60:. Normally, the immune system is able to recognize and ignore the body's own healthy proteins, cells, and tissues, and to not overreact to non-threatening substances in the environment, such as foods. Sometimes, the immune system ceases to recognize one or more of the body's normal constituents as "self", leading to production of pathological autoantibodies. Autoantibodies may also play a nonpathological role; for instance they may help the body to destroy cancers and to eliminate waste products. The role of autoantibodies in normal immune function is also a subject of scientific research.
69:
direct genetic link however. While families may be susceptible to autoimmune conditions, individual family members may have different autoimmune disorders, or may never develop an autoimmune condition. Researchers believe that there may also be a hormonal component as many of the autoimmune conditions are much more prevalent in women of childbearing age. While the initial event that leads to the production of autoantibodies is still unknown, there is a body of evidence that autoantibodies may have the capacity to maintain their production.
104:. Even if they are due to a particular systemic autoimmune condition, the symptoms will vary from person to person, vary over time, vary with organ involvement, and they may taper off or flare unexpectedly. Add to this the fact that a person may have more than one autoantibody, and thus have more than one autoimmune disorder, and/or have an autoimmune disorder without a detectable level of an autoantibody, complicating making a diagnosis.
205:
Antibody profiling is used for identifying persons from forensic samples. The technology can uniquely identify a person by analyzing the antibodies in body fluids. A unique, individual set of antibodies, called individual specific autoantibodies (ISA), is found in blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen,
83:
The type of autoimmune disorder or disease that occurs and the amount of destruction done to the body depends on which systems or organs are targeted by the autoantibodies, and how strongly. Disorders caused by organ specific autoantibodies, those that primarily target a single organ, (such as the
68:
The causes of autoantibody production are varied and not well understood. It is thought that some autoantibody production is due to a genetic predisposition combined with an environmental trigger, such as a viral illness or a prolonged exposure to certain toxic chemicals. There is generally not a
92:), are often the easiest to diagnose as they frequently present with organ related symptoms. Disorders due to systemic autoantibodies can be much more elusive. Although the associated autoimmune disorders are rare, the signs and symptoms they cause are relatively common. Symptoms may include:
107:
The diagnosis of disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies starts with a complete medical history and a thorough physical exam. Based on the patient's signs and symptoms, the doctor may request one or more diagnostic studies that will help to identify a specific disease. As a rule,
166:
Whether a particular autoantibody will be present is both very individual and a matter of statistics. Each will be present in a certain percentage of people who have a particular autoimmune disorder. For instance, up to 80% of those with SLE will have a positive double strand
131:(ANA) test is often ordered first. ANA is a marker of the autoimmune process – it is positive with a variety of different autoimmune diseases but not specific. Consequently, if an ANA test is positive, it is often followed up with other tests associated with arthritis and
171:(anti-dsDNA) autoantibody test, but only about 25–30% will have a positive RNP. Some individuals who do have an autoimmune disorder will have negative autoantibody test results, but at a later date – as the disorder progresses - the autoantibodies may develop.
55:
in two ways: (i) randomly, and (ii) in response to a foreign protein or substance within the body. Initially, one B cell produces one specific kind of antibody. In either case, the B cell is allowed to proliferate or is killed off through a process called
150:
A single autoantibody test is not diagnostic, but may give clues as to whether a particular disorder is likely or unlikely to be present. Each autoantibody result should be considered individually and as part of the group. Some disorders, such as
206:
perspiration, tears, and body tissues, and the antibodies are not affected by illness, medication, or food/drug intake. An unskilled technician using inexpensive equipment can complete a test in a couple of hours.
192:
Monitor the course of the disorder and the effectiveness of treatments. There is no prevention or cure for autoimmune disorders at this time. Treatment is used to alleviate symptoms and to help maintain body
1343:
Itoh S, Ichida T, Yoshida T, et al. (1998). "Autoantibodies against a 210 kDa glycoprotein of the nuclear pore complex as a prognostic marker in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis".
