Australasian Antarctic Expedition

792: 224:. Mawson proposed that he should join this expedition as the head of an independent team, based at Cape Adare. Although Scott was interested, they were unable to agree on the scope of Mawson's responsibilities. Shackleton, who was in London investigating the possibility of organising and financing an expedition of his own, suggested to Mawson that he could act as its chief scientist. While Shackleton raised funds by lecturing in America, Mawson was dispatched to investigate the possibility of purchasing and developing a goldmine in Hungary. As the proposition looked doubtful, Mawson hurried across the Atlantic to brief Shackleton and to check that he was still committed to the expedition. On 16 May, Shackleton issued a statement confirming Mawson's position as chief scientist, adding that, should he (Shackleton) be unable to accompany the expedition, "D. Mawson will be in charge, and I shall still use my influence ... in regard to raising the necessary funds". With this assurance, Mawson returned to Australia. 714:; by 25 December, they calculated that they were 254 kilometres (158 mi) from Cape Denison. On 29 December, they killed the last of the dogs. Both men had been feeling unwell, but from New Year's Day 1913 there was a sudden and rapid deterioration in Mertz's health; he had frostbite and became delirious and agitated. After a weather delay, they resumed their journey on the evening of 3 January, but they did not get far before the weather and Mertz's frostbite forced them to stop. They laid up until 3 January when Mertz agreed to push on, but his condition continued to worsen, and though Mawson managed to drag him on the sledge they could not cover much ground. Mertz died early on 8 January. Mawson was around 160 kilometres (100 mi) from the base, which was, he observed, a relatively short distance for a healthy man, but a long way for one weak and famished. 237: 629: 951: 503: 905: 689: 826: 593: 279: 808:

hygiene. This was alarming enough for the rest of the group, but when the wireless masts were re-erected early in August, Jeffryes began sending out wild messages, claiming that all the others apart from Mawson had gone insane and were trying to murder him. Bickerton began practising operating the wireless, and Mawson sent a message to Ainsworth at the Macquarie Island wireless station to censor all communications received from Jeffryes. Finally, in a period of semi-lucidity, Jeffryes asked to be relieved from his duties, and Bickerton permanently took over the wireless operator's role.

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earlier knowing that there would be another pair at Aladdin's Cave. Bad weather meant he could not set out again until 8 February, but during this time he managed to make a pair of homemade crampons out of the wood from packing crates and loose nails which he then used for the final leg of his journey. As he descended the final slope towards the base, he thought he saw smoke on the horizon, which he took to be coming from the departing ship. When he arrived at the base, he found that the ship had indeed sailed, earlier that day, leaving a group of five – Bickerton, Bage, Madigan,

999: 978:. The second cruise, in November 1912, returned to these waters. Three days out from Hobart, the depth to the seabed suddenly decreased, from the 3,550 metres (1,940 fathoms) measured on the previous day to 1,448 metres (792 fathoms). A repeat sounding, taken in case of error, produced 1,452 metres (794 fathoms). Davis took this as evidence of a submerged ridge that might have been part of a land bridge connecting Australia with the Antarctic in prehistoric time. Subsequent soundings failed to substantiate this theory. 1120: 617:, wintering at Cape Adare in 1899–1900, had reported frequent wind speeds in excess of 64 kilometres per hour (40 mph), and in one 12-hour period winds averaged above 130 kilometres per hour (80 mph), with gusts estimated to exceed 164 kilometres per hour (102 mph). They had unknowingly settled in one of the windiest sites in Antarctica; Mawson frequently recorded gusts between 240 kilometres per hour (150 mph) and 290 kilometres per hour (180 mph) at Cape Denison. 165: 8177: 489:

was in the field. When the expedition was over and the ship and other assets had been sold off, the overall deficit, according to Mawson's accounting, was £4,462; this, he hoped, would be made up by royalties on the sale of the expedition book and from lecture fees. He estimated that a further £8,000 would be required to publish the scientific findings. The problems of meeting these financial obligations would preoccupy Mawson for many years.

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substitute", Bage noted. On 21 December, they were 484 kilometres (301 mi) from the base. However, their magnetic readings indicated that they were still some distance from the Magnetic Pole. To avoid the risk of missing the ship, they turned for home. The latter part of this journey was gruelling, as they missed their final food depot, and had to make a rapid 100-kilometre (60 mi) dash to reach the base by 11 January.

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not travel great distances. On 17 January, he fell into a crevasse and hung there by a rope from the sledge, which fortunately did not fall. It took him more than four hours to extricate himself. As he drew nearer to the base, he was frustratingly delayed by more bad weather. On 29 January he discovered a cairn, left by a search party, with food and a message telling him he was 37 kilometres (23 mi) from Aladdin's Cave.

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and of its animal and plant life. This was the first expedition to successfully establish wireless contact between the Antarctic continent and the Australian mainland, through the relay station on Macquarie Island; it also provided the first studies and mapping of the island. Its eight major sledging parties travelled for a total of 4,180 kilometres (2,600 mi), while

986:. This task proved taxing and led to dissension between Mawson and Davis, who was by this time sleep-deprived and exhausted. Mawson noted as much in his diary: "I hope the strain won't tell any more on him". The work began on 1 January 1914, and was mostly complete by 2 February. After an arduous period in the ice, during which Davis rarely left the bridge, 156:, the wireless operator. When Mawson returned from Antarctica, he was given a hero's welcome and received many honours, including a knighthood. The scientific studies provided copious, detailed data – which took thirty years to completely publish – and the expedition's broad exploration program laid the groundwork for Australia's later territorial claims in Antarctica. 734:, as a rescue party for the missing men. Mawson radioed the ship, asking Davis to return and pick up the party; Davis attempted to comply, and brought the ship back to Commonwealth Bay, but a severe gale prevented the ship from anchoring or launching a boat. After sitting offshore for a day and worried that with further delays, 266:(who had stood with Mawson at the South Magnetic Pole), and Mawson soon acquired the backing of the scientific and political communities, as well as pledges of financial support from leading industrialists. Assured that his expedition was now safely launched, Mawson travelled to London to begin practical arrangements. 1312:, Mawson had considered this but decided "it would always leave a bad taste in my mouth", and decided not to. Mawson described the report as an outrageous invention. All his associates declared the idea preposterous, given Mawson's strict conservative morals. No evidence has ever been produced to validate the rumour. 363:, for both its potential utility and its considerable publicity value. The plane was shipped to Australia, where it was badly damaged during a demonstration flight, whereupon Mawson abandoned the idea of an aircraft, removing the wings and adapting the fuselage body and engine to create a motor-sledge, known as the " 1131:

The scientific work of the expedition covered the fields of geology, biology, meteorology, terrestrial magnetism and oceanography; the vast amounts of data filled multiple reports published over a period of 30 years. These reports provided an extensive description of Antarctica's extreme weather

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Mawson's Far Eastern Party left on 10 November and made good distances when the weather allowed. By 14 December, they had travelled more than 480 kilometres (300 mi) towards Oates Land. Shortly after noon, as Mawson paused to calculate latitude, he saw that Mertz had stopped and was looking

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On 27 October 1912, Mawson announced his plans for the sledging season ahead. A Southern Party led by Bage would head south, towards the Magnetic Pole, making magnetic observations along the way. An Eastern Coastal Party, under Madigan, would explore and map the coastline to the east of Cape Denison.

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On 9 August, Ninnis and Mertz ventured out, to carry stores up to the five-mile depot established in March. They named this spot "Aladdin's Cave". The beginning of September saw a break in the weather, which allowed work on the wireless masts to be completed. They began transmitting to Macquarie

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The general routine of hut life was enlivened by elaborate celebrations of birthdays, often concluding with improvised concerts. When there was a shortage of birthdays, other occasions were eulogised; Mawson records that even the anniversary of the "First Lighting of London by Gas" was observed "with

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Over the course of the next year, the party at the western base completed a busy program of work. This included two major sledging journeys east and west of the base, mapping a total of over 560 kilometres (350 mi). They also completed several depot-laying trips and an exploration of the inland

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The Eastern Coastal Party under Madigan left the base on 8 November, following the coast eastwards. They continued, mapping as they went and collecting geological and biological samples, to just beyond the 150° E mark, about 430 kilometres (270 mi) from the base. Near that point, they

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Three days later, Mawson reached the cave, where he discovered more provisions, but something that was missing from the cave was extra pairs of crampons which he would need to make the final descent to the base. He had thrown his last pair of crampons away after clearing the final glacier a few days

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Mawson's feelings of uncertainty were renewed as months of silence followed; Shackleton was still trying to float the gold mining venture and struggling to raise funds for the expedition. Finally, on 1 December, Shackleton confirmed that he would not be going but would, as promised, give Mawson

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Early in 1910, Mawson and Shackleton had secured a promise of £10,000 from Gerald Lysaght, a wealthy donor who had helped finance the British Antarctic Expedition. When Mawson sought this money, he was shocked to discover that Lysaght had donated it to Shackleton personally, and that Shackleton had

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The Western Party delayed its departure until 3 December, hoping that better weather would aid the running of the motor-sledge. The machine had performed satisfactorily in trials, and it ran well initially, but 16 kilometres (10 mi) out from the base, one of its cylinders began misfiring.

