71:. Normally, the immune system is able to recognize and ignore the body's own healthy proteins, cells, and tissues, and to not overreact to non-threatening substances in the environment, such as foods. Sometimes, the immune system ceases to recognize one or more of the body's normal constituents as "self", leading to production of pathological autoantibodies. Autoantibodies may also play a nonpathological role; for instance they may help the body to destroy cancers and to eliminate waste products. The role of autoantibodies in normal immune function is also a subject of scientific research.
80:
direct genetic link however. While families may be susceptible to autoimmune conditions, individual family members may have different autoimmune disorders, or may never develop an autoimmune condition. Researchers believe that there may also be a hormonal component as many of the autoimmune conditions are much more prevalent in women of childbearing age. While the initial event that leads to the production of autoantibodies is still unknown, there is a body of evidence that autoantibodies may have the capacity to maintain their production.
115:. Even if they are due to a particular systemic autoimmune condition, the symptoms will vary from person to person, vary over time, vary with organ involvement, and they may taper off or flare unexpectedly. Add to this the fact that a person may have more than one autoantibody, and thus have more than one autoimmune disorder, and/or have an autoimmune disorder without a detectable level of an autoantibody, complicating making a diagnosis.
216:
Antibody profiling is used for identifying persons from forensic samples. The technology can uniquely identify a person by analyzing the antibodies in body fluids. A unique, individual set of antibodies, called individual specific autoantibodies (ISA), is found in blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen,
94:
The type of autoimmune disorder or disease that occurs and the amount of destruction done to the body depends on which systems or organs are targeted by the autoantibodies, and how strongly. Disorders caused by organ specific autoantibodies, those that primarily target a single organ, (such as the
79:
The causes of autoantibody production are varied and not well understood. It is thought that some autoantibody production is due to a genetic predisposition combined with an environmental trigger, such as a viral illness or a prolonged exposure to certain toxic chemicals. There is generally not a
103:), are often the easiest to diagnose as they frequently present with organ related symptoms. Disorders due to systemic autoantibodies can be much more elusive. Although the associated autoimmune disorders are rare, the signs and symptoms they cause are relatively common. Symptoms may include:
118:
The diagnosis of disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies starts with a complete medical history and a thorough physical exam. Based on the patient's signs and symptoms, the doctor may request one or more diagnostic studies that will help to identify a specific disease. As a rule,
177:
Whether a particular autoantibody will be present is both very individual and a matter of statistics. Each will be present in a certain percentage of people who have a particular autoimmune disorder. For instance, up to 80% of those with SLE will have a positive double strand
142:(ANA) test is often ordered first. ANA is a marker of the autoimmune process – it is positive with a variety of different autoimmune diseases but not specific. Consequently, if an ANA test is positive, it is often followed up with other tests associated with arthritis and
182:(anti-dsDNA) autoantibody test, but only about 25–30% will have a positive RNP. Some individuals who do have an autoimmune disorder will have negative autoantibody test results, but at a later date – as the disorder progresses - the autoantibodies may develop.
66:
in two ways: (i) randomly, and (ii) in response to a foreign protein or substance within the body. Initially, one B cell produces one specific kind of antibody. In either case, the B cell is allowed to proliferate or is killed off through a process called
161:
A single autoantibody test is not diagnostic, but may give clues as to whether a particular disorder is likely or unlikely to be present. Each autoantibody result should be considered individually and as part of the group. Some disorders, such as
217:
perspiration, tears, and body tissues, and the antibodies are not affected by illness, medication, or food/drug intake. An unskilled technician using inexpensive equipment can complete a test in a couple of hours.
203:
Monitor the course of the disorder and the effectiveness of treatments. There is no prevention or cure for autoimmune disorders at this time. Treatment is used to alleviate symptoms and to help maintain body
1354:
Itoh S, Ichida T, Yoshida T, et al. (1998). "Autoantibodies against a 210 kDa glycoprotein of the nuclear pore complex as a prognostic marker in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis".