1556:
Kao, A. H.; Lacomis, D.; Lucas, M.; Fertig, N.; Oddis, C. V. (2004). "Anti-signal recognition particle autoantibody in patients with and patients without idiopathic inflammatory myopathy".
127:
Autoantibody tests may be ordered as part of an investigation of chronic progressive arthritis type symptoms and/or unexplained fevers, fatigue, muscle weakness and rashes. The
108:
information is required from multiple sources, rather than a single laboratory test to accurately diagnose disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies. Tests may include:
1293:"Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding a human nuclear antigen predominantly recognized by autoantibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis"
1204:
1641:
1673:
637:
96:-type joint pain, fatigue, fever, rashes, cold or allergy-type symptoms, weight loss, and muscular weakness. Associated conditions include
696:
2317:
988:
2114:
1162:
2383:
1666:
1386:
Pedreira S, Sugai E, Moreno ML, et al. (2005). "Significance of smooth muscle/anti-actin autoantibodies in celiac disease".
545:
1413:
Carroccio A, Brusca I, Iacono G, et al. (2007). "IgA anti-actin antibodies ELISA in coeliac disease: A multicentre study".
1186:
Böhm I. Apoptosis: the link between autoantibodies and leuko-/lymphocytopenia in patients. Scand J Rheumatol 2004;33: 409 - 416
938:
875:
850:
1205:
https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/idaho_national_laboratory_biological_systems/352/molecular_forensics/2691
1600:
1227:
782:
767:
215:
Note: the sensitivity and specificity of various autoantibodies for a particular disease is different for different diseases.
163:(RNP), is the only one present. Those who have more than one autoimmune disorder may have several detectable autoantibodies.
2267:
1646:
596:
2322:
1659:
1157:
1028:
919:
1195:
Böhm I. Disruption of the cytoskeleton after apoptosis induction by autoantibodies. Autoimmunity 2003;36: 183 - 189
2356:
2296:
2147:
2005:
730:
615:
431:
419:
383:
1619:
1509:"A sensitive bead assay for antimitochondrial antibodies: Chipping away at AMA-negative primary biliary cirrhosis"
1039:
967:
329:
156:
2406:
2184:
2000:
140:
2174:
1943:
1130:
1117:
1033:
904:
761:
484:
351:
186:
2427:
2107:
574:
533:
379:
344:
299:
248:
152:
78:
2312:
2284:
2247:
2239:
2167:
789:
701:
679:
662:
460:
321:
2215:
2199:
1829:
822:
803:
274:
238:
89:
181:
Help determine the degree of organ or system involvement and damage (Along with other tests such as a
2401:
2140:
1507:
Oertelt S, Rieger R, Selmi C, Invernizzi P, Ansari A, Coppel R, Podda M, Leung P, Gershwin M (2007).
689:
589:
400:
1651:
2338:
1635:
957:
633:
564:
453:
2204:
1217:
2432:
2361:
2229:
2100:
2009:
1767:
1167:
948:
369:
2031:
1749:
1685:
1249:"Autoantibodies against nucleoporin p62 constitute a novel marker of primary biliary cirrhosis"
1143:
471:
2289:
2157:
2131:
1978:
1834:
1812:
953:
934:
503:
412:
407:
314:
168:
1642:
Detection of autoantibodies with self-assembling radiolabeled antigen tetramers (a protocol)
2372:
1995:
1928:
1839:
1763:
1460:"Detection of liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody using molecularly based immunoassays"
1104:
1055:
1012:
655:
552:
538:
517:
356:
233:
182:
128:
1631:
8:
2437:
2343:
2152:
2055:
1990:
1973:
1807:
1725:
973:
891:
854:
559:
390:
40:
267:
252:
1875:
1538:
1484:
1459:
1368:
1322:
1091:
914:
837:
807:
797:
424:
361:
144:
85:
36:
155:(SLE) may be more likely if several autoantibodies are present, while others, such as
2378:
1923:
1689:
1596:
1573:
1530:
1489:
1440:
1395:
1360:
1356:
1314:
1270:
1265:
1248:
1223:
887:
858:
751:
735:
645:
243:
160:
136:
1542:
1458:
Kerkar N, Ma Y, Davies ET, Cheeseman P, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D (December 2002).
