a larger group, there is a larger chance that a predator will attack a different shoalmate than it will attack the individual of interest. Individuals who stray from the shoal have an increased mortality risk. This leads to
482:(COSEWIC) due to biogeographical isolation and limitation of potential for range expansion. In the United States, Ohio and Illinois list the western subspecies as endangered and threatened, respectively, due to range expansion of the eastern subspecies which has been documented to hybridize wherever the ranges of the subspecies overlap. As such, Ohio also classifies
686:(6–7 mm or 0.24–0.28 in in length) emerge within 10 to 12 days depending on the temperature of the water. They reach maturity at approximately 1 year with an average length of 6 cm (2.4 in). Banded killifish can live for a little over 2 years. However, there have been some that have been observed to live up to 3 years.
703:. The conditions in which shoaling occurs, the individuals who comprise the shoal, and the size of the shoal are all highly variable. Shoaling can be understood through a cost and benefit analysis. The costs and benefits of group membership are influenced by food availability and predatory risk. Bigger groups allow for better
784:
or not. Black spots indicate the presence of a parasite, whereas the absence of these spots indicates an unparasitized individual. Both parasitized and unparasitized individuals preferred to join unparasitized shoals. The preference for unparasitized shoals increases with an increase in parasite load
752:
predators. In a group, each individual can spend less time looking out for predators because others in the shoal can share in this responsibility. With increasing shoal size, each individual spends less time being vigilant, but with more individuals the group increases overall vigilance and therefore
728:
and avoidance. In both the presence and absence of predatory stimuli, banded killifish feeding rate for individuals is independent of shoal size. Lone individuals incur additional cost because they do not gain the improved predatory protection granted by shoal formation, and thus will attempt to join
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with others for access to these resources. When presented with food odour, individuals were less attracted to neighbors, but when presented with a predatory stimulus, they were more attracted to neighbors and formed tighter shoals. When in the presence of both stimuli, the group size is intermediate.
397:
The banded killifish has a narrow, elongate bluish-gray or olive-colored body with a darker dorsal surface and white or yellowish underparts extending to the anal fin. Spawning males develop yellow pectoral and pelvic fins, a bright blue patch on the anal fin, and brilliant blue iridescence on the
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Spawning occurs at water temperatures of 21 to 23 °C (70 to 73 °F). The male chooses a site in the shallow part of the water and protects it from other males. When a female appears, the male will court the female and fight with the other prospecting males. The female will emit one egg
670:
where the female lays her eggs that are equipped with adhesive threads that adhere to plants. Spawning occurs from June to mid-August in shallow waters. During the spawning season, the males go through a color change phase. They develop a bright blue patch near the anal fin. In addition, the
800:
Banded killifish have been found to engage in heterospecific shoaling with other species of killifish as well as other fish. There are many situational factors that determine if the banded killifish individual would want to engage in heterospecific shoaling. If body size is similar, then banded
715:
The nutritional state of banded killifish influences individual's decisions to shoal or not. Food-deprived individuals spent more time by themselves and not in shoals. When food-deprived individuals were found in shoals their shoals were not any smaller than that of a well-fed banded killifish.
796:
in individual fish size. If the size of individual fish were different, they would join a shoal of similarly sized fish regardless of shoal size. This preference is maintained by predatory threat. Body size is a more significant determinant of shoaling preference than shoal size and species
760:
To improve predator avoidance, banded killifish will often take refuge. Frightened fish in the presence of a predatory stimulus will hide in a foodless refuge. This preference is modulated by individual body size. Larger individuals spend more time in the refuge than their smaller
489:
The banded killifish has been introduced outside of its native range in the states of Idaho, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Washington, and West
Virginia. In Oregon and Washington, the western banded killifish is reported to be the introduced subspecies.
792:, shoal size, and individual body size within the shoal. The shift in preferences is triggered by predatory stimuli. In the presence of predatory stimuli, a banded killifish individual will prefer the bigger conspecific shoal, but only as long as the shoal is
559:
as well as unable to swim in the fast currents. However, adult banded killifish have been observed to travel into deep bodies of water to feed. Banded killifish often congregate near aquatic vegetation, as it provides protection as well as breeding habitat.
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while the male pursues her. Once together, the female emits 10 eggs that falls onto the bottom or gets attached to aquatic plants in the chosen spawn area. The male will continue to pursue the female until the female have laid 50 to 100 eggs.