1567:
Kao, A. H.; Lacomis, D.; Lucas, M.; Fertig, N.; Oddis, C. V. (2004). "Anti-signal recognition particle autoantibody in patients with and patients without idiopathic inflammatory myopathy".
138:
Autoantibody tests may be ordered as part of an investigation of chronic progressive arthritis type symptoms and/or unexplained fevers, fatigue, muscle weakness and rashes. The
119:
information is required from multiple sources, rather than a single laboratory test to accurately diagnose disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies. Tests may include:
1304:"Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding a human nuclear antigen predominantly recognized by autoantibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis"
1215:
1652:
1684:
648:
107:-type joint pain, fatigue, fever, rashes, cold or allergy-type symptoms, weight loss, and muscular weakness. Associated conditions include
707:
2328:
999:
2125:
1173:
2394:
1677:
1397:
Pedreira S, Sugai E, Moreno ML, et al. (2005). "Significance of smooth muscle/anti-actin autoantibodies in celiac disease".
556:
1424:
Carroccio A, Brusca I, Iacono G, et al. (2007). "IgA anti-actin antibodies ELISA in coeliac disease: A multicentre study".
1197:
Böhm I. Apoptosis: the link between autoantibodies and leuko-/lymphocytopenia in patients. Scand J Rheumatol 2004;33: 409 - 416
949:
886:
861:
1216:
https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/idaho_national_laboratory_biological_systems/352/molecular_forensics/2691
1611:
1238:
793:
778:
226:
Note: the sensitivity and specificity of various autoantibodies for a particular disease is different for different diseases.
174:(RNP), is the only one present. Those who have more than one autoimmune disorder may have several detectable autoantibodies.
2278:
1657:
607:
2333:
1670:
1168:
1039:
930:
1206:
Böhm I. Disruption of the cytoskeleton after apoptosis induction by autoantibodies. Autoimmunity 2003;36: 183 - 189
2367:
2307:
2158:
2016:
741:
626:
442:
430:
394:
1630:
1520:"A sensitive bead assay for antimitochondrial antibodies: Chipping away at AMA-negative primary biliary cirrhosis"
1050:
978:
340:
167:
2417:
2195:
2011:
151:
17:
2185:
1954:
1141:
1128:
1044:
915:
772:
495:
362:
197:
2438:
2118:
585:
544:
390:
355:
310:
259:
163:
89:
2323:
2295:
2258:
2250:
2178:
800:
712:
690:
673:
471:
332:
2226:
2210:
1840:
833:
814:
285:
249:
100:
192:
Help determine the degree of organ or system involvement and damage (Along with other tests such as a
2412:
2151:
1518:
Oertelt S, Rieger R, Selmi C, Invernizzi P, Ansari A, Coppel R, Podda M, Leung P, Gershwin M (2007).
700:
600:
411:
1662:
2349:
1646:
968:
644:
575:
464:
2215:
1228:
2443:
2372:
2240:
2111:
2020:
1778:
1178:
959:
380:
2042:
1760:
1696:
1260:"Autoantibodies against nucleoporin p62 constitute a novel marker of primary biliary cirrhosis"
1154:
482:
2300:
2168:
2142:
1989:
1845:
1823:
964:
945:
514:
423:
418:
325:
179:
1653:
Detection of autoantibodies with self-assembling radiolabeled antigen tetramers (a protocol)
2383:
2006:
1939:
1850:
1774:
1471:"Detection of liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody using molecularly based immunoassays"
1115:
1066:
1023:
666:
563:
549:
528:
367:
244:
193:
139:
1642:
8:
2448:
2354:
2163:
2066:
2001:
1984:
1818:
1736:
984:
902:
865:
570:
401:
51:
278:
263:
1886:
1549:
1495:
1470:
1379:
1333:
1102:
925:
848:
818:
808:
435:
372:
155:
96:
47:
166:(SLE) may be more likely if several autoantibodies are present, while others, such as
2389:
1934:
1700:
1607:
1584:
1541:
1500:
1451:
1406:
1371:
1367:
1325:
1281:
1276:
1259:
1234:
898:
869:
762:
746:
656:
254:
171:
147:
1553:
1469:
Kerkar N, Ma Y, Davies ET, Cheeseman P, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D (December 2002).
