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also use audio power amplifiers. In some cases, the power amplifier for an instrument amplifier is integrated into a single amplifier "head" which contains a preamplifier, tone controls, and electronic effects. These components may be mounted in a wooden speaker cabinet to create a "combo amplifier".
767:
TIM did not appear at steady state sine tone measurements, helping to hide it from design engineers prior to 1970. Problems with TIM distortion stem from reduced open loop frequency response of solid-state amplifiers. Further works of Otala and other authors found the solution for TIM distortion,
674:
Since modern digital devices, including CD and DVD players, radio receivers and tape decks already provide a "flat" signal at line level, the preamp is not needed other than as a volume control and source selector. One alternative to a separate preamp is to simply use passive volume and switching
775:
The next step in advanced design was the
Baxandall Theorem, created by Peter Baxandall in England. This theorem introduced the concept of comparing the ratio between the input distortion and the output distortion of an amplifier. This new idea helped audio design engineers to better evaluate the
723:
of the output devices is often taken as the description of the whole power amplifier. For example, a Class B amplifier will probably have just the high power output devices operating cut off for half of each cycle, while the other devices (such as differential amplifier, voltage amplifier and
710:
The final stage of amplification, after preamplifiers, is the output stage, where the highest demands are placed on the transistors or tubes. For this reason, the design choices made around the output device (for single-ended output stages, such as in
772:, decreasing preamp frequency bandwidth, and the insertion of a lag compensation circuit in the input stage of the amplifier. In high-quality modern amplifiers the open loop response is at least 20 kHz, canceling TIM distortion.
635:. While hi-fi enthusiasts and audio engineers doing live sound or monitoring tracks in the studio typically seek out amplifiers with the lowest distortion, electric instrument players in genres such as
432:(lateral diffused MOS), a type of power MOSFET. Hitachi was the only LDMOS manufacturer between 1977 and 1983, during which time LDMOS was used in audio power amplifiers from manufacturers such as
1311:
268:'s sound system or tens of thousands of watts for a large rock concert sound reinforcement system. While power amplifiers are available in standalone units, typically aimed at the
1273:
Discussion of practical design features that can provoke or lessen slew-rate limiting and transient intermodulation in audio amplifiers can also be found for example in
740:
For some years following the introduction of solid-state amplifiers, their perceived sound did not have the excellent audio quality of the best valve amplifiers (see
362:
959:
864:. A hi-fi user of power amplifiers may have a stereo power amplifier to drive left and right speakers and a single-channel (mono) power amplifier to drive a
792:
880:(pointing towards the band) and an additional power amp for the subwoofer. A stadium concert may have a large number of power amps mounted in racks. Most
353:
became practical with the wide availability of inexpensive transistors in the late 1960s. Since the 1970s, most modern audio amplifiers are based on
1235:
1171:
984:
448:
became successful in the mid-1980s when low-cost, fast-switching MOSFETs were made available. Many transistor amps use MOSFET devices in their
1308:
753:
611:-based amplifiers, which were lighter in weight, more reliable, and lower maintenance. Nevertheless, tube preamplifiers are still sold in
107:
1255:
1216:
1191:
564:
323:
was a three-terminal device with a control grid that can modulate the flow of electrons from the filament to the plate. The triode
79:
627:(who use tube preamplifiers in studio recordings to "warm up" microphone signals) and electric guitarists, electric bassists and
525:
252:
While the input signal to an audio power amplifier, such as the signal from an electric guitar, may measure only a few hundred
60:
841:
Musicians with unique performance needs and/or a need for very powerful amplification may create a custom setup with separate
1292:
86:
331:. Early audio power amplifiers were based on vacuum tubes and some of these achieved notably high audio quality (e.g., the
1347:
687:
93:
1105:
1074:
1049:
647:, among others, use tube amplifiers because they like the natural overdrive that tube amps produce when pushed hard.
551:
126:
533:
75:
868:. The number of power amplifiers used in a sound reinforcement setting depends on the size of the venue. A small
17:
596:
actually reduces the gain, it also reduces distortion. Most audio amplifiers are linear amplifiers operating in
592:. These are interdependent; increasing gain often leads to undesirable increases in noise and distortion. While
529:
64:
1352:
365:(MOSFET). Transistor-based amplifiers are lighter in weight, more reliable and require less maintenance than
764:(SID) by others. TIM distortion was found to occur during very rapid increases in amplifier output voltage.
877:
272:
audiophile market (a niche market) of audio enthusiasts and sound reinforcement system professionals, many
358:
1342:
861:
817:
797:
757:
663:
569:
191:
1187:"Circuit Design Modifications for Minimizing Transient Intermodulation Distortion in Audio Amplifiers"
312:. This was made possible by his invention of the first practical amplifying electrical component, the
1357:
1337:
179:
997:
808:(standing behind) and the power amplifiers which are partly stacked in a 19-inch rack on the right.
514:
100:
1156:
Jung, Walter G.; Stephens, Mark L. and Todd, Craig C. (June 1979). "An overview of SID and TIM".
