298:, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U.S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep-groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries.
266:) the necessary slight clearance between the bearing balls and races. Pairing also provides an advantage of evenly distributing the loads, nearly doubling the total load capacity compared to a single bearing. Angular contact bearings are almost always used in opposing pairs: the asymmetric design of each bearing supports axial loads in only one direction, so an opposed pair is required if the application demands support in both directions. The preloading force must be designed and assembled carefully, because it deducts from the axial force capacity of the bearings and can damage bearings if applied excessively. The pairing mechanism may simply face the bearings together directly, or separate them with a shim, bushing, or shaft feature.
46:
54:
376:
the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the
221:
both the radial and axial directions) and the contact angle of the bearing should be matched to the relative proportions of each. The larger the contact angle (typically in the range 10 to 45 degrees), the higher the axial load supported, but the lower the radial load. In high-speed applications, such as turbines, jet engines, and dentistry equipment, the centrifugal forces generated by the balls changes the contact angle at the inner and outer race. Ceramics such as
276:
426:
321:
relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot-fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race).
521:
399:
was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self-aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the
364:
Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad-style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces
220:
races. An axial load passes in a straight line through the bearing, whereas a radial load takes an oblique path that acts to separate the races axially. So, the angle of contact on the inner race is the same as that on the outer race. Angular contact bearings better support combined loads (loading in
630:
A sideways torque on a radial bearing also applies pressure to the cage that holds the rolling elements at equal distances, due to the rolling elements trying to all slide together at the location of highest sideways torque. If the cage collapses or breaks apart, the rolling elements group together,
398:
bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing
357:
Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through-hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However, such flanges are
797:
If an axle has two bearings, and temperature varies, axle shrinks or expands, therefore it is not admissible for both bearings to be fixed on both their sides, since expansion of axle would exert axial forces that would destroy these bearings. Therefore, at least one of the bearings must be able to
721:
If the viscosity of lubricant is higher than recommended, lifespan of bearing increases, roughly proportional to square root of viscosity. If the viscosity of the lubricant is lower than recommended, the lifespan of the bearing decreases, and by how much depends on which type of oil being used. For
605:
If a bearing is not rotating, maximum load is determined by force that causes plastic deformation of elements or raceways. The indentations caused by the elements can concentrate stresses and generate cracks at the components. Maximum load for not or very slowly rotating bearings is called "static"
387:
These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and
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design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double-row bearings as compared to single-row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double-row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double-row
784:
If both axial and radial loads are present, they can be added vectorially, to result in the total load on bearing, which in combination with nominal maximum load can be used to predict lifespan. However, in order to correctly predict the rating life of ball bearings the ISO/TS 16281 should be used
585:
The calculated life for a bearing is based on the load it carries and its operating speed. The industry standard usable bearing lifespan is inversely proportional to the bearing load cubed. Nominal maximum load of a bearing, is for a lifespan of 1 million rotations, which at 50 Hz (i.e., 3000
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Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against
327:
Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re-assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again,
780:
Often Conrad-style ball bearings will exhibit contact ellipse truncation under axial load. That means that either the ID of the outer ring is large enough, or the OD of the inner ring is small enough, so as to reduce the area of contact between the balls and raceway. When this is the case, it can
225:
are now regularly used in such applications due to their low density (40% of steel). These materials significantly reduce centrifugal force and function well in high temperature environments. They also tend to wear in a similar way to bearing steel—rather than cracking or shattering like glass or
626:
If a sideways torque is applied to a deep groove radial bearing, an uneven force in the shape of an ellipse is applied on the outer ring by the rolling elements, concentrating in two regions on opposite sides of the outer ring. If the outer ring is not strong enough, or if it is not sufficiently
320:
Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the
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radial bearing, the race dimensions are close to the dimensions of the balls that run in it. Deep-groove bearings support higher loads than a shallower groove. Like angular contact bearings, deep-groove bearings support both radial and axial loads, but without a choice of contact angle to allow
829:
If a shaft is supported by two bearings, and the center-lines of rotation of these bearings are not the same, then large forces are exerted on the bearing, which may destroy it. Some very small amount of misalignment is acceptable, and how much depends on type of bearing. For bearings that are
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designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the
820:
Fittings that are not allowed to slip are made to diameters that prevent slipping and consequently the mating surfaces cannot be brought into position without force. For small bearings this is best done with a press because tapping with a hammer damages both bearing and shaft, while for large
725:
Lubrication can be done with a grease, which has advantages that grease is normally held within the bearing releasing the lubricant oil as it is compressed by the balls. It provides a protective barrier for the bearing metal from the environment, but has disadvantages that this grease must be
781:
significantly increase the stresses in the bearing, often invalidating rules of thumb regarding relationships between radial and axial load capacity. With construction types other than Conrad, one can further decrease the outer ring ID and increase the inner ring OD to guard against this.
