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780:, the UCV rector, said that since being made a World Heritage Site there had been no funds given to the university to maintain it. Only 6% of the university's funds go towards grounds upkeep, which the site is sectioned under. In late 2014, Copred refitted a roof slab of the Plaza Cubierta by the auditorium, which had been damaged on August 11 that year, and waterproofed it at the same time. They also undertook work on a ramp of the hall in December 2014. In late 2017, the organisation reported refitting the pipes of the Aula Magna in the works it was overseeing, as they had not been uncovered before and caused flooding in the hall.
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ith the hall darkened" and making those who " the auditorium when it's illuminated by houselights able to feel as if they have entered a multihued, three-dimensional abstract painting". Tuchman also noted that, when asked, Calder readily named his favorite work as the clouds, though they are less remembered within his oeuvre than many of his other works. The critics Helen Gyger and
Patricio del Real write that "the Aula Magna's interior represents the high-point of Villanueva's interest in the synthesis of the arts".
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587:. The hall is an integral part of the larger Plaza Cubierta space. The building forms a main part of the view of the Plaza Cubierta, but the entrances are only visible from within the square itself; it is also written that as "een from the Aula Magna, all the spaces and buildings that the expand, starting from the solidity of the main piece". It also includes designs that were innovative for the time, such as the suspended balcony, an orchestra pit, and the large and open
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purpose". This was a fortunate idea, because at the same time as Calder's suggestion, the
American company was viewing the hall's original designs, and noted that the shape of the structure would detrimentally affect the acoustics unless it had extensive panelling. The design has given its inspiration to other venues, including an opera hall in China. The problem-solving function of the panelling was also an influence in the development of
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536:), side lighting bulbs, and emergency lamps. It also has the original alternative lighting system of bulbs above the clouds that illuminate the ceiling and highlight the color of the panels. This lighting also has a series of instruments to produce lighting effects, including spotlights, reflectors, and projectors. The former main lighting console was a duplicate of a lighting organ, created in England by
461: mm) metal cables suspend them from the ceiling of the room, giving them the necessary inclination and height. The real ceiling of the room is 9.8 feet (3 m) above a false plaster ceiling which supports the panelling and facilitates adjustment of lighting systems and the support mechanisms of the "clouds". There are also ladders to allow people to climb through the clouds. A
437:-inch (13 mm) thick laminated wood secured together; the largest cloud has an area of 860 square feet (80 m) and a weight of approximately 2.5 short tons (2.3 t). The clouds are between 4 and 8 inches (100 and 200 mm) thick, and in total there are 31 panels: 22 on the ceiling, 5 on the right side wall and 4 on the left side wall. To position the clouds,
696:, explained that they were not allowed to perform in any of Caracas' main theatres because of the restriction and censorship of artistic expression in Venezuela, describing the hall as "one of the last 'free spaces' to do theatre" since the government took control of all other theatres that seat more than 500 people. One of the company's productions of
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or
Australian sheep (sources contradict) and were woven in England with a stitched furrow, have leather arms, and have seat cushions that automatically retract and are perforated on the bottom. This design gives the seats the quality of counteracting sound variations, both when empty and fully occupied.
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the internal doors are made of perforated metal and filled with an insulator, while the external ones are made of wood, creating a vacuum between them that prevents both the exit of sound from the hall and excludes external noise. On the balcony level, the doors function in the same way, though both
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The 'Floating Clouds' are not the only element that helps to provide the characteristic sound quality to the Aula Magna. Within the auditorium most of the elements and materials are designed in favor of acoustics and durability. The seats exemplify this. They are made from the wool of either
Chilean
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principles, and was open to changing designs as ideas for the construction evolved. In keeping with the theme of the project, Villanueva's designs include unconventional features that reflect the artistic nature, such as describing buildings not as objects but as "movements" (of which the Aula Magna
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level of the hall has seven main entrances, along with two emergency exits, as well as 1722 seats divided into 6 blocks. The upper floor is divided into 3 balconies, with the left side balcony having 391 seats, the right side balcony having 390 seats, and the central balcony having 193 (of which 13
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The Aula Magna has been named the "most important auditorium" at the university. This is in part because of practicality: it is the largest capacity auditorium, being able to hold approximately 2,700 people with removable seats. However, it is also significant because of the academic, artistic, and
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had several concerns about the preservation of the hall, as well as the rest of the campus, due to the growing number of students, the age of the mosaics and concrete, and the area being "vulnerable to social unrest". It did ensure that a "monitoring program" was in place to help protect the site.
