1226:
1301:(the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are risk factors. Elevated pulse pressure has been found to be a stronger independent predictor of cardiovascular events, especially in older populations, than has systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure. In some cases, it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actually increase risk, probably due to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (ie. widened pulse pressure). If systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140 mmHg) with a normal diastolic blood pressure (<90 mmHg), it is called
1848:
pressures, at any given systolic blood pressure the risk of major cardiovascular end points increases, rather than decreases, with lower diastolic levels. This suggests that interventions that lower diastolic pressure without also lowering systolic pressure (and thus lowering pulse pressure) could actually be counterproductive. There are no drugs currently approved to lower pulse pressure, although some antihypertensive drugs may modestly lower pulse pressure, while in some cases a drug that lowers overall blood pressure may actually have the counterproductive side effect of raising pulse pressure.
2527:
2519:
1549:
1688:
192:—that healthcare professionals use in evaluating a patient's health. Normal resting blood pressure in an adult is approximately 120 millimetres of mercury (16 kPa) systolic over 80 millimetres of mercury (11 kPa) diastolic, denoted as "120/80 mmHg". Globally, the average blood pressure, age standardized, has remained about the same since 1975 to the present, at approximately 127/79 mmHg in men and 122/77 mmHg in women, although these average data mask significantly diverging regional trends.
47:
1529:
1639:, the impedance to blood flow presented by the circulation. In the short-term, the greater the blood volume, the higher the cardiac output. This has been proposed as an explanation of the relationship between high dietary salt intake and increased blood pressure; however, responses to increased dietary sodium intake vary between individuals and are highly dependent on autonomic nervous system responses and the
1652:(resistance∝1/radius). Hence, the smaller the radius, the higher the resistance. Other physical factors that affect resistance include: vessel length (the longer the vessel, the higher the resistance), blood viscosity (the higher the viscosity, the higher the resistance) and the number of vessels, particularly the smaller numerous, arterioles and capillaries. The presence of a severe arterial
753:
1537:
1669:) increase the caliber of blood vessels, thereby decreasing arterial pressure. In the longer term a process termed remodeling also contributes to changing the caliber of small blood vessels and influencing resistance and reactivity to vasoactive agents. Reductions in capillary density, termed capillary rarefaction, may also contribute to increased resistance in some circumstances.
2550:, by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement, is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting. Novel methods to measure blood pressure without penetrating the arterial wall, and without applying any pressure on patient's body are being explored, for example, cuffless measurements that uses only optical sensors.
737:
cardiovascular disease and there is evidence that night-time blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than day-time blood pressure. Blood pressure varies over longer time periods (months to years) and this variability predicts adverse outcomes. Blood pressure also changes in response to temperature, noise, emotional
749:, and disease. The variability in blood pressure and the better predictive value of ambulatory blood pressure measurements has led some authorities, such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the UK, to advocate for the use of ambulatory blood pressure as the preferred method for diagnosis of hypertension.
3205:"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension: Developed by the task force on the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)"
4657:
The CAFE Investigators; CAFE Steering
Committee and Writing Committee; Williams, Bryan; Lacy, Peter S.; Thom, Simon M.; Cruickshank, Kennedy; Stanton, Alice; Collier, David; Hughes, Alun D.; Thurston, H.; O’Rourke, Michael (2006-03-07). "Differential Impact of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs on Central
1194:
If the heart is stopped, blood pressure falls, but it does not fall to zero. The remaining pressure measured after cessation of the heart beat and redistribution of blood throughout the circulation is termed the mean systemic pressure or mean circulatory filling pressure; typically this is proximally
922:
In adults in most societies, systolic blood pressure tends to rise from early adulthood onward, up to at least age 70; diastolic pressure tends to begin to rise at the same time but start to fall earlier in mid-life, approximately age 55. Mean blood pressure rises from early adulthood, plateauing in
810:, it is the fetal heart and not the mother's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive blood through the fetal circulation. The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation, and increases to approximately 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation.
1831:
as well as other complications such as eye and kidney disease. Pulse pressure is considered low if it is less than 25% of the systolic. (For example, if the systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, then the pulse pressure would be considered low if it is less than 30 mmHg, since 30 is 25% of 120.) A very low
1519:
Older individuals and those who had received blood pressure medications are more likely to exhibit larger fluctuations in pressure, and there is some evidence that different antihypertensive agents have different effects on blood pressure variability; whether these differences translate to benefits
1839:
Elevated pulse pressure has been found to be a stronger independent predictor of cardiovascular events, especially in older populations, than has systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure. This increased risk exists for both men and women and even when no other cardiovascular risk factors are
1847:
in 2000 showed that a 10 mmHg increase in pulse pressure was associated with a 20% increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, and a 13% increase in risk for all coronary end points. The study authors also noted that, while risks of cardiovascular end points do increase with higher systolic
1647:
may also be important. In the longer-term the relationship between volume and blood pressure is more complex. In simple terms, systemic vascular resistance is mainly determined by the caliber of small arteries and arterioles. The resistance attributable to a blood vessel depends on its radius as
1179:
Certain researchers have argued for physicians to begin using aortic pressure, as opposed to peripheral blood pressure, as a guide for clinical decisions. The way antihypertensive drugs impact peripheral blood pressure can often be very different from the way they impact central aortic pressure.
2577:
As in humans, blood pressure in animals differs by age, sex, time of day, and environmental circumstances: measurements made in laboratories or under anesthesia may not be representative of values under free-living conditions. Rats, mice, dogs and rabbits have been used extensively to study the
2565:
Blood pressure levels in non-human mammals may vary depending on the species. Heart rate differs markedly, largely depending on the size of the animal (larger animals have slower heart rates). The giraffe has a distinctly high arterial pressure of about 190 mm Hg, enabling blood perfusion
1672:
In practice, each individual's autonomic nervous system and other systems regulating blood pressure, notably the kidney, respond to and regulate all these factors so that, although the above issues are important, they rarely act in isolation and the actual arterial pressure response of a given
222:
or home blood pressure measurements have also influenced this trend. Early automated alternatives to mercury-tube sphygmomanometers were often seriously inaccurate, but modern devices validated to international standards achieve an average difference between two standardized reading methods of
732:
Observational studies demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges have much better long-term cardiovascular health. There is an ongoing medical debate over what is the optimal level of blood pressure to target when using drugs to lower blood
218:. Auscultation is still generally considered to be the gold standard of accuracy for non-invasive blood pressure readings in clinic. However, semi-automated methods have become common, largely due to concerns about potential mercury toxicity, although cost, ease of use and applicability to
736:
Blood pressure fluctuates from minute to minute and normally shows a circadian rhythm over a 24-hour period, with highest readings in the early morning and evenings and lowest readings at night. Loss of the normal fall in blood pressure at night is associated with a greater future risk of
1556:
During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart. However, blood pressure is also regulated by neural regulation from the brain (see
227:
of less than 8 mm Hg. Most of these semi-automated methods measure blood pressure using oscillometry (measurement by a pressure transducer in the cuff of the device of small oscillations of intra-cuff pressure accompanying heartbeat-induced changes in the volume of each pulse).
1515:
has also linked variation in blood pressure to mortality, stroke, heart failure, and cardiac changes that may give rise to heart failure. These data have prompted discussion of whether excessive variation in blood pressure should be treated, even among normotensive older adults.
4878:
Mitchell, Gary F.; Izzo, Joseph L.; Lacourcière, Yves; Ouellet, Jean-Pascal; Neutel, Joel; Qian, Chunlin; Kerwin, Linda J.; Block, Alan J.; Pfeffer, Marc A. (25 Jun 2002). "Omapatrilat
Reduces Pulse Pressure and Proximal Aortic Stiffness in Patients With Systolic Hypertension".
2328:
retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys and the consequent salt and water retention increases plasma volume, and indirectly, arterial pressure. Aldosterone may also exert direct pressor effects on vascular smooth muscle and central effects on sympathetic nervous system
2379:
These different mechanisms are not necessarily independent of each other, as indicated by the link between the RAS and aldosterone release. When blood pressure falls many physiological cascades commence in order to return the blood pressure to a more appropriate level.
1561:), as well as osmotic regulation from the kidney. Differences in mean blood pressure drive the flow of blood around the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. In the absence of
3299:"2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)"
913:
In children the normal ranges for blood pressure are lower than for adults and depend on height. Reference blood pressure values have been developed for children in different countries, based on the distribution of blood pressure in children of these countries.
768:, also influence a person's blood pressure. Differences between left-arm and right-arm blood pressure measurements tend to be small. However, occasionally there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which may need further investigation, e.g. for
5406:
Chiriacò M, Pateras K, Virdis A, Charakida M, Kyriakopoulou D, Nannipieri M, et al. (December 2019). "Association between blood pressure variability, cardiovascular disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
3818:"Associations Between Systolic Interarm Differences in Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes and Mortality: Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis, Development and Validation of a Prognostic Algorithm: The INTERPRESS-IPD Collaboration"
4457:
Roman, Mary J.; Devereux, Richard B.; Kizer, Jorge R.; Lee, Elisa T.; Galloway, James M.; Ali, Tauqeer; Umans, Jason G.; Howard, Barbara V. (2007). "Central
Pressure More Strongly Relates to Vascular Disease and Outcome Than Does Brachial Pressure".
1581:. Pulsatility also diminishes in the smaller elements of the arterial circulation, although some transmitted pulsatility is observed in capillaries. Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins,
1313:
regurgitation, a change in its severity may be associated with a change in diastolic pressure. In a study of people with heart valve regurgitation that compared measurements two weeks apart for each person, there was an increased severity of
1656:
increases resistance to flow, however this increase in resistance rarely increases systemic blood pressure because its contribution to total systemic resistance is small, although it may profoundly decrease downstream flow. Substances called
923:
mid-life, while pulse pressure rises quite markedly after the age of 40. Consequently, in many older people, systolic blood pressure often exceeds the normal adult range, if the diastolic pressure is in the normal range this is termed
2207:
1305:
and may present a health concern. According to the 2017 American Heart
Association blood pressure guidelines state that a systolic blood pressure of 130–139 mmHg with a diastolic pressure of 80–89 mmHg is "stage one hypertension".
4572:
Chen, Chen-Huan; Nevo, Erez; Fetics, Barry; Pak, Peter H.; Yin, Frank C.P.; Maughan, W. Lowell; Kass, David A. (1997). "Estimation of
Central Aortic Pressure Waveform by Mathematical Transformation of Radial Tonometry Pressure".
1172:. Elevated aortic pressure has been found to be a more accurate predictor of both cardiovascular events and mortality, as well as structural changes in the heart, than has peripheral blood pressure (such as measured through the
2268:, adjusts the mean arterial pressure by altering both the force and speed of the heart's contractions, as well as the systemic vascular resistance. The most important arterial baroreceptors are located in the left and right
295:
Blood pressure measurements can be influenced by circumstances of measurement. Guidelines use different thresholds for office (also known as clinic), home (when the person measures their own blood pressure at home), and
1970:
270:, and normal pressure is called normotension. Both hypertension and hypotension have many causes and may be of sudden onset or of long duration. Long-term hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases, including
3466:
Table2: Comparison of ambulatory blood pressures and urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion measured at work, home, and during sleep between
European–American (n = 110) and African–American (n = 51)
1773:
1282:. At severely high pressures, mean arterial pressures 50% or more above average, a person can expect to live no more than a few years unless appropriately treated. For people with high blood pressure, higher
7192:
Brøndum E, Hasenkam JM, Secher NH, Bertelsen MF, Grøndahl C, Petersen KK, et al. (October 2009). "Jugular venous pooling during lowering of the head affects blood pressure of the anesthetized giraffe".