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After burying Mertz and marking his grave, Mawson prepared for the journey ahead. To lighten his burden, he used a small pocket tool to cut his sledge in half. On 11 January, the weather cleared, and he set out. His extreme weakness and, in particular, the condition of his feet, meant he could

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gave £5,000, and the state governments together provided £18,500. With private donations and the British money, the expedition's total funds rose to around £38,000, still some way short of its spending commitments, but enough to send it on its way. Fundraising efforts continued while the expedition

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reached Adelaide to an enthusiastic welcome. For the next month, Mawson was engaged in a busy round of receptions and scientific meetings, before sailing for London on 1 April, accompanied by his bride, Paquita Delprat, whom he had married the previous day. In London, he lectured to the Royal

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Shocked at the sudden loss of their companion, Mawson and Mertz now had to consider their own prospects. Ninnis's sledge had been carrying most of their provisions and equipment, and all of the dog food, leaving them with about 11 or 12 days' rations. To reach base, they would have to augment

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managed a journey of 8 kilometres (5 mi), before depositing a sledge and stores and returning to the hut. For the next five months, life was largely concentrated in the hut and centred on various scientific activities. Some outside work was unavoidable; the meteorologists and the magneticians

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about 3.4 metres (11 ft) across; tracks on the far side made it clear that Ninnis, with his sledge and dogs, had fallen into the depths. Far below on a ledge, they could see the bodies of two dogs, and debris from the sledge, but no sign of Ninnis. Their remaining ropes were far too short of

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Mawson's hopes of finding a suitable coastline to the west of Cape Adare were soon dashed. The coast remained hidden behind impenetrable ice, and the land reported by Wilkes in 1840 appeared to be non-existent. As the ship sailed further west, Mawson decided to reduce his land bases from three to

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The wireless operator, Jeffryes, was initially a conscientious and respected member of the group, but from mid-June, his behaviour began to deteriorate. He became moody and aggressive, challenging his hut mates to fights, mumbling to himself, developing a persecution mentality and neglecting his

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For the group left at Cape Denison, winter came early, confining them mostly to the hut for many months. The previous year's program of magnetic and meteorological observations was resumed, as were the routines of daily life at the base. Many of the group found they had time on their hands, and

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The main base quarters provided a spacious living space, 7.3 by 7.3 metres (24 by 24 ft), with an attached workshop and a wide verandah for storage and housing the dogs. Away from the main huts were smaller structures, used for magnetic observations. The party quickly discovered that their

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Mawson's original intention had been to set up his main shore base at Cape Adare and establish others further west. He felt it necessary to modify this arrangement when, in March 1911, he learned that Scott's expedition was sending a northern party to the Cape Adare region. As a consequence, he

152:, who died on the harrowing return journey. Mawson, their sledging partner, was then forced to make an arduous solo trek back to base; he missed the ship, and had to spend an extra year at Cape Denison, along with a relief party of six. This sojourn was made difficult by the mental breakdown of 853:

sailed west, well beyond the 800-kilometre (500 mi) mark, without finding any suitable landing spot. On 15 February, they were 2,410 kilometres (1,500 mi) from Cape Denison, and in danger of being frozen in for the winter when they found a large ice shelf at 66° 21′ S,

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on the Antarctic continent, and was on a greater scale than any of its predecessors in the field. Frank Hurley summed up the character of the expedition: "Shackleton grafted science on to exploration – Mawson added exploring to science". According to the historian Gordon Hayes, "Mawson's

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On 20 February 1913, two-way communication with Cape Denison was finally established, and after that messages were regularly exchanged. The Macquarie party, who had been expecting to be relieved, heard in March that Cape Denison would be operational for a second season, and that the

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Bage's Southern Party left Cape Denison on 10 November, and marched south in the direction of the Magnetic Pole as Webb made daily magnetic observations. They soon found that magnetic disturbances played havoc with the compass readings, and they steered by the sun, "a more than efficient

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As the weather was improving, Mawson decided that he would take out a final sledging party with Madigan and Hodgeman, primarily to recover equipment that had been dumped or cached during the journeys of the previous year. In this, they were largely unsuccessful. They returned to base on

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later in 1914 delayed the book's publication, while the distribution of the film was hampered by contractual problems and by a shift of public attention towards the war. As a result, the scientific reports were produced piecemeal over the next 30 years, the last appearing in 1947.

804:. One major improvement on the previous year was that, from 20 February, regular wireless contact with Macquarie Island was established, which allowed the group to stay in touch with the outside world until 8 June, when strong winds once again brought down the wireless masts. 861:

sailed for Hobart. Wild named the ice shelf after Shackleton, whose birthday fell on 15 February. Attempts to establish wireless contact with Cape Denison failed; they were unable to erect a suitable mast and discovered that vital parts of the transmitting equipment were missing.

1111:, where he died in 1942. His family were highly critical of Mawson's lack of care and sympathy; they wrote him numerous letters apparently without response. In 2018, Jeffryes was finally honoured by the erection of a plaque in the Ararat Cemetery, near the site of his unmarked grave. 257:

in the west. Within these bounds, Mawson said, lay territory "of whose outline and glacial features the barest evidence has been furnished". A full scientific and geographical investigation of these lands would be accompanied by a ship-based oceanographic program. The AAAS responded

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reaching even the first ledge which they measured to be at a depth of 46 metres (150 ft), so they had no option except to hope that Ninnis would answer their shouts. They spent several hours calling but – having received no response – they were forced to give him up for dead.

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contact between Antarctica and Australia. Another planned innovation – the use of an aircraft – was thwarted by an accident before the expedition sailed. The plane's fuselage was adapted to form a motorised sledge or "air-tractor", but it proved to be of very limited usefulness.

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The expedition's main oceanographic work was carried out during two cruises in 1912, and in a coastal journey in 1914, after the final relief of Cape Denison. The first cruise, May to July 1912, included investigation, southwest of Tasmania, of the supposed location of the

1096:, taking over as leader following Shackleton's sudden death in January 1922. Charles Harrisson, who had been a member of the Far Western Party, visited Macquarie Island in 1914, but his ship disappeared without a trace on its return voyage to Australia. 1042:

and the other artefacts and equipment from the expedition for £15,000 – an amount, he reckoned, that would not only meet all outstanding debts but would finance the production of the scientific reports. The government turned him down. Instead he sold

1258:, a very precise account of moneys received. In total, from all sources, £52,270 (equivalent to about £5.2 million in 2018) was raised, against total expenditure of £56,732 (£5.7m). The deficit of £4,462 equates to just under £500,000 in 2018 terms. 625:

made their daily readings regardless of conditions. In rare lulls, efforts were made to erect the wireless masts and establish contact with Macquarie Island, but after repeated failures, these attempts were temporarily abandoned at the end of April.

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and Antarctica, to act as a relay station for wireless messages between Antarctica and Australia. Establishing a base at Macquarie would have the additional benefit of allowing the first proper survey and scientific study of the island.

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at Oxford University for a year to join the expedition. The decision to establish a wireless relay and scientific station on Macquarie Island meant the recruitment of a further five-man team. To command the station, Mawson appointed

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arrived the next day. They finally left Cape Denison on 24 December 1913. As they sailed away, they could see the cross, erected on high ground by Bickerton and McLean, commemorating their lost comrades, Ninnis and Mertz.

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6,000, which Mawson considered a bargain. Davis supervised an extensive refit, which included alterations to her rigging and much internal reorganisation to provide appropriate accommodation, laboratories and extra storage space.

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which Scott had originally planned to explore with a secondary party. It was thought inappropriate that rival teams should work in essentially the same area. Scott did not consider it necessary to inform Mawson of his change of

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Island but received nothing back. Several sledging journeys were possible in September before the weather closed in again; on 9 October a particularly violent wind brought the recently erected wireless masts crashing down.

670:, some 560 kilometres (350 mi) distant in the vicinity of Cape Adare. Other groups would form support parties for the main journeys. All parties would be required to return to base by 15 January 1913, when 848:

around 800 kilometres (500 mi) (and no more than 970 kilometres (600 mi)) west of Cape Denison, to make inter-base wireless communication possible. After landing the Cape Denison party in January 1912,

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in 1915, and Leslie Blake, the cartographer and geologist of the Macquarie Island party, died after being badly wounded by a shell in France in 1918. Several would return to the Antarctic: Mawson as the leader of the

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After the remaining members of the Cape Denison party had been picked up in December 1913, Mawson decided that, before returning home, they would conduct a coastal and seabed survey to the west, as far as the

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found no trace of them either, nor of any shelving of the seabed that might suggest sunken islands. The main sphere of oceanographic research was the sea around Macquarie Island and further northeast towards the

407:, as leader of one of the proposed mainland bases. Wild had turned down an invitation to join Scott's expedition; he disliked Scott's rigidity, considering him "too much the navy man". Mawson also took on 759:

discovered a rocky headland, more than 300 metres (1,000 ft) high, with a magnificent columnar structure resembling organ pipes. Madigan described this as a "cathedral of nature"; it was later named

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Apart from financial contributions, the expedition received many donations in kind. In London, Northcliffe's appeal brought gifts of equipment and supplies, including whisky and tobacco; in Australia,

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sailed along 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) of uncharted coastline, mapping the continental shelf through 55° of longitude. Hurley's photographs and film provided a comprehensive pictorial record.

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s return. Lacking provisions for another year at the base, they prepared for the possibility that the ship would not arrive by building up stocks of seal and penguin meat, but to their great relief,

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sounder for work in depths up to 10,970 metres (6,000 fathoms), lent to the expedition by Bruce, and a lighter Kelvin machine for use in shallower depths. Mawson also acquired a small monoplane from

1297:, from eating the dogs' livers which are rich in the vitamin to a level that can be toxic to humans. The poisoning process was likely hastened by Mertz's weak physical condition and near-starvation. 641:

extraordinary éclat". Much use was made of the expedition's library, especially the books that brought, as Mawson put it, "the sudden breath of a world of warmth and colour, richness and vivacity".

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during the first stage of BANZARE; Hurley joined the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, and also signed on to BANZARE. Wild joined ITAE as well, and in 1921 he accompanied Shackleton on his

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Fifty dogs were ordered; one which went missing in Greenland was replaced, but during the trip from Greenland another was lost overboard and a third was attacked and killed by the other dogs.

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Macquarie station would therefore need to remain open until November. Mawson radioed that the supply ship could pick up any of the party who wished to leave in May, but all elected to stay.

791: 250: 771:, unaware that Mawson and Mertz were camped in the upper reaches of the same glacier. After completing a full coastal survey, Madigan's party returned to the base on 16 January 1913. 540:

s bridge was washed away, and the cargo stored above deck suffered damage. The bad weather finally abated, and they reached Macquarie Island on 13 December, where they were joined by

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from the Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau, along with two wireless technicians, a geologist and a biologist. As the expedition's photographer, Mawson was eventually persuaded to engage

7160: 1075: 564:, and on further exploration they discovered a long sheltered inlet which they dubbed Boat Harbour. Here, a reconnaissance party found a rocky spot at a location which they named 779:

The trouble worsened; the engine stalled suddenly, and the propeller was wrecked. The motor-sledge was abandoned, and the party continued its journey by man-hauling, travelling

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To preserve the expedition's predominantly Australasian character, Mawson recruited his science staff from the universities of Australia and New Zealand. In key positions were

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As it turned out, severe winter weather prevented supply vessels from reaching them until 20 August, by which time provisions and fuel supplies were close to exhaustion.