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noted that the clouds are "colorfully curving and thus archetypically 'Latin
American'" but were designed by one of the few non-Latin Americans working on the project, making them "paradoxical" but still "expressing the region's 'lyricism'", as well as "resembl clouds scattered across a night sky
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drawing up early studies and an outline plan. In the next few years, the medical complex at the university was built, causing the design to undergo "substantial changes" in 1949. The final design was complete by 1952. The ability to make changes to the plans was due in part to
Venezuela's economic
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If the original plans are taken as final, then the Aula Magna was never completed. This creates some incongruous features of the hall, including that the doors that are suspended on the sides of the stage would have been raised by hydraulic jacks, and that the space that today is the basement Art
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The clouds were not originally intended for the interior of the hall. Calder was working on a structure for outside in the Plaza
Cubierta; when he became aware of how complex the project was, he suggested integrating his panels into the space of the room with "an artistic, decorative and acoustic
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political events which have taken place within it. Some of these events have been of great importance for the country and some have been part of historical movements. In present-day
Caracas, the hall has been a site of political controversy, as well as suffering from a lack of maintenance funds.
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and from the Chávez and then Maduro governments defunding universities and not prioritizing independent culture. Despite these setbacks, in 2015 an art historian and industrial designer noted that the hall "has withstood time and the general negligence that has taken over the majority of the
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Graduation ceremonies for both UCV and other universities are held in the hall, though to some controversy, with citizens and students saying that the use of the hall should be limited to performances and for the traditional ceremony of UCV students only. In 2018, one student political party
638:, and other sculptures. The Aula Magna is within an intricate system of walkways, being part of the Plaza Cubierta and connected to other buildings in the central complex (the University President's office, the Sala de Conciertos, and the library), each by several distinct routes.
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performed at the hall in 1957, saying that it "was the best in which I conducted in South
America. After the concert I told the reporters that the sound is excellent on stage. I would like to be able to take that part of the hall back to New York for the Philharmonic".
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Almost fifty years after its construction, the Aula Magna was designated as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in the year 2000 — as part of the central campus area but also with special consideration for the interior of the hall, which individually has protected status.
551:, with a console produced by the company Electronic Theatre Controls. It became the third theatre building in Caracas to have the technology, which was state-of-the-art. In spite of the new addition, the original organ technology was still functional in 2017.
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When the University City was commissioned in 1943, a committee was formed to analyse planning options. As well as choosing the location near Central Caracas, the committee also recommended basing the plan for the campus on similar models, including
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project for the university, a campus creation and redesign carried out by Villanueva. The hall was dedicated and opened on December 3, 1953, with a small religious ceremony, but officially inaugurated on March 2, 1954, with the opening of the 10th
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In the corridor of the Aula Magna building — a circular corridor running around the hall, with two levels of ramps following the curve and one artistic central cuboid staircase — there are many works of art. In the square outside is the sculpture
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played on stage to calibrate the acoustics and make sure the quality remained consistent throughout the hall. The clouds are the most prominent example of the philosophy of the project to combine art and thought as well as function.
591:. Additionally, it is not only a building but "an interior space within a larger interior-exterior space", placing it inseparably within its confines in the central complex, and "irreplaceable". A study published in 1955 by the
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544:. By playing different combinations of the organ keys, it is possible to create a whole light show. Seventeen of these were made by request for halls around the world, though some Caracas reporters state there were only two.
267:, which serve both aesthetic and practical functions. They are an element of the hall's design which contributed to the science of interior space acoustics, though the building exterior is also architecturally significant.
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348:, the North American artist and engineer who designed and created the hall's famous 'Floating Clouds', would begin a long working relationship between the pair, though Calder only saw the completed hall once, in 1955.
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prosperity and in part to Villanueva's accommodating personality. Of his works during this period, the Aula Magna is considered groundbreaking. Villanueva was capable of adapting his work, while remaining true to his
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In an apocryphal event, when Villanueva first entered the completed hall and saw the freshly painted acoustic clouds, he threw his arms up and shouted that it was tremendous. Villanueva's collaboration with
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UNESCO's fears were subsequently realized; during a protest in July 2013 a bus was set on fire within the square outside the hall and damaged one of the adjacent murals, an iconic piece by Venezuelan
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Gallery was intended to be a bar area and contain large bathrooms for the audience. Calder also wanted the clouds to be movable, to allow for different acoustic experiences, but they are not.