597:. Many variations of the formula exist that include factors for material properties, lubrication, and loading. Factoring for loading may be viewed as a tacit admission that modern materials demonstrate a different relationship between load and life than Lundberg and Palmgren determined .
722:
oils with EP ('extreme pressure') additives, the lifespan is proportional to the square root of dynamic viscosity, just as it was for too high viscosity, while for ordinary oils lifespan is proportional to the square of the viscosity if a lower-than-recommended viscosity is used.
38:
313:
design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot-fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on
753:
If the bearing is used under oscillation, oil lubrication should be preferred. If grease lubrication is necessary, the composition should be adapted to the parameters that occur. Greases with a high bleeding rate and low base oil viscosity should be preferred if possible.
737:
Lubrication can also be done with an oil, which has advantage of higher maximum load, but needs some way to keep oil in bearing, as it normally tends to run out of it. For oil lubrication it is recommended that for applications where oil does not become warmer than
308:
radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot-fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a
627:
braced by the supporting structure, the outer ring will deform into an oval shape from the sideways torque stress, until the gap is large enough for the rolling elements to escape. The inner ring then pops out and the bearing structurally collapses.
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The part of a bearing that rotates (either axle hole or outer circumference) must be fixed, while for a part that does not rotate this is not necessary (so it can be allowed to slide). If a bearing is loaded axially, both sides must be fixed.
773:
For single-row deep-groove ball bearings, SKF's documentation says that maximum axial load is circa 50% of maximum radial load, but it also says that "light" and/or "small" bearings can take axial loads that are 25% of maximum radial load.
358:
very expensive to manufacture. A more cost-effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange.
830:
specifically made to be 'self-aligning', acceptable misalignment is between 1.5 and 3 degrees of arc. Bearings that are not designed to be self-aligning can accept misalignment of only 2–10 minutes of arc (0.033-0.166 degrees) .
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replaced periodically, and maximum load of bearing decreases (because if bearing gets too warm, grease melts and runs out of bearing). Time between grease replacements decreases very strongly with diameter of bearing: for a
365:
on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by
240:
ball bearing uses side-by-side races. An axial load is transmitted directly through the bearing, while a radial load is poorly supported and tends to separate the races, so that a larger radial load is likely to damage the
102:
loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a
381:
bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing.
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For a bearing to have its nominal lifespan at its nominal maximum load, it must be lubricated with a lubricant (oil or grease) that has at least the minimum dynamic viscosity (usually denoted with the Greek letter
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The ball size increases as the series increases, for any given inner diameter or outer diameter (not both). The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity. Series 200 and 300 are the most common.
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company designed a watch movement that used ball bearings to reduce the thickness of the movement. Using 0.20 mm balls, the
Calibre 1200 was only 1.2 mm thick, which still is the thinnest mechanical watch
642:
Bearings have static load ratings. These are based on not exceeding a certain amount of plastic deformation in the raceway. These ratings may be exceeded by a large amount for certain applications.