1826:
A healthy pulse pressure is around 40 mmHg. A pulse pressure that is consistently 60 mmHg or greater is likely to be associated with disease, and a pulse pressure of 50 mmHg or more increases the risk of
2055:
5090:
Gottdiener JS, Panza JA, St John Sutton M, Bannon P, Kushner H, Weissman NJ (July 2002). "Testing the test: the reliability of echocardiography in the sequential assessment of valvular regurgitation".
564:
6353:
Guyton AC, Coleman TG, Cowley AV, Scheel KW, Manning RD, Norman RA (May 1972). "Arterial pressure regulation. Overriding dominance of the kidneys in long-term regulation and in hypertension".
6417:
Liaw SY, Scherpbier A, Klainin-Yobas P, Rethans JJ (September 2011). "A review of educational strategies to improve nurses' roles in recognizing and responding to deteriorating patients".
783:
There is no accepted diagnostic standard for hypotension, although pressures less than 90/60 are commonly regarded as hypotensive. In practice blood pressure is considered too low only if
3242:"Harmonization of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure/Hypertension Guidelines"
1176:). Traditionally it involved an invasive procedure to measure aortic pressure, but now there are non-invasive methods of measuring it indirectly without a significant margin of error.
2546:
method. Fully automated oscillometric measurement has been available since 1981. This principle has recently been used to measure blood pressure with a smartphone. Measuring pressure
560:
2557:
is common. According to one study, approximately 40% of recorded measurements ended with the digit zero, whereas "without bias, 10%–20% of measurements are expected to end in zero"
1087:, which is a good approximation of right atrial pressure, which is a major determinant of right ventricular end diastolic volume. (However, there can be exceptions in some cases.)
7481:
4154:
Franklin SS, Gustin W, Wong ND, Larson MG, Weber MA, Kannel WB, Levy D (July 1997). "Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The
Framingham Heart Study".
2134:
1511:
and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease brain small vessel disease, and dementia independent of the average blood pressure level. Recent evidence from
1414:(venous pooling) causes ~500 ml of blood to be relocated from the chest and upper body. This results in a rapid decrease in central blood volume and a reduction of ventricular
2106:
4748:
3914:
4307:
6941:
1489:. A similar effect is observed following the experience of excessive gravitational forces (G-loading), such as routinely experienced by aerobatic or combat pilots '
6696:
Bos WJ, Verrij E, Vincent HH, Westerhof BE, Parati G, van
Montfrans GA (April 2007). "How to assess mean blood pressure properly at the brachial artery level".
2141:
1465:'. Together these mechanisms normally stabilize blood pressure within a minute or less. If these compensatory mechanisms fail and arterial pressure and blood
1243:
Levels of arterial pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls. Higher pressures increase heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth (
6534:
Khilnani P, Singhi S, Lodha R, Santhanam I, Sachdev A, Chugh K, Jaishree M, Ranjit S, Ramachandran B, Ali U, Udani S, Uttam R, Deopujari S (January 2010).
1691:
A schematic representation of the arterial pressure waveform over one cardiac cycle. The notch in the curve is associated with closing of the aortic valve.
7569:
4933:
Benetos, Athanase; Safar, Michel; Rudnichi, Annie; Smulyan, Harold; Richard, Jacques-Lucien; Ducimetière, Pierre; Guize, Louis (1997). "Pulse
Pressure".
2241:
regulation of arterial pressure is not completely understood, but the following mechanisms of regulating arterial pressure have been well-characterized:
1418:
which in turn reduces stroke volume, and mean arterial pressure. Normally this is compensated for by multiple mechanisms, including activation of the
1247:) that develops within the walls of arteries. The higher the pressure, the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the
2893:"Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants"
6894:
Forouzanfar M, Dajani HR, Groza VZ, Bolic M, Rajan S, Batkin I (2015-01-01). "Oscillometric Blood
Pressure Estimation: Past, Present, and Future".
243:, and varies depending on person's situation, emotional state, activity and relative health or disease state. In the short term, blood pressure is
2570:
snakes, blood pressure is higher than in non-arboreal snakes. A heart near to the head (short heart-to-head distance) and a long tail with tight
1922:
6587:"A widened pulse pressure: a potential valuable prognostic indicator of mortality in patients with sepsis. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect"
7178:
1507:
Some fluctuation or variation in blood pressure is normal. Variation in blood pressure that is significantly greater than the norm is known as
5129:
5028:
7049:
Sola J, Bertschi M, Krauss J (September 2018). "Measuring Pressure: Introducing oBPM, the Optical Revolution for Blood Pressure Monitoring".
4408:
4019:
1619:(the inverse of arterial compliance). Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume is influenced by 1) the
6242:
Korner PI, Angus JA (1992). "Structural determinants of vascular resistance properties in hypertension. Haemodynamic and model analysis".
6004:
Caplea A, Seachrist D, Dunphy G, Ely D (April 2001). "Sodium-induced rise in blood pressure is suppressed by androgen receptor blockade".
1859:
compromise. A pulse pressure of over 70 mmHg in sepsis is correlated with an increased chance of survival and a more positive response to
6855:"Aldosterone and blood pressure regulation: recent milestones on the long and winding road from electrocortin to KCNJ5, GPER, and beyond"
4379:
4001:
2774:
have higher blood pressures than most other dog breeds; a systolic pressure greater than 180 mmHg is considered abnormal in these dogs.
1721:
2492:; the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is due to its effect on blood volume. Generally, the baroreceptor reflex is not targeted in
2442:
Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor that will increase blood flow to the heart and subsequently the preload, ultimately increasing the
1398:
A large fall in blood pressure upon standing (typically a systolic/diastolic blood pressure decrease of >20/10 mmHg) is termed
7473:
5625:"Association Between Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure Variability in Early Adulthood and Myocardial Structure and Function in Later Life"
4332:
Tkachenko BI, Evlakhov VI, Poyasov IZ (October 2002). "Independence of changes in right atrial pressure and central venous pressure".
1577:
losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and
7792:
5846:
Mahler F, Muheim MH, Intaglietta M, Bollinger A, Anliker M (June 1979). "Blood pressure fluctuations in human nailfold capillaries".
4650:
1840:
present. The increased risk also exists even in cases in which diastolic pressure decreases over time while systolic remains steady.
1340:. This is a medical concern if it causes signs or symptoms, such as dizziness, fainting, or in extreme cases in medical emergencies,
7504:"ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats"
6793:
6671:
6392:
2891:
Zhou B, Bentham J, Di Cesare M, Bixby H, Danaei G, Cowan MJ, et al. (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)) (January 2017).
2566:
through the 2 metres (6 ft 7 in)-long neck to the head. In other species subjected to orthostatic blood pressure, such as
5036:
931:. An age-related rise in blood pressure is not considered healthy and is not observed in some isolated unacculturated communities.
8064:
2021:
7562:
4744:
1236:
can be an indicator of other problems and may have long-term adverse effects. Sometimes it can be an acute problem, such as in a
17:
3391:
Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Portaluppi F (June 2017). "Circadian mechanisms of 24-hour blood pressure regulation and patterning".
2542:, to reflect the blood pressure by auscultation. The most common automated blood pressure measurement technique is based on the
1094:(JVP) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of
5772:
5517:"Visit-to-Visit Variability of Blood Pressure and Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, Heart Failure, and Mortality: A Cohort Study"
2770:
Hypertension in cats and dogs is generally diagnosed if the blood pressure is greater than 150 mm Hg (systolic), although
7373:
7154:
7022:
6651:
5830:
5805:
5159:
4779:
4441:
4291:
3621:
3172:
7028:
4311:
3481:"Relationship between waking-sleep blood pressure and catecholamine changes in African-American and European-American women"
3428:"Relationship between waking-sleep blood pressure and catecholamine changes in African-American and European-American women"
6831:
3884:
3356:
Yusuf S, Lonn E (November 2016). "The SPRINT and the HOPE-3 Trial in the Context of Other Blood Pressure-Lowering Trials".
3203:
McEvoy, John William; McCarthy, Cian P; Bruno, Rosa Maria; Brouwers, Sofie; Canavan, Michelle D; et al. (2024-08-30).
6318:
de Moraes R, Tibirica E (2017). "Early Functional and Structural Microvascular Changes in Hypertension Related to Aging".
3660:
1322:
when diastolic blood pressure increased, whereas when diastolic blood pressure decreased, there was a decreased severity.
6937:
5313:"Association Between Blood Pressure Variability and Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2372:
8166:
7555:
2481:
5460:"Baseline blood pressure modifies the role of blood pressure variability in mortality: Results from the ACCORD trial"
3240:
Whelton, Paul K; Carey, Robert M; Mancia, Giuseppe; Kreutz, Reinhold; Bundy, Joshua D; Williams, Bryan (2022-09-14).
2543:
4197:
Franklin SS (2008-05-01). "Beyond blood pressure: Arterial stiffness as a new biomarker of cardiovascular disease".
2324:
to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II then signals to the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates
8171:
4658:
Aortic Pressure and Clinical Outcomes: Principal Results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) Study".
3722:
Agarwal R, Bunaye Z, Bekele DM (March 2008). "Prognostic significance of between-arm blood pressure differences".
3297:
Mancia, Giuseppe; Kreutz, Reinhold; Brunström, Mattias; Burnier, Michel; Grassi, Guido; et al. (2023-12-01).
1168:, also called central aortic blood pressure, or central blood pressure, is the blood pressure at the root of the
31:
5672:
Parati G, Ochoa JE, Lombardi C, Bilo G (March 2013). "Assessment and management of blood-pressure variability".
4608:
McEniery, Carmel M.; Cockcroft, John R.; Roman, Mary J.; Franklin, Stanley S.; Wilkinson, Ian B. (23 Jan 2014).
3648:
Hypertension: The Clinical Management of Primary Hypertension in Adults: Update of Clinical Guidelines 18 and 34
2282:(RAS): This system is generally known for its long-term adjustment of arterial pressure. This system allows the
4656:
1302:
924:
474:
358:
3906:
7705:
3651:. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK).
2432:
2321:
2261:
1649:
8082:
7837:
7815:
4498:"Viewpoint: The Case for Non-Invasive Central Aortic Pressure Monitoring in the Management of Hypertension"
2279:
2253:
2228:
1889:
1640:
236:
185:
2406:
volume. Further, the macula densa releases adenosine which causes constriction of the afferent arterioles.
1802:, i.e. the heartbeat. The magnitude of the pulse pressure is usually attributed to the interaction of the
1607:(MAP) and pulse pressure. Most influences on blood pressure can be understood in terms of their effect on
8077:
7822:
7399:"Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats"
2336:
2317:
1585:, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure, particularly in veins.
4979:
Franklin, Stanley S.; Khan, Shehzad A.; Wong, Nathan D.; Larson, Martin G.; Levy, Daniel (27 Jul 1999).
3128:
Alpert BS, Quinn D, Gallick D (December 2014). "Oscillometric blood pressure: a review for clinicians".
94:
7903:
2513:
2385:
2111:
1558:
1486:
1225:
729:
The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 90 mmHg, especially among women.