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It was in the hall, during its inauguration at the Inter-American Conference it hosted, that "three thousand leaders and delegates" of the Americas signed a historical resolution declaring
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The university also aims to preserve tradition of the hall as well, with sources saying that its "continued reason for being" is to see new generations of students graduate each year.
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sheet was installed above the panels, to reduce echo and sound transfer time, and optimize the acoustics for speech. It is possible to remove this sheet for musical concerts.
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the internal and external doors are made of wood. There is also a folded wooden canopy positioned eight meters above the stage to further soften sound.
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1904:"Forging Connections in a Fragmented Hemisphere: Searching for Latin American theatre at international festivals can mean navigating an intricate maze"
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is IV). The Aula Magna and Plaza Cubierta were placed at the centre of the campus project, as the culmination of its other elements.
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that restricted funds are a greater threat to the preservation of the hall and artworks, both from the economic downturn due to the
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a threat to world peace. Conversely, in his first visit to Venezuela, in 1959 after the success of the communist Cuban Revolution,
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in the hall, on March 7, 2010, was attacked as a political campaign of intimidation against the group by masked assailants with
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Another element is that all the doors in the room are acoustically designed and double-layered (internal and external); on the
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Calder's Playful Genius: With paper and paint, wire and wood, the renowned sculptor created a new vocabulary for modern art
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The Social Importance of Landscaping in Public Spaces in Latin America: Three Cases Studies in Mexico, Brazil and Venezuela
688:, was based in the hall until at least 2013. Hausmann, from a family with a history of opposition to Venezuelan presidents
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seats belong to the Box of Honor and are restricted). In addition, the hall has numerous removable seats for convenience.
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university campus". Copred regularly lead guided tours around the hall in order to raise money for its preservation.
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750:. Students and Copred opened a campaign, UCV SOS, and managed to raise money to restore it, with donors including
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The hall is also used for student addresses, and in February 2019 the hall was used by then-UCV student president
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that looked at Latin American architecture also noted the hall was "covered but only partially enclosed".
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This monitoring program is called Copred, and is made up of student volunteers and preservation experts.
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for being artistically and architecturally significant. The most notable feature of the hall is its
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described the leasing of the hall to another university "commercialisation" of the heritage site.
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1000:. Translated by Kristina Cordero and Catalina Ocampo. Museum of Modern Art. pp. 355–360.
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APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES Technological Culture in Modern Latin American Architecture
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1249:"The Tenth Inter-American Conference, held at Caracas, Venezuela, March 1–28, 1954"
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UCV Noticias: Dirección de Información y Communicaciones, adscrita al Rectorado UCV
1058:. Vol. 7 (10 ed.). L'architettura della città. p. 62. Archived from
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1487:"Venezuela: 6 joyas arquitectónicas y artísticas de Caracas que quizás no conoces"
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RIO DE JANEIRO, MÉXICO, CARACAS: CIDADES UNIVERSITÁRIAS E MODERNIDADES 1936 - 1962
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In 2015, it was estimated that the cost of restoring the Aula Magna alone was, in
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Spectacular Modernity: Dictatorship, Space, and Visuality in Venezuela, 1948–1958
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The contract for the construction of the Aula Magna was given to the company
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1164:"5 datos curiosos para celebrar el cumpleaños del Aula Magna – UCV Noticias"
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480:'s World Heritage listing of the campus, the Clouds are named specifically.
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Designs for the central campus complex were begun in 1944, with architect
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The hallways and lobby closed for cleaning after violence in January 2009
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Each panel, or cloud, comprises a steel frame containing two pieces of
1956:"Rafaela Requesens: El Día de la Juventud Venezuela vuelve a la calle"
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The architectural style of the Aula Magna is inspired by the classic
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1926:"Protestan por graduación de bachilleres en el Aula Magna de la UCV"
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United States of America Department of State Office of the Historian
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2051:"Venezuelan university battles hearts and wallets to preserve art"
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Concert Halls and Opera Houses: Music, Acoustics, and Architecture
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In 2010, the hall installed a new lighting system, donated by the
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The additional lighting behind the "clouds" used to create effects
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1928:[Protests over bachelor graduation in UCV's Aula Magna].
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968:(in Portuguese). Revista de Urbanismo e Arquitetura. p. 44.