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The work of unloading the ship, frequently interrupted by storms and winds, continued until 18 January. The next day, with time running short before the onset of winter,

133:, more than 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) west of Cape Denison. Activities at both mainland bases were hampered by extreme winds, which often made outside work impossible. 7963: 477:. The appeal resulted in an immediate influx of money; more than £6,000 in two days. The British government gave £2,000, and, after a successful presentation by Mawson, the 514:– her deck teeming with the 48 dogs that had survived the trip from Greenland, laden with sledges and with more than 3,000 cases of stores on board – left London for 7922: 7766: 738:

would not reach Wild's western base before being blocked by winter ice, Davis gave up and headed west, leaving the Cape Denison group to spend another year at the base.

522:, on 4 November, after a three-month voyage. In a flurry of activity, additional fuel, stores and equipment were taken aboard. Mawson chartered a steamer, SS 74:

in 1907–1909. During its time in Antarctica, the expedition's sledging parties covered around 4,180 kilometres (2,600 mi) of unexplored territory, while its ship,

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was subsequently given, with permission, to lands explored by Mawson's Far Eastern Party, from the Cape Denison base. Wild also named the plateau south of his base

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94° 51′ E. Lacking other options, Wild investigated it as a site for the base and, despite the possibility of the ice breaking up, he decided to risk it.

954: 392: 302:'s chief officer during Shackleton's recent expedition and had acted as its captain on the voyage back to England. He accepted Mawson's offer without hesitation. 7806: 1168:

expedition, judged by the magnitude both of its scale and of its achievements, was the greatest and most consummate expedition that ever sailed to Antarctica."

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Ainsworth's party began daily meteorological observations from 1 January 1912, and the wireless station was erected on a high promontory christened

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appeared on 23 February; by that same evening the men, their equipment and their personal possessions were aboard, and the ship was on its way to

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The longest journey would be undertaken by a Far Eastern Party, consisting of Mertz, Ninnis and Mawson, which would take the dogs and attempt to reach

7968: 7902: 7759: 17: 4456: 1107:, wandering in the bush. He spent the next year in asylums, but after an assault on a member of staff, he was committed to a criminal asylum in 942:

arrived on 29 November, when the rest of the Macquarie party was picked up, replaced by members of the Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau.

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After the expedition, rumours circulated that Mawson had assisted his survival by resorting to cannibalism. According to a report published in

927:. Signals from Cape Denison were heard for the first time on 25 September. Still, the cape was unable to receive messages from Macquarie. 203: 4421: 8159: 398: 8236: 1276:

Borchgrevink recorded that the wear and tear caused by the frequent gales must have had "a very material influence" on the accuracy of the

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west across the plateau before turning for home. Their most important geological find was a meteorite, the first discovered in Antarctica.

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these meagre supplies by shooting and eating the surviving dogs. They travelled steadily over the next days, despite Mawson suffering from

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The passage to Macquarie Island was rough: waves repeatedly overwhelmed the ship, half-drowning the dogs and soaking the men. Part of

194:, who, inspired by his experiences, came home with thoughts of organising his own expedition. His particular interest lay not in the 7703: 4918: 4926: 873:

east before being halted by impassable ice. A party led by Sydney Evan Jones travelled 377 kilometres (234 mi) west to reach

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Mawson had planned, before winter closed in, to carry out some experimental sledging work, and on 1 March, he, Madigan and

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applied it to other, undisclosed purposes. This deception, as Mawson saw it, permanently soured relations between the two men.

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In Australia, Mawson faced the reality of the expedition's debts. He proposed that the Australian government should purchase

335:, built in 1876 to work in northern waters. In 1884, she had participated in the rescue efforts for American Arctic explorer 1284:

that his expedition used. At speeds of more 140 kilometres per hour (90 mph) they tended to be demolished or destroyed.

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Many of the expedition's personnel enlisted in the armed forces when war broke out; Bage – already an officer in the

518:, where she loaded 500 tons of coal briquettes. She left Cardiff on 4 August, and arrived at Queens Wharf, 7113: 1093: 950: 435:, a Swiss ski-jumping champion and mountaineer, whose skiing expertise Mawson thought would be an important asset. 7344: 7330: 7304: 7141: 5112: 4638: 4609: 6035: 8226: 7167: 7137: 5480: 5470: 5054: 4756: 4049: 3855: 1293:

A medical report published in 1969 concluded that the most likely cause of Mertz's swift decline and death was

1164: 767:, one of the expedition's sponsors. On their return journey, they celebrated Christmas Day as they camped on a 526:, to carry part of the burden as far as Macquarie Island. After a series of farewell ceremonies and functions, 6778: 628: 370:

Mawson's technological interests extended to the new field of wireless telegraphy. After discussions with the

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McLean, in the tradition of earlier expeditions, took advantage of this to edit and produce a magazine, the

431:, even though he had no previous experience with dogs. He was to be assisted by another novice dog handler, 296:, to whom he offered the post of ship's master and second-in-command of the expedition. Davis had served as 7796: 6849: 6735: 6578: 5624: 5085: 4853: 4134: 621: 340: 1051:(ITAE), and hoped to settle the balance of the debt through the sales of his chronicle of the expedition, 560:. On 8 January 1912, rounding a large glacier, they sailed into a gulf which Mawson later named 556:

two, by consolidating the proposed central base with the main base and placing Wild in charge of a single

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Scott's late decision to send a party to Cape Adare came when he discovered that his main polar rival,

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contributed £500. All told, following the appeal, British sources provided an amount close to £10,000.

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Before returning to Australia, Mawson recruited "the oldest resident of Antarctica", the polar veteran

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program, and the collection of many biological and geological samples, including the discovery of the

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plateau. They made regular meteorological, geological, magnetic and other scientific observations.

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In accordance with his undertaking to support the expedition, Shackleton persuaded the press baron

81:, navigated 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) of unmapped coastline. Scientific activities included 8149: 4932: 7841: 7697: 7360: 6513: 6387: 6307: 5816: 5643: 4845: 3917:

First on the Antarctic Continent: Being an Account of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898–1900

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and was later the recipient of many further honours, including the Royal Geographical Society's

278: 253:(AAAS). He intended to operate in the Antarctic coastal arc between Cape Adare in the east, and 7876: 7871: 7635: 7201: 5133: 1277: 572:, one of the expedition's early sponsors, and Mawson decided to establish the main base there. 432: 408: 141: 6468: 688: 7932: 7856: 7640: 7609: 7414: 7367: 7266: 7070: 6989: 6932: 6681: 6675: 6525: 6483: 6445: 6425: 6020: 5795: 5631: 5541: 5523: 5440: 5411: 5401: 5289: 5226: 5000: 4293: 837: 727: 371: 352: 218: 90: 60: 5681: 236: 8251: 8128: 7494: 7486: 7429: 7017: 6881: 6807: 6799: 6599: 6539: 6498: 6111: 6102: 5973: 5968: 5872: 5736: 5493: 5455: 5062: 4832: 4800: 4744: 4724: 4425: 1238: 1210: 1016: 983: 701:

behind him. There was no sign of Ninnis. Mawson and Mertz retraced their steps and found a

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Before they departed, the Denison party erected a cross in memory of Ninnis and Mertz.

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who had offered his services for free as soon as he had heard Mawson was recruiting.

270:

decided to place his main base well to the west of the cape, in uncharted territory.

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soon afterwards. When Ainsworth's party and its equipment were established on land,

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Many Antarctic features bear names paying tribute to expedition members, including

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Two days after arriving in Adelaide, Jeffryes took a train heading to his home in

446:, also 22, who was appointed as the main base's meteorologist. Madigan deferred a 136:

The expedition was marred by the deaths of two members during an attempt to reach

8123: 8023: 7998: 7912: 7836: 7821: 7801: 7715: 7662: 7647: 7553: 7548: 7472: 7437: 7373: 7272: 7187: 7154: 6886: 6669: 6661: 6630: 6546: 6506: 6260: 6216: 6156: 6080: 6050: 6045: 6005: 5983: 5931: 5867: 5857: 5808: 5530: 5515: 5368: 5337: 5299: 5049: 4977: 4971: 4894: 4859: 4719: 4016: 3972: 1330: 1242: 1152: 731: 723: 660: 416: 412: 344: 336: 320: 293: 259: 153: 6238: 4393: 592: 8118: 7886: 7866: 7851: 7689: 7672: 7625: 7584: 7574: 7543: 7402: 7392: 7284: 7234: 7099: 7049: 7022: 6967: 6763: 6758: 6607: 6460: 6314: 6276: 6233: 6166: 6140: 6094: 6067: 6040: 6010: 5953: 5911: 5901: 5781: 5774: 5671: 5651: 5463: 5423: 5354: 5150: 5125: 5080: 5044: 5038: 5030: 4990: 4985: 4959: 4939: 4707: 4441:"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present" 4090: 1202: 1160: 1083: 711: 602: 207: 191: 168: 82: 52: 8088: 4334: 3986: 1119: 8195: 8133: 8113: 8013: 8008: 7993: 7973: 7846: 7816: 7811: 7652: 7594: 7589: 7579: 7529: 7524: 7500: 7444: 7321: 7315: 7310: 6909: 6820: 6813: 6568: 6363: 6342: 6210: 5988: 5958: 5926: 5921: 5758: 5664: 5547: 5342: 5155: 5105: 5098: 5090: 4995: 4904: 4739: 4342: 4156: 4067: 3873: 3817: 1326: 1206: 1156: 1087: 935: 916: 908: 548:

returned to Hobart, and on 24 December, after carrying out survey work,

443: 424: 351:

The specialist equipment required for the oceanographic program included two

306: 297: 258:

enthusiastically. A committee was formed under the chairmanship of Professor

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received free harbour and docking facilities from the state governments of

1144: 1057:, and with the profits from Hurley's film and photographs. The outbreak of 764: 569: 565: 456: 305:

Mawson hoped to secure one of the new Antarctic expedition ships – Scott's

149: 110: 41: 7720: 7620: 7568: 7386: 7173: 6961: 6336: 6268: 6030: 5889: 5852: 5752: 5744: 5552: 4888: 4380: 1140: 1058: 1011:

Geographical Society, visited the parents of Ninnis, and was received at

530:

was given a tumultuous dockside send-off from Hobart on 2 December.