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If a bearing is rotating, but experiences heavy load that lasts shorter than one revolution, static max load must be used in computations, since the bearing does not rotate during the maximum load.
890:
wheel contains two bearings, which are subject to both axial and radial time-varying loads. Most commonly bearing 608-2Z is used (a deep groove ball bearing from series 60 with 8 mm bore diameter)
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for their size than other kinds of rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races. However, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races.
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liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking.
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this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction.
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The balls in ball bearings can also be configured in various ways. Ball bearings are used in a wide range of applications, some of which include skateboards and centrifugal pumps.
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For single-row edge-contact ball bearings, axial load can be about 2 times max radial load, and for cone-bearings maximum axial load is between 1 and 2 times maximum radial load.
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Most bearings are meant for supporting loads perpendicular to axle ("radial loads"). Whether they can also bear axial loads, and if so, how much, depends on the type of bearing.
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A 'freely sliding fit' is one where there is at least a 4 μm clearance, presumably because surface-roughness of a surface made on a lathe is normally between 1.6 and 3.2 μm.
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In general, maximum load on a ball bearing is proportional to outer diameter of the bearing times the width of the bearing (where width is measured in direction of axle).
295:
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bearings the necessary forces are so great that there is no alternative to heating one part before fitting, so that thermal expansion allows a temporary sliding fit.
680:
1186:
Maruyama, Taisuke; Saitoh, Tsuyoshi; Yokouchi, Atsushi (4 May 2017). "Differences in
Mechanisms for Fretting Wear Reduction between Oil and Grease Lubrication".
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RPM) is a lifespan of 5.5 working hours. 90% of bearings of that type have at least that lifespan, and 50% of bearings have a lifespan at least 5 times as long.
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There are several common designs of ball bearing, each offering various performance trade-offs. They can be made from many different materials, including
589:
The industry standard life calculation is based upon the work of
Lundberg and Palmgren performed in 1947. The formula assumes the life to be limited by
838:
In general, ball bearings are used in most applications that involve moving parts. Some of these applications have specific features and requirements:
346:
bearings. Most ball bearings are a single-row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A
226:
porcelain. Most bicycles use angular-contact bearings in the headsets because the forces on these bearings are in both the radial and axial direction.
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and spinning device bearings used to be highly spherical and were said to be the best spherical manufactured shapes, but this is no longer true for
609:
Also, if a bearing is not rotating, oscillating forces on the bearing can cause impact damage to the bearing race or the rolling elements, known as
1110:
262:, where two individual bearings are rigidly fastened along a rotating shaft to face each other. This improves the axial runout by taking up (
107:
or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling, they have a much lower
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shafts. Materials include M50 tool steel (AMS6491), carbon chrome steel (AMS6444), the corrosion resistant AMS5930, 440C stainless steel,
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but the engine has an oil filter to maintain oil quality; therefore, the oil is usually changed less frequently than the oil in bearings.
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Although bearings had been developed since ancient times, the first modern recorded patent on ball bearings was awarded to
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axle journals. Side rod action of newest high speed steam locomotives before railroads were converted to diesel engines.
30:
For individual balls used in this kind of bearing that are sometimes incorrectly called "ball bearings" themselves, see
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bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single-row bearings.
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Bearings can withstand their maximum load only if the mating parts are properly sized. Bearing manufacturers supply
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For a rotating bearing, the dynamic load capacity indicates the load to which the bearing endures 1,000,000 cycles.
473:
155:
in 1794. His was the first modern ball-bearing design, with the ball running along a groove in the axle assembly.
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A novel antifriction device that
Harrison developed for H-3 survives to the present day – ...caged ball bearings.
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Bicycle
History, Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology by David Mozer
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occurs if the bearing only rotates across a short arc and pushes lubricant out away from the rolling elements.