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The original design of the hall included aisle carpets made of
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when rallying students to participate in protests during the
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Latin American Modern Architectures: Ambiguous Territories
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2012:"World Heritage Center: Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas"
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Aula Magna (Central University of Venezuela) (Venezuela)
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The staircase, with its mural by Carlos González Bogen
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10th Pan-American Conference held in the hall in 1954.
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Aula Magna (Central University of Venezuela) (Caracas)
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A graduation ceremony below the folded wooden ceiling
1759:"Aula Magna cuenta con nueva cónsola de iluminación"
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Nick Hunt Lighting educator, researcher and designer
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Nick Hunt Lighting educator, researcher and designer
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The lighting is versatile, having two main systems (
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Obras de arte de la Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas
668:There have also been famous artistic performances.
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Location of Aula Magna, UCV in UCV Conjunto Central
1639:"The Strand Century: 100 years of Strand Lighting"
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1553:del Real, Patricio; Gyger, Helen (June 3, 2013).
1131:"15 Datos curiosos sobre el Aula Magna de la UCV"
892:[UCV and its landmarks: the Aula Magna].
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1794:. Universidad Central de Venezuela. p. 53.
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684:The theatre company "Palo de Agua", operated by
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468:In terms of artistic qualities, the art critic
1962:(in Spanish). February 8, 2019. Archived from
1867:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 15.
248:in the 1940s and built by the Danish company
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2084:"CARACAS Following modern design's footsteps"
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650:A performance by the Cantata Criolla, led by
18:University concert hall in Caracas, Venezuela
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1219:"¿Qué hace especial al Aula Magna? (video)"
994:Pintó, Maciá (2008). Jiménez, Ariel (ed.).
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1932:(in Spanish). August 2018. Archived from
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1485:Marco, Daniel García (October 14, 2016).
997:The Constructive Achievement of Synthesis
376:Interior of the hall, featuring the 1953
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1528:. Smithsonian. p. 1. Archived from
1426:"La UCV y sus símbolos: Nubes de Calder"
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706:before the show, harming the actors.
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1326:. Springer. pp. 479–484, 513.
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758:. However, it has been said by the
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1613:Caracas from the valley to the sea
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331:. It was the main building of the
42:An aerial view of the hall in 2011
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1861:Blackmore, Lisa (July 15, 2017).
1827:Hitchcock, Henry-Russell (1955).
1581:"Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas"
1320:Beranek, Leo (December 6, 2012).
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1091:. pp. 96–110. Archived from
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1456:"¿Las nubes de Calder en China?"
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2090:. May 13, 2015. Archived from
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766:Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela
583:'s unrealised designs for the
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1669:"Strand, Aula Magna, Caracas"
1519:Tuchman, Phyllis (May 2001).
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2625:Palacio Municipal de Caracas
1908:Theatre Communications Group
1765:(in Spanish). Archived from
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2375:Birthplace of Simón Bolívar
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2935:
2878:University City of Caracas
2678:Boulevard of Sabana Grande
2144:University City of Caracas
793:University City of Caracas
681:recited his poetry in it.
677:has sung in the hall, and
365:
254:UNESCO World Heritage Site
242:University City of Caracas
54:University City of Caracas
29:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2857:
2670:
2643:
2597:
2511:
2460:
2446:
2362:
2292:
2219:
2193:
2180:
2161:
2151:
1986:"World Heritage Site 986"
641:
368:Floating Clouds (artwork)
338:Inter-American Conference
138:
99:
87:
77:
67:
47:
35:
26:
2615:Palacio de las Academias
2503:Caracas Venezuela Temple
2483:Iglesia de San Francisco
2473:Tiféret Israel Synagogue
2255:Conductores de Venezuela
2201:Caracas Botanical Garden
1729:"Light Console Research"
1559:. Routledge. p. 7.
542:lighting control console
422:interior space acoustics
411:, and adjusted while an
409:Bolt, Beranek and Newman
325:Christiani & Nielsen
250:Christiani & Nielsen
236:is an auditorium at the
73:Cultural: (i), (iv)
2708:El Recreo Shopping Mall
2549:La Rinconada Hippodrome
2524:Brígido Iriarte Stadium
2440:Arturo Michelena Museum
2400:Contemporary Art Museum
2072:(subscription required)
1609:"Aula Magna, 1952–1953"
2768:Parque Central Complex
2488:La Chiquinquirá Church
2454:
2410:La Estancia Art Center
2370:Alejandro Otero Museum
2187:
2155:Carlos Raúl Villanueva
1052:Fortini, Vito (2017).
