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sexual encounter. However the exact reason for the attack was never proven. Nevertheless, news of the incident quickly spread around France — "From this time on to the end of his life
Custine would figure, in the cruel gossip of the day, primarily as France's most distinguished and notorious homosexual." Even though the literary salons, as opposed to the society salons, remained open to Custine, many people who were friendly with him sneered at him behind his back. His diplomatic career was also cut short by this incident. A few years later, in 1826, several family friends would die, as well as Custine's young son Enguerrand (born 1822), by his late wife, and his mother.
357:
settles it all, a charming bearing and countenance." The capricious
Gurowski was not an easy guest, running up debts and seducing both men and women, but appears to have amused the couple. The detailed register of homosexuals, then maintained by the Paris police prefecture, and which termed Custine's inclinations 'frantic', wrote of Gurowski with a comical note of possible despair: "It is hereditary in his family: his father and grandfather were of the same religion." In 1841 Gurowski married a Spanish infanta,
326:
476:, first published in full in 1843, went through six printings and was widely read in England, France, and Germany but banned in Russia, where it was not published in an unabridged version until 1996. Nonetheless, several Russian authors published works critical of it. Tsarist authorities also sponsored a more scholarly investigation of Russia by a foreigner,
47:
441:. Custine said that Russia's aristocracy had "just enough of the gloss of European civilization to be 'spoiled as savages' but not enough to become cultivated men. They were like 'trained bears who made you long for the wild ones.'" Custine criticized Tsar Nicholas for the constant spying he ordered and for repressing Poland (see
180:
356:
In 1835, an extremely attractive Polish count, the 23-year-old
Ignatius Gurowski (1812–1887), moved into Custine and Saint-Barbe's home in the rue de La Rochefoucauld to form a ménage à trois. Wrote Custine: "He has an excellent heart, an original mind, is graciously ignorant of everything, and what
508:
continue to be admired for their insight, prescience and sheer entertainment value, but are also disliked by others for reasons that can include the belief they are inaccurate, pretentious, racist, and that the idea of national stereotypes is an absurdity. It has been suggested that he is one of the
314:
and live openly with a male lover, was nevertheless genuinely fond of his wife. They had a son, Enguerrand. During the marriage
Custine met and established a romantic relationship with an Englishman, Edward Saint-Barbe, who moved into the house with the couple, and remained his life companion. In
318:
On 28 October 1824, Custine's life was irrevocably changed. That night, he was found unconscious in the mud outside of Paris, stripped to the waist, having been beaten and robbed. The attack had been carried out by a group of soldiers; with one of whom
Custine allegedly had attempted to have a
293:
Custine was given an excellent education and seemed to be headed towards a life in society. An income of 60,000 francs a year enabled him to live as he pleased. He owned an estate outside Paris, at Saint-Gratien, where on occasions he was visited by
484:. This work can be interpreted as an attempt to provide an objective research of Russia's traditional social institutions, which the Tsar's advisors believed would effectively counter Custine's work. The Tsar also commissioned the French writer
418:, but he was appalled by autocracy as practiced in Russia and equally by the Russian people's apparent collaboration in their own oppression. He attributed this state of affairs to what he saw as the backwardness of the
461:. In the mid-20th century, many commentators drew parallels between Custine's description of Russia and contemporary Soviet Union as well as noticing many similarities between his character outline of Nicholas I and
453:
has no more of mercy in his heart than he reveals in his policies, then I pity Russia; if, on the other hand, his true sentiments are really superior to his acts, then I pity the
Emperor" (Kennan 76).
488:
to pen an extensive refutation. However, as the scandal of
Custine's work had subsided by then, the Tsar decided it was best not to remind the public of the book, and the project was abandoned.
252:
Under the direction of his strong-willed mother, Custine was raised in an chaotic yet stimulating social environment. This brought him into frequent contact with noted intellectuals, among them
395:. Inspired by Tocqueville's work, Custine decided that Russia would be the subject of his next writing effort. Custine was later dubbed by some historians as "the de Tocqueville of Russia".
512:
However, as one critic has written, what is indisputable is that "Above all, the
Marquis valued freedom; freedom from fear, hypocrisy and the shackles that restrain the human spirit."
529:. His conversations with the time-travelling narrator are intended to reflect Russia's continued struggle to search for its own identity and define its relations vis-à-vis Europe.
959:
457:
According to Kennan, Custine saw Russia as a horrible domain of obsequious flattery of the Tsar and spying. Custine said the air felt freer the moment one crossed into
345:. Custine wrote one play and purchased a theater to produce it, but the play closed after three performances. None of his literary works received much attention.