164: 63:. Mawson had been inspired to lead his own venture by his experiences on 101:

The expedition was organised into three bases: one on the sub-Antarctic

7937: 7519: 7422: 7406: 7248: 7181: 7082: 6491: 6440: 6400: 5722: 5448: 5376: 5318: 4711: 4679: 3710: 3708: 1281: 924: 829: 768: 760: 667: 633: 473: 404: 199: 195: 137: 126: 118: 56: 4313: 1023:. On 29 June, before his return to Australia, he was knighted at 8064: 7881: 7041: 5878: 5430: 5213: 1100: 874: 610: 439: 428: 326: 282: 254: 75: 4623: 4323:"Captain Leslie Russell Blake and Aberdeen University's penguin egg" 3705: 663:

would take the motorised sledge to explore the plateau to the west.

6973: 4305: 1322: 1028: 969:

which had been searched for without success on numerous occasions.

702: 379: 292:

In London, in search of a suitable ship, Mawson sought the help of

145: 94: 32: 3614: 3612: 2318: 2316: 795:

Hodgeman returning to the hut after taking meteorological readings

423:

of 1875–1876. Ninnis was to take charge of the expedition's fifty

7600: 6980: 5245: 5221: 5209: 515: 360: 5767: 4248:. North America, Great Britain & Australia: OneWorld Books. 3255: 2832: 2492: 2490: 1076:

British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition

923:, and by 12 May, was transmitting daily weather reports to 442:, a 22-year-old New Zealander who became chief magnetician, and 5846: 5171: 4619:

Letter written by Bob Bage while preparing for the relief party

3609: 3546: 3507: 3483: 3471: 3351: 3231: 3099: 3060: 2976: 2781: 2769: 2721: 2709: 2673: 2622: 2574: 2526: 2313: 920: 893: 881:

in 1902. In February 1913, the party waited anxiously for

746: 609:, storms frequently pummelled the coast, and intense localised 519: 332: 288:

anchored to floe-ice off the western base during the expedition

249:

In January 1911, Mawson revealed his plans at a meeting of the

3495: 3459: 3183: 3159: 2988: 2904: 2810: 2808: 2733: 2685: 2586: 1346: 1163:. The expedition was the first step towards Australia's later 5232: 3898:

Mawson's Will: The Greatest Polar Survival Story Ever Written

3536: 3534: 3375: 3339: 3291: 2487: 2352: 2253: 2085: 2049: 1839: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1680: 750:

The motorised sledge or "air-tractor" created from a damaged

579:

sailed away to find a suitable site for Wild's western base.

2451: 2364: 2277: 2205: 2193: 2121: 2097: 2037: 1917: 1878: 1817: 1815: 1800: 1739: 1737: 1697: 1695: 1668: 1607: 1605: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1561: 1527: 1525: 1498: 1462: 3955:

The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration: from Franklin to Scott

3756: 3624: 3570: 3111: 3087: 3036: 3024: 2892: 2805: 2598: 2538: 1438: 1399: 1397: 1358: 4422:"Douglas Mawson's colleague with schizophrenia remembered" 3780: 3558: 3531: 3519: 3447: 3267: 3243: 3147: 3123: 3048: 3012: 3000: 2940: 2928: 2856: 2844: 2793: 2697: 2661: 2550: 2001: 1773: 601:

chosen location was an exceptionally windy spot; powerful

3660: 3387: 3363: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3171: 2475: 2463: 2439: 2415: 2403: 2328: 2289: 2241: 2133: 2073: 2061: 1977: 1965: 1953: 1851: 1827: 1812: 1734: 1692: 1656: 1602: 1573: 1549: 1522: 1474: 325:– but none of these was available. He finally settled on 93:. The expedition was the first to establish and maintain 27:

Expedition to Antarctica led by Douglas Mawson, 1911–1914

4048:. Vol. 10. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 3587: 3585: 3077: 3075: 2381: 2379: 2157: 1895: 1893: 1868: 1866: 1629: 1394: 1103:, but he never arrived; a month later he was found near 393:

List of members of the Australasian Antarctic expedition

6437: 3854:. Vol. 8. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 3744: 3732: 3720: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3435: 2820: 2301: 1905: 1724: 1722: 1646: 1644: 1590: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1382: 251:

Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science

3768: 3693: 3648: 3423: 3411: 2964: 2952: 2757: 2745: 2634: 2610: 2562: 2145: 2025: 1989: 1761: 7774: 4290: 4225:

Racing with Death: Douglas Mawson, Antarctic Explorer

3714: 3636: 3582: 3399: 3279: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3135: 3072: 2651: 2649: 2514: 2502: 2427: 2391: 2376: 2265: 2229: 2181: 1941: 1929: 1890: 1863: 1707: 1537: 919:. By mid-February, the station had made contact with 3672: 2916: 2880: 2868: 2340: 2169: 2109: 2013: 1749: 1719: 1641: 1617: 1510: 1486: 1421: 1370: 4479: 4455: 4291:"The Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–1914". 3829:. Victoria, Australia: Melbourne Univ. Publishing. 3597: 3261: 2838: 2217: 1450: 1409: 857:The base was established by 21 February, when 198:, but in investigating the Antarctic lands west of 190:. The party included a young Australian geologist, 4222: 2646: 240:Some of the locations important for the expedition 85:measurements, magnetic observations, an expansive 4610:Works about the Australasian Antarctic expedition 4463:. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from 4329:. Vol. 15, no. 11. pp. R402–R405. 8193: 1047:to Shackleton for a mere £3,200, for use in the 938:, who had fallen ill, was taken off the island. 786: 4265:1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica 1321:Wild named the land he had reached after King 1086:in Shackleton's expedition, and as captain of 596:Exceptionally high winds hampered work outside 7760: 4639: 1325:, but did so without royal consent. The name 1078:(BANZARE) in 1929–1931; Davis, as captain of 399:Dogs of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 4352:"Life and death in the Home of the Blizzard" 3914: 2322: 587: 4362: 4220: 4198: 3978:With the Aurora in the Antarctic, 1911–1914 3843: 3812:. Washington: National Science Foundation. 3630: 3618: 3576: 3552: 3513: 3489: 3477: 3357: 3345: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3066: 3042: 3030: 2982: 2898: 2814: 2787: 2775: 2727: 2715: 2679: 2628: 2604: 2580: 2544: 2532: 2496: 2457: 2421: 2370: 2295: 2283: 2247: 2211: 2199: 2139: 2127: 2067: 2043: 2007: 1923: 1884: 1833: 1821: 1806: 1782: 1701: 1674: 1662: 1611: 1596: 1584: 1567: 1555: 1531: 1504: 1480: 1468: 1444: 1403: 1364: 1352: 7767: 7753: 4646: 4632: 4545: 4439: 3993: 3564: 3540: 3525: 3501: 3465: 3273: 3249: 3237: 3189: 3165: 3153: 3129: 2994: 2910: 2862: 2850: 2739: 2703: 2691: 2592: 2469: 2445: 2358: 2259: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2055: 1995: 1857: 1845: 1794: 1743: 1686: 4379: 4283: 4111: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3297: 1123:The expedition produced the first map of 836:), leader of the Far Western Party, with 741: 7704:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 4507: 4419: 4015: 3999:Mawson and the Ice Men of the Heroic Age 3919:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3081: 1911: 1118: 997: 949: 903: 824: 790: 745: 687: 659:At the same time, a Western Party under 627: 591: 501: 374:, he decided to set up an extra base on 277: 235: 175:In January 1909, a three-man party from 163: 109:, under Mawson's command, was set up at 31: 7279:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4583: 4529:Douglas Mawson: The Life of an Explorer 4510:Lost in the Mists: Leslie Russell Blake 4388: 4349: 4155: 3952: 3807: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3687: 3417: 2826: 1767: 1205:, had established his base camp at the 506:Unloading at Cape Denison, January 1912 213:In January 1910, in London, Mawson met 105:and two on the Antarctic mainland. The 14: 8194: 4564: 4320: 4262: 4089: 3895: 3786: 3774: 3699: 3654: 3603: 3453: 3429: 3054: 3018: 3006: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2799: 2763: 2751: 2667: 2640: 2616: 2568: 2556: 2520: 2508: 2481: 2433: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2334: 2307: 2271: 2235: 2187: 2175: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1947: 1935: 1899: 1872: 1728: 1713: 1543: 1492: 1432: 1376: 648: 471:to publish an appeal for funds in the 7748: 6423: 4665: 4653: 4627: 4243: 4179: 4037: 3971: 3936:Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic 3933: 3824: 3666: 3642: 3591: 3441: 3405: 3285: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3177: 3141: 2655: 2346: 2223: 2163: 2151: 2115: 2031: 2019: 1755: 1650: 1635: 1623: 1516: 1456: 1415: 1388: 945: 692:Mertz and Ninnis at the start of the 492: 273: 186:calculated that they had reached the 51:was a 1911–1914 expedition headed by 4569:. Bowden: East Street Publications. 4526: 4133: 2922: 2886: 2874: 877:, the extinct volcano discovered by 677: 55:that explored the largely uncharted 8237:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 7065:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 5262:Norse colonization of North America 4588:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 4546:Jacka, F.; Jacka, E., eds. (1988). 4246:Shackleton: By Endurance We Conquer 1178:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 1049:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 899: 91:first meteorite found in Antarctica 24: 6594:United States Exploring Expedition 4501: 4045:Australian Dictionary of Biography 4023:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 3851:Australian Dictionary of Biography 411:, a 23-year-old lieutenant in the 372:Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau 210:, but had not been visited since. 25: 8263: 8202:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 7776:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 7668:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 7036:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 4603: 4487:. U.S. Department of the Interior 4229:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 4040:"Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)" 3810:Geographic Names of the Antarctic 730:– and a new wireless technician, 49:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 8176: 8175: 7562:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 6955:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 4531:. Sydney: Reed Natural History. 4420:Cansdale, D. (19 October 2018). 4163:. Oxford: Benediction Classics. 4141:. Oxford: Benediction Classics. 4119:. Oxford: Benediction Classics. 4097:. Oxford: Benediction Classics. 1315: 1300: 1287: 632:Basilisk and Ginger, two of the 613:battered the men and equipment. 4481:"Antarctica detail: Horn Bluff" 4365:"Dogs, Meat and Douglas Mawson" 3938:. Dobbs Ferry: Sheridan House. 1270: 1261: 1248: 1227: 1217: 1195: 820: 674:was expected to retrieve them. 653: 605:swept down to the bay from the 582: 497: 231: 18:Australian Antarctic Expedition 8247:History of the Ross Dependency 4457:"Antarctica detail: Gaussberg" 4363:Leane, E.; Tiffin, H. (2012). 4050:Australian National University 3856:Australian National University 3846:"Davis, John King (1884–1967)" 1082:for the relief voyage for the 844:Mawson had hoped to place the 840:during the sledging expedition 13: 1: 8242:New Zealand and the Antarctic 8019:Clarence Petersen de la Motte 6941:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 6876:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 6424: 4356:Australian Antarctic Magazine 3957:. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. 3915:Borchgrevink, C. E. (2014) . 3900:. Lebanon: Steerforth Press. 1183: 752:Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane 217:, who was then preparing his 159: 8232:Expeditions from New Zealand 7298:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 7114:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 6920:French Antarctic Expeditions 6850:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 6736:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 4854:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 4372:Australian Humanities Review 4001:. Sydney: William Henemann. 3808:Alberts, F. G., ed. (1981). 1340: 1114: 993: 871:237 kilometres (147 mi) 787:The second season, 1913–1914 781:254 kilometres (158 mi) 386: 341:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 115:500 kilometres (300 mi) 7: 6383:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 6062:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 4927:Andrée's balloon expedition 4508:Dartnall, H. J. G. (2013). 4267:. London: The Bodley Head. 1171: 1017:Alexandra, the Queen Mother 869:Wild took a sledging party 10: 8268: 5584:Franklin's lost expedition 5284:Christian IV's expeditions 4666: 4548:Mawson's Antarctic Diaries 3981:. London: Andrew Melrose. 3795: 3715:Bull. Am. Geogr. Soc. 1915 1067:Royal Australian Engineers 681: 479:Royal Geographical Society 462: 415:whose father, also called 396: 390: 378:, at the midpoint between 8173: 8142: 8081: 8052: 8032: 7982: 7946: 7895: 7789: 7782: 7401: 7132: 6719: 6459: 6436: 6432: 6419: 5938:Great Northern Expedition 5832: 5614:Rae–Richardson expedition 5363: 5208: 4814:British Arctic Expedition 4706: 4678: 4674: 4661: 4399:Emu – Austral Ornithology 4335:10.1016/j.cub.2005.05.041 4204:Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton 1021:Dowager Empress of Russia 588:First season: winter 1912 421:British Arctic Expedition 7222:British Antarctic Survey 7216:Captain Arturo Prat Base 6461:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 4221:Riffenburgh, B. (2009). 4161:The Home of the Blizzard 4139:The Home of the Blizzard 4117:The Home of the Blizzard 4095:The Home of the Blizzard 3844:Béchervaise, J. (1981). 3800: 1188: 1069:– was killed during the 1054:The Home of the Blizzard 990:began the journey home. 754:did not prove a success. 7698:Pole of inaccessibility 7361:Antarctic Treaty System 5702:2nd Grinnell expedition 4550:. London: Unwin Hyman. 3953:Coleman, E. C. (2007). 3262:USGS Antarctica ID 5529 2839:USGS Antarctica ID 6994 2008:Leane & Tiffin 2012 1783:Leane & Tiffin 2012 967:Royal Company's Islands 427:once they arrived from 244: 129:was established on the 7947:Macquarie Island party 4443:. MeasuringWorth. 2019 4321:Gorman, M. L. (2005). 4284:Journals and magazines 4206:. London: Bloomsbury. 1128: 1019:, and her sister, the 1003: 961: 912: 879:Drygalski's expedition 841: 812:12 December, and 796: 755: 742:Other sledging parties 697: 637: 597: 507: 433:Xavier Guillaume Mertz 419:, had accompanied the 409:Belgrave Edward Ninnis 289: 241: 172: 142:Belgrave Edward Ninnis 44: 8227:Antarctic expeditions 8150:Adélie Land meteorite 7368:Transglobe Expedition 7267:Operation Deep Freeze 6676:Challenger expedition 5542:Coppermine expedition 5063:Drifting ice stations 4512:. Victoria: Arcadia. 4294:Bull. Am. Geogr. Soc. 4115:(2008). "XXV–XXVII". 4038:Jacka, F. J. (1986). 1254:Mawson published, in 1122: 1006:On 26 February 1914, 1001: 953: 907: 828: 794: 749: 691: 631: 595: 505: 281: 239: 167: 35: 8129:Shackleton Ice Shelf 4584:Roberts, D. (2014). 4426:ABC News (Australia) 4381:10.22459/AHR.52.2012 4350:Killick, D. (2012). 3240:, pp. 553, 706. 1355:, pp. 231, 244. 1256:Home of the Blizzard 1211:King Edward VII Land 984:Shackleton Ice Shelf 615:Carsten Borchgrevink 317:William Speirs Bruce 264:University of Sydney 206:and by the American 131:Shackleton Ice Shelf 8053:Parties and vessels 8040:Hugh Evelyn Watkins 7538:South magnetic pole 6204:Brusilov expedition 5313:Danish colonization 4751:North magnetic pole 4567:An Antarctic Affair 4565:McEwin, E. (2007). 4263:Turney, C. (2012). 4184:. Whitby: Caedmon. 3896:Bickel, L. (2000). 3825:Ayres, P. (2003) . 3789:, pp. 257–258. 3765:, pp. 604–605. 3669:, pp. 286–297. 3621:, pp. 200–204. 3555:, pp. 181–182. 3516:, pp. 178–181. 3504:, pp. 654–656. 3492:, pp. 175–176. 3480:, pp. 174–175. 3468:, pp. 653–654. 3456:, pp. 235–236. 