194:
1702:
270:. However, there is evidence that this grouping was more geographic than linguistic, and that the records of the "Santa Cruz Costanoan" language in fact represent several diverse dialects. A report from 1952 identified four different distinct forms of Costanoan and a more recent report from 2009 states, "No area in North America was more crowded with distinct languages and language families than central California at the time of Spanish contact."
176:
227:
Linguists originally called the language Santa Cruz after the mission in the area, but it was renamed to
Awaswas as part of a move in the late 1960s and early 1970s by graduate students at the University of California Berkeley to use native names for the Ohlone languages. 'Awaswas' is derived from
273:
The Ohlone language group is broken into branches with the most related languages grouped together. Awaswas has been grouped in both the northern and southern branches with different research disagreeing on the best fitting classification. Some branches within the Ohlone language group have been
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Tribal
Chairman Valentin Lopez stated that "his great-great-grandmother was the last of the Awaswas speakers."
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572:
358:
274:
described as being as similar to each other as different local dialects of
Italian, while others, such as
1675:
1570:
1414:
1110:
1097:
224:. The last speaker of Awaswas died in the 19th century, and the language has been extinct ever since.
1728:
1350:
613:
513:
A Time of Little Choice: The
Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1910
1488:
1419:
150:
390:"Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today"
838:
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1130:
1116:
961:
1375:
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259:
982:
975:
545:. Santa Cruz County History Journal, Number 5. Santa Cruz, CA: Museum of Art & History.
1277:
1257:
892:
628:
251:
947:
359:"California Indian Linguistic Records: The Mission Indian Vocabularies of Alphonse Pinart"
8:
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937:
528:
The
Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area, A Research Guide
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20:
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193:
42:
282:, and Awaswas "were as closely related as French, Spanish, and Portuguese."
1455:
408:
130:
807:
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A Gathering of Voices: The Native
Peoples of the Central California Coast
286:
237:
592:"Papers of John P. Harrington, Part 2, Northern and Central California"
52:
643:
692:
159:
143:
175:
292:
388:
Milliken, Randall; Shoup, Laurence H.; Oritz, Beverly R. (2009).
707:
644:
372:(1). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
470:"Healing ceremonies recall California Mission heritage"
229:
530:. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1997.
387:
308:Ohlone tribes and villages in Santa Cruz Mountains
515:Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1995.
266:. Awaswas became the main language spoken at the
1720:
448:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
823:
629:
413:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
837:
467:
830:
816:
636:
622:
241:Area where the Utian languages were spoken
174:
236:
192:
1721:
586:
356:
811:
617:
506:Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin
502:Handbook of the Indians of California
406:
394:Government Documents and Publications
325:
323:
234:, meaning 'north-people from there'.
383:
381:
379:
352:
350:
216:. It was historically spoken by the
508:No. 78. (map of villages, page 465)
254:and along the coast of present-day
13:
1734:Extinct languages of North America
320:
14:
1750:
557:
376:
347:
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1700:
596:Open Language Archives Community
649:Indigenous people of California
222:indigenous people of California
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435:
400:
1:
703:Verona Band of Alameda County
490:
180:Map of Ohlone varieties with
7:
713:List of tribes and villages
569:California Language Archive
410:California Indian languages
357:Heizer, R. F., ed. (1952).
335:California Language Archive
301:
10:
1755:
850:indicate extinct languages
468:Donna Jones (2012-12-21).
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541:Yamane, Linda, ed. 2002.
250:The Awaswas lived in the
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120:
112:
68:
58:
48:
38:
33:
28:
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19:Not to be confused with
839:Languages of California
366:Anthropological Records
230:
16:Extinct Ohlone language
1739:Santa Cruz, California
1684:American Sign Language
734:Traditional narratives
407:Golla, Victor (2011).
242:
202:
1290:Southern Sierra Miwok
1284:Northern Sierra Miwok
739:Hunting and gathering
240:
196:
1278:Central Sierra Miwok
252:Santa Cruz Mountains
1615:Californian Spanish
511:Milliken, Randall.
504:. Washington, D.C:
474:Santa Cruz Sentinel
21:Santa Cruz language
1603:California English
1534:Language isolates
1227:TuleāKaweah Yokuts
1213:Kings River Yokuts
1199:Buena Vista Yokuts
588:Harrington, John P
526:Teixeira, Lauren.
498:Kroeber, Alfred L.
268:Mission Santa Cruz
243:
212:, is one of eight
203:
199:Mission Santa Cruz
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1715:
1692:
1691:
1579:
1578:
1111:Southeastern Pomo
1098:Northeastern Pomo
805:
804:
420:978-0-520-26667-4
258:from present-day
256:Santa Cruz County
201:, reconstruction.