1383:
1337:
2054:
1994:
1966:
1961:
1929:
1916:
1906:
1576:
1531:
1490:
1482:
1441:
1433:
1363:
1315:
1271:
1004:
661:
2361:
1949:
1320:
1303:
1229:
Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007).
726:
717:
524:
68:
683:
1976:
1921:
1862:
1782:
1755:
881:
731:
532:
452:
406:
295:
220:
1437:
2432:
1944:
1833:
1017:
988:
828:
678:
347:
126:
x-rays and other imaging scans to detect changes in bones, joints, and organs
43:
46:
that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. Many
1911:
1896:
1891:
1726:
1588:
1545:
1504:
1455:
1410:
1080:
843:
756:
695:
595:
143:
1486:
1375:
1329:
1285:
940:
503:
489:
476:
123:
blood tests to detect inflammation, autoantibodies, and organ involvement
2233:
2034:
1787:
1693:
1446:
638:
618:
302:
290:
108:
1580:
1536:
1519:
2269:
2205:
2092:
1797:
1692:
1257:
1089:
1060:
621:
104:
2190:
2082:
1867:
1855:
1813:
1767:
1731:
788:
580:
539:
317:
35:
1636:
2103:
2087:
1901:
1750:
1721:
1026:, paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease associated with
527:(antibody levels correlate with the level of intestinal damage),
385:
63:
39:
2288:
2283:
2059:
2047:
1792:
1743:
1031:
1008:
633:
612:
112:
519:
1517:
1258:
Wesierska-Gadek J, Hohenuer H, Hitchman E, Penner E (1996).
221:
List of some autoantibodies and commonly associated diseases
1084:
1076:
271:
129:
biopsies to look for pathologic changes in tissue specimens
1301:
2200:
509:
multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMN)
1468:
1566:
1423:
133:
170:(MCTD) may be more likely if a single autoantibody,
158:(CRP), and/or complement protein|complement levels.
1396:
1302:Szostecki C, Guldner HH, Netter HJ, Will H (1990).
1639:- summaries of research articles + glossary terms
1353:
2430:
872:, subacute sensory neuronopathy, choreathetosis
1174:Reference ranges for blood tests#Autoantibodies
1595:
27:Antibody directed against an autogenic protein
2119:
1678:
1602:Ropper, Allan H.; Samuels, Martin A. (2009).
1601:
1349:
1347:
1297:
1295:
1253:
1251:
649:eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
1462:
840:Anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs)
189:Help diagnose systemic autoimmune disorders.
111:which are inflammation of blood vessels and
1417:
1390:
2126:
2112:
1685:
1671:
1606:(9th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 656.
1604:Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology
1344:
1292:
1248:
1645:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1535:
1494:
1445:
1319:
1275:
185:Systemic autoantibody tests are used to:
207:Monitor remissions, flares, and relapses
1560:
1221:
1112:basement membrane in lungs and kidneys
1067:neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome)
651:, systemic vasculitides (non-specific)
557:Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody
54:) are associated with such antibodies.