362:
7438:
Lerman LO, Chade AR, Sica V, Napoli C (September 2005). "Animal models of hypertension: an overview".
7281:"Heart place and tail length evaluation in Naja oxiana, Macrovipera lebetina, and Montivipera latifii"
6495:"Pulse Pressure Changes With Six Classes of Antihypertensive Agents in a Randomized, Controlled Trial"
4853:
4234:"Does blood pressure inevitably rise with age?: longitudinal evidence among forager-horticulturalists"
3777:"Prevalence and clinical implications of the inter-arm blood pressure difference: A systematic review"
2083:
8107:
8054:
7930:
7910:
7874:
7797:
7757:
7578:
5515:
Muntner P, Whittle J, Lynch AI, Colantonio LD, Simpson LM, Einhorn PT, et al. (September 2015).
5021:
2554:
1123:
769:
342:
297:
219:
4797:"Higher heart rate variability as a predictor of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertensione"
4537:
Avolio, Alberto (2008). "Central Aortic Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk: A Paradigm Shift?".
3935:
Struijk PC, Mathews VJ, Loupas T, Stewart PA, Clark EB, Steegers EA, Wladimiroff JW (October 2008).
3736:
1806:
of the heart, the compliance (ability to expand) of the arterial system—largely attributable to the
1493:' where the extreme hydrostatic pressures exceed the ability of the body's compensatory mechanisms.
801:
7925:
7915:
7805:
5125:
4100:"Life course trajectories of systolic blood pressure using longitudinal data from eight UK cohorts"
2484:(also known as angiotensin receptor blockers; ARB). The aldosterone system is directly targeted by
2465:
2265:
1833:
1632:
1427:
1419:
1410:
pressure in the blood vessels of the lower limbs. The consequent distension of the veins below the
1013:
324:
61:
8161:
8112:
8044:
7989:
7890:
7810:
7694:
7672:
4400:
4023:
2783:
2547:
2497:
1893:
1860:
1439:
1399:
1393:
1091:
1084:
1055:
958:
742:
741:, consumption of food or liquid, dietary factors, physical activity, changes in posture (such as
312:
244:
7690:
6454:"Pulse pressure not mean pressure determines cardiovascular risk in older hypertensive patients"
3241:
1473:
of the brain becomes critically compromised (i.e., the blood supply is not sufficient), causing
8049:
8039:
7953:
7699:
7657:
7652:
7228:
Seymour RS, Lillywhite HB (December 1976). "Blood pressure in snakes from different habitats".
3731:
2485:
1877:
1872:
1828:
1624:
1604:
1540:
Blood flow velocity waveforms in the central retinal artery (red) and vein (blue), measured by
1283:
1275:
1237:
1189:
1140:
1106:
773:
166:
5623:
Nwabuo CC, Yano Y, Moreira HT, Appiah D, Vasconcellos HD, Aghaji QN, et al. (July 2020).
4035:(The median blood pressure is given by the 50th percentile and hypertension is defined by the
7898:
5715:
Brickman AM, Reitz C, Luchsinger JA, Manly JJ, Schupf N, Muraskin J, et al. (May 2010).
4375:
3998:
3816:
Clark CE, Warren FC, Boddy K, McDonagh ST, Moore SF, Goddard J, et al. (February 2021).
2410:
1541:
1263:
1233:
1051:
950:
150:
6493:
Cushman, William C.; Materson, Barry J.; Williams, David W.; Reda, Domenic J. (1 Oct 2001).
5264:"Blood pressure variability and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis"
4696:
Rothe CF (February 1993). "Mean circulatory filling pressure: its meaning and measurement".
4098:
Wills AK, Lawlor DA, Matthews FE, Sayer AA, Bakra E, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. (June 2011).
2398:
The macula densa causes an increase in Na reabsorption, which causes water to follow in via
1695:
The pulse pressure is the difference between the measured systolic and diastolic pressures,
1402:(postural hypotension) and represents a failure of the body to compensate for the effect of
784:
7647:
7630:
7502:
Acierno MJ, Brown S, Coleman AE, Jepson RE, Papich M, Stepien RL, Syme HM (November 2018).
7237:
2431:
Angiotensin I flows in the bloodstream until it reaches the capillaries of the lungs where
2352:
1620:
1458:
1415:
1369:
1319:
1315:
1047:
1024:
968:
154:
7547:
6741:"Formula and nomogram for the sphygmomanometric calculation of the mean arterial pressure"
5262:
Stevens SL, Wood S, Koshiaris C, Law K, Glasziou P, Stevens RJ, McManus RJ (August 2016).
3569:
Rothwell PM (June 2011). "Does blood pressure variability modulate cardiovascular risk?".
133:, where it is most commonly measured. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the
8:
7994:
7832:
7827:
7662:
7635:
6964:"Smartphone-based blood pressure monitoring via the oscillometric finger-pressing method"
6789:
6675:
6396:
6082:
Kanbay M, Aslan G, Afsar B, Dagel T, Siriopol D, Kuwabara M, et al. (October 2018).
6060:
5311:
Tully PJ, Yano Y, Launer LJ, Kario K, Nagai M, Mooijaart SP, et al. (January 2020).
2567:
2245:
2202:{\displaystyle \!{\text{MAP}}\approxeq P_{\text{dias}}+k(P_{\text{sys}}-P_{\text{dias}})}
1612:
1508:
1502:
1341:
1287:
129:. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure" refers to the pressure in a
7241:
6452:
Blacher J, Staessen JA, Girerd X, Gasowski J, Thijs L, Liu L, et al. (April 2000).
2256:
detect changes in arterial pressure. These baroreceptors send signals ultimately to the
8102:
7967:
7720:
7528:
7503:
7415:
7398:
7279:
Nasoori A, Taghipour A, Shahbazzadeh D, Aminirissehei A, Moghaddam S (September 2014).
7261:
7172:
7122:
7097:
7074:
6988:
6963:
6919:
6765:
6740:
6721:
6643:
6611:
6586:
6562:
6535:
6110:
6083:
6029:
5741:
5717:"Long-term blood pressure fluctuation and cerebrovascular disease in an elderly cohort"
5716:
5697:
5649:
5624:
5600:
5565:
5541:
5516:
5497:
5484:
5459:
5440:
5337:
5312:
5288:
5263:
4912:
4892:
4873:
4871:
4823:
4801:
4796:
4642:
4609:
4550:
4471:
4357:
4258:
4249:
4233:
4179:
4126:
4099:
4080:
3966:
3844:
3817:
3757:
3745:
3594:
3546:
3529:
3505:
3480:
3452:
3427:
3274:
3105:
3080:
3053:
3028:
2969:
2944:
2917:
2892:
2868:
2843:
2526:
2518:
2384:
The blood pressure fall is detected by a decrease in blood flow and thus a decrease in
1616:
1566:
1482:
1466:
1443:
1411:
1294:
928:
240:
224:
126:
114:
7297:
7280:
6871:
6854:
6331:
6017:
4671:
3834:
2908:
7738:
7710:
7533:
7455:
7420:
7379:
7369:
7343:
7302:
7253:
7210:
7160:
7150:
7127:
7066:
7018:
6993:
6911:
6876:
6823:
6770:
6713:
6647:
6616:
6567:
6516:
6475:
6434:
6430:
6370:
6366:
6335:
6300:
6295:
6278:
6259:
6224:
6197:
6156:
6115:
6064:
6021:
5986:
5945:
5904:
5863:
5859:
5826:
5801:
5746:
5689:
5654:
5605:
5546:
5501:
5489:
5444:
5432:
5388:
5342:
5293:
5244:
5209:
5165:
5155:
5107:
5066:
5010:
5002:
4958:
4950:
4904:
4896:
4828:
4775:
4713:
4675:
4629:
4590:
4554:
4519:
4475:
4437:
4349:
4287:
4263:
4214:
4171:
4131:
4072:
3958:
3876:
3849:
3798:
3749:
3704:
3652:
3627:
3617:
3598:
3586:
3551:
3510:
3457:
3408:
3373:
3338:
3330:
3279:
3261:
3222:
3178:
3168:
3145:
3110:
3058:
3009:
2974:
2922:
2873:
2815:
2257:
1644:
1357:
1271:
777:
738:
212:
7078:
6725:
6033:
5764:
5701:
4928:
4926:
4868:
4601:
4361:
4183:
3970:
1073:. It is much lower than arterial pressure, with common values of 5 mmHg in the
8087:
7682:
7523:
7515:
7447:
7410:
7333:
7292:
7245:
7202:
7117:
7109:
7058:
6983:
6975:
6923:
6903:
6866:
6760:
6752:
6705:
6639:
6606:
6598:
6557:
6547:
6506:
6465:
6426:
6362:
6327:
6290:
6251:
6187:
6146:
6105:
6095:
6056:
6013:
5976:
5935:
5894:
5855:
5736:
5728:
5681:
5644:
5636:
5595:
5585:
5577:
5536:
5528:
5479:
5471:
5424:
5416:
5378:
5367:"Risk Factor Variability and Cardiovascular Outcome: JACC Review Topic of the Week"
5332:
5324:
5283:
5275:
5236:
5199:
5099:
4992:
4942:
4916:
4888:
4818:
4810:
4705:
4667:
4637:
4621:
4582:
4546:
4509:
4467:
4341:
4253:
4245:
4206:
4163:
4121:
4111:
4084:
4062:
3948:
3839:
3829:
3788:
3761:
3741:
3694:
3681:
Eguchi K, Yacoub M, Jhalani J, Gerin W, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG (February 2007).
3578:
3541:
3500:
3492:
3447:
3439:
3400:
3365:
3320:
3310:
3269:
3253:
3212:
3137:
3100:
3092:
3048:
3040:
3001:
2964:
2956:
2912:
2904:
2863:
2855:
2535:
1485:. Usually this failure of compensation is due to disease, or drugs that affect the
1462:
1431:
1377:
1129:
1070:
989:
757:
256:
215:
189:
177:
52:
7265:
7195:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
4008:, p. 6. Revised 6/10. By Theresa Kirkpatrick and Kateri Tobias. UCLA Health System
1995:
In practice, the contribution of CVP (which is small) is generally ignored and so
81:
7937:
7667:
7098:"Digit Preference in Office Blood Pressure Measurements, United States 2015-2019"
7012:
6979:
6962:
Chandrasekhar A, Kim CS, Naji M, Natarajan K, Hahn JO, Mukkamala R (March 2018).
6709:
5640:
4923:
4431:
4116:
4067:
4050:
4005:
3496:
3443:
3369:
3315:
3298:
2421:
2344:
2305:
2291:
1658:
1474:
1373:
1279:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1148:
830:
130:
67:
7397:
Brown S, Atkins C, Bagley R, Carr A, Cowgill L, Davidson M, et al. (2007).
6815:
6470:
6453:
5204:
5187:
4709:
3868:
3257:
3217:
3204:
2807:
2530:
Measuring systolic and diastolic blood pressure using a mercury sphygmomanometer
1687:
8097:
8022:
7608:
7595:
7206:
6215:
Coffman JD (December 1988). "Pathophysiology of obstructive arterial disease".
6151:
6134:
5732:
5383:
5366:
5240:
5058:
4814:
4625:
4514:
4497:
4210:
3699:
3682:
3646:
3404:
3141:
3005:
2960:
2443:
2436:
2368:
2348:
2309:
2295:
1885:
1811:
1799:
1682:
1608:
1512:
1361:
1298:
279:
252:
232:
162:
161:(kPa). The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is known as
7451:
7062:
6907:
6585:
Al-Khalisy H, Nikiforov I, Jhajj M, Kodali N, Cheriyath P (11 December 2015).