734:
699:Jesus Christ Superstar
654:
564:
525:
493:
386:
320:
304:Carlos Raúl Villanueva
246:Carlos Raúl Villanueva
2862:Canaima National Park
2544:Estadio Universitario
2539:Estadio Simón Bolívar
2452:
2186:
962:Segawa, Hugo (2008).
778:Cecilia García Arocha
732:
649:
562:
549:US Embassy in Caracas
523:
491:
403:artwork developed by
375:
333:Synthesis of the Arts
318:
221:Show map of Venezuela
123:10.49083°N 66.89056°W
2847:World Heritage Sites
2693:Correo de Carmelitas
2579:Teatro Simón Bolívar
2430:Simón Bolívar Center
2415:National Art Gallery
2237:By Francisco Narváez
1992:on November 21, 2015
1259:on September 3, 2018
1135:La Tienda Venezolana
1098:on September 2, 2018
593:Museum of Modern Art
555:Structure and facade
329:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
2569:Poliedro de Caracas
2146:World Heritage Site
1739:on December 6, 2016
1369:on October 22, 2018
1170:on December 5, 2020
665:spoke at the hall.
569:Greco-Roman theatre
193:Show map of Caracas
128:10.49083; -66.89056
119: /
23:
2703:Centro San Ignacio
2455:
2310:University Stadium
2188:
2094:on August 28, 2018
2088:Colección Cisneros
2061:on August 27, 2018
2022:on August 27, 2018
1936:on August 27, 2018
1881:on August 31, 2018
1808:on August 31, 2018
1769:on August 27, 2018
1709:on August 27, 2018
1679:on August 11, 2016
1649:on August 27, 2018
1497:on August 28, 2018
1466:on August 27, 2018
1436:on August 27, 2018
1399:on August 28, 2018
1359:"Arte: Aula Magna"
1294:on August 28, 2018
1229:on August 27, 2018
1141:on August 27, 2018
943:on August 26, 2018
900:on August 27, 2018
735:
675:Montserrat Caballe
655:
565:
526:
494:
387:
321:
21:
2891:
2890:
2883:Coro and its Port
2806:
2805:
2605:Miraflores Palace
2529:Caracas Athenaeum
2512:Culture and sport
2478:Caracas Cathedral
2420:National Pantheon
2390:Children's Museum
2380:Bolivarian Museum
2318:
2317:
2300:Covered Gymnasium
2293:Sports facilities
2243:Berger des Nuages
933:"Aula Magna Info"
715:Rafaela Requesens
670:Leonard Bernstein
585:Palace of Soviets
230:
229:
2926:
2874:
2845:
2844:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2793:Quinta de Anauco
2574:Teatro Municipal
2559:National Theater
2554:National Library
2534:Estadio Olímpico
2519:Aula Magna — UCV
2468:Bet-El Synagogue
2405:Fine Arts Museum
2345:
2338:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2232:By Mateo Manaure
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2057:. Archived from
2047:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2018:. Archived from
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1988:. Archived from
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1966:on March 8, 2019
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1910:. Archived from
1900:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1877:. Archived from
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1804:. Archived from
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1735:. Archived from
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1705:. Archived from
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1675:. Archived from
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1645:. Archived from
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1619:on June 24, 2018
1615:. Archived from
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1355:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1280:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1255:. Archived from
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1215:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1127:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1010:. Archived from
991:
970:
969:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
929:
910:
909:
907:
905:
886:
842:
841:
840:
830:
829:
818:
817:
809:
637:
516:Lighting systems
460:
459:
455:
452:
446:
445:
441:
436:
435:
431:
405:Alexander Calder
384:Alexander Calder
346:Alexander Calder
222:
213:
212:
206:
194:
185:
184:
178:
166:
155:
154:
148:
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
40:
30:
24:
20:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2864:
2853:
2839:
2837:
2807:
2802:
2798:Villa Planchart
2788:Plaza Venezuela
2773:Parque del Este
2748:Los Caobos Park
2688:Avenida Bolívar
2666:
2639:
2593:
2589:University City
2507:
2456:
2444:
2358:
2349:
2319:
2314:
2305:Olympic Stadium
2288:
2283:Ráfaga de nieve
2262:Floating Clouds
2215:
2211:Tierra de nadie
2189:
2178:
2174:Central Library
2157:
2147:
2141:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2055:Financial Times
2049:
2048:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1914:on May 7, 2010.