1372:
1326:
2043:
1983:
1955:
1950:
1918:
1905:
1895:
1565:
1520:
1479:
1471:
1430:
1422:
1352:
1304:
1260:
993:
650:
2350:
1938:
1309:
1292:
1218:
Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007).
715:
706:
513:
57:
672:
1965:
1910:
1851:
1771:
1744:
870:
720:
521:
441:
395:
284:
209:
1426:
2421:
1933:
1822:
1006:
977:
817:
667:
336:
115:
x-rays and other imaging scans to detect changes in bones, joints, and organs
32:
35:
that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. Many
1900:
1885:
1880:
1715:
1577:
1534:
1493:
1444:
1399:
1069:
832:
745:
684:
584:
132:
1475:
1364:
1318:
1274:
929:
492:
478:
465:
112:
blood tests to detect inflammation, autoantibodies, and organ involvement
2222:
2023:
1776:
1682:
1435:
627:
607:
291:
279:
97:
1569:
1525:
1508:
2258:
2194:
2081:
1786:
1681:
1246:
1078:
1049:
610:
93:
2179:
2071:
1856:
1844:
1802:
1756:
1720:
777:
569:
528:
306:
24:
1625:
2092:
2076:
1890:
1739:
1710:
1015:, paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease associated with
516:(antibody levels correlate with the level of intestinal damage),
374:
52:
28:
2277:
2272:
2048:
2036:
1781:
1732:
1020:
997:
622:
601:
101:
508:
1506:
1247:
Wesierska-Gadek J, Hohenuer H, Hitchman E, Penner E (1996).
210:
List of some autoantibodies and commonly associated diseases
1073:
1065:
260:
118:
biopsies to look for pathologic changes in tissue specimens
1290:
2189:
498:
multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMN)
1457:
1555:
1412:
122:
159:(MCTD) may be more likely if a single autoantibody,
147:(CRP), and/or complement protein|complement levels.
1385:
1291:Szostecki C, Guldner HH, Netter HJ, Will H (1990).
1628:- summaries of research articles + glossary terms
1342:
2419:
861:, subacute sensory neuronopathy, choreathetosis
1163:Reference ranges for blood tests#Autoantibodies
1584:
16:Antibody directed against an autogenic protein
2108:
1667:
1591:Ropper, Allan H.; Samuels, Martin A. (2009).
1590:
1338:
1336:
1286:
1284:
1242:
1240:
638:eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
1451:
829:Anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs)
178:Help diagnose systemic autoimmune disorders.
100:which are inflammation of blood vessels and
1406:
1379:
2115:
2101:
1674:
1660:
1595:(9th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 656.
1593:Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology
1333:
1281:
1237:
1634:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1524:
1483:
1434:
1308:
1264:
174:Systemic autoantibody tests are used to:
196:Monitor remissions, flares, and relapses
1549:
1210:
1101:basement membrane in lungs and kidneys
1056:neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome)
640:, systemic vasculitides (non-specific)
546:Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody
43:) are associated with such antibodies.
