127:"We declare as our deliberate conclusion that the crime of lynching is a logical result in every community that pursues the policy of humiliation and degradation of a part of its citizenship because of accident of birth; that exploits and intimidates the weaker element ... for economic gain; that refuses equal educational opportunity to one portion of its children; that segregates arbitrarily a whole race ... and finally that denies a voice in the control of government to any fit and proper citizen because of race."
90:
On that day in
November, about twelve women signed a public statement against lynching. Over time, the same statement would have more than 40,000 signatures from Southern women. A core group was formed with twelve women agreeing to hold local meetings against lynching in their home states. Women from
187:
In addition to speaking with law enforcement, the women of ASWPL talked to church groups all over the South about lynchings. They also created a network of women who were able to find out about lynchings before they happened and report the possible attacks to law enforcement, or even, in some cases,
179:
The ASWPL members spoke to men involved in law enforcement in their own communities and asked them to protect
African Americans from being lynched. One leader in the ASWPL recalled that, "We were determined not be just another body of resolution-passer. So we went to work where it meant the most: on
175:
The ASWPL used the "moral and social leverage of women in their local communities to create a 'new climate of opinion,'" and accomplished this by networking with these women in order to grow the movement. They also educated
Southern women about the myth of lynching, which held that lynchings only
71:
pointed out that the alleged rapes of white women by black men, "the supposed rationale for a lynching, seldom occurred and that the true motive for lynching was in racial hatred." In addition, Ames felt that white women were exploited in this narrative "in order to obscure the economic greed and
63:
Nine-tenths of all lynchings during the 1890s to the 1940s in the United States occurred in the South. Lynching had been declining, but in 1930, there was a sudden rise in lynchings. In 1930, there were 21 reported lynchings, and 20 of the victims were
African Americans. On November 1, 1930,
271:
659:
121:
Ames established her own state-level ASWPL chapter in
Georgia in January 1931. By April, there were groups formed in all the southern states, except Florida, who created an organization later. In 1934, there was an annual meeting where the ASWPL adopted a formal resolution which
628:
780:
752:
116:"Lynching is an indefensible crime. Women dare no longer allow themselves to be the cloak behind which those bent upon personal revenge and savagery commit acts of violence and lawlessness in the name of women. We repudiate this disgraceful claim for all time."
176:
occurred as "retribution for an attack on a white woman, especially rape." The ASWPL provided facts and figures to back up their claims. Their own position as a "cultural symbol of the southern lady" gave them added "authority" to destroy the myths.
132:
By the early 1940s, there were 109 affiliated associations, with a combined membership of 4 million. Funding for the ASWPL came from the CIC. In May 1940, the ASWPL celebrated 12 months without a lynching. The year before, there had been only three.
144:
advocate and felt that anti-lynching efforts were better handled at the state level. Instead of the bill, they urged support of continued education, cooperation of both law enforcement and media to prevent lynchings and increased membership.
191:
The ASWPL also demanded "thorough investigation" of any mob killings of
African Americans. The investigations marked a change because before the ASWPL was watching, "lynchings were 'hushed up' and therefore soon forgotten."
184:, was one of the men who had pledged to end lynching in Texas. In 1938, forty known attempts at lynching were prevented by police officers and sheriffs, "many of them pledged in writing to support" the ASWPL's program.
960:
180:
the county sheriffs." In 1934, Sallie L. Hanna, who led the ASWPL in Texas, "secured the pledges of seven gubernatorial candidates to use the power of the governor's office to end lynching." The winner,
47:. It was loosely organized and only accepted white women as members because they "believed that only white women could influence other white women." Many of the women involved were also members of
188:"go themselves to stop the lynchings." Later, the ASWPL sought ways to work with local newspapers to publicize potential lynchings so that those involved could not keep their activities secret.
1319:
64:
twenty-six "prominent
Southern women" assembled in Atlanta in order to discuss the problems of the increase in lynchings, causes, and possible ways women could help eradicate the problem.