1902:
1901:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1643:Strand Lighting
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1341:
1334:
1318:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1008:
992:
973:
960:
956:
946:
944:
931:
930:
913:
903:
901:
888:
887:
858:
853:
848:
838:
836:
824:
812:
804:
789:
761:Financial Times
752:Banco Mercantil
727:
686:Michel Hausmann
652:Antonio Estévez
644:
631:
629:Pascual Navarro
625:Victor Vasarely
613:Pastor de Nubes
557:
538:Strand Lighting
518:
486:
470:Phyllis Tuchman
457:
453:
450:
448:
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
428:
400:Floating Clouds
379:Floating Clouds
370:
364:
362:Nubes de Calder
359:
354:
284:
226:
225:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
214:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
186:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
162:
158:
157:
156:
127:
125:
121:
118:
113:
110:
108:
106:
105:
43:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2728:Humboldt Hotel
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Aerial Tramway
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Parque Cristal
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2425:Science Museum
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2194:Outdoor spaces
2191:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2106:
2105:
2075:
2033:
2003:
1977:
1947:
1917:
1892:
1873:
1853:
1819:
1800:
1780:
1750:
1720:
1690:
1660:
1630:
1597:
1572:
1565:
1545:
1508:
1491:BBC News Mundo
1477:
1447:
1410:
1380:
1363:Caracas en 450
1339:
1332:
1305:
1270:
1240:
1181:
1152:
1109:
1072:
1044:
1006:
971:
954:
911:
855:
854:
852:
849:
847:
846:
834:
822:
802:
801:
795:
788:
785:
726:
723:
694:Nicolás Maduro
643:
640:
556:
553:
517:
514:
502:parterre level
485:
484:Other elements
482:
395:Flying Saucers
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Specifications
350:
289:Leopold Rother
283:
280:
228:
227:
217:
208:
207:
201:
200:
199:
198:
189:
180:
179:
173:
172:
171:
170:
160:
159:
150:
149:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
103:
97:
96:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
51:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2931:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Plaza Francia
2781:
2779:
2778:Plaza Bolívar
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Centro Sambil
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2655:(1951 statue)
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:Plaza O’Leary
2451:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
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2388:
2386:
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2381:
2378:
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2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
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2346:
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2334:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
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2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Rectory Plaza
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1880:
1876:
1874:9780822982364
1870:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1843:on 2018-08-28
1839:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1801:9789800005095
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1703:Theatre Craft
1700:
1694:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1568:
1566:9781136234422
1562:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1535:on 2018-09-02
1531:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1513:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1465:
1461:
1457:
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1421:
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1417:
1415:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1333:9780387216362
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
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2867:Gran Sabana
2763:Nuevo Circo
2723:El Silencio
2713:El Calvario
2435:Soto Sphere
2249:Clock Tower
1996:October 18,
1960:El Nacional
1930:El Estímulo
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690:Hugo Chávez
632: [
577:conch shell
534:fluorescent
391:Leo Beranek
126: /
101:Coordinates
91:2000 (24th
88:Inscription
2898:Categories
2865:(includes
2738:La Pastora
2718:El Hatillo
2644:Public art
2598:Government
2169:Aula Magna
2098:August 28,
2065:August 27,
2026:August 27,
1940:August 26,
1885:August 30,
1847:2018-08-28
1812:August 30,
1773:August 26,
1743:August 27,
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1623:August 27,
1539:2018-09-02
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1298:August 28,
1233:August 26,
1145:August 26,
1066:2018-09-01
1018:2018-08-27
947:August 26,
904:August 26,
851:References
774:US dollars
756:Telefónica
589:proscenium
463:fiberglass
366:See also:
234:Aula Magna
114:66°53′26″W
111:10°29′27″N
22:Aula Magna
2851:Venezuela
2733:La Casona
2352:Landmarks
2269:L'Amphion
2162:Buildings
1037:ignored (
1027:cite book
844:Venezuela
659:Communism
413:orchestra
357:Acoustics
309:Modernist
78:Reference
62:Venezuela
2461:Religion
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1970:March 8,
787:See also
704:tear gas
617:Jean Arp
600:parterre
265:'clouds'
262:acoustic
69:Criteria
49:Location
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2356:Caracas
1174:May 18,
806:Portals
456:⁄
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58:Caracas
2659:Paseo
2016:UNESCO
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642:Events
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