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changed the character of the chemical testing laboratory by allowing significant increases in the numbers of samples that could be processed. Samples used in the analyzers include, but are not limited to, blood, serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other fluids from within the body. The design based on separating a continuously flowing stream with air bubbles largely reduced slow, clumsy, and error-prone manual methods of analysis. The types of tests include
381:(ESR) readers, while not strictly analysers, do preferably have to comply to the 2011-published CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) "Procedures for the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Test: H02-A5 and to the ICSH (International Council for Standardization in Haematology) published "ICSH review of the measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate", both indicating the only reference method, being Westergren, explicitly indicating the use of
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be transferred to sample cups. However, the need to protect the health and safety of laboratory staff has prompted many manufacturers to develop analysers that feature closed tube sampling, preventing workers from direct exposure to samples. Samples can be processed singly, in batches, or continuously.
137:
is an early example of an automated chemistry analyzer using a special flow technique named "continuous flow analysis (CFA)", invented in 1957 by
Leonard Skeggs, PhD and first made by the Technicon Corporation. The first applications were for clinical (medical) analysis. The AutoAnalyzer profoundly
102:
of samples are often loaded into racks. These racks can be inserted directly into some analysers or, in larger labs, moved along an automated track. More manual methods include inserting tubes directly into circular carousels that rotate to make the sample available. Some analysers require samples to
357:
as an anticoagulant. These are used because the mechanism behind the anticoagulant effect of sodium citrate is reversible. Depending on the test, different substances can be added to the blood plasma to trigger a clotting reaction. The progress of clotting may be monitored optically by measuring the
94:
is the most common method for testing the amount of a specific analyte in a sample. In this technique, the sample undergoes a reaction to produce a color change. Then, a photometer measures the absorbance of the sample to indirectly measure the concentration of analyte present in the sample. The use
402:
test. Other tests are esoteric in nature—they are performed less frequently than other tests, and are generally more expensive and time-consuming to perform. Even so, the current shortage of qualified clinical laboratory professionals has spurred manufacturers to develop automated systems for even
277:
Optical detection may be utilised to gain a differential count of the populations of white cell types. A dilute suspension of cells is passed through a flow cell, which passes cells one at a time through a capillary tube past a laser beam. The reflectance, transmission and scattering of light from
252:
Automated cell counters sample the blood, and quantify, classify, and describe cell populations using both electrical and optical techniques. Electrical analysis involves passing a dilute solution of the blood through an aperture across which an electrical current is flowing. The passage of cells
177:
differences. Enzymes may be measured by the rate they change one coloured substance to another; in these tests, the results for enzymes are given as an activity, not as a concentration of the enzyme. Other tests use colorimetric changes to determine the concentration of the chemical in question.
273:
intact. Then the solution is passed through a second detector. This allows the counts of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets to be obtained. The platelet count is easily separated from the WBC count by the smaller impedance spikes they produce in the detector due to their lower cell volumes.
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47:
44:
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126:. Automation of the testing process has reduced testing time for many analytes from days to minutes. The history of discrete sample analysis for the clinical laboratory began with the introduction of the "Robot Chemist" invented by
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blood (with sodium citrate), in 200 mm pipettes, bore 2.55 mm. After 30 or 60 minutes being in a vertical position, with no draughts and vibration or direct sunlight allowed, an optical reader determines how far the
95:
of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) is another common analytical method that specifically measures ion concentrations. This typically measures the concentrations of sodium, calcium or potassium present in the sample.
46:
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prior to counting. Some analysers have a modular slide maker which is able to both produce a blood film of consistent quality and stain the film, which is then reviewed by a medical laboratory professional.
303:
counts can now be performed by many analysers, giving an alternative to time-consuming manual counts. Many automated reticulocyte counts, like their manual counterparts, employ the use of a
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569:"A Beginners Guide to Ion-Selective Electrodes. All you need to know about theory and practice of ISE measurements, with comprehensive Electrochemical Glossary"
494:
586:
53:
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Some tests and test categories are unique in their mechanism or scope, and require a separate analyser for only a few tests, or even for only
681:
330:
Automated coagulation machines or
Coagulometers measure the ability of blood to clot by performing any of several types of tests including
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each cell is analysed by sophisticated software giving a numerical representation of the likely overall distribution of cell populations.
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and other qualified clinical laboratory professionals), but it does ease concerns about error reduction, staffing concerns, and safety.
39:
quickly, with minimal human assistance. These measured properties of blood and other fluids may be useful in the diagnosis of disease.
629:
480:
495:"Tanner Medical Center Uses Revolutionary SYNCHRON LX®i 725 To Consolidate Testing, Reduce Sample Handling And Increase Safety"
17:
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The automation of laboratory testing does not remove the need for human expertise (results must still be evaluated by
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671:
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1. Rosenfeld, Louis. Four
Centuries of Clinical Chemistry. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1999.
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instrument designed to measure various substances and other characteristics in a number of biological
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absorbance of a particular wavelength of light by the sample and how it changes over time.