2420:
939:paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
876:paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
851:paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
2096:
1655:
1622:Industrial Learning Unit on Chemgaroo
989:Collapsin response mediator protein 5
814:Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs)
783:small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
459:
200:
597:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
13:
2122:
1158:Anti-glutamate receptor antibodies
1098:Anti-glomerular basement membrane
920:paraneoplastic cerebellar syndrome
123:Indications for autoantibody tests
14:
2449:
1613:
1062:Anti-desmoglein (anti-desmosome)
768:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
1357:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.01553.x
1266:10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608894
731:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
616:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
432:Anti-transglutaminase antibodies
420:Anti-glycoprotein-210 antibodies
251:, neonatal heart block, primary
1500:
1137:Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor
1040:anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
976:, Isaac's Syndrome (autoimmune
968:voltage-gated potassium channel
330:Mixed connective tissue disease
157:mixed connective tissue disease
2001:Immunoglobulin class switching
1620:Autoimmunity – an Introduction
1198:
1189:
1180:
141:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1:
1173:
1034:N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
905:opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome
762:voltage-gated calcium channel
485:acute motor axonal neuropathy
352:Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
187:comprehensive metabolic panel
46:
1388:Acta Gastroenterol. Latinoam
1310:10.4049/jimmunol.145.12.4338
673:chronic autoimmune hepatitis
575:systemic lupus erythematosus
534:cyclic citrullinated peptide
249:systemic lupus erythematosus
153:systemic lupus erythematosus
79:Systemic autoimmune diseases
7:
2268:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
2240:Anti-mitochondrial antibody
1415:Digestive and Liver Disease
1151:
790:Anti-thyroid autoantibodies
702:signal recognition particle
680:Anti-mitochondrial antibody
663:Anti-smooth muscle antibody
581:Antiphospholipid antibodies
461:Anti-ganglioside antibodies
72:
51:Antibodies are produced by
10:
2454:
2384:Anti-citrullinated peptide
1830:Polyclonal B cell response
1558:Arthritis & Rheumatism
1222:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
1140:phospholipase A2 receptor
275:Anti-centromere antibodies
239:Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies
232:
76:
2394:
2331:
2305:
2256:
2238:
2175:Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70
2130:
2064:
2022:
1964:
1865:
1795:
1703:
1696:
1427:10.1016/j.dld.2007.06.004
1345:J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol
1136:
1123:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1061:
1045:
1027:
1003:
984:
963:
944:
925:
910:
901:Neuronal nuclear proteins
897:
881:
865:
847:Neuronal nuclear proteins
843:
788:
773:
757:
741:
726:
712:
695:
690:primary biliary cirrhosis
678:
661:
644:
595:
590:antiphospholipid syndrome
580:
544:
527:
502:
430:
401:primary biliary cirrhosis
399:
364:(anti-Scl-70 antibodies)
242:
221:
1636:Medical Subject Headings
958:diabetes mellitus type 1
634:microscopic polyangiitis
565:Anti-thrombin antibodies
454:dermatitis herpetiformis
169:anti-double stranded DNA
63:
2297:Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal
1220:Robbins Basic Pathology
1168:Paraneoplastic syndrome
1114:gastric parietal cells
949:Glutamate decarboxylase
823:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
804:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
370:Anti-histone antibodies
90:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
1944:Tolerance in pregnancy
1686:adaptive immune system
1144:Membranous nephropathy
1124:Anti-intrinsic factor
746:Muscle-specific kinase
472:Miller Fisher syndrome
234:Antinuclear antibodies