4345:
3582:
3096:
195:
Traditionally, a health-care worker measured blood pressure non-invasively by
8155:
7715:
7625:
7618:
7603:
7383:
7347:
7164:
5899:
5882:
5566:"Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Heart Failure in ACCORD and the VADT"
5169:
5006:
4997:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4954:
4946:
4900:
4679:
4633:
4594:
4586:
4558:
4523:
4479:
3631:
3334:
3265:
3226:
3182:
2539:
2477:
2454:
2425:
2269:
1881:
1844:
1815:
1803:
1666:
1562:
1447:
1267:
1095:
275:
208:
158:
146:
138:
6602:
6552:
5981:
5964:
5940:
5923:
5685:
5328:
5103:
4167:
2859:
46:
8129:
8119:
8092:
7981:
7972:
7769:
7743:
7537:
7459:
7424:
7306:
7214:
7131:
7093:
7070:
6997:
6915:
6880:
6827:
6774:
6717:
6620:
6571:
6520:
6479:
6438:
6339:
6304:
6192:
6175:
6160:
6119:
6025:
5750:
5693:
5658:
5609:
5550:
5493:
5436:
5392:
5346:
5297:
5248:
5213:
5111:
5070:
5014:
4908:
4832:
4353:
4267:
4218:
4135:
4076:
3962:
3880:
3853:
3802:
3793:
3776:
3753:
3708:
3683:"Consistency of blood pressure differences between the left and right arms"
3656:
3590:
3555:
3528:
Hansen TW, Li Y, Boggia J, Thijs L, Richart T, Staessen JA (January 2011).
3514:
3461:
3412:
3377:
3342:
3283:
3149:
3114:
3062:
3013:
2992:
Grim CE, Grim CM (March 2016). "Auscultatory BP: still the gold standard".
2926:
2877:
2819:
2493:
2403:
2392:
2364:
2332:
2287:
2249:
1965:{\displaystyle \!{\text{MAP}}=({\text{CO}}\cdot {\text{SVR}})+{\text{CVP}}}
1628:
1600:
1594:
1548:
1450:
tone in response to the elevated pressure in the veins of the lower body.
1407:
1255:
1220:
1204:
1099:
1074:
267:
248:
196:
118:
7338:
7321:
7257:
7113:
6756:
6511:
6494:
6374:
6263:
6228:
6201:
6084:"Acute effects of salt on blood pressure are mediated by serum osmolality"
6068:
5949:
5908:
4969:
4962:
4717:
4175:
8134:
8124:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7753:
7278:
5990:
5867:
5365:
Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Rimoldi SF, Rexhaj E, Bangalore S (May 2019).
4981:"Is Pulse Pressure Useful in Predicting Risk for Coronary Heart Disease?"
4450:
4286:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
4232:
Gurven M, Blackwell AD, Rodríguez DE, Stieglitz J, Kaplan H (July 2012).
3044:
2978:
2450:
2360:
2340:
2320:. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted by
2301:
2273:
2238:
1856:
1662:
1570:
1454:
1349:
1337:
1331:
1310:
1208:
1136:
1110:
263:
200:
173:
75:
5590:
5428:
3325:
1661:
reduce the caliber of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure.
8072:
7857:
7747:
7730:
7613:
7519:
4565:
4491:
4489:
4036:
3644:
2771:
2571:
2234:
1578:
1423:
1248:
746:
181:
6255:
6100:
5581:
5475:
5420:
5279:
5152:
Braunwald's heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine
2312:
in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin system, high serum
1211:, and blood pressure that shows excessive or maladaptive fluctuation.
8004:
7775:
7642:
7249:
6536:"Pediatric Sepsis Guidelines: Summary for resource-limited countries"
5532:
4300:
3953:
3936:
2313:
1636:
1582:
1574:
1528:
1478:
1470:
807:
4486:
2080:
MAP is often estimated from measurements of the systolic pressure,
282:. Long-term hypertension is more common than long-term hypotension.
8032:
7763:
6739:
Meaney E, Alva F, Moguel R, Meaney A, Alva J, Webel R (July 2000).
5089:
4017:
2501:
2489:
1798:
The pulse pressure is a consequence of the pulsatile nature of the
1653:
1353:
1244:
1059:
110:
6634:
Granger JP, Hall JE (2007). "Role of the Kidney in Hypertension".
6416:
5883:"The relationship of cardiac output and arterial pressure control"
5458:
Nuyujukian DS, Newell MS, Zhou JJ, Koska J, Reaven PD (May 2022).
4610:"Central blood pressure: current evidence and clinical importance"
1768:{\displaystyle \!P_{\text{pulse}}=P_{\text{sys}}-P_{\text{dias}}.}
1278:. Even moderate elevation of arterial pressure leads to shortened
8027:
6176:"The role of rheological and haemostatic factors in hypertension"
5188:"Orthostatic Hypotension: Epidemiology, Prognosis, and Treatment"
4231:
2469:
2399:
1490:
1403:
1381:
1365:
1229:
Overview of main complications of persistent high blood pressure.
1050:. However, measurement of pressures in the venous system and the
927:. The rise in pulse pressure with age is attributed to increased
6047:
Houston MC (January 1986). "Sodium and hypertension. A review".
6006:
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
5845:
5564:
Nuyujukian DS, Koska J, Bahn G, Reaven PD, Zhou JJ (July 2020).
4436:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. p. 210.
1046:
Blood pressure generally refers to the arterial pressure in the
165:, while the average pressure during a cardiac cycle is known as
27:
Pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of arteries
7867:
7862:
6135:"Speculations on salt and the genesis of arterial hypertension"
5364:
5227:
Franco Folino A (2007). "Cerebral autoregulation and syncope".
4774:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 220.
3937:"Blood pressure estimation in the human fetal descending aorta"
2325:
2283:
1852:
1345:
1259:
271:
204:
7191:
6584:
5405:
4877:
4607:
2837:
2835:
1565:
effects (e.g. standing), mean blood pressure decreases as the
7999:
7586:
6961:
6790:"Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Arterial Baroreceptors"
6672:"Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Mean Arterial Pressure"
6627:
6451:
5514:
4407:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. September 2008.
3775:
Clark CE, Campbell JL, Evans PH, Millward A (December 2006).
3478:
3425:
2414:
2356:
1807:
1442:. Decreased venous compliance also results from an intrinsic
1169:
1144:
285:
122:
89:
6533:
5714:
4887:(25). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 2955–2961.
4496:
Kesten, Steven; Qasem, Ahmad; Avolio, Alberto (2022-10-20).
4281:
3296:
2391:
Decrease in GFR is sensed as a decrease in Na levels by the
2050:{\displaystyle \!{\text{MAP}}={\text{CO}}\cdot {\text{SVR}}}
752:
7577:
6893:
6492:
5128:. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. September 2008.
4941:(6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1410–1415.
4932:
4581:(7). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1827–1836.
4376:"Esophageal Varices : Article Excerpt by: Samy A Azer"
4051:"The quest for blood pressure reference values in children"
3934:
3479:
van Berge-Landry HM, Bovbjerg DH, James GD (October 2008).
3426:
van Berge-Landry HM, Bovbjerg DH, James GD (October 2008).
3202:
2832:
1435:
1066:
316:
5185:
3774:
3390:
2290:
or drops in arterial pressure by activating an endogenous
1821:
1536:
1453:
Other compensatory mechanisms include the veno-arteriolar
733:
pressure with hypertension, particularly in older people.
7501:
7091:
6695:
6352:
5563:
5457:
4991:(4). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 354–360.
4530:
4466:(1). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 197–203.
3081:"Principles and techniques of blood pressure measurement"
2890:
2449:
Angiotensin II also causes an increase in the release of
1496:
765:
6003:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4331:
4153:
4097:
3815:
3680:
3239:
1147:
if the pressure increases to above 20 mmHg, and to
6445:
5671:
5622:
5261:
4282:
Goers TA, Klingensmith ME, Chen LE, Glasgow SC (2008).
1851:
Pulse pressure can both widen or narrow in people with
1673:
individual can vary widely in the short and long term.
1251:
tends to thicken, enlarge and become weaker over time.
6738:
4978:
3913:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
3167:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
2844:"Cardiac and vascular pathophysiology in hypertension"
2801:
2799:
2538:, which uses the height of a column of mercury, or an
1058:
but requires invasive measurement of pressure using a
207:
as the artery is squeezed, closer to the heart, by an
7474:"AKC Canine Health Foundation | Hypertension in Dogs"
7437:
7396:
6393:"Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Pulse Pressure"
6081:
5825:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 93–94.
4839:
4456:
4274:
2144:
2114:
2086:
2024:
1925:
1832:
pulse pressure can be a symptom of disorders such as
1724:
1406:
on the circulation. Standing results in an increased
790:
51:
A healthcare worker measuring blood pressure using a
6386:
6384:
5310:
5186:
Ricci F, De Caterina R, Fedorowski A (August 2015).
4020:"Blood pressure tables for children and adolescents"
3988:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 476.
2805:
2351:) result in feedback by regulating the secretion of
1623:
or filling pressure of the ventricle acting via the
7010:
6938:"Apparatus and method for measuring blood pressure"
6781:
5029:"Isolated systolic hypertension: A health concern?"
3721:
3527:
2796:
300:(using an automated device over a 24-hour period).
266:, pressure that is consistently too high is called
7048:
7014:The Handbook of Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring
6665:
6663:
6283:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
3866:
3616:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
3127:
2534:Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a
2201:
2128:
2100:
2049:
1964:
1767:
813:The average blood pressure for full-term infants:
7227:
6381:
6317:
5965:"Salt, volume and the prevention of hypertension"
5814:
4571:
4495:
3977:
3904:
3530:"Predictive role of the nighttime blood pressure"
3078:
2806:Homan TD, Bordes SJ, Cichowski E (12 July 2022).
2582:Blood pressure and heart rate of various mammals
2413:sense the decrease in blood pressure and release
2145:
2115:
2087:
2025:
1926:
1725:
145:(minimum pressure between two heartbeats) in the
8153:
7368:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 5.
7322:"Scaling of cardiovascular physiology in snakes"
5708:
4620:(26). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1719–1725.
3645:National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) (2011).
3614:Temporal Variations of the Cardiovascular System
2765:
7440:The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
7147:The design of mammals : a scaling approach
6660:
5065:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
4199:Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
3130:Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
2994:Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
2945:"A short history of blood pressure measurement"
2814:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2496:because if blocked, individuals may experience
2222:
1569:moves away from the heart through arteries and
1240:when blood pressure is more than 180/120 mmHg.
6822:. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing.
6813:
5149:
5083:
3898:
1880:(MAP) is the average of blood pressure over a
1603:of systemic arterial pressure is based around
1198:
1065:Venous pressure is the vascular pressure in a
7563:
5924:"Arterial impedance as ventricular afterload"
5371:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
5226:
5192:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
5126:"Diseases and conditions index – hypotension"
4334:Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
3611:
2522:Taking blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer
2375:, in turn increasing arterial blood pressure.