1915:
WILLIAM J. POLY AND ROBERT J. MILTNF.R, Department of
Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Ecological Assessment Section, 1685 Westbelt Drive, Columbus, Ohio
459:, is a closely related species to the banded killifish that is endemic to Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina, and its tributaries. the Waccamaw killifish differs by its slimmer profile; the ranges of the two species do not overlap.
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because the food will be distributed amongst all of the group members. For smaller groups, there is not as effective predatory protection, but in regards to foraging each individual will have access to more food.
1379:
Willink, Philip W.; Widloe, Tristan A.; Santucci, Victor J.; Makauskas, Daniel; Tiemann, Jeremy S.; Hertel, Samantha D.; Lamer, James T.; Sherwood, Joshua L. (April 2018). "Rapid
Expansion of Banded Killifish
716:
Hungry banded killifish are more likely to leave a shoal than a well-fed individual. In the presence of a food stimulus, group size decreases, so that each individual does not have to
606:(SARA) for the Newfoundland population. This species is facing habitat degradation due to industrial development, motorized watercraft activities, and removal of aquatic vegetation.
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In the presence of a predatory stimulus, banded killifish decrease the amount of food attempts and duration of feeding posture. This is done to allocate more energy to predatory
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Besides the dilution effect, shoaling also benefits the individual because of group vigilance. To best protect against predation, the banded killifish must be on the lookout to
351:
drainages. This species is the only freshwater killifish found in the northeastern United States. While it is primarily a freshwater species, it can occasionally be found in
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as an injurious aquatic invasive species. Intergrades occur in the Saint
Lawrence and Lake Erie drainages where the ranges of the two subspecies naturally come in contact.
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because they are a food source for larger fish such as largemouth bass, northern pike, and trout. They are also a food source for birds such as belted kingfisher (
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larger shoals rather than smaller shoals. When deciding whether to join a shoal or not, banded killifish value predatory protection over foraging opportunities.
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of eggs during one summer. After the eggs have been fertilized, both the parents will leave and go their separate ways; the eggs do not receive parental care.
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1634:
Morgan, M. Joanne; Jean-Guy J. Godin (January–December 1985). "Antipredator
Benefits of Schooling Behaviour in a Cyprinodontid Fish, the Banded Killifish (
801:
killifish prefer conspecific shoals as opposed to heterospecific ones. Size is a sorting mechanism for conspecific as opposed to heterospecific shoaling.
413:, by the presence of a further anterior dorsal fin position, increased number of anterior bars in the males of the subspecies (9-15 compared to 5-0 for
363:
The common name, "banded killifish", commonly refers to the distinct black and white vertical bandings found along their sides. The Latin genus name
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Hensor, E.M.A.; J.-G. J Godin; D.J. Hoare; J. Krause (April 2003). "Effects of nutritional state on the shoaling tendency of banded killifish,
602:
In
January 2005 the banded killifish was listed as a vulnerable species under the Newfoundland Labrador Endangered Species Act and the Canada
2251:
2216:
2126:
2206:
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1288:
Shute, Peggy W.; Lindquist, David G.; Shute, John R. (May 1983). "Breeding behavior and early life history of the waccamaw killifish,
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2038:
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871:
2077:
575:. Most people do not favor them as pets because they require a high level of maintenance and therefore do not survive well in an
1140:
Hubbs, C.L., Walker, B.W., and
Johnson, R.E. (1943). "Hybridization in nature between species of American cyprinodont fishes".
1830:
Blakeslee, Carrie; Ruhl, Nathan; Currie, Warren; McRobert, Scott (1 May 2009). "Shoaling preferences of two common killifish (
1212:"W. B. Scott & E. J. Crossman: Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries Research Board of Canada 1973. 966 pp"
2152:
1692:
Dowling, Lisa M.; Jean-Guy J. Godin (April 2002). "Refuge use in a killifish: influence of body size and nutritional state".
982:
2082:
555:. Because the banded killifish is small, it generally does not venture into deeper waters, where it would be vulnerable to
1722:
McROBERT, SCOTT P; BRADNER, JOSHUA (1 September 1998). "The influence of body coloration on shoaling preferences in fish".
1665:
Abrahams, M.V.; Godin, J.-G.J.; Classon, L.J. (1 January 1988). "Group
Vigilance and Shoal Size in a Small Characin Fish".
1884:
1584:
1485:
417:) with more intense bars along the side that stay intact along the anterior back, a higher number of scale rows (40–44
926:
906:
1765:
Krause, Jens; Godin, Jean-Guy J. (26 April 2010). "Influence of
Parasitism on Shoal Choice in the Banded Killifish (
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When choosing which shoals to join, banded killifish often choose to join ones that consist of others with similar
2131:
1914:
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Hoare, D.J.; I.D. Couzin; J-G J. Godin; J. Krause (January 2004). "Context-dependent group size choice in fish".