2357:Anti-transglutaminase
2132:Anti-nuclear antibody
1979:Somatic hypermutation
1813:Polyclonal antibodies
1808:Monoclonal antibodies
1476:10.1136/jcp.55.12.906
954:stiff person syndrome
935:stiff person syndrome
504:Anti-actin antibodies
413:Sp100 nuclear antigen
408:Anti-sp100 antibodies
315:inflammatory myopathy
311:histidine-tRNA ligase
77:Further information:
1996:Junctional diversity
1764:Antigen presentation
1105:Goodpasture syndrome
656:rheumatoid arthritis
553:autoimmune hepatitis
539:rheumatoid arthritis
518:autoimmune hepatitis
357:Type I topoisomerase
183:complete blood count
129:antinuclear antibody
2428:Autoimmune diseases
2407:Anti-apolipoprotein
2344:Lupus anticoagulant
1991:V(D)J recombination
1974:Affinity maturation
1726:Antigenic variation
1111:Anti-parietal cell
1085:Anti-hemidesmosome
974:limbic encephalitis
892:limbic encephalitis
855:limbic encephalitis
794:Anti-TPO antibodies
560:Lupus anticoagulant
391:Anti-p62 antibodies
341:snRNP core proteins
296:double-stranded DNA
161:ribonucleic protein
41:lupus erythematosus
37:autoimmune diseases
2395:Multiple locations
2285:Anti-smooth muscle
1092:Bullous pemphigoid
1079:Pemphigus vulgaris
915:glutamate receptor
798:Thyroid peroxidase
425:nucleoporin 210kDa
362:systemic sclerosis
244:ribonucleoproteins
201:Antibody profiling
145:c-reactive protein
31:) produced by the
2415:
2414:
2402:Anti-phospholipid
2379:Rheumatoid factor
2090:
2089:
2018:
2017:
1768:professional APCs
1602:978-0-07-149992-7
1570:10.1002/art.11484
1526:10.1002/hep.21583
1229:978-1-4160-2973-1
1149:
1148:
1131:Pernicious anemia
1127:intrinsic factor
1118:Pernicious anemia
1013:Sydenham's chorea
888:encephalomyelitis
859:encephalomyelitis
752:myasthenia gravis
736:myasthenia gravis
646:Rheumatoid factor
326:Ribonucleoprotein
137:rheumatoid factor
2445:
2364:not autoantibody
2313:Anti-ganglioside
2248:Anti-cardiolipin
2117:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2093:
1984:Clonal selection
1956:Immune privilege
1951:Immunodeficiency
1906:Cross-reactivity
1896:Hypersensitivity
1701:
1700:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1647:Antibody Sensors
1626:Autoimmunityblog
1607:
1606:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1528:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1312:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1253:Gastroenterology
1244:
1235:
1233:
1214:
1208:
1207:Antibody Sensors
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1072:) and sometimes
994:optic neuropathy
926:Anti-amphiphysin
898:Anti-Ri (ANNA-2)
844:Anti-Hu (ANNA-1)
268:Sjögren syndrome
253:Sjögren syndrome
219:
218:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2390:
2351:Coeliac disease
2327:
2301:
2252:
2234:
2216:Anti-centromere
2126:
2121:
2091:
2086:
2060:
2014:
1960:
1939:Clonal deletion
1867:
1861:
1791:
1692:
1680:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1589:
1585:
1554:
1550:
1505:
1501:
1464:J. Clin. Pathol
1456:
1452:
1411:
1407:
1384:
1380:
1341:
1334:
1303:(12): 4338–47.
1289:
1282:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1154:
1088:hemidesmosomes
838:Graves' disease
808:Graves' disease
716:exosome complex
707:dermatomyositis
514:Coeliac disease
384:drug-induced LE
225:Antibody target
212:
203:
125:
86:Graves' disease
81:
75:
66:
58:clonal deletion
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2433:Autoantibodies
2430:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2323:Anti-glutamate
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2124:Autoantibodies
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1970:
1968:
1966:Immunogenetics
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1911:Co-stimulation
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:Immune complex
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:Dendritic cell
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1750:Conformational
1747:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1632:Autoantibodies
1629:
1623:
1615:
1614:External links
1612:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1583:
1564:(1): 209–215.