1757:
408:
378:
325:
596:
298:
687:
558:
2143:
2173:
2084:
1825:
1554:
2138:
1129:
1830:
2158:
1355:
945:
1397:
1015:
884:
2168:
995:
1851:
1648:
1752:
850:
925:
2153:
1778:
43:. The group was made up of middle and upper-class white women. While active, the group had "a presence in every county in the South" of the
935:
1669:
1517:
1376:
352:
160:
2148:
1549:
1481:
2133:
1773:
566:
489:
2034:
1486:
1040:
915:
1418:
844:
The changing character of lynching : review of lynching, 1931-1941, with a discussion of recent developments in this field
965:
877:
67:
One of the many excuses used to conduct lynchings was that it was done in the name of "protecting" white women. ASWPL founder
1981:
1877:
1450:
1030:
1000:
985:
52:
1892:
1215:
1149:
1066:
950:
1950:
1455:
1035:
1020:
1872:
1622:
1334:
1907:
1897:
1804:
1684:
1189:
870:
699:
388:
335:
308:
1887:
1704:
1689:
1586:
990:
2163:
1912:
1694:
1533:
1246:
1169:
975:
1922:
1882:
1220:
732:
606:
420:
443:
Barber, Henry E. (1973-12-01). "The
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 1930-1942".
1971:
1617:
1607:
1139:
1045:
156:
2013:
1788:
1570:
1846:
1653:
1491:
1184:
1098:
955:
1976:
1936:
1902:
1638:
1476:
1381:
1360:
1339:
1267:
1179:
1010:
920:
2178:
1997:
1720:
1643:
1402:
1236:
1194:
1082:
940:
2108:
1966:
1674:
1287:
1282:
1174:
1103:
893:
148:
In 1942, judging that the purposes of the ASWPL had been achieved, Ames wound the association up.
1612:
1434:
1324:
1272:
1144:
1113:
1108:
111:
a few days later in a "conference similar to that held in
Atlanta." The group's declaration was:
1783:
1736:
1329:
1277:
980:
724:
137:
84:
55:(CIC), the ASWPL had an important effect on popular opinion among whites relating to lynching.
862:
1501:
1251:
1241:
1025:
1005:
828:
524:
1917:
1159:
219:
327:
From Slave Abuse to Hate Crime: The
Criminalization of Racial Violence in American History
8:
1496:
1303:
152:
2059:
1134:
717:
460:
68:
28:
811:
Revolt Against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign Against Lynching
728:
695:
602:
416:
384:
331:
304:
141:
136:
In 1940 members of the ASWPL opposed an anti-lynching bill that was up for review at
40:
1809:
452:
303:(Updated ed.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 13–14.
32:
181:
839:
Atlanta, Ga.: Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 1938
226:. Uploaded on June 9, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
1199:
1164:
76:
961:
Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
753:"Southern Women May Try News Reporting In Fresh Attempt To Stamp Out Lynching"
2127:
2029:
1856:
1154:
970:
835:
409:"The Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 1930-1942"
44:
1471:
823:
415:. Part 2. Vol. 17. Munich: Die Deutsche Bibliothek. pp. 635–636.
237:
598:
From Suffrage to the Senate: An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics
353:"Black History Month 2015: Grim Struggle to End the Nightmare of Lynching"
1679:
1602:
75:
In her writing and speaking for the group, Ames used language taken from
79:
missionary societies and based the issue-oriented focus of the group on
380:
Redefining Rape: Sexual Violence in the Era of Suffrage and Segregation
80:
48:
464:
847:
Atlanta, Ga. : Commission on Interracial Cooperation, Inc., 1942
96:
843:
692:
Communicative Engagement and Social Liberation: Justice Will Be Made
456:
104:
100:
36:
1320:
Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs
1699:
1758:
Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories
892:
108:
413:
History of Women in the United States: Social and Moral Reform
739:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching.
92:
931:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
220:
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN WOMEN FOR THE PREVENTION OF LYNCHING
21:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
1050:
2085:
First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
559:"From the Southern Exposure Archives: Women and Lynching"
167:, about the activism of Ames and the work of the ASWPL.
16:
Women's civil rights organization in the United States
1826:
General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina
1555:
Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
694:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 153.
1130:
California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
565:. The Institute for Southern Studies. Archived from
35:
in November 1930, to lobby and campaign against the
1831:South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
779:
751:
716:
658:
627:
594:
488:
270:
1356:Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
996:National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
300:Anatomy of a Lynching: The Killing of Claude Neal
2174:African-American history of Georgia (U.S. state)
2144:Women's organizations based in the United States
2125:
1398:Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building
719:Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory
487:Dykeman, Wilma; Stokely, James (November 1957).
2139:Anti-racist organizations in the United States
926:Associated Daughters of Early American Witches
486:
878:
1753:Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
2159:1930 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
330:. Cambridge University Press. p. 115.
161:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1482:Colored Female Religious and Moral Society
885:
871:
786:Women Demand Inquiry Into Lepanto Lynching
723:. University of Minnesota Press. pp.
714:
629:"South Completes a Year Without Lynching"
601:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 45–46.