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larvae are also a popular food source. In contrast, the smaller individuals are limited to fewer items such as
1803:, Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae): Effects of Predation Risk, Fish Size, Species Composition and Size of Shoals".
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is made to alert the shoal, so that the individuals can act to protect themselves from predatory attack.
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In the presence of a predatory stimulus, shoal size increases to allow for greater protection via the
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with sandy gravel or muddy bottoms and with abundant aquatic vegetation. The sand and gravel provides
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74:
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Goudin, Jean-Guy J. (1986). "Risk of predation and foraging behaviour in shoaling banded killifish (
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larvae. Both young and adult banded killifish have been observed to feed mostly in the afternoon.
567:, but they usually inhabit freshwater streams and lakes. The largest adult recorded, observed in
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travel in groups of 8–12. The fish are most often found in the shallow and quiet areas of clear
425:), and a combined number of dorsal and anal fin rays totaling 24 to 26, compared to 23 to 24 for
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765:. Smaller banded killifish individuals are more prone to risk than their larger counterparts.
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The banded killifish is widely distributed throughout eastern North
America, ranging from the
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39:
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Krause, Jens; Jean-Guy J. Godin (26 April 2010). "Shoal Choice in the banded Killifish (
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Contributions to the Laboratory of Vertebrate Biology of the University of Michigan
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1838:) in the laboratory and in the field: A new analysis of heterospecific shoaling".
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benefit each individual in the shoal. When one individual detects a predator, an
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571:, Canada, was 12.8 cm (5.0 in). People have used banded killifish as
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Colgan, Patrick (1974-03-28). "Burying Experiments with the Banded Killifish,
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Banded killifish use body coloration to determine if an individual has been
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The banded killifish is similar in habitat preference and appearance to the
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963:(Report). Ottawa: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
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COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the banded killifish
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2017:
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across Northern Illinois: Dramatic Recovery or Invasive Species?".
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1428:"Banded Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus), Newfoundland populations"
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Banded killifish have been observed to feed at all levels of the
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312:
2157:
1575:
Nicholas B. Davies; John R. Krebs; Stuart A. West (2012-04-02).
1476:
Nicholas B. Davies; John R. Krebs; Stuart A. West (2012-04-02).
1216:
Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie
1973:
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Banded Killifish Newfoundland and Labrador Population article
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505:, usually traveling in groups of 3–6 individuals, while the
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Adults range from 2 to 3 years in age. Banded killifish are
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1579:(4th ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 171–173.
1480:(4th ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 148–163.
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lower portion of the body changes to a bright blue color.
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Closeup of a banded killifish to show anatomical features.
1900:
Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife
921:, p. 206, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York.
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Shoaling preferences in banded killifish differ in shoal
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480:
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
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402:(TL), average length is 6.3 cm (2.5 in) TL.
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946:
Update COSEWIC status report on the banded killifish
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and juveniles with places to hide when threatened by
409:, can be differentiated from the western subspecies,
983:"The Virtual Aquarium of Virginia Tech--Killifishes"
1287:
1117:"WO 34/079/022 - Autograph Letter to Edward Hugg".
919:
Freshwater Fishes of the Northeastern United States
1462:
666:in dense aquatic vegetation because they practice
2198:
618:. The adults feed on a variety of items such as
478:was assigned a status of special concern by the
843:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202381A18233141.en
1823:
1794:
1792:
1360:. Gainesville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey
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429:. Larger maximum sizes have been reported for
373:, which means "bottom", and the specific name
1717:
1715:
1347:
1274:10.2305/iucn.uk.2013-1.rlts.t8709a18234340.en
1019:CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website
897:Page, Lawrence M. and Brooks M. Burr (1991),
335:. Its natural geographic range extends from
1598:
1596:
1158:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2242:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
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1348:Fuller, Pam; Neilson, Matt (21 May 2019) .
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662:Banded killifish are commonly observed to
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2257:Least concern biota of the United States
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579:setting. They are important to aquatic
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2247:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
2237:Fauna of the Northeastern United States
2222:Taxa named by Charles Alexandre Lesueur
1905:Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission
1446:
1434:. Government of Canada. 2 February 2021
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866:
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1602:
1577:An introduction to behavioural ecology
1478:An introduction to behavioural ecology
1358:Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database
1119:Warfare in North America, c. 1756-1815
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901:, p. 216, Houghton Mifflin, New York.