3384:, pp. 485–491. 3360:, pp. 158–159. 3300:, pp. 426–428. 3192:, pp. 436–438. 3180:, pp. 139–140. 3168:, pp. 431–432. 3108:, pp. 169–171. 3069:, pp. 161–167. 3057:, pp. 250–251. 3021:, pp. 398–400. 3009:, pp. 401–403. 2997:, pp. 628–630. 2985:, pp. 156–157. 2949:, pp. 295–296. 2937:, pp. 294–295. 2913:, pp. 563–564. 2802:, pp. 146–147. 2790:, pp. 151–153. 2778:, pp. 144–146. 2742:, pp. 564–566. 2730:, pp. 130–134. 2718:, pp. 131–133. 2694:, pp. 556–559. 2682:, pp. 126–130. 2670:, pp. 211–213. 2631:, pp. 136–137. 2595:, pp. 540–541. 2583:, pp. 115–117. 2559:, pp. 241–242. 2535:, pp. 110–113. 2484:, pp. 175–176. 2412:, pp. 117–118. 2361:, pp. 451–452. 2337:, pp. 236–237. 2325:, pp. 306–307. 2262:, pp. 402–404. 2166:, pp. 136–137. 2094:, pp. 354–356. 2058:, pp. 347–348. 1986:, pp. 543–544. 1974:, pp. 256–257. 1962:, pp. 544–545. 1848:, pp. 297–299. 1797:, pp. 282–283. 1689:, pp. 324–325. 1638:, pp. 266–267. 1391:, pp. 264–265. 1295:vitamin A poisoning 649:Sledging, 1912–1913 215:Robert Falcon Scott 188:South Magnetic Pole 59:coast due south of 8222:1914 in Antarctica 8217:1913 in Antarctica 8212:1912 in Antarctica 8207:1911 in Antarctica 8155:Air-tractor sledge 8104:King George V Land 8073:Western Base Party 7896:Western Base party 7229:Operation Windmill 7210:Operation Highjump 6185:Rusanov expedition 6090:A. E. Nordenskiöld 5834:North East Passage 5638:McClure expedition 4467:on 5 February 2021 4394:"Expunged Islands" 4300:(1): 37–44. 1915. 4244:Smith, M. (2014). 4180:Mills, L. (2007). 3934:Bryan, R. (2011). 2499:, pp. 98–100. 2106:, pp. 358–60. 1309:The New York Globe 1165:territorial claims 1129: 1071:Gallipoli campaign 1004: 962: 957:hand-netting from 946:Oceanographic work 913: 911:, Macquarie Island 842: 797: 756: 698: 638: 598: 508: 493:Expedition history 486:federal government 484:In Australia, the 448:Rhodes Scholarship 290: 274:Ship and equipment 242: 228:his full support. 173: 144:, who fell into a 45: 8187: 8186: 8060:Far Eastern Party 8048: 8047: 8004:Frank D. Fletcher 7923:Alexander Kennedy 7908:Charles Harrisson 7742: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7196:Operation Tabarin 7058:Far Eastern Party 6904:Nimrod Expedition 6415: 6414: 6411: 6410: 5974:M. Pronchishcheva 5896:Siberian Cossacks 5365:Northwest Passage 4698:Research stations 4655:Polar exploration 4595:978-0-393-34778-4 4576:978-1-921037-30-6 4538:978-1-86436-670-9 4527:Hall, L. (2000). 4519:978-1-925003-18-5 4390:Wharton, W. J. L. 4274:978-1-84792-174-1 4255:978-1-78074-572-5 4236:978-0-7475-9671-4 4213:978-0-7475-7253-4 4191:978-0-905355-48-1 4170:978-1-84902-172-2 4148:978-1-84902-172-2 4126:978-1-84902-172-2 4104:978-1-84902-172-2 4059:978-0-522-84459-7 4030:978-0-340-25007-5 4008:978-1-74275-279-2 3964:978-0-7524-4207-5 3945:978-1-57409-312-4 3926:978-1-108-07188-8 3907:978-1-58642-000-0 3865:978-0-522-84459-7 3444:, pp. 63–73. 3348:, pp. 92–93. 2460:, pp. 94–95. 2373:, pp. 72–73. 2323:Borchgrevink 2014 2310:, pp. 88–90. 2286:, pp. 65–66. 2214:, pp. 62–63. 2202:, pp. 61–62. 2154:, pp. 20–22. 2130:, pp. 56–57. 2046:, pp. 51–56. 2034:, pp. 11–15. 1926:, pp. 48–49. 1887:, pp. 43–44. 1809:, pp. 45–46. 1677:, pp. 49–50. 1570:, pp. 41–42. 1507:, pp. 40–41. 1471:, pp. 39–40. 1447:, pp. 38–39. 1367:, pp. 35–36. 1105:Stawell, Victoria 1025:Buckingham Palace 1013:Marlborough House 694:Far Eastern Party 684:Far Eastern Party 678:Far Eastern Party 636:, at Cape Denison 552:sailed on south. 510:On 28 July 1911, 353:sounding machines 177:Ernest Shackleton 65:Ernest Shackleton 16:(Redirected from 8259: 8179: 8178: 8109:Macquarie Island 8099:Commonwealth Bay 7954:George Ainsworth 7857:Archibald McLean 7787: 7786: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7746: 7745: 7243:Ronne Expedition 6728: 6722: 6586:Dumont d'Urville 6434: 6433: 6421: 6420: 5969:V. Pronchishchev 4676: 4675: 4663: 4662: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4599: 4586:Alone on the Ice 4580: 4561: 4542: 4523: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4407: 4385: 4383: 4369: 4359: 4346: 4317: 4278: 4259: 4240: 4228: 4217: 4195: 4174: 4152: 4130: 4108: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4034: 4012: 3990: 3968: 3949: 3930: 3911: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3840: 3821: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3631:Riffenburgh 2009 3628: 3622: 3619:Riffenburgh 2009 3616: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3580: 3577:Riffenburgh 2009 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3553:Riffenburgh 2009 3550: 3544: 3538: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3514:Riffenburgh 2009 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3490:Riffenburgh 2009 3487: 3481: 3478:Riffenburgh 2009 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3358:Riffenburgh 2009 3355: 3349: 3346:Riffenburgh 2009 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3118:Riffenburgh 2009 3115: 3109: 3106:Riffenburgh 2009 3103: 3097: 3094:Riffenburgh 2009 3091: 3085: 3079: 3070: 3067:Riffenburgh 2009 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3043:Riffenburgh 2009 3040: 3034: 3031:Riffenburgh 2009 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2983:Riffenburgh 2009 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2899:Riffenburgh 2009 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2815:Riffenburgh 2009 2812: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2788:Riffenburgh 2009 2785: 2779: 2776:Riffenburgh 2009 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2728:Riffenburgh 2009 2725: 2719: 2716:Riffenburgh 2009 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2680:Riffenburgh 2009 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2629:Riffenburgh 2009 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2605:Riffenburgh 2009 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2581:Riffenburgh 2009 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2545:Riffenburgh 2009 2542: 2536: 2533:Riffenburgh 2009 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2497:Riffenburgh 2009 2494: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2458:Riffenburgh 2009 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2422:Riffenburgh 2009 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2374: 2371:Riffenburgh 2009 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2296:Riffenburgh 2009 2293: 2287: 2284:Riffenburgh 2009 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2248:Riffenburgh 2009 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2212:Riffenburgh 2009 2209: 2203: 2200:Riffenburgh 2009 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2140:Riffenburgh 2009 2137: 2131: 2128:Riffenburgh 2009 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2068:Riffenburgh 2009 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2044:Riffenburgh 2009 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1924:Riffenburgh 2009 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1888: 1885:Riffenburgh 2009 1882: 1876: 1870: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1834:Riffenburgh 2009 1831: 1825: 1822:Riffenburgh 2009 1819: 1810: 1807:Riffenburgh 2009 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1702:Riffenburgh 2009 1699: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1675:Riffenburgh 2009 1672: 1666: 1663:Riffenburgh 2009 1660: 1654: 1648: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1612:Riffenburgh 2009 1609: 1600: 1597:Béchervaise 1981 1594: 1588: 1585:Riffenburgh 2009 1582: 1571: 1568:Riffenburgh 2009 1565: 1559: 1556:Riffenburgh 2009 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1532:Riffenburgh 2009 1529: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1505:Riffenburgh 2009 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1481:Riffenburgh 2009 1478: 1472: 1469:Riffenburgh 2009 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1445:Riffenburgh 2009 1442: 1436: 1430: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1404:Riffenburgh 2009 1401: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1365:Riffenburgh 2009 1362: 1356: 1353:Riffenburgh 2005 1350: 1334: 1319: 1313: 1304: 1298: 1291: 1285: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1252: 1246: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1199: 1149:Mawson Peninsula 1125:Macquarie Island 1094:final expedition 976:Auckland Islands 900:Macquarie Island 887: 872: 782: 728:Archibald McLean 696:expedition, 1912 562:Commonwealth Bay 539: 469:Lord Northcliffe 453:George Ainsworth 376:Macquarie Island 343:. The ship cost 331:, an old Dundee 204:Dumont D'Urville 116: 103:Macquarie Island 21: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8183: 8169: 8138: 8124:Queen Mary Land 8077: 8044: 8028: 8024:Norman Toutcher 7999:John King Davis 7978: 7969:Charles Sandell 7964:Harold Hamilton 7942: 7913:Charles Hoadley 7891: 7877:Frank Stillwell 7872:Belgrave Ninnis 7842:Charles Laseron 7837:Sidney Jeffryes 7822:Alfred Hodgeman 7802:Frank Bickerton 7790:Main Base party 7778: 7773: 7743: 7730: 7405: 7397: 7273:McMurdo Station 7142:Modern research 7140: 7128: 6863:O. Nordenskjöld 6726: 6720: 6715: 6631:Ross expedition 6455: 6428: 6407: 5836: 5828: 5369:Northern Canada 5367: 5359: 5212: 5204: 4710: 4702: 4670: 4657: 4652: 4606: 4596: 4577: 4558: 4539: 4520: 4504: 4502:Further reading 4499: 4490: 4488: 4470: 4468: 4446: 4444: 4430: 4428: 4410: 4374:(52): 185–199. 4367: 4327:Current Biology 4286: 4281: 4275: 4256: 4237: 4214: 4200:Riffenburgh, B. 4192: 4171: 4149: 4137:(2008). "XIV". 4127: 4105: 4080: 4078: 4060: 4031: 4009: 3965: 3946: 3927: 3908: 3886: 3884: 3866: 3837: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3565:FitzSimons 2012 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3541:FitzSimons 2012 3539: 3532: 3526:FitzSimons 2012 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3502:FitzSimons 2012 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3466:FitzSimons 2012 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3274:FitzSimons 2012 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3250:FitzSimons 2012 3248: 3244: 3238:FitzSimons 2012 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3190:FitzSimons 2012 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3166:FitzSimons 2012 3164: 3160: 3154:FitzSimons 2012 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3130:FitzSimons 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2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2260:FitzSimons 2012 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2104:FitzSimons 2012 2102: 2098: 2092:FitzSimons 2012 2090: 2086: 2080:FitzSimons 2012 2078: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2056:FitzSimons 2012 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1864: 1858:FitzSimons 2012 1856: 1852: 1846:FitzSimons 2012 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1795:FitzSimons 2012 1793: 1789: 1781: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1744:FitzSimons 2012 1742: 1735: 1727: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1693: 1687:FitzSimons 2012 1685: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1626:, pp. 5–8. 1622: 1618: 1610: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1574: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1530: 1523: 1519:, pp. 3–4. 