1548:
1499:
1450:
1405:
1378:
1332:
1280:
1236:
1228:
1216:Table 5-9 in:
1209:
1197:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1010:
1004:
1001:
1000:
991:
986:
982:
981:
971:
965:
961:
960:
951:
946:
942:
941:
932:
927:
923:
922:
917:
912:
908:
907:
902:
899:
895:
894:
885:
883:
879:
878:
873:
871:Purkinje cells
867:
863:
862:
848:
845:
841:
840:
835:
830:
826:
825:
820:
815:
811:
810:
801:
795:
792:
786:
785:
780:
775:
771:
770:
765:
759:
755:
754:
749:
743:
739:
738:
733:
728:
724:
723:
721:scleromyositis
718:
713:
710:
709:
704:
699:
693:
692:
687:
682:
676:
675:
670:
665:
659:
658:
653:
648:
642:
641:
631:
625:
619:
618:
613:
604:
599:
593:
592:
587:
582:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
556:
555:
550:
548:
542:
541:
536:
531:
525:
524:
522:gastric cancer
511:
506:
500:
499:
496:
489:
488:
482:
475:
474:
469:
463:
457:
456:
451:
449:
445:
444:
442:celiac disease
439:
437:
434:
428:
427:
422:
416:
415:
410:
404:
403:
398:
396:nucleoporin 62
393:
387:
386:
377:
372:
366:
365:
359:
354:
348:
347:
342:
339:
333:
332:
327:
324:
318:
317:
312:
309:
303:
302:
297:
294:
288:
287:
285:CREST syndrome
282:
277:
271:
270:
264:
263:autoantibodies
256:
255:
246:
241:
236:
230:
229:
226:
223:
211:
208:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
190:
179:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
113:
74:
71:
65:
62:
48:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Anti-thrombin
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:Extracellular
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:Cell membrane
2304:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Clonal anergy
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:Microantibody
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1519:(3): 659–65.
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:(12): 906–9.
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:(9): 818–23.
1420:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:(3): 257–65.
1350:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:Streptococcus
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:basal ganglia
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
990:
987:
983:
979:
978:neuromyotonia
975:
972:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
943:
940:
936:
933:
931:
928:
924:
921:
918:
916:
913:
909:
906:
903:
900:
896:
893:
889:
886:
884:
880:
877:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:
846:
842:
839:
836:
834:
831:
828:
827:
824:
821:
819:
818:Thyroglobulin
816:
813:
812:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
791:
787:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:Anti-Vinculin
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
740:
737:
734:
732:
729:
725:
722:
719:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
694:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
677:
674:
671:
669:
668:smooth muscle
666:
664:
660:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
617:
614:
612:
609:
605:
603:
600:
598:
594:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:
551:
549:
547:
543:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
501:
497:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
462:
458:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
429:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
346:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
269:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
250:
247:
245:
240:
237:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
216:
207:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
170:
164:
162:
158:
154:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
117:
114:
111:
110:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
80:
70:
61:
59:
54:
44:
42:
38:
34:
33:immune system
30:
26:
22:
2371:
2362:Anti-gliadin
2230:Anti-histone
2166:
2139:
2123:
1901:Inflammation
1886:Alloimmunity
1881:Autoimmunity
1866:Immunity vs.
1818:Autoantibody
1817:
1716:Superantigen
1592:
1586:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1394:(2): 83–93.
1391:
1387:
1381:
1348:
1344:
1300:
1296:
1259:(3): 840–7.
1256:
1252:
1234:8th edition.
1219:
1212:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1070:Desmoglein 3
1046:NMO antibody
1016:
833:TSH receptor
800:(microsomal)
685:mitochondria
606:proteins in
585:phospholipid
222:Autoantibody
214:
213:
204:
173:
165:
149:
135:, such as a
133:inflammation
126:
106:
82:
67:
50:
21:autoantibody
20:
18:
2024:Lymphocytes
1683:Lymphocytic
1436:10447/34417
985:Anti-CRMP-5
930:amphiphysin
869:Cerebellar
630:perinuclear
493:ganglioside
479:ganglioside
466:ganglioside
84:thyroid in
27:(a type of
2438:Antibodies
2422:Categories
2290:Anti-actin
2223:Anti-dsDNA
2158:Anti-sp100
2148:Anti-gp210
2065:Substances
1929:Peripheral
1917:Inaction:
1796:Antibodies
1777:Macrophage
1690:complement
1513:Hepatology
1297:J. Immunol
1174:References
1029:Anti-NMDAr
764:(P/Q-type)
628:neutrophil
608:neutrophil
337:Anti-Smith
292:Anti-dsDNA
280:centromere
228:Condition
98:vasculitis
47:Production
2259:cytoplasm
2195:Anti-nRNP
2082:Cytolysin
2072:Cytokines
1919:Tolerance
1868:tolerance
1787:Immunogen
1050:aquaporin
964:Anti-VGKC
758:Anti-VGCC
742:Anti-MUSK
727:Anti-AChR
611:cytoplasm
193:function.
