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changed the character of the chemical testing laboratory by allowing significant increases in the numbers of samples that could be processed. Samples used in the analyzers include, but are not limited to, blood, serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other fluids from within the body. The design based on separating a continuously flowing stream with air bubbles largely reduced slow, clumsy, and error-prone manual methods of analysis. The types of tests include
370:(ESR) readers, while not strictly analysers, do preferably have to comply to the 2011-published CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) "Procedures for the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Test: H02-A5 and to the ICSH (International Council for Standardization in Haematology) published "ICSH review of the measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate", both indicating the only reference method, being Westergren, explicitly indicating the use of
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be transferred to sample cups. However, the need to protect the health and safety of laboratory staff has prompted many manufacturers to develop analysers that feature closed tube sampling, preventing workers from direct exposure to samples. Samples can be processed singly, in batches, or continuously.
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is an early example of an automated chemistry analyzer using a special flow technique named "continuous flow analysis (CFA)", invented in 1957 by
Leonard Skeggs, PhD and first made by the Technicon Corporation. The first applications were for clinical (medical) analysis. The AutoAnalyzer profoundly
91:
of samples are often loaded into racks. These racks can be inserted directly into some analysers or, in larger labs, moved along an automated track. More manual methods include inserting tubes directly into circular carousels that rotate to make the sample available. Some analysers require samples to
346:
as an anticoagulant. These are used because the mechanism behind the anticoagulant effect of sodium citrate is reversible. Depending on the test, different substances can be added to the blood plasma to trigger a clotting reaction. The progress of clotting may be monitored optically by measuring the
83:
is the most common method for testing the amount of a specific analyte in a sample. In this technique, the sample undergoes a reaction to produce a color change. Then, a photometer measures the absorbance of the sample to indirectly measure the concentration of analyte present in the sample. The use
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test. Other tests are esoteric in nature—they are performed less frequently than other tests, and are generally more expensive and time-consuming to perform. Even so, the current shortage of qualified clinical laboratory professionals has spurred manufacturers to develop automated systems for even
266:
Optical detection may be utilised to gain a differential count of the populations of white cell types. A dilute suspension of cells is passed through a flow cell, which passes cells one at a time through a capillary tube past a laser beam. The reflectance, transmission and scattering of light from
241:
Automated cell counters sample the blood, and quantify, classify, and describe cell populations using both electrical and optical techniques. Electrical analysis involves passing a dilute solution of the blood through an aperture across which an electrical current is flowing. The passage of cells
166:
differences. Enzymes may be measured by the rate they change one coloured substance to another; in these tests, the results for enzymes are given as an activity, not as a concentration of the enzyme. Other tests use colorimetric changes to determine the concentration of the chemical in question.
262:
intact. Then the solution is passed through a second detector. This allows the counts of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets to be obtained. The platelet count is easily separated from the WBC count by the smaller impedance spikes they produce in the detector due to their lower cell volumes.
38:
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115:. Automation of the testing process has reduced testing time for many analytes from days to minutes. The history of discrete sample analysis for the clinical laboratory began with the introduction of the "Robot Chemist" invented by
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blood (with sodium citrate), in 200 mm pipettes, bore 2.55 mm. After 30 or 60 minutes being in a vertical position, with no draughts and vibration or direct sunlight allowed, an optical reader determines how far the
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of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) is another common analytical method that specifically measures ion concentrations. This typically measures the concentrations of sodium, calcium or potassium present in the sample.
35:
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prior to counting. Some analysers have a modular slide maker which is able to both produce a blood film of consistent quality and stain the film, which is then reviewed by a medical laboratory professional.
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counts can now be performed by many analysers, giving an alternative to time-consuming manual counts. Many automated reticulocyte counts, like their manual counterparts, employ the use of a
34:
558:"A Beginners Guide to Ion-Selective Electrodes. All you need to know about theory and practice of ISE measurements, with comprehensive Electrochemical Glossary"
483:
575:
42:
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Some tests and test categories are unique in their mechanism or scope, and require a separate analyser for only a few tests, or even for only
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319:
Automated coagulation machines or
Coagulometers measure the ability of blood to clot by performing any of several types of tests including
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each cell is analysed by sophisticated software giving a numerical representation of the likely overall distribution of cell populations.
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and other qualified clinical laboratory professionals), but it does ease concerns about error reduction, staffing concerns, and safety.
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quickly, with minimal human assistance. These measured properties of blood and other fluids may be useful in the diagnosis of disease.
618:
469:
484:"Tanner Medical Center Uses Revolutionary SYNCHRON LX®i 725 To Consolidate Testing, Reduce Sample Handling And Increase Safety"
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The automation of laboratory testing does not remove the need for human expertise (results must still be evaluated by
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1. Rosenfeld, Louis. Four
Centuries of Clinical Chemistry. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1999.
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instrument designed to measure various substances and other characteristics in a number of biological
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absorbance of a particular wavelength of light by the sample and how it changes over time.