310:, but refused the match. In 1821 Custine married Léontine de Saint-Simon de Courtomer, following the wishes of his mother. The Marquis, who would later admit his
648:
167:. This work documents not only Custine's travels through the Russian Empire, but also the social fabric, economy and way of life during the reign of
377:
Custine eventually discovered that his knack was for travel writing. He wrote a decently received account of a trip to Spain and was encouraged by
280:
in
October 1803; Chateaubriand noted his visits there between 1804 and 1806 in which he discussed with both the marchioness and Custine in
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to write accounts of other "half-European" parts of Europe, like southern Italy and Russia. In the late 1830s,
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249:) allowed her to recover part of the family fortune. Custine and his mother resettled in Lorraine in 1795.
282:
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617:
See Note 99 on p.289 of the
Penguin Classics (UK) edition of 'Letters from Russia' by Astolphe de Custine
233:. Custine's mother was imprisoned and barely escaped the same fate. In the aftermath of the overthrow of
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and concluded it was possible that the Tsar behaved as he did only because he felt he had to. "If the
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1823, during the early stages of a second pregnancy, Léontine fell ill and died, aged only twenty.
782:
Studien über die Zustände, das Volksleben, und insbesondere die ländlichen Einrichtungen Russlands
634:, "A Taste For Freedom: The Life of Astolphe de Custine", Helen Marx Books, 1999, pp184-186, p261
419:
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Das Russlandbild des Marquis de Custine. Von der Zivilisationskritik zur Russlandfeindlichkeit
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410:. A political reactionary in his own country, fearful that democracy would inevitably lead to
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appeared, whose last chapter contained the prophecy that the future belonged to Russia and
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649:"Word for Word/The Marquis de Custine; A Long-Ago Look at Russia: (So What Else Is New?)"
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since the early 18th century. The paternal branch of the family also owned a famous
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https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-des-sciences-humaines-2007-2-page-47.htm
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Turizm: The Russian and East European Tourist Under Capitalism and Socialism
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The Scar of Revolution, Custine, Tocqueville, and the Romantic Imagination
784:, the first two volumes published in 1847, with a third published in 1852.
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ed. Jeffery A. Auerbach & Peter H. Hoffenberg. Ashgate, 2008: p. 124.
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549:"Reviews: The Marquis de Custine and the question of Russian history"
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Britain, the Empire, and the World at the Great Exhibition of 1851
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In the years after these tragedies, Custine became very pious.
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Custine died of a stroke in the evening of 25 September 1857.
298:. Custine spent time in the diplomatic service, attending the
398:
Custine visited Russia in 1839, spending most of his time in
342:
960:'The Marquis de Custine and the Question of Russian History'
918:
Journey For Our Time: The Journals of the Marquis de Custine
911:
Journey For Our Time: The Journals of the Marquis de Custine
523:
stars as a character representing Custine in the 2002 film
446:
268:. The marchioness purchased the château of Fervaques, near
46:
793:
Fisher, David C. "Russia and the Crystal Palace 1851" in
755:Čubar·Jan, Aleksandr O.; Čubarʹjan, Aleksandr O. (2006).
592:"A French Marquis' Adventures: Dandy Stuff for Biography"
287:
134:
Armand Renaud-Louis-Philippe-Francois, Marquis de Custine
810:, Australian Journal of French Studies, Vol 11, Issue 3
153:(18 March 1790 – 25 September 1857) was a French
245:(who would eventually become Minister of Police under
953:
Le Marquis de Custine ou les Malheurs de l'exactitude
925:
Empire of the Czar. A Journey Through Ethernal Russia
679:
Ruvigny et Raineval, Melville Henry Massue marquis de
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originators of a putative West European Russophobia.
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and was noted for her intelligence and great beauty.
900:
A Taste For Freedom: The Life of Astolphe de Custine
821:
A Taste For Freedom: The Life of Astolphe de Custine
808:
A Saint-Simonian writer: Hippolyte Auger (1797–1881)
555:. 2002. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009
161:, in particular his account of his visit to Russia,
445:). Custine had more than one conversation with the
754:
414:, he went to Russia looking for arguments against
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1030:, edited by Anka Muhlstein (NYRB Classics, 2002)
702:, Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines, 2007;
964:Astolphe de Custine: The Last French Aristocrat
904:Astolphe de Custine: The Last French Aristocrat
433:Most of Custine's mockery was reserved for the
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586:
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422:, combined with the disastrous effects of the
337:movement and spent the next few years writing
932:The Marquis de Custine and His Russia in 1839
683:, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1994, p87
627:
625:
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913:. Ed. Phyllis Penn Kohler, Washington 1987.
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946:Astolphe de Custine voyageur et philosophe
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715:Almanacco della Real Corte di Lucca, 1847
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290:, in Vaud, Switzerland, on 13 July 1826.
241:, the friendship of the marchioness with
151:Astolphe-Louis-Léonor, Marquis de Custine
68:Astolphe-Louis-Léonor, Marquis de Custine
859:, Cornell University Press, p. 51,
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27:French aristocrat and writer (1790–1857)
920:. Ed. Phyllis Penn Kohler, London 1951.