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The preceding stages in such a chain are low-power audio amplifiers which perform tasks like
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and car stereos have power amplifiers integrated inside the chassis of the main product.
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published a paper on the origin of a previously unobserved form of distortion: transient
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732:(such as a loudspeaker), possibly via some large capacitor and/or small resistances.
651:
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449:
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1142:
1280:
1130:
1121:
Otala, M. (1970). "Transient distortion in transistorized audio power amplifiers".
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833:
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gear, as Class-D amplifiers are much lighter in weight and produce much less heat.
631:
players, of whom a minority continue to use tube preamps, tube power amps and tube
281:
207:
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may have several power amps for the main speakers, one or more power amps for the
1315:
1250:
729:
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328:
324:
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1186:
256:, its output may be a few watts for small consumer electronics devices, such as
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805:
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654:, which is much more efficient than Class AB amplifiers, is now widely used in
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have both a preamplifier and a power amplifier contained in a single chassis.
154:
The internal view of a
Mission Cyrus 1 Hi Fi integrated audio amplifier (1984)
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1134:
924:
913:
853:
821:
628:
476:
472:
468:
342:
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230:
1251:"Psychoacoustic Detection Threshold of Transient Intermodulation Distortion"
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had an intrinsic quality due to the vacuum tube technology itself. In 1970,
190:. Audio power amplifiers are found in all manner of sound systems including
632:
612:
389:
218:
211:
171:
800:
located at one side of the stage at a pop concert. The setup includes the
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869:
825:
749:
728:, the devices are essentially in series with the power supply and output
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463:
In the 2010s, there are still audio enthusiasts, musicians (particularly
437:
424:
also began manufacturing amplifiers with power MOSFETs in 1974. In 1977,
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316:
257:
183:
139:
245:. Most audio power amplifiers require these low-level inputs, which are
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Power amplifiers are available in standalone units, which are used by
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who prefer tube-based amplifiers, and what is perceived as a "warmer"
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873:
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842:
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385:
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42:
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921: – Amplifier with loudspeaker for use with musical instruments
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27:
Audio amplifier with power output sufficient to drive a loudspeaker
1209:
845:
preamplifiers, equalizers, and a power amplifier mounted in a 19"
150:
1041:
1031:
675:
controls, sometimes integrated into a power amplifier to form an
425:
421:
285:
210:. It is the final electronic stage in a typical audio playback
373:
320:
313:
607:. During the 1970s, tube amps were increasingly replaced with
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616:
429:
405:
269:
724:
possibly even driver transistors) operate in Class A. In a
702:
417:
253:
1249:
Petri-Larmi, M.; Otala, M.; Lammasniemi, J. (March 1980).
229:. The inputs can also be any number of audio sources like
30:"Power amplifier" redirects here. Not to be confused with
409:
885:
872:
may have a single power amp driving two PA speakers. A
1212:"Distribution of the Phonograph Signal Rate of Change"
576:
Key design parameters for audio power amplifiers are
691:A micro audio amplifier for boosting the output of
568:Five rack-mounted audio power amplifiers used in a
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1274:
706:, power output ca. 0.1 W into a 32 Ohm load.
699:or small speakers. Edge length 4 cm, weight
400:in 1974. Power MOSFETs were soon manufactured by
363:metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor
1329:
308:The audio amplifier was invented around 1912 by
1210:Lammasniemi, Jorma; Nieminen, Kari (May 1980).
1123:IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics
214:before the signal is sent to the loudspeakers.
304:De Forest's prototype audio amplifier of 1914.
1089:
319:(or "valve" in British English) in 1907. The
182:, to a level that is high enough for driving
1234:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1184:
1170:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
669:
482:players, among others), audio engineers and
1025:
1023:
1021:
532:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
985:The Transistor in a Century of Electronics
776:distortion processes within an amplifier.
1090:Fliegler, Ritchie; Eiche, Jon F. (1993).
960:"1 – Integrated Amplifier (All Versions)"
552:Learn how and when to remove this message
345:MC240 from 1961 with exposed vacuum tubes
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1256:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
1217:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
1192:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
1018:
791:
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1067:High Performance Audio Power Amplifiers
1033:High Performance Audio Power Amplifiers
975:Cyrus Audio: Product Archive: Cyrus One
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14:
1330:
1064:
1029:
682:
603:Until the 1970s, most amplifiers used
1120:
1093:Amps! The Other Half of Rock 'n' Roll
143:Audio stereo power amplifier made by
1275:Hood, John Linsley (1993). "Ch. 9".
530:adding citations to reliable sources
497:
493:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
856:audio enthusiasts and designers of
24:
1285:10.1016/B978-0-7506-0868-8.50013-8
260:, tens or hundreds of watts for a
25:
1369:
1307:Baxandall, Peter (February 1979)
1279:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
820:, and domestic systems such as a
998:"Rethink Power Density with GaN"
896:sound systems, Casio and Yamaha
816:systems, theatrical and concert
788:Pyle two-channel power amplifier
748:to believe that "tube sound" or
502:
349:Audio power amplifiers based on
41:
1301:
1267:
1242:
1203:
812:Important applications include
779:
264:, several thousand watts for a
52:needs additional citations for
1309:"Audio power amplifier design"
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1083:
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990:
978:
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440:, and were used for music and
227:mixing different input signals
13:
1:
1277:The Art of Linear Electronics
945:
796:Rear panel of a medium-sized
1069:. Newnes. pp. 147–148.