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When concentration of these compounds is too low to cause a measurable increase in
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Coagulometers require blood samples that have been drawn in tubes containing
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These are machines that process a large portion of the samples going into a
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250:). A lytic reagent is added to the blood solution to selectively lyse the
619:"Public Health Workforce Shortage: Laboratory Scientists and Technicians"
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Analysers that fall into this category include instruments that perform:
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Racks: for putting samples, quality controls or calibrations. Cobas 6000
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and other reactions that employ the use of antibody-antigen reactions.
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There are various methods of introducing samples into the analyser.
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Antibodies are used by some analysers to detect many substances by
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when bound to antibody, more specialised methods must be used.
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128:
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60:
Beckman
Chemistry analysers: Access (left); Synchron (right).
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Aliquotting and routing of samples throughout the laboratory
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StaRRsed
Inversa, automated Westergren-based ESR 'analyzer'
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morphological information that may be used for flagging
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270:
Some of the latest hematology instruments may report
162:, which let one type of ion through, and measure
102:
647:
601:"New methylene blue - Biology-Online Dictionary"
282:abnormalities that trigger the suspect of some
189:Recent developments include automation for the
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576:"CoulterCounter.com - the Coulter Principle"
76:These tubes are put in the racks for testing
331:commonly used for therapeutic evaluation),
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470:"Clinical Chemistry Analyzers Technology"
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143:, and other tell-tale chemicals (such as
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63:
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30:
200:
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119:and introduced commercially in 1959.
671:Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche
379:have fallen by detecting the level.
158:Simple ions are often measured with
13:
300:to stain the red cells containing
14:
682:
308:
242:through the current changes the
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167:Turbidity may also be measured.
624:. December 2004. Archived from
217:erythrocyte sedimentation rates
611:
593:
568:
550:
525:
507:
476:
462:
392:these rarely performed tests.
368:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
103:Routine biochemistry analysers
1:
533:"Clinical Chemistry Analyzer"
515:"Microbiology Solutions - BD"
455:
429:Comprehensive metabolic panel
237:White blood cell differential
321:Partial thromboplastin times
131:levels (such as many of the
7:
538:. World Health Organization
422:
339:assays, and factor assays.
246:between the terminals (the
10:
687:
362:Other hematology apparatus
312:
230:
211:These are used to perform
204:
406:Osmolarity and osmolality
439:
160:ion selective electrodes
383:Miscellaneous analysers
605:www.biology-online.org
415:(haemoglobin A1C), and
402:labeling and detection
355:
171:Immuno-based analysers
77:
69:
61:
53:
45:
661:Measuring instruments
353:
313:Further information:
254:(RBCs), leaving only
213:complete blood counts
97:medical technologists
75:
67:
59:
51:
41:
656:Laboratory equipment
434:Medical technologist
413:glycated haemoglobin
327:(and the calculated
272:Cell Population Data
233:Complete blood count
201:Hematology analysers
195:transfusion medicine
135:), ion levels (e.g.
133:liver function tests
452:. Pp. 490–492
333:Lupus anticoagulant
315:Coagulation testing
207:Hematology analyzer
193:lab, also known as
666:Clinical pathology
356:
298:new methylene blue
113:medical laboratory
78:
70:
62:
54:
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22:medical laboratory
18:automated analyser
607:. 7 October 2019.
325:Prothrombin times
248:Coulter principle
191:immunohaematology
52:Roche Cobas u 411
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578:. Archived from
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562:www.nico2000.net
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489:. Archived from
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274:that consist in
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411:Measurement of
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344:sodium citrate
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294:supravital dye
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205:Main article:
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631:on 2007-10-06
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582:on 2007-09-28
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496:on 2007-09-28
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450:90-5699-645-2
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309:Coagulometers
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633:. Retrieved
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584:. Retrieved
580:the original
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540:. Retrieved
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498:. Retrieved
491:the original
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290:Reticulocyte
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258:(WBCs), and
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124:AutoAnalyzer
121:
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17:
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408:measurement
256:white cells
221:coagulation
219:(ESRs), or
177:immunoassay
117:Hans Baruch
111:or private
650:Categories
635:2007-08-26
586:2007-08-26
519:www.bd.com
500:2007-08-26
456:References
366:Automatic
231:See also:
153:creatinine
89:Test tubes
81:Photometry
377:red cells
335:screens,
302:reticulin
276:Leukocyte
260:platelets
252:red cells
244:impedance
184:turbidity
141:potassium
423:See also
296:such as
284:diseases
109:hospital
372:diluted
337:D dimer
223:tests.
164:voltage
145:glucose
26:samples
542:15 May
448:
137:sodium
129:enzyme
629:(PDF)
622:(PDF)
536:(PDF)
494:(PDF)
487:(PDF)
440:Notes
151:, or
20:is a
544:2020
446:ISBN
329:INRs
280:Cell
235:and
139:and
122:The
400:DNA
389:one
358:..
155:).
16:An
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