290:
6410:
4788:
4325:
3521:
2949:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
1203:Disorders of blood pressure control include
6633:
6241:
3983:
3907:"Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Causes"
3233:
3026:
2938:
2936:
2841:
1336:Blood pressure that is too low is known as
934:
251:, which act via the brain to influence the
7570:
7556:
7285:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine
7177:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6578:
6279:"Small artery remodelling in hypertension"
4794:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
2460:Aldosterone further increases the Na and H
1387:
1344:. Causes of low arterial pressure include
286:Classification, normal and abnormal values
45:
7527:
7414:
7337:
7296:
7121:
6987:
6870:
6764:
6610:
6561:
6551:
6527:
6510:
6469:
6294:
6191:
6150:
6132:
6109:
6099:
5980:
5939:
5898:
5740:
5648:
5599:
5589:
5540:
5483:
5382:
5336:
5317:Journal of the American Heart Association
5287:
5203:
5118:
5056:
4996:
4822:
4641:
4513:
4257:
4125:
4115:
4066:
4018:National Heart Lung and Blood Institute.
3952:
3941:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
3843:
3833:
3792:
3735:
3698:
3545:
3504:
3451:
3355:
3324:
3314:
3273:
3216:
3104:
3079:Ogedegbe G, Pickering T (November 2010).
3052:
3029:"Blood pressure measurement is changing!"
2968:
2916:
2867:
2488:. The fluid retention may be targeted by
2476:The RAS is targeted pharmacologically by
1866:
1552:Schematic of pressures in the circulation
1544:in the eye fundus of a healthy volunteer.
1183:
262:Blood pressure that is too low is called
121:. Most of this pressure results from the
7366:Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research
7313:
7185:
7144:
6887:
6787:
6669:
6390:
5820:
5765:"Normal Blood Pressure Ranges in Adults"
5154:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4405:From Diseases and Conditions Index (DCI)
4196:
4048:
3568:
3165:Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary
2991:
2933:
2525:
2517:
1686:
1547:
1535:
1527:
1224:
751:
7579:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
7508:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
7403:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
7319:
6852:
6816:"Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System."
6486:
6276:
6214:
6046:
5791:
5789:
3986:Foundations of Maternal-Newborn Nursing
3928:
3290:
3189:
1822:Clinical significance of pulse pressure
1434:to preserve blood pressure and elicits
802:Fetal circulation § Blood pressure
795:
764:Various other factors, such as age and
14:
8154:
7359:
7357:
6896:IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
6814:Fountain J, Lappin SL (January 2022).
5921:
5880:
4769:
4536:
3162:
2553:In office blood pressure measurement,
1497:Variable or fluctuating blood pressure
1214:
7551:
7363:
7096:, Alexander GC, Selvin E (May 2021).
7017:. Springer International Publishing.
5962:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5181:
5179:
4745:"The facts about high blood pressure"
4724:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4429:
4149:
4147:
4145:
2942:
2402:and leads to an ultimate increase in
1469:decrease beyond a certain point, the
1325:
1117:
1080:Variants of venous pressure include:
565:International Society of Hypertension
6591:J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect
6061:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360130217028
5800:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
5795:
5786:
4747:. American Heart Association. 2023.
4308:"Central Venous Catheter Physiology"
3992:
3074:
3072:
2842:Mayet J, Hughes A (September 2003).
2435:(ACE) acts on it to convert it into
1438:vasoconstriction to decrease venous
1077:and 8 mmHg in the left atrium.
833:for blood pressure (BP) in children
7390:
7354:
6173:
5229:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
3612:Engel BT, Blümchen G, eds. (1992).
2574:favor blood perfusion to the head.
2482:angiotensin II receptor antagonists
2264:(RVLM). The medulla, by way of the
1810:and large elastic arteries—and the
24:
7416:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03005.x
7011:Solà J, Delgado-Gonzalo R (2019).
6834:from the original on 29 April 2019
6644:10.1016/b978-0-323-03961-1.50026-x
5848:The American Journal of Physiology
5823:Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts
5464:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
5409:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
5353:
5176:
4893:10.1161/01.cir.0000020500.77568.3c
4686:
4551:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.108910
4472:10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.089078
4411:from the original on 27 April 2012
4250:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189100
4142:
4039:for a given age, height, and sex.)
3867:Sharma S, Bhattacharya PT (2018).
3746:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.104943
3547:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.133900
2318:adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2215:= 0.333 although other values for
1154:
1014:Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
791:Systemic arterial pressure and age
25:
8183:
7092:Foti KE, Appel LJ, Matsushita K,
6872:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01251
6332:10.2174/1573402113666170413095508
6018:10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.4.H1793
4672:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595496
4401:"What Is Pulmonary Hypertension?"
3835:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15997
3069:
2129:{\displaystyle \!P_{\text{dias}}}
1676:
1151:at pressures above 25 mmHg.
760:used for measuring blood pressure
7495:
7466:
7431:
7272:
7221:
7138:
7102:American Journal of Hypertension
7085:
7042:
7004:
6955:
6930:
6846:
6807:
6431:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2011.00915.x
6355:The American Journal of Medicine
6296:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00758.x
6088:Journal of Clinical Hypertension
5860:10.1152/ajpheart.1979.236.6.H888
5798:The Mechanics of The Circulation
4856:. Cleveland Clinic. 28 July 2021
4795:Kim SH, Lim KR, Chun KJ (2022).
4751:from the original on 14 May 2023
4284:The Washington Manual of Surgery
3905:Mayo Clinic staff (2009-05-23).
2101:{\displaystyle \!P_{\text{sys}}}
1135:Increased blood pressure in the
722:
719:
710:
707:
696:
693:
684:
681:
644:
641:
632:
629:
618:
615:
606:
603:
592:
589:
580:
577:
561:European Society of Hypertension
231:Blood pressure is influenced by
7484:from the original on 2022-10-03
7031:from the original on 2021-06-17
6944:from the original on 2022-10-26
6796:from the original on 2009-12-23
6732:
6689:
6346:
6311:
6270:
6235:
6208:
6167:
6126:
6075:
6040:
5997:
5956:
5915:
5874:
5839:
5775:from the original on 2023-03-16
5757:
5665:
5616:
5557:
5508:
5451:
5399:
5304:
5255:
5220:
5143:
5132:from the original on 2012-04-27
5050:
5039:from the original on 2013-12-28
4763:
4430:Adair OV (2001). "Chapter 41".
4423:
4393:
4382:from the original on 2008-10-07
4368:
4225:
4190:
4091:
4042:
4011:
3917:from the original on 2021-11-17
3887:from the original on 2020-03-17
3860:
3809:
3768:
3715:
3674:
3663:from the original on 2022-08-12
3638:
3605:
3562:
3472:
3419:
3384:
3349:
2373:Frank–Starling law of the heart
1588:
1258:is one of the risk factors for
1132:is about 15 mmHg at rest.
1113:. It is normally 5–10 mmHg
917:
304:Blood pressure classifications
32:Blood pressure (disambiguation)
6968:Science Translational Medicine
6638:. Elsevier. pp. 241–263.
6133:Titze J, Luft FC (June 2017).
5150:Braunwald E, Bonow RO (2012).
4772:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3156:
3121:
3020:
2985:
2884:
2578:regulation of blood pressure.
2507:
2196:
2170:
1951:
1935:
1303:isolated systolic hypertension
1274:, and is the leading cause of
1128:Normally, the pressure in the
925:isolated systolic hypertension
475:European Society of Cardiology
359:American College of Cardiology
13:
1:
7706:Aortic valve area calculation
7298:10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60220-0
6458:Archives of Internal Medicine
6180:Journal of Human Hypertension
6049:Archives of Internal Medicine
4698:Journal of Applied Physiology
3781:Journal of Human Hypertension
3687:Archives of Internal Medicine
2909:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5
2789:
2766:Hypertension in cats and dogs
2560:
2433:angiotensin-converting enzyme
2322:angiotensin converting enzyme
2262:rostral ventrolateral medulla
2108:and the diastolic pressure,
1523:
1109:is the blood pressure in the
172:Blood pressure is one of the
151:millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
137:(maximum pressure during one
6980:10.1126/scitranslmed.aap8674
6710:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32803fb621
6419:International Nursing Review
6367:10.1016/0002-9343(72)90050-2
6320:Current Hypertension Reviews
6244:Journal of Vascular Research
5641:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0799
4117:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000440
4068:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000109
3984:Sharon SM, Emily SM (2006).
3571:Current Hypertension Reports
3497:10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283078f45
3444:10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283078f45
3370:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2169
3316:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480
2808:"Physiology, Pulse Pressure"
2363:. The resultant increase in
2254:high pressure receptor zones
2223:Regulation of blood pressure
1890:systemic vascular resistance
1613:systemic vascular resistance
1532:Cardiac systole and diastole
824:
774:obstructive arterial disease
237:systemic vascular resistance
223:5 mm Hg or less, and a
7:
7823:Effective refractory period
7702:) / End-diastolic dimension
6951:– via Google patents.
6853:Feldman RD (January 2014).
6471:10.1001/archinte.160.8.1085
6277:Mulvany MJ (January 2012).
5881:Guyton AC (December 1981).
5521:Annals of Internal Medicine
5205:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1084
4710:10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.499
2828:– via NCBI Bookshelf.
2777:
2337:low pressure receptor zones
2136: using the equation:
1855:depending on the degree of
1650:Hagen-Poiseuille's equation
1286:(HRV) is a risk factor for
1199:Disorders of blood pressure
1054:plays an important role in
770:peripheral arterial disease
10:
8188:
7207:10.1152/ajpregu.90804.2008
7145:Prothero JW (2015-10-22).
6636:Comprehensive Hypertension
6152:10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.034
5733:10.1001/archneurol.2010.70
5674:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
5384:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.063
5241:10.1016/j.pcad.2007.01.001
4815:10.1038/s41598-022-07783-3
4515:10.1007/s44200-022-00023-z
4211:10.1016/j.jash.2007.09.002
3700:10.1001/archinte.167.4.388
3405:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.003
3142:10.1016/j.jash.2014.08.014
3027:O'Brien E (January 2001).
3006:10.1016/j.jash.2016.01.004
2961:10.1177/003591577707001112
2514:Blood pressure measurement
2511:
2386:glomerular filtration rate
2286:to compensate for loss in
2226:
1870:
1680:
1592:
1559:Hypertension and the brain
1500:
1487:sympathetic nervous system
1391:
1329:
1218:
1187:
1158:
1143:, leading to interstitial
1121:
969:Right ventricular pressure
870:Toddlers and preschoolers
799:
363:American Heart Association
291:Systemic arterial pressure
125:pumping blood through the
29:
8167:Cardiovascular physiology
8108:Tubuloglomerular feedback
8063:
8055:Critical closing pressure
8013:
7980:
7966:
7946:
7883:
7875:Hexaxial reference system
7798:Cardiac electrophysiology
7785:
7729:
7681:
7594:
7585:
7452:10.1016/j.lab.2005.05.005
7063:10.1109/MPUL.2018.2856960
6908:10.1109/RBME.2015.2434215
5057:Tan JL, Thakur K (2022).
4049:Chiolero A (March 2014).
3875:. StatPearls Publishing.
3583:10.1007/s11906-011-0201-3
3485:Blood Pressure Monitoring
3432:Blood Pressure Monitoring
3258:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac432
3218:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178
3097:10.1016/j.ccl.2010.07.006
2943:Booth J (November 1977).
2594:
2589:
2586:
2555:terminal digit preference
2258:medulla of the brain stem
1884:and is determined by the
1520:in outcome is uncertain.