143:(ESR), a
139:(RF), an
94:arthritis
39:(notably
2318:Anti-GBM
2261:antibody
2180:Anti-Jo1
2153:Anti-p62
2032:Cellular
1876:Immunity
1874:Action:
1857:Paratope
1845:Idiotype
1835:Allotype
1803:Antibody
1757:Mimotope
1721:Allergen
1704:Antigens
1697:Lymphoid
1578:14730618
1543:19227989
1535:17326160
1494:12461054
1445:17652043
1400:16127984
1373:73008610
1327:43572051
1152:See also
945:Anti-GAD
778:vinculin
697:Anti-SRP
570:thrombin
529:anti-CCP
448:Anti-eTG
436:Anti-tTG
375:histones
322:Anti-RNP
307:Anti-Jo1
266:Primary
259:Anti-La/
73:Diseases
25:antibody
2205:Anti-La
2200:Anti-Ro
2190:Anti-Sm
2077:Opsonin
2056:NK cell
2044:Humoral
1924:Central
1891:Allergy
1840:Isotype
1740:Epitope
1711:Antigen
1485:1769836
1365:9570238
1319:2258622
1275:8608894
1009:neurons
911:Anti-Tr
882:Anti-Ma
866:Anti-Yo
487:(AMAN)
53:B cells
29:protein
2278:P-ANCA
2273:C-ANCA
2049:B cell
2037:T cell
1782:B cell
1745:Linear
1733:Hapten
1638:(MeSH)
1599:
1576:
1541:
1533:
1492:
1482:
1443:
1398:
1371:
1363:
1325:
1317:
1273:
1226:
1036:(NMDA)
1021:PANDAS
998:chorea
970:(VGKC)
748:(MUSK)
623:p-ANCA
602:c-ANCA
102:anemia
23:is an
2257:Anti-
1539:S2CID
1369:S2CID
1323:S2CID
509:actin
64:Cause
2185:ENA4
1688:and
1597:ISBN
1574:PMID
1531:PMID
1490:PMID
1441:PMID
1396:PMID
1361:PMID
1315:PMID
1271:PMID
1224:ISBN
1074:Dsg1
1066:Dsg3
468:GQ1B
382:and
261:SS-B
88:and
2168:ENA
2141:PBC
2010:HLA
2006:MHC
1566:doi
1521:doi
1480:PMC
1472:doi
1431:hdl
1423:doi
1353:doi
1305:doi
1301:145
1261:doi
1257:110
651:IgG
495:GM1
481:GD3
380:SLE
345:SLE
300:SLE
185:or
19:An
2424::
2373:RA
2353::
1770::
1572:.
1562:50
1560:.
1537:.
1529:.
1517:45
1515:.
1511:.
1488:.
1478:.
1468:55
1466:.
1462:.
1439:.
1429:.
1419:39
1417:.
1392:35
1390:.
1367:.
1359:.
1349:13
1347:.
1335:^
1321:.
1313:.
1299:.
1295:.
1283:^
1269:.
1255:.
1251:.
1239:^
1052:-4
1023:)
996:,
980:)
956:,
937:,
890:,
857:,
853:,
806:,
636:,
520:,
2170::
2143::
2116:e
2109:t
2102:v
2008:/
1766:/
1675:e
1668:t
1661:v
1605:.
1580:.
1568::
1545:.
1523::
1496:.
1474::
1447:.
1433::
1425::
1402:.
1375:.
1355::
1329:.
1307::
1277:.
1263::
1232:.
1068:(
1019:(
189:)
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