1515: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1395: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1331:Queen Mary Land 1320: 1316: 1305: 1301: 1292: 1288: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1253: 1249: 1243:New South Wales 1232: 1228: 1222: 1218: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1174: 1153:Madigan Nunatak 1117: 1033:Founder's Medal 996: 955:Harold Hamilton 948: 902: 885: 870: 823: 802:Adelie Blizzard 789: 780: 744: 732:Sidney Jeffryes 724:Alfred Hodgeman 686: 680: 661:Frank Bickerton 656: 651: 603:katabatic winds 590: 585: 537: 500: 495: 465: 417:Belgrave Ninnis 413:Royal Fusiliers 401: 395: 389: 355:: a No. 1 337:Adolphus Greely 294:John King Davis 276: 260:Edgeworth David 247: 234: 162: 154:Sidney Jeffryes 114: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8265: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8185: 8184: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8119:Ninnis Glacier 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8062: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7990: 7988: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7903:Charles Dovers 7899: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7887:Leslie Whetter 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7867:Herbert Murphy 7864: 7859: 7854: 7852:Douglas Mawson 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7791: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7772: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7749: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7690:Vostok Station 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7641:Cherry-Garrard 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7481:Southern Cross 7477: 7476: 7475: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7447: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7411: 7409: 7403:Farthest South 7399: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7364: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7275: 7270: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7225: 7218: 7213: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7164: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7144: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7100:Ross Sea party 7096: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7061: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6965: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6900: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6884: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6794:Southern Cross 6787:Southern Cross 6783: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6731: 6729: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6652: 6646: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6533:Bellingshausen 6523: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6430: 6429: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6392: 6380: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5842: 5840: 5838:Russian Arctic 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5654: 5649: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5595: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5371: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5280: 5275: 5273:Snæbjörn galti 5270: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5175: 5168: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5140: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5066: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4830: 4825: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4708:Farthest North 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4672: 4671: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4605: 4604:External links 4602: 4601: 4600: 4594: 4581: 4575: 4562: 4556: 4543: 4537: 4524: 4518: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4477: 4453: 4437: 4416: 4409: 4408: 4386: 4360: 4358:. No. 22. 4347: 4318: 4306:10.2307/201117 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4260: 4254: 4241: 4235: 4218: 4212: 4196: 4190: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4159:(2008). "XV". 4153: 4147: 4131: 4125: 4103: 4087: 4058: 4035: 4029: 4013: 4007: 3995:FitzSimons, P. 3991: 3969: 3963: 3950: 3944: 3931: 3925: 3912: 3906: 3893: 3864: 3841: 3835: 3827:Mawson: A Life 3822: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3779: 3777:, p. 258. 3767: 3755: 3753:, p. 558. 3743: 3741:, p. 522. 3731: 3729:, p. 540. 3719: 3704: 3702:, p. 257. 3692: 3671: 3659: 3657:, p. 285. 3647: 3645:, p. 195. 3635: 3633:, p. 185. 3623: 3608: 3596: 3594:, p. 170. 3581: 3579:, p. 184. 3569: 3567:, p. 673. 3557: 3545: 3543:, p. 659. 3530: 3528:, p. 664. 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3432:, p. 235. 3422: 3410: 3408:, p. 109. 3398: 3396:, p. 492. 3394:Ainsworth 2008 3386: 3382:Ainsworth 2008 3374: 3372:, p. 485. 3370:Ainsworth 2008 3362: 3350: 3338: 3336:, p. 469. 3334:Ainsworth 2008 3326: 3324:, p. 453. 3322:Ainsworth 2008 3314: 3312:, p. 439. 3310:Ainsworth 2008 3302: 3298:Ainsworth 2008 3290: 3288:, p. 191. 3278: 3276:, p. 617. 3266: 3254: 3252:, p. 500. 3242: 3230: 3228:, p. 142. 3218: 3216:, p. 143. 3206: 3204:, p. 140. 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3156:, p. 431. 3146: 3144:, p. 139. 3134: 3132:, p. 651. 3122: 3120:, p. 173. 3110: 3098: 3096:, p. 168. 3086: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3045:, p. 159. 3035: 3033:, p. 160. 3023: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2973:, p. 297. 2963: 2961:, p. 248. 2951: 2939: 2927: 2925:, p. 253. 2915: 2903: 2901:, p. 157. 2891: 2889:, p. 236. 2879: 2877:, p. 226. 2867: 2865:, p. 570. 2855: 2853:, p. 552. 2843: 2831: 2829:, p. 276. 2819: 2817:, p. 158. 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2766:, p. 245. 2756: 2754:, p. 244. 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2706:, p. 558. 2696: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2645: 2643:, p. 243. 2633: 2621: 2619:, p. 242. 2609: 2607:, p. 126. 2597: 2585: 2573: 2571:, p. 119. 2561: 2549: 2547:, p. 115. 2537: 2525: 2513: 2511:, p. 176. 2501: 2486: 2474: 2472:, p. 512. 2462: 2450: 2448:, p. 507. 2438: 2436:, p. 158. 2426: 2414: 2402: 2400:, p. 116. 2390: 2388:, p. 120. 2375: 2363: 2351: 2349:, p. 270. 2339: 2327: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2274:, p. 229. 2264: 2252: 2240: 2238:, p. 228. 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2190:, p. 227. 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2118:, p. 135. 2108: 2096: 2084: 2082:, p. 339. 2072: 2060: 2048: 2036: 2024: 2022:, p. 269. 2012: 2010:, p. 185. 2000: 1996:MeasuringWorth 1988: 1976: 1964: 1952: 1950:, p. 253. 1940: 1938:, p. 545. 1928: 1916: 1914:, p. 335. 1904: 1902:, p. 216. 1889: 1877: 1875:, p. 221. 1862: 1860:, p. 293. 1850: 1838: 1826: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1785:, p. 186. 1772: 1770:, p. 201. 1760: 1758:, p. 126. 1748: 1746:, p. 283. 1733: 1718: 1716:, p. 224. 1706: 1691: 1679: 1667: 1655: 1653:, p. 267. 1640: 1628: 1616: 1601: 1589: 1572: 1560: 1548: 1546:, p. 219. 1536: 1521: 1509: 1497: 1485: 1473: 1461: 1459:, p. 239. 1449: 1437: 1435:, p. 214. 1420: 1418:, p. 238. 1408: 1393: 1381: 1379:, p. 213. 1369: 1357: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1314: 1299: 1286: 1269: 1260: 1247: 1226: 1216: 1203:Roald Amundsen 1193: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1161:Ninnis Glacier 1116: 1113: 1084:Ross Sea party 995: 992: 947: 944: 901: 898: 822: 819: 788: 785: 769:glacier tongue 743: 740: 712:snow-blindness 682:Main article: 679: 676: 655: 652: 650: 647: 589: 586: 584: 581: 499: 496: 494: 491: 464: 461: 391:Main article: 388: 385: 275: 272: 246: 243: 233: 230: 208:Charles Wilkes 192:Douglas Mawson 169:Douglas Mawson 161: 158: 83:meteorological 53:Douglas Mawson 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8264: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8190: 8182: 8172: 8166: 8165:Mawson's Huts 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8134:Wireless Hill 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8114:Mertz Glacier 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8014:Percival Gray 8012: 8010: 8009:F. J. Gillies 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7994:John H. Blair 7992: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7981: 7975: 7974:Arthur Sawyer 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7933:Andrew Watson 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7847:Cecil Madigan 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7817:Walter Hannam 7815: 7813: 7812:Percy Correll 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7770: 7765: 7763: 7758: 7756: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6821:Discovery Hut 6819: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6351:A. Sibiryakov 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6323:Glavsevmorput 6320: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5625:J. Richardson 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:M. Corte-Real 5385: 5383: 5382:G. Corte-Real 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5305:C. Richardson 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5114:Georgiy Sedov 5110: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5001:Riiser-Larsen 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4557:0-04-320209-8 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4442: 4438: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113:Ainsworth, G. 4110: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3836:0-522-85078-2 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3717:, p. 44. 3716: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3605: 3600: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3420:, p. 32. 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3119: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3082:Cansdale 2018 3078: 3076: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2847: 2840: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2523:, p. 81. 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2424:, p. 90. 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2298:, p. 69. 2297: 2292: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2250:, p. 64. 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2226:, p. 63. 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2178:, p. 49. 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2142:, p. 57. 2141: 2136: 2129: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2070:, p. 55. 2069: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2004: 1997: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1912:Huntford 1985 1908: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1836:, p. 78. 1835: 1830: 1824:, p. 51. 1823: 1818: 1816: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1731:, p. 13. 1730: 1725: 1723: 1715: 1710: 1704:, p. 50. 1703: 1698: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1676: 1671: 1665:, p. 45. 1664: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1614:, p. 44. 1613: 1608: 1606: 1598: 1593: 1587:, p. 42. 1586: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1569: 1564: 1558:, p. 47. 1557: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1534:, p. 41. 1533: 1528: 1526: 1518: 1513: 1506: 1501: 1495:, p. xi. 1494: 1489: 1483:, p. 40. 1482: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1458: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1417: 1412: 1406:, p. 38. 