14:
2431:
950:paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
887:paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
862:paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
2107:
1666:
1633:Industrial Learning Unit on Chemgaroo
1000:Collapsin response mediator protein 5
825:Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs)
794:small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
470:
211:
608:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
24:
2133:
1169:Anti-glutamate receptor antibodies
1109:Anti-glomerular basement membrane
931:paraneoplastic cerebellar syndrome
134:Indications for autoantibody tests
25:
2460:
1624:
1073:Anti-desmoglein (anti-desmosome)
779:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
1368:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.01553.x
1277:10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608894
742:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
627:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
443:Anti-transglutaminase antibodies
431:Anti-glycoprotein-210 antibodies
262:, neonatal heart block, primary
1511:
1148:Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor
1051:anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
987:, Isaac's Syndrome (autoimmune
979:voltage-gated potassium channel
341:Mixed connective tissue disease
168:mixed connective tissue disease
2012:Immunoglobulin class switching
1631:Autoimmunity – an Introduction
1209:
1200:
1191:
152:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
13:
1:
1184:
1045:N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
916:opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome
773:voltage-gated calcium channel
496:acute motor axonal neuropathy
363:Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
198:comprehensive metabolic panel
57:
1399:Acta Gastroenterol. Latinoam
1321:10.4049/jimmunol.145.12.4338
684:chronic autoimmune hepatitis
586:systemic lupus erythematosus
545:cyclic citrullinated peptide
260:systemic lupus erythematosus
164:systemic lupus erythematosus
90:Systemic autoimmune diseases
7:
2279:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
2251:Anti-mitochondrial antibody
1426:Digestive and Liver Disease
1162:
801:Anti-thyroid autoantibodies
713:signal recognition particle
691:Anti-mitochondrial antibody
674:Anti-smooth muscle antibody
592:Antiphospholipid antibodies
472:Anti-ganglioside antibodies
83:
62:Antibodies are produced by
10:
2465:
2395:Anti-citrullinated peptide
1841:Polyclonal B cell response
1569:Arthritis & Rheumatism
1233:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
1151:phospholipase A2 receptor
286:Anti-centromere antibodies
250:Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies
243:
87:
2405:
2342:
2316:
2267:
2249:
2186:Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70
2141:
2075:
2033:
1975:
1876:
1806:
1714:
1707:
1438:10.1016/j.dld.2007.06.004
1356:J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol
1147:
1134:
1121:
1108:
1095:
1072:
1056:
1038:
1014:
995:
974:
955:
936:
921:
912:Neuronal nuclear proteins
908:
892:
876:
858:Neuronal nuclear proteins
854:
799:
784:
768:
752:
737:
723:
706:
701:primary biliary cirrhosis
689:
672:
655:
606:
601:antiphospholipid syndrome
591:
555:
538:
513:
441:
412:primary biliary cirrhosis
410:
375:(anti-Scl-70 antibodies)
253:
232:
1647:Medical Subject Headings
969:diabetes mellitus type 1
645:microscopic polyangiitis
576:Anti-thrombin antibodies
465:dermatitis herpetiformis
180:anti-double stranded DNA
74:
2308:Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal
1231:Robbins Basic Pathology
1179:Paraneoplastic syndrome
1125:gastric parietal cells
960:Glutamate decarboxylase
834:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
815:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
381:Anti-histone antibodies
101:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
1955:Tolerance in pregnancy
1697:adaptive immune system
1155:Membranous nephropathy
1135:Anti-intrinsic factor
757:Muscle-specific kinase
483:Miller Fisher syndrome
245:Antinuclear antibodies
2368:Anti-transglutaminase