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474:The population of banded killifish in
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2252:Least concern biota of North America
2217:Freshwater fish of the United States
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950:, Newfoundland population in Canada
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2207:IUCN Red List least concern species
1260:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
888:
829:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1817:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01063.x
1783:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01102.x
1652:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00515.x
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14:
2273:
2232:Fish of the Eastern United States
1878:
1175:"Status of the Banded Killifish,
1083:
1031:
1000:
1769:, Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae)".
1127:10.1163/37612_wna_wo_wo_34_79_22
678:A single female may lay several
73:
1758:
1685:
1658:
1640:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
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1568:
1533:
1494:
1432:Species at risk public registry
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1386:The American Midland Naturalist
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1294:Environmental Biology of Fishes
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707:, but are not as conducive to
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235:Range of the banded killifish
1:
1554:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.04.004
804:
785:of a parasitized individual.
1852:10.1016/j.beproc.2009.02.012
1458:Paulson, N. and Jay T. Hatch
985:. 2011-02-11. Archived from
699:Banded killifish form group
533:such as the largemouth bass
358:
292:Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
7:
1694:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1609:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1398:10.1674/0003-0031-179.2.179
1094:"Details: Banded Killifish"
944:Chippett, Jamie D. (2003).
689:
658:Reproduction and life cycle
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917:Werner, Robert G. (2004),
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1183:Canadian Field-Naturalist
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70:Scientific classification
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1228:10.1002/iroh.19760610109
870:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
405:The eastern subspecies,
1679:10.1163/156853988x00584
609:
377:means "transparent" in
325:belonging to the genus
258:Hydrargira multifaciata
2262:Fish described in 1817
1895:Lake George Fact Sheet
1736:10.1006/anbe.1998.0846
1519:10.1006/anbe.2003.2075
836:: e.T202381A18233141.
668:external fertilization
463:Range and distribution
394:
311:) is a North American
266:Fundulus multifaciatus
1840:Behavioural Processes
1832:Fundulus heteroclitus
884:. March 2023 version.
589:), common merganser (
563:Banded killifish are
536:Micropterus salmoides
446:Fundulus heteroclitus
392:
369:is the diminutive of
1290:Fundulus waccamensis
1267:: e.T8709A18234340.
1253:Fundulus waccamensis
1249:NatureServe (2013).
1210:Caspers, H. (1976).
1173:Houston, J. (1990).
818:NatureServe (2013).
769:Shoaling preferences
705:predatory protection
457:Fundulus waccamensis
1306:1983EnvBF...8..293S
790:species composition
733:Predator protection
604:Species at Risk Act
548:Lepomis macrochirus
494:Habitat and ecology
250:Hydrargira diaphana
40:Conservation status
1979:fundulus-diaphanus
1965:Fundulus diaphanus
1935:Fundulus diaphanus
1801:Fundulus diaphanus
1767:Fundulus diaphanus
1636:Fundulus diaphanus
1605:Fundulus diaphanus
1503:Fundulus diaphanus
1382:Fundulus diaphanus
1352:Fundulus diaphanus
1314:10.1007/bf00001095
1177:Fundulus diaphanus
1045:Fundulus diaphanus
1015:"Banded Killifish"
956:Fundulus diaphanus
948:Fundulus diaphanus
874:Fundulus diaphanus
822:Fundulus diaphanus
630:, and other small
453:Waccamaw killifish
395:
308:Fundulus diaphanus
179:Fundulus diaphanus
127:Cyprinodontiformes
2194:
2193:
2166:Open Tree of Life
1927:Taxon identifiers
1505:, in the field".
899:Freshwater Fishes
695:Shoaling behavior
586:Megaceryle alcyon
299:
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289:Fundulus extensus
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269:(Lesueur, 1817)
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1615:(8): 1675–1678.
1600:
1591:
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1507:Animal Behaviour
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1300:(3–4): 293–300.
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592:Mergus merganser
539:, northern pike
347:, including the
303:banded killifish
291:
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181:
78:
77:
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2140:Observation.org
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2016:
2011:
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1998:
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1929:
1890:eNature article
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1706:10.1139/z02-036
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739:dilution effect
735:
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496:
484:F. d. diaphanus
465:
431:F. d. diaphanus
423:F. d. diaphanus
407:F. d. diaphanus
387:
361:
274:Fundulus menona
261:Lesueur, 1817
253:Lesueur, 1817
203:F. d. diaphanus
190:
183:
177:
164:
72:
64:
53:
49:
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17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
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1879:External links
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1846:(1): 119–125.