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212:Delphine de Sabran, Marquise de Custine
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700:Sexologie et théories savantes du sexe
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157:and writer who is best known for his
995:Works by or about Marquis de Custine
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118:Léontine de Saint-Simon de Courtomer
717:, Tipgrafia Giusti, Luca 1847, p104
696:La tante, le policier et l'écrivain
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424:Mongol invasion of medieval Russia
221:Custine's father and grandfather,
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833:Starobin, Paul (28 August 2014),
732:"Czarist Origins of Communism, I"
482:Studies on the Interior of Russia
1114:19th-century French male writers
1059:People from Moselle (department)
944:Francine-Dominique Liechtenhan,
835:"The Eternal Collapse of Russia"
190:Astolphe de Custine was born in
1119:French male non-fiction writers
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647:Erlanger, Steven (1996-06-16).
223:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
937:Albert Marie Pierre de Luppé,
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359:Isabella Ferdinanda de Bourbon
333:Custine gravitated toward the
258:François-René de Chateaubriand
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1084:19th-century French novelists
855:, in Gorsuch, Anne E. (ed.),
198:. His family belonged to the
962:, review of Anka Muhlstein,
260:, considered the founder of
225:, both sympathized with the
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7:
986:Works by Marquis de Custine
353:" (a half-man of letters).
86:25 September 1857 (Aged 67)
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853:"Russian Military Tourism"
681:The Blood Royal of Britain
504:Custine's observations in
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1104:19th-century French poets
966:and Astolphe de Custine,
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97:Chapelle d'Auquainville,
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888:Irena Grudzinska Gross,
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469:Publication and reaction
349:called Custine "un demi-
202:and possessed the title
420:Russian Orthodox Church
1124:Anti-Russian sentiment
951:Julien Frédéric Tarn,
851:Layton, Susan (2006),
426:, and the policies of
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283:Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe
187:
1109:French male novelists
1069:French LGBT novelists
1022:, (Gutenberg Project)
923:Astolphe de Custine,
916:Astolphe de Custine,
909:Astolphe de Custine,
839:The National Interest
597:The New York Observer
478:August von Haxthausen
383:Alexis de Tocqueville
371:Further information:
328:
210:factory. His mother,
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126:Enguerrand de Custine
58:Astolphe-Louis-Léonor
1099:LGBT Roman Catholics
1064:Writers about Russia
761:. ОЛМА Медиа Групп.
758:Российский европеизм
533:Notes and references
402:, but also visiting
388:Democracy in America
1027:Letters from Russia
968:Letters from Russia
939:Astolphe de Custine
881:Christian Sigrist,
736:Museum of Communism
480:, who authored the
286:. Delphine died at
237:and the end of the
184:Delphine de Custine
34:Astolphe de Custine
18:Astolphe de Custine
1054:French gay writers
930:George F. Kennan,
653:The New York Times
553:The Oxonian Review
516:In popular culture
331:
300:Congress of Vienna
188:
143:Delphine de Sabran
40:Marquis de Custine
1094:French marquesses
1089:French male poets
1079:French LGBT poets
1004:La Russie en 1839
990:Project Gutenberg
885:, Frankfurt 1990.
819:Muhlstein, Anka,
506:La Russie en 1839
474:La Russie en 1839
443:November Uprising
373:La Russie en 1839
366:La Russie en 1839
351:homme des lettres
304:Madame de Staël's
266:French literature
254:Germaine de Staël
227:French Revolution
164:La Russie en 1839
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16:(Redirected from
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999:Internet Archive
892:, Berkeley 1991.
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216:House of Sabran
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1049:1857 deaths
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526:Russian Ark
276:, from the
262:Romanticism
235:Robespierre
231:guillotined
192:Niderviller
75:Niderviller
1038:Categories
1016:Volume III
866:0801473284
741:2006-06-10
666:2016-08-19
604:2016-08-19
559:5 February
439:Nicholas I
306:daughter,
169:Nicholas I
155:aristocrat
1020:Volume IV
1012:Volume II
661:0362-4331
408:Yaroslavl
308:Albertine
175:Biography
115:Spouse(s)
54:Full name
1008:Volume I
569:cite web
412:mob rule
335:Romantic
274:Normandy
247:Napoleon
196:Lorraine
109:, France
103:Calvados
77:, France
997:at the
970:in the
459:Prussia
451:Emperor
393:America
270:Lisieux
208:faience
204:marquis
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659:
500:Legacy
404:Moscow
343:novels
339:poetry
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131:Father
93:Buried
492:Death
272:, in
123:Issue
861:ISBN
763:ISBN
657:ISSN
575:link
561:2009
447:Tsar
437:and
406:and
341:and
256:and
83:Died
64:Born
988:at
698:in
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288:Bex
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