2143:Anti-nuclear antibody
1990:Somatic hypermutation
1824:Polyclonal antibodies
1819:Monoclonal antibodies
1487:10.1136/jcp.55.12.906
965:stiff person syndrome
946:stiff person syndrome
515:Anti-actin antibodies
424:Sp100 nuclear antigen
419:Anti-sp100 antibodies
326:inflammatory myopathy
322:histidine-tRNA ligase
88:Further information:
2007:Junctional diversity
1775:Antigen presentation
1116:Goodpasture syndrome
667:rheumatoid arthritis
564:autoimmune hepatitis
550:rheumatoid arthritis
529:autoimmune hepatitis
368:Type I topoisomerase
194:complete blood count
140:antinuclear antibody
2439:Autoimmune diseases
2418:Anti-apolipoprotein
2355:Lupus anticoagulant
2002:V(D)J recombination
1985:Affinity maturation
1737:Antigenic variation
1122:Anti-parietal cell
1096:Anti-hemidesmosome
985:limbic encephalitis
903:limbic encephalitis
866:limbic encephalitis
805:Anti-TPO antibodies
571:Lupus anticoagulant
402:Anti-p62 antibodies
352:snRNP core proteins
307:double-stranded DNA
172:ribonucleic protein
52:lupus erythematosus
48:autoimmune diseases
2406:Multiple locations
2296:Anti-smooth muscle
1103:Bullous pemphigoid
1090:Pemphigus vulgaris
926:glutamate receptor
809:Thyroid peroxidase
436:nucleoporin 210kDa
373:systemic sclerosis
255:ribonucleoproteins
212:Antibody profiling
156:c-reactive protein
42:) produced by the
2426:
2425:
2413:Anti-phospholipid
2390:Rheumatoid factor
2101:
2100:
2029:
2028:
1779:professional APCs
1613:978-0-07-149992-7
1581:10.1002/art.11484
1537:10.1002/hep.21583
1240:978-1-4160-2973-1
1160:
1159:
1142:Pernicious anemia
1138:intrinsic factor
1129:Pernicious anemia
1024:Sydenham's chorea
899:encephalomyelitis
870:encephalomyelitis
763:myasthenia gravis
747:myasthenia gravis
657:Rheumatoid factor
337:Ribonucleoprotein
148:rheumatoid factor
16:(Redirected from
2456:
2375:not autoantibody
2324:Anti-ganglioside
2259:Anti-cardiolipin
2128:
2121:
2114:
2105:
2104:
1995:Clonal selection
1967:Immune privilege
1962:Immunodeficiency
1917:Cross-reactivity
1907:Hypersensitivity
1712:
1711:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1658:Antibody Sensors
1637:Autoimmunityblog
1618:
1617:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1539:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1323:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1264:Gastroenterology
1255:
1246:
1244:
1225:
1219:
1218:Antibody Sensors
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1083:) and sometimes
1005:optic neuropathy
937:Anti-amphiphysin
909:Anti-Ri (ANNA-2)
855:Anti-Hu (ANNA-1)
279:Sjögren syndrome
264:Sjögren syndrome
230:
229:
21:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2401:
2362:Coeliac disease
2338:
2312:
2263:
2245:
2227:Anti-centromere
2137:
2132:
2102:
2097:
2071:
2025:
1971:
1950:Clonal deletion
1878:
1872:
1802:
1703:
1691:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1600:
1596:
1565:
1561:
1516:
1512:
1475:J. Clin. Pathol
1467:
1463:
1422:
1418:
1395:
1391:
1352:
1345:
1314:(12): 4338–47.
1300:
1293:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1165:
1099:hemidesmosomes
849:Graves' disease
819:Graves' disease
727:exosome complex
718:dermatomyositis
525:Coeliac disease
395:drug-induced LE
236:Antibody target
223:
214:
136:
97:Graves' disease
92:
86:
77:
69:clonal deletion
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2444:Autoantibodies
2441:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2334:Anti-glutamate
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2135:Autoantibodies
2131:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1981:
1979:
1977:Immunogenetics
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1925:
1924:
1922:Co-stimulation
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1863:Immune complex
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:Dendritic cell
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1761:Conformational
1758:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1718:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1643:Autoantibodies
1640:
1634:
1626:
1625:External links
1623:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1594:
1575:(1): 209–215.