1124:Pulmonary artery pressure
1025:Left ventricular pressure
1023:
1009:
990:Pulmonary artery pressure
988:
967:
957:
941:
929:stiffness of the arteries
897:
883:
869:
855:
848:
843:
840:
837:
820:Diastolic 30–60 mmHg
559:
473:
357:
323:
320:
311:
298:ambulatory blood pressure
220:ambulatory blood pressure
88:
74:
60:
44:
39:
8083:Renin–angiotensin system
6174:Lee AJ (December 1997).
5900:10.1161/01.cir.64.6.1079
4998:10.1161/01.cir.100.4.354
4947:10.1161/01.hyp.30.6.1410
4626:10.1093/eurheartj/eht565
4587:10.1161/01.cir.95.7.1827
2466:distal convoluted tubule
2367:results in an increased
2280:Renin–angiotensin system
2266:autonomic nervous system
2229:Renin–angiotensin system
1834:congestive heart failure
1641:renin–angiotensin system
1625:Frank–Starling mechanism
1428:myocardial contractility
1420:autonomic nervous system
935:Systemic venous pressure
817:Systolic 65–95 mmHg
325:Diastolic blood pressure
203:for sounds in one arm's
8172:Mathematics in medicine
8113:Cerebral autoregulation
8078:Kinin–kallikrein system
8045:Jugular venous pressure
7695:End-diastolic dimension
7673:Pressure volume diagram
6698:Journal of Hypertension
6603:10.3402/jchimp.v5.29426
6553:10.4103/0972-5229.63029
5982:10.1161/01.CIR.53.4.589
5963:Freis ED (April 1976).
5941:10.1161/01.res.36.5.565
5686:10.1038/nrcardio.2013.1
5329:10.1161/JAHA.119.013841
5104:10.1067/mhj.2002.123139
5059:"Systolic Hypertension"
4346:10.1023/A:1021931508946
4168:10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.308
4055:Journal of Hypertension
3303:Journal of Hypertension
3163:Newman WA, ed. (2012).
2860:10.1136/heart.89.9.1104
2784:History of hypertension
2498:orthostatic hypotension
2486:aldosterone antagonists
2409:At the same time, the
1894:central venous pressure
1627:—this is influenced by
1400:orthostatic hypotension
1394:Orthostatic hypotension
1388:Orthostatic hypotension
1092:jugular venous pressure
1085:Central venous pressure
1056:intensive care medicine
959:Central venous pressure
313:Systolic blood pressure
18:Arterial blood pressure
8050:Portal venous pressure
8040:Mean arterial pressure
7954:Ventricular remodeling
7700:End-systolic dimension
7658:Cardiac function curve
6540:Indian J Crit Care Med
6193:10.1038/sj.jhh.1000556
5922:Milnor WR (May 1975).
5092:American Heart Journal
4614:European Heart Journal
3999:Pediatric Age Specific
3794:10.1038/sj.jhh.1002093
3393:Sleep Medicine Reviews
3246:European Heart Journal
3209:European Heart Journal
2531:
2523:
2464:O reabsorption in the
2260:, specifically to the
2203:
2130:
2102:
2051:
1966:
1878:Mean arterial pressure
1873:Mean arterial pressure
1867:Mean arterial pressure
1829:cardiovascular disease
1769:
1692:
1605:mean arterial pressure
1553:
1545:
1533:
1430:and systemic arterial
1368:abnormalities such as
1284:heart rate variability
1276:chronic kidney failure
1238:hypertensive emergency
1230:
1190:Mean systemic pressure
1184:Mean systemic pressure
1141:pulmonary hypertension
1107:portal venous pressure
761:
702:Hypertension, grade 3
676:Hypertension, grade 2
650:Hypertension, grade 1
448:Hypertension, stage 2
422:Hypertension, stage 1
199:(listening) through a
167:mean arterial pressure
153:above the surrounding
7691:Fractional shortening
6757:10.1136/heart.84.1.64
6512:10.1161/hy1001.096212
5721:Archives of Neurology
2529:
2521:
2411:juxtaglomerular cells
2308:is released from the
2219:have been advocated.
2204:
2131:
2103:
2052:
1967:
1770:
1690:
1633:cardiac contractility
1599:A simple view of the
1551:
1542:laser Doppler imaging
1539:
1531:
1234:Arterial hypertension
1228:
800:Further information:
755:
117:against the walls of
7631:End-diastolic volume
6788:Klabunde RE (2007).
6670:Klabunde RE (2007).
6391:Klabunde RE (2007).
6139:Kidney International
5928:Circulation Research
3045:10.1136/heart.85.1.3
2353:antidiuretic hormone
2316:levels, or elevated
2142:
2112:
2084:
2022:
1923:
1722:
1621:end-diastolic volume
1459:skeletal muscle pump
1320:mitral regurgitation
1048:systemic circulation
796:Fetal blood pressure
155:atmospheric pressure
149:. It is measured in
30:For other uses, see
7995:Vascular resistance
7833:Electrocardiography
7828:Pacemaker potential
7758:Conduction velocity
7663:Venous return curve
7636:End-systolic volume
7339:10.1093/icb/27.1.97
7320:Seymour RS (1987).
7242:1976Natur.264..664S
7114:10.1093/ajh/hpaa196
5821:Klabunde R (2005).
2583:
2424:(inactive form) to
2355:(ADH/vasopressin),
2246:Baroreceptor reflex
1509:labile hypertension
1503:Labile hypertension
1446:increase in venous
1288:atrial fibrillation
1215:High blood pressure
1205:high blood pressure
1139:of the lung causes
834:
305:
239:, blood volume and
8103:Myogenic mechanism
7721:Left atrial volume
7653:Frank–Starling law
7520:10.1111/jvim.15331
7326:American Zoologist
7201:(4): R1058–R1065.
6012:(4): H1793–H1801.
4802:Scientific Reports
4770:Guyton AC (2006).
4433:Cardiology secrets
4004:2017-05-16 at the
3085:Cardiology Clinics
2581:
2532:
2524:
2199:
2126:
2098:
2047:
1962:
1765:
1693:
1617:arterial stiffness
1554:
1546:
1534:
1326:Low blood pressure
1297:pressure and high
1272:arterial aneurysms
1231:
1209:low blood pressure
1118:Pulmonary pressure
1071:atria of the heart
829:
762:
303:
241:arterial stiffness
225:standard deviation
143:diastolic pressure
127:circulatory system
8149:
8148:
8145:
8144:
7962:
7961:
7802:Action potential
7793:Conduction system
7739:Cardiac pacemaker
7711:Ejection fraction
7375:978-0-387-95962-7
7364:Gross DR (2009).
7236:(5587): 664–666.
7156:978-1-107-11047-2
7024:978-3-030-24701-0
6974:(431): eaap8674.
6653:978-0-323-03961-1
6256:10.1159/000158945
6101:10.1111/jch.13374
6094:(10): 1447–1454.
5832:978-0-7817-5030-1
5807:978-0-19-263323-1
5582:10.2337/dc19-2540
5476:10.1111/dom.14649
5421:10.1111/dom.13828
5415:(12): 2587–2598.
5377:(20): 2596–2603.
5280:10.1136/bmj.i4098
5161:978-1-4377-0398-6
4781:978-0-7216-0240-0
4443:978-1-56053-420-4
4293:978-0-7817-7447-5
3623:978-3-662-02748-6
3309:(12): 1874–2071.
3252:(35): 3302–3311.
3174:978-1-4160-6257-8
2763:
2762:
2597:beats per minute
2193:
2180:
2161:
2149:
2123:
2095:
2045:
2037:
2029:
1960:
1949:
1941:
1930:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1648:described by the
1645:plasma osmolarity
1567:circulating blood
1370:Addison's disease
1358:cardiogenic shock
1342:circulatory shock
1052:pulmonary vessels
1044:
1043:
911:
910:
778:aortic dissection
727:
726:
186:oxygen saturation
135:systolic pressure
115:circulating blood
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
8179:
8088:Vasoconstrictors
8065:Regulation of BP
7978:
7977:
7911:pulmonary artery
7884:Chamber pressure
7592:
7591:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7549:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7531:
7514:(6): 1803–1822.
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7435:
7429:
7428:
7418:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7361:
7352:
7351:
7341:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7300:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7250:10.1038/264664a0
7225:
7219:
7218:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7176:
7168:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7125:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6991:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6874:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6768:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6674:. Archived from
6667:
6658:
6657:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6614:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6565:
6555:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6514:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6473:
6464:(8): 1085–1089.
6449:
6443:
6442:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6395:. Archived from
6388:
6379:
6378:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6298:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6195:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6154:
6145:(6): 1324–1335.
6130:
6124:
6123:
6113:
6103:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5984:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5943:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5893:(6): 1079–1088.
5878:
5872:
5871:
5854:(6): H888–H893.
5843:
5837:
5836:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5796:Caro CG (1978).
5793:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5652:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5603:
5593:
5576:(7): 1471–1478.
5561:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5533:10.7326/M14-2803
5512:
5506:
5505:
5487:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5362:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5291:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5207:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5000:
4976:
4967:
4966:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4875:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4854:"Pulse pressure"
4850:
4837:
4836:
4826:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4741:
4722:
4721:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4666:(9): 1213–1225.
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4545:(6): 1470–1471.
4534:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4310:. Archived from
4304:
4298:
4297:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4261:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4151:
4140:
4139:
4129:
4119:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4070:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4022:. Archived from
4015:
4009:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3956:
3954:10.1002/uog.6137
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3837:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3739:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3455:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3328:
3318:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2903:(10064): 37–55.
2888:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2854:(9): 1104–1109.
2839:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2803:
2584:
2580:
2536:sphygmomanometer
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2150:
2147:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2027:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1659:vasoconstrictors
1463:respiratory pump
1432:vasoconstriction
1422:which increases
1378:anorexia nervosa
1374:eating disorders
1130:pulmonary artery
1010:Pulmonary vein/
939:
938:
841:Approximate age
835:
831:Reference ranges
828:
758:sphygmomanometer
306:
302:
216:sphygmomanometer
190:body temperature
178:respiratory rate
84:
70:
53:sphygmomanometer
49:
37:
36:
21:
8187:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8141:
8059:
8009:
7971:
7968:Vascular system
7958:
7942:
7879:
7781:
7766:(Contractility)
7725:
7677:
7668:Wiggers diagram
7581:
7576:
7546:
7545:
7500:
7496:
7487:
7485:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7436:
7432:
7395:
7391:
7376:
7362:
7355:
7318:
7314:
7277:
7273:
7226:
7222:
7190:
7186:
7170:
7169:
7157:
7143:
7139:
7090:
7086:
7047:
7043:
7034:
7032:
7025:
7009:
7005:
6960:
6956:
6947:
6945:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6892:
6888:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6835:
6812:
6808:
6799:
6797:
6786:
6782:
6737:
6733:
6694:
6690:
6681:
6679:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6632:
6628:
6583:
6579:
6532:
6528:
6491:
6487:
6450:
6446:
6415:
6411:
6402:
6400:
6389:
6382:
6351:
6347:
6316:
6312:
6275:
6271:
6240:
6236:
6213:
6209:
6186:(12): 767–776.