2169:History of women in Georgia (U.S. state)
1670:Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs
1518:Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo
1377:Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
916:American Association of University Women
376:
323:
296:
268:
27:) was a women's organization founded by
1550:Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs
685:
522:
2126:
442:
406:
350:
1487:New England Woman's Press Association
1041:Women's Joint Congressional Committee
1001:National Society of New England Women
986:National Association of Colored Women
866:
653:
651:
622:
620:
618:
590:
588:
586:
584:
552:
550:
548:
546:
518:
516:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
214:
212:
210:
208:
206:
204:
72:sexual transgressions of white men."
53:Commission on Interracial Cooperation
2154:Organizations disestablished in 1942
1419:Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs
951:Daughters of the American Revolution
556:
490:"The Plight of Southern White Women"
438:
436:
434:
432:
402:
400:
264:
262:
260:
258:
1456:Maryland Woman Suffrage Association
1051:Young Women's Christian Association
1021:United Daughters of the Confederacy
966:General Federation of Women's Clubs
946:Daughters of the American Colonists
13:
1878:Texas Association of Women's Clubs
1873:Daughters of the Republic of Texas
1451:Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore
1031:Women's Christian Temperance Union
803:
648:
615:
581:
543:
513:
471:
235:
201:
14:
2190:
2149:Organizations established in 1930
1898:Dallas Equal Suffrage Association
1893:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs
1036:Women's National Republican Club
817:
429:
397:
255:
2134:American anti-lynching activists
1888:Texas Equal Suffrage Association
1690:Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn)
991:National Council of Jewish Women
595:O'Dea Schenken, Suzanne (1999).
557:Hall, Jacquelyn (8 March 2013).
269:Spearman, Walter (27 May 1979).
1335:Frederick Douglass Woman's Club
1016:United States Daughters of 1812
772:
744:
708:
679:
665:Madison Wisconsin State Journal
351:Mwamba, Jay (6 February 2015).
1883:Texas Equal Rights Association
1067:Alabama's Colored Women's Club
796:– via Newspaper Archive.
768:– via Newspaper Archive.
675:– via Newspaper Archive.
644:– via Newspaper Archive.
370:
344:
317:
290:
286:– via Newspaper Archive.
229:
1:
824:'A Man Was Lynched Yesterday'
377:Freedman, Estelle B. (2013).
238:"A Man Was Lynched Yesterday"
195:
157:Southern Oral History Program
1695:Newswomen's Club of New York
1170:Hollywood Women's Press Club
976:Ladies' Memorial Association
852:Working for a Lynchless Year
715:Markovitz, Jonathan (2004).
383:. Harvard University Press.
7:
956:Daughters of the Cincinnati
936:Colonial Dames XVII Century
411:. In Cott, Nancy F. (ed.).
297:McGovern, James R. (1982).
277:Burlington Daily Times News
170:
10:
2195:
1982:University Club of Seattle
1937:Daughters of Utah Pioneers
1268:Atlanta Neighborhood Union
1046:Women's Trade Union League
1011:Queen Isabella Association
781:"Blytheville Courier News"
83:organizations such as the
58:
51:societies. Along with the
2104:
2097:
2080:
2073:
2054:
2047:
2022:
2006:
1990:
1959:
1943:
1931:
1865:
1839:
1818:
1797:
1766:
1745:
1729:
1713:
1662:
1631:
1595:
1579:
1563:
1542:
1526:
1510:
1464:
1443:
1427:
1411:
1390:
1369:
1348:
1312:
1296:
1260:
1229:
1208:
1122:
1091:
1075:
1059:
941:Colonial Dames of America
908:
901:
523:Wormser, Richard (2002).
407:Barber, Henry E. (1994).
1492:New England Women's Club
224:Handbook of Texas Online
921:American Woman's League
165:Revolt Against Chivalry
2164:Anti-lynching movement
1477:College Club of Boston
1403:Woman's Club of Topeka
1330:Fortnightly of Chicago
981:League of Women Voters
660:"Seek to End Lynching"
324:Aaronson, Ely (2014).
272:"The Literary Lantern"
155:, the director of the
130:
119:
85:League of Women Voters
2109:List of women's clubs
2098:List of women's clubs
1779:Colored Women's Clubs
1675:Brooklyn Woman's Club
1502:Saturday Morning Club
1026:United Order of Tents
1006:Phillis Wheatley Club
809:Jacquelyn Dowd Hall,
686:Arneson, Pat (2014).