1559:
1510:
1461:
1416:
1389:
1343:
1291:
1247:
1239:
1227:Table 5-9 in:
1220:
1208:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1002:
997:
993:
992:
982:
976:
972:
971:
962:
957:
953:
952:
943:
938:
934:
933:
928:
923:
919:
918:
913:
910:
906:
905:
896:
894:
890:
889:
884:
882:Purkinje cells
878:
874:
873:
859:
856:
852:
851:
846:
841:
837:
836:
831:
826:
822:
821:
812:
806:
803:
797:
796:
791:
786:
782:
781:
776:
770:
766:
765:
760:
754:
750:
749:
744:
739:
735:
734:
732:scleromyositis
729:
724:
721:
720:
715:
710:
704:
703:
698:
693:
687:
686:
681:
676:
670:
669:
664:
659:
653:
652:
642:
636:
630:
629:
624:
615:
610:
604:
603:
598:
593:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
567:
566:
561:
559:
553:
552:
547:
542:
536:
535:
533:gastric cancer
522:
517:
511:
510:
507:
500:
499:
493:
486:
485:
480:
474:
468:
467:
462:
460:
456:
455:
453:celiac disease
450:
448:
445:
439:
438:
433:
427:
426:
421:
415:
414:
409:
407:nucleoporin 62
404:
398:
397:
388:
383:
377:
376:
370:
365:
359:
358:
353:
350:
344:
343:
338:
335:
329:
328:
323:
320:
314:
313:
308:
305:
299:
298:
296:CREST syndrome
293:
288:
282:
281:
275:
274:autoantibodies
267:
266:
257:
252:
247:
241:
240:
237:
234:
222:
219:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
201:
190:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
124:
85:
82:
76:
73:
59:
56:
26:
18:Autoantibodies
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Anti-thrombin
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:Extracellular
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:Cell membrane
2315:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Clonal anergy
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:Microantibody
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1530:(3): 659–65.
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:(12): 906–9.
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:(9): 818–23.
1431:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:(3): 257–65.
1361:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:Streptococcus
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:basal ganglia
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
989:neuromyotonia
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
970:
966:
963:
961:
958:
954:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
920:
917:
914:
911:
907:
904:
900:
897:
895:
891:
888:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
857:
853:
850:
847:
845:
842:
839:
838:
835:
832:
830:
829:Thyroglobulin
827:
824:
823:
820:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
802:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:Anti-Vinculin
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
751:
748:
745:
743:
740:
736:
733:
730:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
705:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
688:
685:
682:
680:
679:smooth muscle
677:
675:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
643:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
625:
623:
620:
616:
614:
611:
609:
605:
602:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
562:
560:
558:
554:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
512:
508:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
491:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
473:
469:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
440:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
413:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
396:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
280:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
258:
256:
251:
248:
246:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
227:
218:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
181:
175:
173:
169:
165:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
128:
125:
122:
121:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
91:
81:
72:
70:
65:
55:
53:
49:
45:
44:immune system
41:
37:
33:
19:
2382:
2373:Anti-gliadin
2241:Anti-histone
2177:
2150:
2134:
1912:Inflammation
1897:Alloimmunity
1892:Autoimmunity
1877:Immunity vs.
1829:Autoantibody
1828:
1727:Superantigen
1603:
1597:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1405:(2): 83–93.
1402:
1398:
1392:
1359:
1355:
1311:
1307:
1270:(3): 840–7.
1267:
1263:
1245:8th edition.
1230:
1223:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1081:Desmoglein 3
1057:NMO antibody
1027:
844:TSH receptor
811:(microsomal)
696:mitochondria
617:proteins in
596:phospholipid
233:Autoantibody
225:
224:
215:
184:
176:
160:
146:, such as a
144:inflammation
137:
117:
93:
78:
61:
32:autoantibody
31:
29:
2035:Lymphocytes
1694:Lymphocytic
1447:10447/34417
996:Anti-CRMP-5
941:amphiphysin
880:Cerebellar
641:perinuclear
504:ganglioside
490:ganglioside
477:ganglioside
95:thyroid in
38:(a type of
2449:Antibodies
2433:Categories
2301:Anti-actin
2234:Anti-dsDNA
2169:Anti-sp100
2159:Anti-gp210
2076:Substances
1940:Peripheral
1928:Inaction:
1807:Antibodies
1788:Macrophage
1701:complement
1524:Hepatology
1308:J. Immunol
1185:References
1040:Anti-NMDAr
775:(P/Q-type)
639:neutrophil
619:neutrophil
348:Anti-Smith
303:Anti-dsDNA
291:centromere
239:Condition
109:vasculitis
58:Production
2270:cytoplasm
2206:Anti-nRNP
2093:Cytolysin
2083:Cytokines
1930:Tolerance
1879:tolerance
1798:Immunogen
1061:aquaporin
975:Anti-VGKC
769:Anti-VGCC
753:Anti-MUSK
738:Anti-AChR
622:cytoplasm
204:function.