6172:
6168:
6131:
6127:
6080:
6076:
6045:
6041:
6002:
5998:
5961:
5957:
5920:
5916:
5879:
5875:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5819:
5815:
5808:
5794:
5787:
5778:
5776:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5713:
5709:
5670:
5666:
5629:JAMA Cardiology
5621:
5617:
5562:
5558:
5513:
5509:
5456:
5452:
5404:
5400:
5363:
5354:
5309:
5305:
5260:
5256:
5225:
5221:
5184:
5177:
5162:
5148:
5144:
5135:
5133:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5088:
5084:
5075:
5073:
5055:
5051:
5042:
5040:
5027:
5026:
5022:
4977:
4970:
4931:
4924:
4876:
4869:
4859:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4840:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4725:
4694:
4687:
4655:
4651:
4606:
4602:
4570:
4566:
4535:
4531:
4502:Artery Research
4494:
4487:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4412:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4330:
4326:
4317:
4315:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4280:Table 30-1 in:
4279:
4275:
4230:
4226:
4195:
4191:
4152:
4143:
4110:(6): e1000440.
4096:
4092:
4047:
4043:
4037:95th percentile
4029:
4027:
4016:
4012:
4006:Wayback Machine
3997:
3993:
3982:
3978:
3933:
3929:
3920:
3918:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3888:
3865:
3861:
3814:
3810:
3787:(12): 923–931.
3773:
3769:
3737:10.1.1.540.5836
3720:
3716:
3679:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3643:
3639:
3624:
3610:
3606:
3567:
3563:
3526:
3522:
3477:
3473:
3424:
3420:
3389:
3385:
3358:JAMA Cardiology
3354:
3350:
3295:
3291:
3238:
3234:
3201:
3190:
3175:
3161:
3157:
3136:(12): 930–938.
3126:
3122:
3077:
3070:
3025:
3021:
2990:
2986:
2955:(11): 793–799.
2941:
2934:
2889:
2885:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2822:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2736:Rhesus monkeys
2596:
2591:
2563:
2516:
2510:
2463:
2422:angiotensinogen
2420:Renin converts
2345:pulmonary veins
2339:(mainly in the
2306:steroid hormone
2292:vasoconstrictor
2270:carotid sinuses
2231:
2225:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
1957:
1946:
1938:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1875:
1869:
1824:
1814:to flow in the
1756:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1685:
1679:
1597:
1591:
1526:
1513:clinical trials
1505:
1499:
1475:lightheadedness
1396:
1390:
1376:– particularly
1334:
1328:
1309:For those with
1280:life expectancy
1223:
1217:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1174:brachial artery
1166:Aortic pressure
1163:
1161:Aortic pressure
1157:
1155:Aortic pressure
1149:pulmonary edema
1126:
1120:
1011:
948:
947:pressure range
946:
937:
920:
850:
845:
827:
804:
798:
793:
353:24h ambulatory
293:
288:
176:—together with
131:brachial artery
80:
66:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8185:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8162:Blood pressure
8147:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8098:Autoregulation
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8069:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8023:Pulse pressure
8019:
8017:
8015:Blood pressure
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7986:
7984:
7975:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7950:
7948:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7901:
7893:
7891:Central venous
7887:
7885:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7800:
7795:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7773:
7772:(Excitability)
7767:
7761:
7751:
7741:
7735:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7697:
7687:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7609:Cardiac output
7606:
7600:
7598:
7596:Cardiac output
7589:
7583:
7582:
7575:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7552:
7544:
7543:
7494:
7478:www.akcchf.org
7465:
7446:(3): 160–173.
7430:
7409:(3): 542–558.
7389:
7374:
7353:
7312:
7271:
7220:
7184:
7155:
7137:
7108:(5): 521–530.
7084:
7041:
7023:
7003:
6954:
6929:
6886:
6845:
6806:
6780:
6731:
6704:(4): 751–755.
6688:
6659:
6652:
6626:
6577:
6526:
6505:(4): 953–957.
6485:
6444:
6425:(3): 296–303.
6409:
6380:
6361:(5): 584–594.
6345:
6310:
6269:
6250:(4): 293–312.
6234:
6223:(6): 343–350.
6207:
6166:
6125:
6074:
6055:(1): 179–185.
6039:
5996:
5975:(4): 589–595.
5955:
5934:(5): 565–570.
5914:
5873:
5838:
5831:
5813:
5806:
5785:
5771:. 2023-03-16.
5756:
5727:(5): 564–569.
5707:
5680:(3): 143–155.
5664:
5635:(7): 795–801.
5615:
5556:
5527:(5): 329–338.
5507:
5470:(5): 951–955.
5450:
5398:
5352:
5323:(1): e013841.
5303:
5254:
5219:
5198:(7): 848–860.
5175:
5160:
5142:
5117:
5098:(1): 115–121.
5082:
5049:
5033:MayoClinic.com
5020:
4968:
4922:
4867:
4838:
4787:
4780:
4762:
4723:
4704:(2): 499–509.
4685:
4649:
4600:
4564:
4529:
4508:(4): 128–139.
4485:
4449:
4442:
4422:
4392:
4367:
4340:(4): 318–320.
4324:
4299:
4292:
4273:
4224:
4205:(3): 140–151.
4189:
4162:(1): 308–315.
4141:
4090:
4061:(3): 477–479.
4041:
4010:
3991:
3976:
3947:(5): 673–681.
3927:
3911:MayoClinic.com
3897:
3859:
3828:(2): 650–661.
3808:
3767:
3730:(3): 657–662.
3714:
3693:(4): 388–393.
3673:
3637:
3622:
3604:
3577:(3): 177–186.
3561:
3520:
3491:(5): 257–262.
3471:
3438:(5): 257–262.
3418:
3383:
3364:(8): 857–858.
3348:
3289:
3232:
3188:
3173:
3155:
3120:
3091:(4): 571–586.
3068:
3019:
3000:(3): 191–193.
2984:
2932:
2883:
2831:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2590:Blood pressure
2588:
2562:
2559:
2512:Main article:
2509:
2506:
2478:ACE inhibitors
2474:
2473:
2461:
2458:
2455:adrenal glands
2447:
2444:cardiac output
2440:
2437:angiotensin II
2429:
2428:(active form).
2418:
2407:
2396:
2389:
2377:
2376:
2369:cardiac output
2330:
2310:adrenal cortex
2304:release: This
2299:
2296:angiotensin II
2277:
2224:
2221:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2119:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2041:
2033:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1934:
1886:cardiac output
1871:Main article:
1868:
1865:
1823:
1820:
1800:cardiac output
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1683:Pulse pressure
1681:Main article:
1678:
1677:Pulse pressure
1675:
1609:cardiac output
1593:Main article:
1590:
1587:
1525:
1522:
1501:Main article:
1498:
1495:
1481:, weakness or
1392:Main article:
1389:
1386:
1362:reflex syncope
1330:Main article:
1327:
1324:
1299:pulse pressure
1219:Main article:
1216:
1213:
1200:
1197:
1195:~7 mmHg.
1188:Main article:
1185:
1182:
1159:Main article:
1156:
1153:
1122:Main article:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1088:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1007:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:
986:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
971:
965:
964:
961:
955:
954:
943:
936:
933:
919:
916:
909:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
888:
885:
881:
880:
877:
874:
871:
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
853:
852:
847:
842:
839:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
797:
794:
792:
789:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
621:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
479:
478:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
445:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
367:
366:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
339:
336:
333:
329:
328:
322:
319:
310:
292:
289:
287:
284:
280:kidney failure
233:cardiac output
163:pulse pressure
103:Blood pressure
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
78:
72:
71:
64:
58:
57:
50:
42:
41:
40:Blood pressure
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8184:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8118:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8016:
8012:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7969:
7965:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7945:
7939:
7936:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7909:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7882:
7876:
7873:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7768:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7716:Cardiac index
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7626:Stroke volume
7624:
7620:
7619:Stroke volume
7617:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7604:Cardiac cycle
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7573:
7568:
7566:
7561:
7559:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7539:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7498:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7469:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7434:
7426:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7393:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7371:
7367:
7360:
7358:
7349:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7332:(1): 97–109.
7331:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7308:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7291:: S137–S142.
7290:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7188:
7180:
7174:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7152:
7149:. Cambridge.
7148:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7088:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7030:
7026:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7007:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6958:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6890:
6882:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6849:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6776:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6692:
6678:on 2009-10-02
6677:
6673:
6666:
6664:
6655:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6622:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6581:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6522:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6489:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6413:
6399:on 2009-10-18
6398:
6394:
6387:
6385:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6203:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5959:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5790:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5570:Diabetes Care
5567:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5258:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5180:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4872:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4791:
4783:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4653:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4490:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4426:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4381:
4378:. eMedicine.
4377:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4314:on 2008-08-21
4313:
4309:
4303:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:PLOS Medicine
4101:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4026:on 2014-06-18
4025:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:"Hypotension"
3863:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3517:. NIHMS90092.
3516:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:oscillometric
2541:
2540:aneroid gauge
2537:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:angiotensin I
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:, and in the
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:Baroreceptors
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:Baroreceptors
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2137:
2117:
2089:
2039:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1954:
1943:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:cardiac cycle
1879:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1845:meta-analysis
1841:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1819:
1817:
1816:arterial tree
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:stroke volume
1801:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1667:nitroglycerin
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:, changes in
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1448:smooth muscle
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:heart failure
1265:
1264:heart attacks
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
987:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
970:
966:
962:
960:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
930:
926:
915:
906:
903:
900:
896:
892:
889:
886:
882:
878:
875:
872:
868:
864:
861:
858:
854:
849:Diastolic BP,
836:
832:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
809:
803:
788:
787:are present.
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
754:
750:
748:
744:
740:
734:
730:
716:
713:
704:
701:
700:
690:
687:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
648:
638:
635:
626:
623:
622:
612:
609:
600:
597:
596:
586:
583:
574:
571:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
534:Hypertension
533:
532:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
482:Non-elevated
481:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
446:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
346:
344:
340:
337:
334:
331:
330:
326:
318:
314:
308:
307:
301:
299:
283:
281:
277:
276:heart disease
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
249:baroreceptors
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
226:
221:
217:
214:
210:
209:aneroid gauge
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:cardiac cycle
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:blood vessels
116:
112:
108:
104:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
8130:Carotid body
8093:Vasodilators
8014:
7973:hemodynamics
7778:(Relaxation)
7770:Bathmotropic
7744:Chronotropic
7511:
7507:
7497:
7486:. Retrieved
7477:
7468:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7406:
7402:
7392:
7365:
7329:
7325:
7315:
7288:
7284:
7274:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7198:
7194:
7187:
7146:
7140:
7105:
7101:
7087:
7057:(5): 31–33.
7054:
7050:
7044:
7033:. Retrieved
7013:
7006:
6971:
6967:
6957:
6946:. Retrieved
6932:
6899:
6895:
6889:
6865:(1): 19–21.
6862:
6859:Hypertension
6858:
6848:
6836:. Retrieved
6819:
6809:
6798:. Retrieved
6783:
6748:
6744:
6734:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6680:. Retrieved
6676:the original
6635:
6629:
6597:(6): 29426.
6594:
6590:
6580:
6546:(1): 41–52.
6543:
6539:
6529:
6502:
6499:Hypertension
6498:
6488:
6461:
6457:
6447:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6401:. Retrieved
6397:the original
6358:
6354:
6348:
6326:(1): 24–32.
6323:
6319:
6313:
6289:(1): 49–55.