191:
190:
1746:
1729:Ohlone languages
1704:
1703:
1598:American English
1588:
1587:
1571:Plains Sign Talk
1536:and unclassified
1351:New River Shasta
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861:
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598:. Archived from
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1608:Chicano English
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1489:Southern Patwin
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1409:LuiseƱo-JuaneƱo
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218:Awaswas people
197:Chapel of the
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137:Language codes
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116:four varieties
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1187:Klamath-Modoc
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1131:Southern Pomo
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1117:Northern Pomo
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602:on 2014-04-09
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
575:on 2013-04-25
574:
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552:
551:0-940283-11-5
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536:0-87919-141-4
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521:0-87919-132-5
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185: Awaswas
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149:(included in
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43:United States
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1272:Plains Miwok
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1185:
1163:
1156:
1129:
1124:Central Pomo
1122:
1115:
1105:Eastern Pomo
1103:
1096:
1089:
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1052:
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1032:
1031:
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974:
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946:
936:
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917:
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761:
647:(Costanoan)
604:. Retrieved
600:the original
595:
577:. Retrieved
573:the original
568:
542:
527:
523:(alk. paper)
512:
505:
501:
477:. Retrieved
473:
463:
452:. Retrieved
446:
437:
409:
402:
393:
369:
365:
338:. Retrieved
334:
284:
272:
249:
226:
209:
205:
204:
158:
97:
64:19th century
1451:TĆ¼batulabal
1376:Uto Aztecan
1258:Coast Miwok
290: [
287:Amah Mutsun
1723:Categories
1666:Vietnamese
1265:Lake Miwok
962:PurisimeƱo
893:Athabaskan
857:Indigenous
606:2012-07-28
579:2012-07-28
491:References
479:2012-12-23
454:2012-07-28
340:2024-09-02
210:Santa Cruz
53:California
34:Santa Cruz
1550:Chimariko
1402:Kitanemuk
1358:Okwanuchu
1251:Bay Miwok
1220:Palewyami
1074:Chimariko
1019:Ramaytush
1012:Chochenyo
983:VentureƱo
976:BarbareƱo
938:Chumashan
787:Ramaytush
772:Chochenyo
754:Languages
693:Ramaytush
678:Chochenyo
565:"Awaswas"
443:"Awaswas"
429:668191602
331:"Awaswas"
285:In 2012,
260:Davenport
231:Źawas-was
228:the term
160:Glottolog
144:ISO 639-3
80:Yok-Utian
1707:Category
1620:Armenian
1438:Tataviam
1425:Panamint
1396:Kawaiisu
1384:Cahuilla
1344:Konomihu
1178:Penutian
1152:Kumeyaay
1091:Atsugewi
1085:Achomawi
948:ObispeƱo
729:Religion
396:: 17ā36.
302:See also
293:Wikidata
167:sant1428
113:Dialects
94:Northern
1661:Tagalog
1651:Chinese
1635:Russian
1630:Punjabi
1625:Persian
1566:Takelma
1560:Salinan
1544:Esselen
1477:Nomlaki
1467:Wintuan
1431:Serrano
1334:Shastan
1320:Nisenan
1297:Maiduan
1137:Kashaya
1033:Awaswas
969:IneseƱo
955:CruzeƱo
926:Wailaki
912:Mattole
848:Italics
762:Awaswas
722:Culture
663:Awaswas
246:History
206:Awaswas
98:Awaswas
60:Extinct
29:Awaswas
1656:Korean
1508:Yukian
1483:Patwin
1445:Tongva
1390:CupeƱo
1365:Shasta
1314:Konkow
1193:Yokuts
1147:Mojave
1054:Chalon
1047:Rumsen
1040:Mutsun
1026:Tamyen
1005:Karkin
995:Ohlone
901:Tolowa
797:Tamyen
792:Rumsen
782:Mutsun
777:Karkin
767:Chalon
708:Yelamu
698:Tamyen
688:Mutsun
683:Karkin
673:Chalon
668:Rumsen
656:Groups
645:Ohlone
549:
534:
519:
500:1925.
427:
417:
280:Mutsun
276:Rumsen
183:
90:Ohlone
49:Region
1644:Asian
1555:Karuk
1524:Wappo
1496:Wintu
1309:Maidu
1303:Chico
1245:Miwok
1240:Wintu
1142:Washo
1080:Karuk
1065:Hokan
919:Cahto
882:Yurok
875:Wiyot
866:Algic
362:(PDF)
314:Notes
296:]
264:Aptos
220:, an
208:, or
131:Latin
85:Utian
1518:Yuki
1415:Mono
1165:Yahi
1158:Yana
906:Hupa
547:ISBN
532:ISBN
517:ISBN
425:OCLC
415:ISBN
1456:Ute
262:to
1725::
1563:,
1557:,
1553:,
1547:,
1521:,
594:.
590:.
567:.
472:.
445:.
423:.
392:.
378:^
370:15
368:.
364:.
349:^
333:.
322:^
278:,
831:e
824:t
817:v
637:e
630:t
623:v
609:.
582:.
538:.
482:.
457:.
431:.
343:.
153:)
23:.
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