154:(ESR), a
150:(RF), an
105:arthritis
50:(notably
2329:Anti-GBM
2272:antibody
2191:Anti-Jo1
2164:Anti-p62
2043:Cellular
1887:Immunity
1885:Action:
1868:Paratope
1856:Idiotype
1846:Allotype
1814:Antibody
1768:Mimotope
1732:Allergen
1715:Antigens
1708:Lymphoid
1589:14730618
1554:19227989
1546:17326160
1505:12461054
1456:17652043
1411:16127984
1384:73008610
1338:43572051
1163:See also
956:Anti-GAD
789:vinculin
708:Anti-SRP
581:thrombin
540:anti-CCP
459:Anti-eTG
447:Anti-tTG
386:histones
333:Anti-RNP
318:Anti-Jo1
277:Primary
270:Anti-La/
84:Diseases
36:antibody
2216:Anti-La
2211:Anti-Ro
2201:Anti-Sm
2088:Opsonin
2067:NK cell
2055:Humoral
1935:Central
1902:Allergy
1851:Isotype
1751:Epitope
1722:Antigen
1496:1769836
1376:9570238
1330:2258622
1286:8608894
1020:neurons
922:Anti-Tr
893:Anti-Ma
877:Anti-Yo
498:(AMAN)
64:B cells
40:protein
2289:P-ANCA
2284:C-ANCA
2060:B cell
2048:T cell
1793:B cell
1756:Linear
1744:Hapten
1649:(MeSH)
1610:
1587:
1552:
1544:
1503:
1493:
1454:
1409:
1382:
1374:
1336:
1328:
1284:
1237:
1047:(NMDA)
1032:PANDAS
1009:chorea
981:(VGKC)
759:(MUSK)
634:p-ANCA
613:c-ANCA
113:anemia
34:is an
2268:Anti-
1550:S2CID
1380:S2CID
1334:S2CID
520:actin
75:Cause
2196:ENA4
1699:and
1608:ISBN
1585:PMID
1542:PMID
1501:PMID
1452:PMID
1407:PMID
1372:PMID
1326:PMID
1282:PMID
1235:ISBN
1085:Dsg1
1077:Dsg3
479:GQ1B
393:and
272:SS-B
99:and
2179:ENA
2152:PBC
2021:HLA
2017:MHC
1577:doi
1532:doi
1491:PMC
1483:doi
1442:hdl
1434:doi
1364:doi
1316:doi
1312:145
1272:doi
1268:110
662:IgG
506:GM1
492:GD3
391:SLE
356:SLE
311:SLE
196:or
30:An
2435::
2384:RA
2364::
1781::
1583:.
1573:50
1571:.
1548:.
1540:.
1528:45
1526:.
1522:.
1499:.
1489:.
1479:55
1477:.
1473:.
1450:.
1440:.
1430:39
1428:.
1403:35
1401:.
1378:.
1370:.
1360:13
1358:.
1346:^
1332:.
1324:.
1310:.
1306:.
1294:^
1280:.
1266:.
1262:.
1250:^
1063:-4
1034:)
1007:,
991:)
967:,
948:,
901:,
868:,
864:,
817:,
647:,
531:,
2181::
2154::
2127:e
2120:t
2113:v
2019:/
1777:/
1686:e
1679:t
1672:v
1616:.
1591:.
1579::
1556:.
1534::
1507:.
1485::
1458:.
1444::
1436::
1413:.
1386:.
1366::
1340:.
1318::
1288:.
1274::
1243:.
1079:(
1030:(
200:)
20:)
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