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165:, designed the first radial style ball bearing in 1869, which was then fitted to the winning bicycle ridden by
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are used in many applications on commercial, private and military aircraft including pulleys, gearboxes and
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17:
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The recommended dynamic viscosity decreases with rotating frequency. As a rough indication: for less than
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For a bearing to operate properly, it needs to be lubricated. In most cases the lubricant is based on
692:, recommended viscosity increases with factor 6 for a factor 10 decrease in speed, and for more than
1229:
Schwack, Fabian; Bader, Norbert; Leckner, Johan; Demaille, Claire; Poll, Gerhard (15 August 2020).
742:, oil should be replaced once a year, while for applications where oil does not become warmer than
400:
138:
45:
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108:
77:
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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Note that dynamic viscosity of oil varies strongly with temperature: a temperature increase of
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897:, ranging from beginner to professional or competition grade, incorporate ball bearings.
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for the fit of the shaft and the housing so that this can be achieved. The material and
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For a bearing where average of outer diameter of bearing and diameter of axle hole is
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685:
The recommended dynamic viscosity is inversely proportional to diameter of bearing.
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696:, recommended viscosity decreases with factor 3 for a factor 10 increase in speed.
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1004:(Improvements in bicycles), French patent no. 86,680, issued: 2 August 1869,
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toys use multiple ball bearings to add weight, and to allow the toy to spin.
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
957: – Mechanical bearing designed to provide free motion in one direction
861:
842:
186:
94:
The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support
1231:"A study of grease lubricants under wind turbine pitch bearing conditions"
205:). A hybrid ball bearing is a bearing with ceramic balls and metal races.
41:
Working principle for a ball bearing; red dots show direction of rotation.
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bearing, grease should be replaced every 5000 working hours, while for a
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746:, oil should be replaced 4 times per year. For car engines, oil becomes
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610:
258:
The above basic types of bearings are typically applied in a method of
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403:, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The
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effect (by oil or grease) but working at extreme temperatures
37:
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the inner ring loses support, and may pop out of the center.
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in the mid-18th century as part of his work on chronographs.
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111:
than if two flat surfaces were sliding against each other.
57:
A ball bearing for skateboard wheels with a plastic cage
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bearing it should be replaced every 500 working hours.
252:
choice of relative proportion of these load capacities.
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668:
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and that the life distribution can be described by a
151:who created the first design for a ball bearing in
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674:
407:is another invention derived from the findings by
294:-style ball bearing is named after its inventor,
1297:
1046:Brumbach, Michael E.; Clade, Jeffrey A. (2003),
1268:Wristwatches – Armbanduhren – Montres-bracelets
718:causes the viscosity to decrease by factor 10.
581:Rolling-element bearing § Bearing failure
1045:
770:) are specifically designed for axial loads.
1006:Bulletin des lois de la République française
849:, and more and more are being replaced with
452:introducing citations to additional sources
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981:"Double- Row Angular Contact Ball Bearings"
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928:Rolling-element bearing § Designation
1270:. Köln, Germany: Könnemann. p. 454.
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1015:(Paris, France: Paul Ollendorff, 1891),
785:with the help of a calculation software.
562:Learn how and when to remove this message
394:Self-aligning ball bearings, such as the
49:A four-point angular-contact ball bearing
1033:. Ibike.org. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
1002:"Perfectionnements dans les vélocipèdes"
442:Relevant discussion may be found on the
372:Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls
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169:in the world's first bicycle road race,
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84:to maintain the separation between the
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1082:. London: Fourth Estate. p. 103.
1052:, Cengage Learning, pp. 112–113,
282:developed a self-aligning ball bearing
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951: – American industry trade group
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1008:(1873), series 12, vol. 6, page 647.