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When concentration of these compounds is too low to cause a measurable increase in
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Coagulometers require blood samples that have been drawn in tubes containing
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These are machines that process a large portion of the samples going into a
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300:
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261:). A lytic reagent is added to the blood solution to selectively lyse the
630:"Public Health Workforce Shortage: Laboratory Scientists and Technicians"
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Analysers that fall into this category include instruments that perform:
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Racks: for putting samples, quality controls or calibrations. Cobas 6000
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and other reactions that employ the use of antibody-antigen reactions.
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There are various methods of introducing samples into the analyser.
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Antibodies are used by some analysers to detect many substances by
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when bound to antibody, more specialised methods must be used.
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139:
67:
59:
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Beckman
Chemistry analysers: Access (left); Synchron (right).
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Aliquotting and routing of samples throughout the laboratory
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StaRRsed
Inversa, automated Westergren-based ESR 'analyzer'
410:
289:
morphological information that may be used for flagging
75:
281:
Some of the latest hematology instruments may report
173:, which let one type of ion through, and measure
113:
658:
612:"New methylene blue - Biology-Online Dictionary"
293:abnormalities that trigger the suspect of some
200:Recent developments include automation for the
372:
587:"CoulterCounter.com - the Coulter Principle"
87:These tubes are put in the racks for testing
342:commonly used for therapeutic evaluation),
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481:"Clinical Chemistry Analyzers Technology"
181:
154:, and other tell-tale chemicals (such as
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82:
74:
66:
58:
41:
211:
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659:
130:and introduced commercially in 1959.
682:Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche
390:have fallen by detecting the level.
169:Simple ions are often measured with
24:
311:to stain the red cells containing
25:
693:
319:
253:through the current changes the
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178:Turbidity may also be measured.
635:. December 2004. Archived from
228:erythrocyte sedimentation rates
622:
604:
579:
561:
536:
518:
487:
473:
403:these rarely performed tests.
379:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
114:Routine biochemistry analysers
13:
1:
544:"Clinical Chemistry Analyzer"
526:"Microbiology Solutions - BD"
466:
440:Comprehensive metabolic panel
248:White blood cell differential
332:Partial thromboplastin times
142:levels (such as many of the
7:
549:. World Health Organization
433:
350:assays, and factor assays.
257:between the terminals (the
10:
698:
373:Other hematology apparatus
323:
241:
222:These are used to perform
215:
417:Osmolarity and osmolality
450:
171:ion selective electrodes
394:Miscellaneous analysers
616:www.biology-online.org
426:(haemoglobin A1C), and
413:labeling and detection
366:
182:Immuno-based analysers
88:
80:
72:
64:
56:
672:Measuring instruments
364:
324:Further information:
265:(RBCs), leaving only
224:complete blood counts
108:medical technologists
86:
78:
70:
62:
52:
667:Laboratory equipment
445:Medical technologist
424:glycated haemoglobin
338:(and the calculated
283:Cell Population Data
244:Complete blood count
212:Hematology analysers
206:transfusion medicine
146:), ion levels (e.g.
144:liver function tests
463:. Pp. 490–492
344:Lupus anticoagulant
326:Coagulation testing
218:Hematology analyzer
204:lab, also known as
677:Clinical pathology
367:
309:new methylene blue
124:medical laboratory
89:
81:
73:
65:
57:
33:medical laboratory
29:automated analyser
18:Automated analyzer
618:. 7 October 2019.
336:Prothrombin times
259:Coulter principle
202:immunohaematology
63:Roche Cobas u 411
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16:(Redirected from
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589:. Archived from
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573:www.nico2000.net
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500:. Archived from
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285:that consist in
54:Roche Cobas 6000
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422:Measurement of
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355:sodium citrate
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305:supravital dye
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216:Main article:
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642:on 2007-10-06
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593:on 2007-09-28
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507:on 2007-09-28
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461:90-5699-645-2
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238:Cell counters
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644:. Retrieved
637:the original
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595:. Retrieved
591:the original
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551:. Retrieved
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509:. Retrieved
502:the original
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301:Reticulocyte
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269:(WBCs), and
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135:AutoAnalyzer
132:
117:
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28:
26:
419:measurement
267:white cells
232:coagulation
230:(ESRs), or
188:immunoassay
128:Hans Baruch
122:or private
661:Categories
646:2007-08-26
597:2007-08-26
530:www.bd.com
511:2007-08-26
467:References
377:Automatic
242:See also:
164:creatinine
100:Test tubes
92:Photometry
388:red cells
346:screens,
313:reticulin
287:Leukocyte
271:platelets
263:red cells
255:impedance
195:turbidity
152:potassium
434:See also
307:such as
295:diseases
120:hospital
383:diluted
348:D dimer
234:tests.
175:voltage
156:glucose
37:samples
553:15 May
459:
148:sodium
140:enzyme
640:(PDF)
633:(PDF)
547:(PDF)
505:(PDF)
498:(PDF)
451:Notes
162:, or
31:is a
555:2020
457:ISBN
340:INRs
291:Cell
246:and
150:and
133:The
411:DNA
400:one
369:..
166:).
27:An
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571:.
528:.
334:,
297:.
226:,
208:.
158:,
649:.
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