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1730:(3): 611–615.
1711:
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1586:978-1405114165
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1548:(1): 155–164.
1532:
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531:predatory fish
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343:, and west to
341:South Carolina
331:of the family
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469:Pee Dee River
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170:Binomial name
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61:
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55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1934:
1843:
1839:
1836:F. diaphanus
1835:
1831:
1825:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1777:(1): 40–49.
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1727:
1723:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1673:(1): 29–40.
1670:
1666:
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1643:
1639:
1635:
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1431:
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1357:
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1189:(1): 45–52.
1186:
1182:
1179:, in Canada"
1176:
1168:
1154:cite journal
1145:
1141:
1135:
1118:
1112:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:
1052:
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1018:
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987:the original
977:
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955:
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833:
827:
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779:
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763:conspecifics
759:
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673:
661:
616:water column
613:
601:
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546:
540:
534:
497:
488:
483:
476:Newfoundland
473:
466:
456:
450:
445:
439:
435:F. d. menona
434:
430:
427:F. d. menona
426:
422:
419:F. d. menona
418:
415:F. d. menona
414:
411:F. d. menona
410:
406:
404:
400:total length
396:
374:
370:
364:
362:
337:Newfoundland
326:
307:
306:
302:
300:
288:
273:
265:
257:
249:
212:D. S. Jordan
208:F. d. menona
207:
202:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
2114:NatureServe
2052:iNaturalist
1959:Wikispecies
1364:21 February
849:12 November
782:parasitized
644:cladocerans
632:crustaceans
545:, bluegill
542:Esox lucius
385:Description
349:Great Lakes
195:Subspecies
2201:Categories
1646:(3): 246.
1103:2021-03-16
1024:2021-03-16
993:2021-03-16
805:References
794:homogenous
775:phenotypes
755:alarm call
640:chironomid
622:, nymphs,
581:ecosystems
569:Indian Bay
565:euryhaline
527:hatchlings
333:Fundulidae
320:freshwater
137:Fundulidae
1667:Behaviour
1406:0003-0031
1322:0378-1909
1236:0020-9309
1069:0045-8511
958:in Canada
743:selection
726:vigilance
573:fish bait
557:predation
523:estuaries
507:juveniles
500:schooling
442:mummichog
375:diaphanus
359:Etymology
345:Minnesota
323:killifish
317:temperate
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2212:Fundulus
2119:2.104841
2070:10155705
2026:FishBase
1950:Q3075950
1944:Wikidata
1868:23225234
1860:19429206
1805:Ethology
1771:Ethology
1752:24479889
1527:53177142
1414:90073613
1330:34895066
881:FishBase
709:foraging
690:Behavior
680:clutches
648:copepods
642:larvae,
636:Mosquito
624:mollusks
577:aquarium
421:, 45–49
366:Fundulus
353:brackish
328:Fundulus
284:, 1877
282:Copeland
241:Synonyms
216:Copeland
148:Fundulus
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2044:5712054
1744:9784209
1562:2244463
1302:Bibcode
1077:1443036
718:compete
620:insects
595:), and
355:water.
313:species
189:, 1817)
187:Lesueur
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2184:159296
2171:159076
2158:159296
2145:795384
2096:202381
2083:165646
2057:101053
2018:FUNUDI
1974:ARKive
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967:24 May
925:
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750:detect
701:shoals
650:, and
597:herons
551:, and
521:, and
519:rivers
371:fundus
280:&
278:Jordan
218:, 1877
214:&
2179:WoRMS
2132:54267
2103:NAS:
2065:IRMNG
2005:6K3FB
1992:50262
1916:43228
1864:S2CID
1748:S2CID
1558:S2CID
1523:S2CID
1410:S2CID
1326:S2CID
1148:: 21.
1073:JSTOR
961:(PDF)
664:spawn
652:midge
553:trout
515:ponds
511:lakes
433:than
379:Greek
2153:OBIS
2127:NCBI
2091:IUCN
2078:ITIS
2039:GBIF
2031:3190
2013:EPPO
1987:BOLD
1910:USGS
1856:PMID
1834:and
1740:PMID
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1581:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1440:2023
1402:ISSN
1366:2023
1318:ISSN
1265:2013
1232:ISSN
1160:link
1065:ISSN
1053:1974
969:2023
923:ISBN
903:ISBN
851:2021
834:2013
610:Diet
503:fish
451:The
301:The
2106:685
2000:CoL
1848:doi
1813:doi
1779:doi
1775:102
1732:doi
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