726:transformerless output stage
719:output stages), such as the
715:amplifiers) or devices (for
388:in 1959, was adapted into a
357:transistors, especially the
174:, such as the signal from a
7:
907:
862:sound reinforcement systems
818:sound reinforcement systems
359:bipolar junction transistor
327:was used to make the first
10:
1374:
1348:Sound reinforcement system
1185:Otala, Matti (June 1972).
798:sound reinforcement system
758:intermodulation distortion
664:sound reinforcement system
570:sound reinforcement system
295:
276:audio products such as an
29:
760:(TIM), later also called
670:Filters and preamplifiers
1135:10.1109/TAU.1970.1162117
884:sound products, such as
452:sections, because their
1320:Wireless World magazine
1098:Hal Leonard Corporation
762:slew-induced distortion
76:"Audio power amplifier"
858:public address systems
809:
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442:public address systems
346:
305:
178:or an electric guitar
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147:
940:Tone control circuits
830:Instrument amplifiers
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787:
768:including increasing
742:valve audio amplifier
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341:
303:
239:digital audio players
204:instrument amplifiers
170:low-power electronic
160:audio power amplifier
153:
142:
1353:Consumer electronics
1065:Duncan, Ben (1996).
1030:Duncan, Ben (1996).
919:Instrument amplifier
898:electronic keyboards
882:consumer electronics
736:Further developments
677:integrated amplifier
656:consumer electronics
615:, such as with home
526:improve this section
333:Williamson amplifier
278:integrated amplifier
274:consumer electronics
202:systems and musical
61:improve this article
935:Single-ended triode
902:"combo" guitar amps
838:keyboard amplifiers
826:home-theatre system
713:single-ended triode
683:Power output stages
465:electric guitarists
414:Pioneer Corporation
192:sound reinforcement
1314:2022-06-09 at the
810:
790:
721:Class of operation
708:
578:frequency response
574:
446:Class-D amplifiers
408:audio amplifiers.
394:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
347:
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262:home stereo system
156:
148:
32:RF power amplifier
1343:Audio electronics
1294:978-0-7506-0868-8
1003:Electronic Design
860:(PA systems) and
834:guitar amplifiers
652:Class-D amplifier
645:heavy metal music
594:negative feedback
562:
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494:Design parameters
469:electric bassists
398:Tohoku University
219:pre-amplification
208:guitar amplifiers
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16:(Redirected from
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1358:Electric guitars
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987:. nobelprize.org
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962:. Archived from
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930:Push–pull output
878:monitor speakers
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658:audio products,
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325:vacuum amplifier
284:, clock radios,
243:cassette players
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625:music producers
621:audio engineers
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484:music producers
436:(V-series) and
428:introduced the
367:tube amplifiers
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802:mixing console
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480:electric piano
456:curve is more
434:HH Electronics
378:Mohamed Atalla
376:, invented by
361:(BJT) and the
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231:record players
196:public address
176:radio receiver
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966:on 2011-04-24
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925:OCL amplifier
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633:effects units
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629:Hammond organ
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619:enthusiasts,
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613:niche markets
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542:November 2019
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511:This section
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477:Fender Rhodes
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473:Hammond organ
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72:Find sources:
66:
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50:This article
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1166:cite journal
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1116:
1092:
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1032:
1008:. Retrieved
1001:
992:
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:the original
954:
851:
811:
780:Applications
774:
766:
744:). This led
739:
709:
673:
649:
605:vacuum tubes
602:
575:
548:
539:
524:Please help
512:
475:players and
462:
390:power MOSFET
371:
348:
335:of 1947–9).
307:
258:clock radios
251:
223:equalization
216:
184:loudspeakers
163:
159:
157:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1040:. pp.
894:home cinema
870:coffeehouse
754:Matti Otala
750:valve sound
746:audiophiles
695:sources to
438:Ashly Audio
382:Dawon Kahng
355:solid-state
351:transistors
317:vacuum tube
290:televisions
1332:Categories
1042:177–8, 406
970:2011-01-16
946:References
890:boom boxes
832:including
697:headphones
693:line level
641:rock music
609:transistor
590:distortion
488:tube sound
454:distortion
404:for their
254:microwatts
247:line level
235:CD players
200:home audio
188:headphones
117:April 2019
87:newspapers
874:nightclub
866:subwoofer
847:road case
843:rackmount
770:slew rate
717:push-pull
513:does not
458:tube-like
386:Bell Labs
286:boomboxes
266:nightclub
168:amplifies
164:power amp
1312:Archived
1143:13952562
1038:Elsevier
908:See also
804:for the
701:16
598:class AB
343:McIntosh
329:AM radio
282:receiver
145:McIntosh
1010:23 July
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