124:
113:
1852:Country Woman's Club
1325:Chicago Woman's Club
1273:Atlanta Woman's Club
1145:College Women's Club
896:in the United States
758:Corpus Christi Times
688:"Jessie Daniel Ames"
634:Hattiesburg American
525:"Jessie Daniel Ames"
140:. Ames was a strong
1304:Daughters of Hawaii
856:The Literary Digest
357:New York Daily News
236:Barnes, Rhae Lynn.
218:Nancy Baker Jones,
153:Jacquelyn Dowd Hall
1135:Berkeley City Club
829:Jessie Daniel Ames
242:U.S. History Scene
69:Jessie Daniel Ames
29:Jessie Daniel Ames
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2093:
2092:
2069:
2068:
2043:
2042:
2035:Women's City Club
1847:19th Century Club
1805:Cosmopolitan Club
1705:Women's City Club
1685:Cosmopolitan Club
1587:20th Century Club
1190:Metropolitan Club
760:. 2 February 1940
107:met with Ames in
41:African Americans
2186:
2179:Women in Atlanta
2102:
2101:
2078:
2077:
2052:
2051:
1497:Woman's Era Club
906:
905:
887:
880:
873:
864:
863:
836:Feeling is tense
798:
797:
795:
793:
783:
776:
770:
769:
767:
765:
755:
748:
742:
741:
722:
712:
706:
705:
683:
677:
676:
674:
672:
662:
655:
646:
645:
643:
641:
631:
624:
613:
612:
592:
579:
578:
576:
574:
554:
541:
540:
538:
536:
529:Jim Crow Stories
520:
511:
510:
508:
506:
492:
484:
469:
468:
440:
427:
426:
404:
395:
394:
374:
368:
367:
365:
363:
348:
342:
341:
321:
315:
314:
294:
288:
287:
285:
283:
274:
266:
253:
252:
250:
248:
233:
227:
216:
163:, wrote a book,
33:Atlanta, Georgia
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2089:
2065:
2060:The Woman's Era
2039:
2023:Washington D.C.
2018:
2002:
1986:
1955:
1939:
1927:
1913:Houston Heights
1861:
1835:
1814:
1793:
1762:
1741:
1725:
1709:
1658:
1627:
1623:Upper Montclair
1591:
1575:
1559:
1538:
1522:
1506:
1460:
1439:
1423:
1407:
1386:
1365:
1344:
1340:Three Arts Club
1308:
1292:
1256:
1247:Fort Lauderdale
1225:
1204:
1185:LA Nurses' Club
1118:
1087:
1071:
1055:
897:
891:
858:January 7, 1933
820:
806:
804:Further reading
801:
791:
789:
778:
777:
773:
763:
761:
750:
749:
745:
735:
713:
709:
702:
684:
680:
670:
668:
657:
656:
649:
639:
637:
626:
625:
616:
609:
593:
582:
572:
570:
569:on 9 March 2016
555:
544:
534:
532:
521:
514:
504:
502:
485:
472:
441:
430:
423:
405:
398:
391:
375:
371:
361:
359:
349:
345:
338:
322:
318:
311:
295:
291:
281:
279:
267:
256:
246:
244:
234:
230:
217:
202:
198:
182:James V. Allred
173:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1819:South Carolina
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1714:North Carolina
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1200:Wilfandel Club
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:Francisca Club
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
912:
910:
903:
899:
898:
890:
889:
882:
875:
867:
861:
860:
848:
840:
832:
826:
819:
818:External links
816:
815:
814:
805:
802:
800:
799:
771:
743:
733:
707:
700:
678:
647:
614:
607:
580:
542:
512:
470:
457:10.2307/274253
451:(4): 378–389.