6286:
6282:
6272:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6183:
6179:
6169:
6142:
6138:
6128:
6091:
6087:
6077:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5822:
5816:
5797:
5777:. Retrieved
5768:
5759:
5724:
5720:
5710:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5591:10150/641980
5573:
5569:
5559:
5524:
5520:
5510:
5467:
5463:
5453:
5429:11568/996646
5412:
5408:
5401:
5374:
5370:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5235:(1): 49–80.
5232:
5228:
5222:
5195:
5191:
5151:
5145:
5134:. Retrieved
5120:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5074:. Retrieved
5062:
5052:
5041:. Retrieved
5032:
5023:
4988:
4984:
4938:
4935:Hypertension
4934:
4884:
4880:
4858:. Retrieved
4806:
4800:
4790:
4771:
4765:
4753:. Retrieved
4701:
4697:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4542:
4539:Hypertension
4538:
4532:
4505:
4501:
4463:
4460:Hypertension
4459:
4452:
4432:
4425:
4413:. Retrieved
4404:
4395:
4384:. Retrieved
4370:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4316:. Retrieved
4312:the original
4302:
4283:
4276:
4244:(1): 25–33.
4241:
4238:Hypertension
4237:
4227:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4159:
4155:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4028:. Retrieved
4024:the original
4013:
3994:
3985:
3979:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3919:. Retrieved
3910:
3900:
3889:. Retrieved
3872:
3862:
3825:
3822:Hypertension
3821:
3811:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3727:
3724:Hypertension
3723:
3717:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3665:. Retrieved
3647:
3640:
3613:
3607:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3537:
3534:Hypertension
3533:
3523:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3465:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3326:11379/603005
3306:
3302:
3292:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3208:
3164:
3158:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3088:
3084:
3036:
3032:
3022:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2952:
2948:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2851:
2847:
2823:. Retrieved
2811:
2772:sight hounds
2769:
2666:Guinea-pigs
2576:
2564:
2552:
2533:
2494:hypertension
2475:
2393:macula densa
2378:
2365:blood volume
2288:blood volume
2232:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2138:
2079:
1994:
1876:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1825:
1797:
1694:
1671:
1663:Vasodilators
1629:blood volume
1601:hemodynamics
1598:
1595:Hemodynamics
1589:Hemodynamics
1555:
1518:
1506:
1452:
1397:
1335:
1308:
1292:
1256:hypertension
1253:
1249:heart muscle
1242:
1232:
1221:Hypertension
1202:
1193:
1178:
1164:
1134:
1127:
1100:lung disease
1079:
1075:right atrium
1064:
1045:
1012:
921:
918:Aging adults
912:
898:Adolescents
844:Systolic BP,
812:
805:
782:
763:
735:
731:
728:
624:High normal
294:
268:hypertension
261:
230:
213:mercury-tube
197:auscultation
194:
171:
142:
134:
106:
102:
101:
8135:Glomus cell
8125:Aortic body
8120:Paraganglia
7931:ventricular
7904:ventricular
7853:QT interval
7848:QRS complex
7843:PR interval
7816:ventricular
7754:Dromotropic
6838:18 November
5969:Circulation
5887:Circulation
5769:svollop.com
4985:Circulation
4881:Circulation
4860:10 February
4809:(1): 3702.
4660:Circulation
4575:Circulation
4156:Circulation
3540:(1): 3–10.
2812:StatPearls
2508:Measurement
2451:aldosterone
2361:aldosterone
2341:venae cavae
2302:Aldosterone
2274:aortic arch
2272:and in the
2239:homeostatic
1892:(SVR), and
1857:hemodynamic
1571:capillaries
1563:hydrostatic
1455:axon reflex
1408:hydrostatic
1350:hypovolemia
1338:hypotension
1332:Hypotension
1311:heart valve
1254:Persistent
1137:capillaries
1111:portal vein
901:13–18 years
884:School age
859:0–12 months
743:standing-up
309:Categories
264:hypotension
201:stethoscope
174:vital signs
159:kilopascals
76:MedlinePlus
8156:Categories
8073:Baroreflex
7990:Compliance
7982:Blood flow
7858:ST segment
7786:Conduction
7776:Lusitropic
7748:Heart rate
7731:Heart rate
7683:Ultrasound
7614:Heart rate
7488:2022-10-03
7051:IEEE Pulse
7035:2020-01-29
6948:2019-01-12
6820:StatPearls
6800:2008-09-09
6682:2008-09-29
6403:2008-10-02
5779:2023-03-21
5136:2008-09-16
5076:2022-10-03
5063:StatPearls
5043:2018-01-25
4386:2011-08-22
4318:2009-02-27
4030:2008-09-23
3921:2010-10-19
3891:2018-12-23
3873:StatPearls
3667:2019-01-28
3039:(1): 3–5.
2825:2019-07-21
2790:References
2605:Diastolic
2595:Heart rate
2572:integument
2561:In animals
2548:invasively
2235:endogenous
2227:See also:
1812:resistance
1579:arterioles
1524:Physiology
1491:pulling Gs
1440:compliance
1424:heart rate
1293:Both high
1069:or in the
887:6–12 years
756:A digital
343:ambulatory
182:heart rate
8033:Diastolic
8005:Perfusion
7764:Inotropic
7643:Afterload
7384:432709394
7348:0003-1569
7173:cite book
7165:907295832
6902:: 44–63.
6751:(1): 64.
5502:245896131
5445:195829708
5274:: i4098.
5170:671465395
5007:0009-7322
4955:0194-911X
4901:0009-7322
4680:0009-7322
4634:1522-9645
4595:0009-7322
4559:0194-911X
4524:1876-4401
4480:0194-911X
3732:CiteSeerX
3632:851391490
3599:207331784
3335:1473-5598
3266:0195-668X
3227:0195-668X
3183:706780870
2602:Systolic
2490:diuretics
2453:from the
2329:activity.
2314:potassium
2294:known as
2184:−
2152:≊
2040:⋅
1944:⋅
1861:IV fluids
1750:−
1665:(such as
1637:afterload
1635:; and 3)
1583:breathing
1479:dizziness
1471:perfusion
1412:diaphragm
1037:diastolic
1002:diastolic
981:diastolic
873:1–5 years
825:Childhood
808:pregnancy
508:Elevated
396:Elevated
259:systems.
257:endocrine
245:regulated
139:heartbeat
109:) is the
8028:Systolic
7806:cardiac
7538:30353952
7482:Archived
7460:16131455
7425:17552466
7307:25312108
7215:19657096
7132:33246327
7094:Coresh J
7079:52893219
7071:30273141
7029:Archived
6998:29515001
6942:Archived
6916:25993705
6881:24191283
6832:Archived
6828:29261862
6794:Archived
6775:10862592
6726:23155959
6718:17351365
6621:26653692
6572:20606908
6521:11641316
6480:10789600
6439:21848774
6340:28412915
6305:21733124
6161:28501304
6120:30232829
6034:12069178
6026:11247793
5773:Archived
5751:20457955
5702:22425558
5694:23399972
5659:32293640
5610:32327422
5551:26215765
5494:35014154
5437:31282073
5393:31118154
5347:31870233
5298:27511067
5249:17631437
5214:26271068
5130:Archived
5112:12094197
5071:29494079
5037:Archived
5015:10421594
4909:12081987
4833:35260686
4749:Archived
4409:Archived
4380:Archived
4362:23726657
4354:12533747
4268:22700319
4219:20409896
4184:40209177
4136:21695075
4077:24477093
4002:Archived
3971:23575926
3963:18816497
3915:Archived
3885:Archived
3881:29763136
3854:33342236
3803:17036043
3754:18212263
3709:17325301
3661:Archived
3657:22855971
3591:21465141
3556:21079049
3515:18799950
3462:18799950
3413:27076261
3399:: 4–16.
3378:27602555
3343:37345492
3284:36100239
3150:25492837
3115:20937442
3063:11119446
3014:26839183
2927:27863813
2878:12923045
2820:29494015
2778:See also
2745:180–210
2731:305–500
2717:205–306
2708:Rabbits
2689:580–680
2675:240–300
2633:100–259
2587:Species
2568:arboreal
2502:fainting
2343:and the
1654:stenosis
1483:fainting
1444:myogenic
1366:hormonal
1354:bleeding
1295:systolic
1245:atheroma
1060:catheter
1032:100–140
1029:systolic
994:systolic
973:systolic
856:Infants
785:symptoms
691:100–109
679:160–179
653:140–159
627:130–139
601:120–129
575:<120
572:Optimal
517:115–129
514:120–134
511:120–139
491:<115
488:<120
485:<120
431:125–129
428:130–134
425:130–139
405:115–124
402:120–129
399:120–129
379:<115
376:<120
373:<120
255:and the
157:, or in
111:pressure
7648:Preload
7529:6271319
7258:1004612
7238:Bibcode
7123:8628654
6989:6039119
6924:8940215
6766:1729401
6612:4677588
6563:2888329
6375:4337474
6264:1391553
6229:3061915
6202:9468002
6111:8030773
6069:3510595
5950:1122568
5909:6794930
5742:2917204
5650:7160747
5601:7305004
5542:5021508
5485:8986598
5338:6988154
5289:4979357
4963:9403561
4917:7092379
4824:8904557
4718:8458763
4643:4155427
4415:6 April
4259:3392307
4176:9236450
4127:3114857
4085:1949314
3845:7803446
3762:1101762
3506:2655229
3453:2655229
3275:9470378
3106:3639494
3054:1729570
2970:1543468
2918:5220163
2869:1767863
2759:63–210
2703:74–116
2661:80–120
2647:62–170
2619:75–146
2610:Calves
2470:nephron
2468:of the
2400:osmosis
2371:by the
2252:in the
1896:(CVP):
1575:viscous
1573:due to
1461:' and '
1457:, the '
1416:preload
1404:gravity
1382:bulimia
1260:strokes
945:Normal
714:and/or
688:and/or
662:and/or
636:and/or
610:and/or
598:Normal
587:<80
567:(2023)
503:<65
500:<70
497:<70
477:(2024)
417:<75
414:<80
411:<80
391:<75
388:<80
385:<80
370:Normal
365:(2017)
347:Office
335:Office
332:Method
327:, mmHg
321:and/or
253:nervous
141:) over
95:35094-2
68:D001795
7938:Aortic
7926:atrial
7899:atrial
7895:Right
7868:U wave
7863:T wave
7838:P wave
7811:atrial
7536:
7526:
7458:
7423:
7382:
7372:
7346:
7305:
7266:555576
7264:
7256:
7230:Nature
7213:
7163:
7153:
7130:
7120:
7077:
7069:
7021:
6996:
6986:
6922:
6914:
6879:
6826:
6773:
6763:
6724:
6716:
6650:
6619:
6609:
6570:
6560:
6519:
6478:
6437:
6373:
6338:
6303:
6262:
6227:
6200:
6159:
6118:
6108:
6067:
6032:
6024:
5991:767020
5989:
5948:
5907:
5868:443454
5866:
5829:
5804:
5749:
5739:
5700:
5692:
5657:
5647:
5608:
5598:
5549:
5539:
5500:
5492:
5482:
5443:
5435:
5391:
5345:
5335:
5296:
5286:
5247:
5212:
5168:
5158:
5110:
5069:
5013:
5005:
4961:
4953:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4831:
4821:
4778:
4755:14 May
4716:
4678:
4640:
4632:
4593:
4557:
4522:
4478:
4440:
4360:
4352:
4290:
4266:
4256:
4217:
4182:
4174:
4134:
4124:
4083:
4075:
3969:
3961:
3879:
3852:
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