945: – Low-friction linear actuator
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514:
419:
123:angular contact, axial, deep-groove,
121:Common ball bearing designs include
1013:Histoire générale de la vélocipédie
707:, recommended dynamic viscosity is
24:
1176:"Leerboek wentellagers", SKF, 1985
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114:Ball bearings tend to have lower
682:) recommended for that bearing.
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435:relies largely or entirely on a
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949:Bearing Specialists Association
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789:Avoiding undesirable axial load
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405:spherical roller thrust bearing
27:Type of rolling-element bearing
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613:. A second lesser form called
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1:
1200:10.1080/10402004.2016.1180469
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658:bearings are also available.
544:Knowledge's inclusion policy
7:
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1244:10.1016/j.wear.2020.203335
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703:, and that is rotating at
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216:ball bearing uses axially
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68:self-aligning ball bearing
29:
1266:Brunner, Gisbert (1999).
1107:"Manufacturing and sales"
1011:Louis Baudry de Saunier,
1316:Rolling-element bearings
825:Avoiding torsional loads
401:spherical roller bearing
817:may also be specified.
147:, a Welsh inventor and
109:coefficient of friction
78:rolling-element bearing
1188:Tribology Transactions
1049:Industrial Maintenance
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384:Fully ceramic bearings
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1326:Bearings (mechanical)
1109:. SKF. Archived from
955:Linear-motion bearing
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579:Further information:
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56:
48:
40:
675:{\displaystyle \nu }
666:
595:Weibull distribution
448:improve this article
416:Operating conditions
173:, in November 1869.
1237:. 454–455: 203335.
915:Railroad locomotive
766:(commonly found on
139:History of bearings
1321:British inventions
1306:1869 introductions
869:Aerospace bearings
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652:elastohydrodynamic
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271:Construction types
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1311:French inventions
1059:978-0-7668-2695-3
909:centrifugal pumps
758:Direction of load
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1113:on 8 April 2014
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987:on 11 May 2013.
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847:hard disk drive
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311:full complement
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260:preloaded pairs
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214:angular contact
209:Angular contact
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446:. Please help
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465: –
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437:single source
433:This section
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843:Computer fan
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74:ball bearing
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18:Ball-bearing
1074:Sobel, Dava
1017:pages 62–63
922:Designation
768:lazy susans
748:100 °C
744:100 °C
646:Lubrication
249:deep-groove
244:Deep-groove
171:Paris-Rouen
167:James Moore
66:Wingqvist's
1300:Categories
1117:5 December
967:References
943:Ball screw
888:skateboard
873:jet engine
811:tolerances
740:50 °C
611:brinelling
540:relocating
474:newspapers
348:double-row
344:double-row
340:single-row
264:preloading
218:asymmetric
153:Carmarthen
149:ironmaster
80:that uses
1253:0043-1648
1216:138588351
1208:1040-2004
1079:Longitude
1000:Suriray,
865:movement.
670:ν
552:June 2023
504:June 2023
444:talk page
409:Wingqvist
396:Wingqvist
338:designs:
314:strength.
306:slot-fill
301:Slot-fill
280:Wingqvist
1076:(1995).
937:See also
858:horology
815:hardness
705:3000 RPM
694:3000 RPM
690:3000 RPM
575:Lifespan
241:bearing.
798:slide.
488:scholar
354:Flanged
191:ceramic
133:History
86:bearing
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895:yo-yos
860:, the
732:100 mm
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378:hybrid
292:Conrad
287:Conrad
238:thrust
189:, and
96:radial
1212:S2CID
997:See:
900:Many
893:Many
728:40 mm
701:50 mm
495:JSTOR
481:books
361:Caged
304:In a
247:In a
234:axial
229:Axial
100:axial
89:races
82:balls
1272:ISBN
1249:ISSN
1235:Wear
1204:ISSN
1119:2013
1084:ISBN
1054:ISBN
467:news
331:Rows
290:The
197:, Si
125:and
98:and
1239:doi
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907:In
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805:Fit
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450:by
336:row
236:or
232:An
212:An
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