428:
421:
396:
389:
369:
343:
336:
316:
309:
289:
254:
228:
199:
197:
194:
172:
169:
142:state's rights
60:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2191:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Sulgrave Club
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1857:Ossoli Circle
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:Massachusetts
1463:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Ebell Society
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:Beverly Hills
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:Junior League
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
911:
907:
904:
900:
895:
894:Women's clubs
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
868:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
833:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
812:
808:
807:
787:
782:
775:
759:
754:
747:
740:
736:
730:
726:
721:
720:
711:
703:
701:9781611476514
697:
693:
689:
682:
667:. 17 May 1940
666:
661:
654:
652:
636:. 10 May 1940
635:
630:
623:
621:
619:
610:
604:
600:
599:
591:
589:
587:
585:
568:
564:
560:
553:
551:
549:
547:
530:
526:
519:
517:
500:
496:
491:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
437:
435:
433:
424:
418:
414:
410:
403:
401:
392:
390:9780674724846
386:
382:
381:
373:
358:
354:
347:
339:
337:9781107026896
333:
329:
328:
320:
312:
310:9780807154274
306:
302:
301:
293:
278:
273:
265:
263:
261:
259:
243:
239:
232:
225:
221:
215:
213:
211:
209:
207:
205:
200:
193:
189:
185:
183:
177:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
146:
143:
139:
134:
129:
128:
123:
118:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
88:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
65:
56:
54:
50:
46:
45:United States
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2058:
2048:Publications
1951:Mount Vernon
1810:Plastic Club
1798:Pennsylvania
1571:East Glacier
930:
855:
851:
842:
834:
810:
790:. Retrieved
788:. 5 May 1936
785:
774:
762:. Retrieved
757:
746:
738:
718:
710:
691:
681:
669:. Retrieved
664:
638:. Retrieved
633:
597:
571:. Retrieved
567:the original
563:Facing South
562:
533:. Retrieved
528:
503:. Retrieved
498:
494:
448:
444:
412:
379:
372:
360:. Retrieved
356:
346:
326:
319:
299:
292:
280:. Retrieved
276:
245:. Retrieved
241:
231:
223:
190:
186:
178:
174:
164:
150:
147:
135:
131:
126:
125:
120:
115:
114:
89:
74:
66:
62:
24:
20:
18:
2074:Conventions
1923:San Antonio
1918:Lyceum Club
1680:Colony Club
1654:Silver City
1603:Kalmia Club
1543:Mississippi
1160:Ebell of LA
1099:Casa Grande
792:23 December
764:24 December
671:24 December
640:24 December
573:23 December
535:23 December
505:23 December
362:23 December
282:24 December
247:23 December
77:evangelical
2128:Categories
1960:Washington
1908:Fort Worth
1649:Las Cruces
1639:Alamogordo
1632:New Mexico
1618:Rutherford
1608:Morristown
1596:New Jersey
1534:Saint Paul
1382:Des Moines
1221:Wilmington
1123:California
909:Nationwide
734:0816639949
608:0874369606
501:(1): 32–42
422:3598416954
196:References
49:missionary
1998:Wauwatosa
1991:Wisconsin
1840:Tennessee
1789:Town Club
1721:Charlotte
1644:Carrizozo
1527:Minnesota
1428:Louisiana
1361:Vincennes
1237:Bradenton
1195:San Pedro
1083:Anchorage
151:In 1979,
97:Louisiana
1972:Longview
1967:Kirkland
1944:Virginia
1746:Oklahoma
1663:New York
1613:Red Bank
1511:Michigan
1444:Maryland
1435:Era Club
1412:Kentucky
1313:Illinois
1288:Tennille
1283:Demorest
1209:Delaware
1175:La Jolla
1104:Glendale
171:Strategy
138:Congress
105:Arkansas
101:Oklahoma
37:lynching
2007:Wyoming
1977:Olympia
1903:El Paso
1774:Ashland
1700:Sorosis
1564:Montana
1472:Chilton
1349:Indiana
1261:Georgia
1230:Florida
1216:Milford
1180:Lincoln
1114:Willcox
1092:Arizona
1060:Alabama
813:, 1979.
159:at the
122:stated:
81:secular
59:History
2014:Casper
1784:Dundee
1767:Oregon
1737:Dayton
1580:Nevada
1391:Kansas
1297:Hawaii
1278:Dawson
1150:Corona
1076:Alaska
731:
698:
605:
465:274253
463:
445:Phylon
419:
387:
334:
307:
109:Dallas
1866:Texas
1252:Miami
1242:Davie
902:Clubs
854:from
831:(PBS)
727:–17.
531:. PBS
495:Ebony
461:JSTOR
93:Texas
25:ASWPL
1932:Utah
1730:Ohio
1370:Iowa
1109:Mesa
794:2015
766:2015
729:ISBN
696:ISBN
673:2015
642:2015
603:ISBN
575:2015
537:2015
507:2015
417:ISBN
385:ISBN
364:2015
332:ISBN
305:ISBN
284:2015
249:2015
103:and
19:The
453:doi
39:of
31:in
2130::
784:.
756:.
737:.
725:16
690:.
663:.
650:^
632:.
617:^
583:^
561:.
545:^
527:.
515:^
499:13
497:.
493:.
473:^
459:.
449:34
447:.
431:^
399:^
355:.
275:.
257:^
240:.
222:,
203:^
99:,
95:,
87:.
886:e
879:t
872:v
704:.
611:.
577:.
539:.
509:.
467:.
455::
425:.
393:.
366:.
340:.
313:.
251:.
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.