1405: 1400: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1378: 1373: 1366: 1361: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1332: 1328: 1327:George V Land 1324: 1318: 1311: 1310: 1303: 1296: 1290: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1264: 1257: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1207:Bay of Whales 1204: 1198: 1194: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:Mertz Glacier 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1126: 1121: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1029:King George V 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1000: 991: 989: 985: 979: 977: 972: 968: 960: 956: 952: 943: 941: 937: 936:Arthur Sawyer 932: 928: 926: 922: 918: 917:Wireless Hill 910: 909:Wireless Hill 906: 897: 895: 891: 884: 880: 876: 867: 863: 860: 855: 852: 847: 839: 838:Andrew Watson 835: 831: 827: 818: 815: 809: 805: 803: 793: 784: 776: 772: 770: 766: 762: 753: 748: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 719: 715: 713: 707: 704: 695: 690: 685: 675: 673: 669: 664: 662: 646: 642: 635: 630: 626: 623: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 594: 580: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 553: 551: 547: 543: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 504: 490: 487: 482: 480: 476: 475: 470: 460: 458: 454: 449: 445: 444:Cecil Madigan 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 400: 394: 384: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 349: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 329: 324: 323: 318: 314: 310: 309: 303: 301: 300: 295: 287: 286: 280: 271: 267: 265: 261: 256: 252: 238: 229: 225: 223: 221: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 183: 178: 170: 166: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 112: 108: 104: 99: 96: 92: 88: 87:oceanographic 84: 80: 79: 73: 71: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 8189: 8094:Cape Denison 8066: 7984: 7959:Leslie Blake 7928:Morton Moyes 7918:Sydney Jones 7862:Xavier Mertz 7832:Frank Hurley 7775: 7696: 7684:Pole of Cold 7682: 7608: 7599: 7567: 7560: 7536: 7507: 7493: 7487:Borchgrevink 7479: 7466: 7451: 7431: 7416: 7385: 7366: 7359: 7343: 7329: 7320: 7303: 7296: 7277: 7265: 7241: 7227: 7220: 7208: 7194: 7180: 7166: 7159: 7120: 7112: 7098: 7091: 7089: 7071: 7063: 7056: 7043: 7035: 7034: 6996: 6988: 6979: 6972: 6960: 6953: 6939: 6927:Pourquoi-Pas 6926: 6918: 6910: 6902: 6897:Orcadas Base 6895: 6887: 6874: 6868:C. A. Larsen 6856: 6848: 6834: 6827: 6814: 6806: 6800:Borchgrevink 6793: 6785: 6742: 6734: 6709:C. A. Larsen 6702: 6683: 6674: 6656: 6638: 6629: 6616: 6601: 6592: 6579: 6540: 6526: 6519: 6500: 6485: 6395: 6388: 6371: 6364: 6350: 6335: 6321: 6308: 6283: 6269: 6267: 6253: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6209: 6202: 6183: 6149: 6147: 6133: 6131: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6081: 6079: 6060: 5936: 5894: 5877: 5845: 5809: 5807: 5787: 5786: 5766: 5765: 5751: 5738: 5723: 5709: 5700: 5687: 5658: 5646:Investigator 5645: 5636: 5612: 5599: 5591: 5582: 5569: 5540: 5517: 5502: 5487: 5457: 5442: 5412: 5331: 5311: 5282: 5278:Erik the Red 5260: 5238: 5231: 5188:submersibles 5185: 5179:Arktika 2007 5177: 5170: 5163: 5160: 5144: 5135: 5132: 5113: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5068: 5061: 5037: 5023: 5022: 5014: 5012: 4978: 4976: 4947: 4944: 4933:S. A. Andrée 4925: 4912: 4887: 4879: 4876: 4852: 4834: 4821: 4812: 4794: 4785: 4783: 4749: 4614:Open Library 4585: 4566: 4547: 4528: 4509: 4489:. Retrieved 4484: 4469:. Retrieved 4465:the original 4460: 4445:. Retrieved 4429:. Retrieved 4412: 4411: 4403: 4397: 4371: 4355: 4326: 4297: 4292: 4264: 4245: 4224: 4203: 4181: 4160: 4138: 4116: 4094: 4079:. Retrieved 4043: 4020: 4017:Huntford, R. 3998: 3977: 3973:Davis, J. K. 3954: 3935: 3916: 3897: 3885:. Retrieved 3849: 3826: 3809: 3782: 3770: 3763:Alberts 1981 3758: 3751:Alberts 1981 3746: 3739:Alberts 1981 3734: 3727:Alberts 1981 3722: 3695: 3688:Killick 2012 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3599: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3521: 3509: 3497: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3418:Wharton 1904 3413: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3137: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2827:Madigan 2008 2822: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1907: 1880: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1802: 1790: 1768:Coleman 2007 1763: 1751: 1709: 1682: 1670: 1658: 1631: 1619: 1592: 1563: 1551: 1539: 1512: 1500: 1488: 1476: 1464: 1452: 1440: 1411: 1384: 1372: 1360: 1348: 1317: 1307: 1302: 1289: 1272: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1234: 1229: 1219: 1197: 1145:Mawson Coast 1138: 1133: 1130: 1098: 1088: 1079: 1064: 1052: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1007: 1005: 987: 980: 970: 963: 958: 939: 933: 929: 914: 889: 882: 868: 864: 858: 856: 850: 846:western base 843: 833: 821:Western base 813: 810: 806: 801: 798: 777: 773: 765:William Horn 757: 735: 720: 716: 708: 699: 671: 665: 657: 654:General plan 643: 639: 619: 599: 583:Cape Denison 576: 574: 570:Hugh Denison 566:Cape Denison 558:western base 554: 549: 545: 541: 534: 532: 527: 523: 511: 509: 498:Voyage south 483: 472: 466: 457:Frank Hurley 437: 402: 369: 350: 327: 321: 312: 307: 304: 298: 291: 284: 268: 248: 232:Preparations 226: 219: 212: 181: 174: 150:Xavier Mertz 135: 123:western base 111:Cape Denison 100: 77: 69: 48: 46: 42:Cape Denison 29: 8252:Australasia 8089:Adélie Land 7827:John Hunter 7387:Lake Vostok 7337:Tryoshnikov 7259:Schlossbach 7150:Christensen 7092:James Caird 7013:E. R. Evans 6779:Dobrowolski 6749:de Gerlache 6451:Expeditions 6337:Aviaarktika 6291:Samoylovich 6162:Kolomeitsev 6056:Middendorff 6016:Gedenshtrom 5436:I. Fyodorov 5198:Chilingarov 5086:E. Fyodorov 4693:Expeditions 4491:26 November 4471:26 November 4447:26 November 4431:26 November 4157:Madigan, C. 4081:26 November 3887:26 November 3787:Turney 2012 3775:Turney 2012 3700:Turney 2012 3655:Turney 2012 3604:Gorman 2005 3454:Turney 2012 3430:Turney 2012 3055:Turney 2012 3019:Mawson 2008 3007:Mawson 2008 2971:Mawson 2008 2959:Turney 2012 2947:Mawson 2008 2935:Mawson 2008 2800:Turney 2012 2764:Turney 2012 2752:Turney 2012 2668:Mawson 2008 2641:Turney 2012 2617:Turney 2012 2569:Bickel 2000 2557:Turney 2012 2521:Bickel 2000 2509:Mawson 2008 2482:Mawson 2008 2434:Mawson 2008 2410:Mawson 2008 2398:Mawson 2008 2386:Mawson 2008 2335:Turney 2012 2308:Mawson 2008 2272:Turney 2012 2236:Turney 2012 2188:Turney 2012 2176:Mawson 2008 1984:Mawson 2008 1972:Turney 2012 1960:Mawson 2008 1948:Turney 2012 1936:Mawson 2008 1900:Turney 2012 1873:Turney 2012 1729:Mawson 2008 1714:Turney 2012 1544:Turney 2012 1493:Mawson 2008 1433:Turney 2012 1377:Turney 2012 1282:anemometers 1209:, close to 1141:Cape Mawson 634:sledge dogs 425:sledge dogs 365:air-tractor 8196:Categories 7938:Frank Wild 7807:John Close 7610:Terra Nova 7515:Shackleton 7458:J. C. Ross 7417:Resolution 7407:South Pole 7182:New Swabia 7106:Mackintosh 7078:Shackleton 6997:Terra Nova 6990:Terra Nova 6724:Heroic Age 6684:Challenger 6644:J. C. Ross 6554:Bransfield 6486:Resolution 6401:icebreaker 6365:Chelyuskin 6106:expedition 6084:Expedition 6026:Matyushkin 5984:Kh. Laptev 5979:Chelyuskin 5873:Heemskerck 5863:Chancellor 5858:Willoughby 5853:Koch boats 5796:Stefansson 5730:McClintock 5694:Inglefield 5536:J. C. Ross 5443:Resolution 5295:Cunningham 5193:Sagalevich 4882:expedition 4841:Stephenson 4801:C. F. Hall 4788:expedition 4762:J. C. Ross 4725:Heemskerck 4712:North Pole 4182:Frank Wild 4091:Mawson, D. 4021:Shackleton 3987:1058427147 3667:Mills 2007 3643:Mills 2007 3592:Davis 1919 3442:Davis 1919 3406:Davis 1919 3286:Mills 2007 3226:Mills 2007 3214:Mills 2007 3202:Mills 2007 3178:Mills 2007 3142:Mills 2007 2656:Jacka 1986 2347:Bryan 2011 2224:Ayres 2003 2164:Mills 2007 2152:Davis 1919 2116:Mills 2007 2032:Davis 1919 2020:Bryan 2011 1756:Mills 2007 1651:Bryan 2011 1636:Bryan 2011 1624:Davis 1919 1517:Davis 1919 1457:Smith 2014 1416:Smith 2014 1389:Bryan 2011 1184:References 925:Wellington 830:Frank Wild 761:Horn Bluff 668:Oates Land 611:whirlwinds 474:Daily Mail 405:Frank Wild 397:See also: 222:expedition 220:Terra Nova 200:Cape Adare 196:South Pole 184:expedition 160:Background 138:Oates Land 127:Frank Wild 119:Cape Adare 72:expedition 7882:Eric Webb 7783:Personnel 7709:Tolstikov 7495:Discovery 7465:HMS 7450:HMS 7432:Adventure 7430:HMS 7415:HMS 7351:Tolstikov 7072:Endurance 6857:Antarctic 6842:Drygalski 6815:Discovery 6808:Discovery 6769:Arctowski 6682:HMS 6655:HMS 6649:Abernethy 6637:HMS 6615:USS 6602:Vincennes 6600:USS 6580:Astrolabe 6520:San Telmo 6501:Adventure 6499:HMS 6484:HMS 6479:Kerguelen 6441:Continent 6426:Antarctic 6303:Urvantsev 6261:Vilkitsky 6114:Jeannette 6112:USS 6104:Jeannette 6068:Weyprecht 6046:Pakhtusov 5996:Chichagov 5989:D. Laptev 5932:Permyakov 5907:Stadukhin 5902:Perfilyev 5879:Mangazeya 5817:H. Larsen 5782:Rasmussen 5737:HMS 5708:USS 5657:HMS 5644:HMS 5608:Collinson 5598:HMS 5590:HMS 5568:HMS 5516:HMS 5501:HMS 5486:HMS 5471:Mackenzie 5458:Discovery 5456:HMS 5441:HMS 5413:Discovery 5392:Frobisher 5355:Rasmussen 5268:Gunnbjörn 5214:Greenland 5143:USS 5134:USS 5006:Ellsworth 4948:Roosevelt 4878:Nansen's 4835:Discovery 4833:HMS 4820:HMS 4767:Abernethy 4735:Marmaduke 4343:0960-9822 4093:(2008) . 4068:1833-7538 3874:1833-7538 3818:497666264 2923:Bage 2008 2887:Bage 2008 2875:Bage 2008 1341:Citations 1115:Appraisal 1101:Toowoomba 1089:Discovery 1035:in 1915. 994:Aftermath 875:Gaussberg 607:ice sheet 440:Eric Webb 429:Greenland 387:Personnel 308:Discovery 255:Gaussberg 107:main base 61:Australia 57:Antarctic 8181:Category 7987:officers 7797:Bob Bage 7721:A. Fuchs 7678:V. Fuchs 7658:McKinley 7621:E. Evans 7580:Bjaaland 7575:Amundsen 7525:Marshall 7438:Furneaux 7290:V. Fuchs 7254:E. Ronne 7249:F. Ronne 7188:Ritscher 7042:SY 7030:Filchner 6974:Framheim 6968:Amundsen 6774:Racoviță 6759:Amundsen 6754:Lecointe 6623:Ringgold 6617:Porpoise 6507:Furneaux 6343:Shevelev 6298:Begichev 6277:Amundsen 6239:Nagórski 6217:Brusilov 6211:Sv. Anna 6125:Melville 6095:Palander 6051:Tsivolko 6011:Sannikov 6006:Billings 5949:Chirikov 5868:Barentsz 5810:St. Roch 5801:Bartlett 5775:Amundsen 5759:Sverdrup 5659:Resolute 5548:Franklin 5476:Kotzebue 5343:Sverdrup 5326:Scoresby 5300:Lindenov 5151:Plaisted 5136:Nautilus 5081:Shirshov 5055:Belyakov 5050:Baydukov 5024:Nautilus 4986:Amundsen 4946:SS 4905:Sverdrup 4900:Johansen 4870:Brainard 4865:Lockwood 4720:Barentsz 4413:Websites 4406:(1): 32. 4392:(1904). 4202:(2005). 4135:Bage, B. 4076:70677943 4019:(1985). 3997:(2012). 3975:(1919). 3882:70677943 1323:George V 1278:Robinson 1239:Victoria 1172:See also 763:, after 703:crevasse 622:Bob Bage 568:, after 380:Tasmania 283:SY 146:crevasse 121:, and a 117:west of 113:, about 95:wireless 76:SY 38:main hut 7726:Messner 7673:Hillary 7653:Balchen 7601:Polheim 7595:Wisting 7473:Crozier 7445:Weddell 7423:J. Cook 7393:Kapitsa 7374:Fiennes 7316:Klenova 7285:Hillary 7235:Ketchum 7161:BANZARE 7136:· 6981:Polheim 6947:Shirase 6933:Charcot 6743:Belgica 6662:Crozier 6574:Morrell 6569:Weddell 6547:Lazarev 6492:J. Cook 6446:History 6396:Arktika 6372:Krassin 6357:Voronin 6329:Schmidt 6315:Ushakov 6254:Vaygach 6222:Albanov 6191:Rusanov 6172:Kolchak 6167:Matisen 6141:Makarov 6120:De Long 6021:Wrangel 6001:Lyakhov 5954:Malygin 5912:Dezhnev 5739:Pandora 5710:Advance 5677:Kennedy 5672:Belcher 5665:Kellett 5652:McClure 5576:Beechey 5570:Blossom 5563:Simpson 5531:Crozier 5524:Hoppner 5481:J. Ross 5449:J. Cook 5397:Gilbert 5290:J. Hall 5256:Ingólfr 5246:Naddodd 5240:Vikings 5227:Brendan 5222:Pytheas 5210:Iceland 5164:Arktika 5156:Herbert 5121:Badygin 5091:Krenkel 5076:Papanin 5045:Chkalov 5031:Wilkins 4996:Wisting 4940:F. Cook 4846:Markham 4806:Bessels 4795:Polaris 4786:Polaris 4757:J. 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