Art Deco architecture of New York City

197: 312: 525: 19: 369: 709: 848: 867:& Associates, who helped change the face of the borough. These buildings featured Deco hallmarks of geometric patterns and colored brick, with indirectly lit public interiors floored with tile, framed with metal, and capped by mosaic ceilings. Private interiors featured sunken living rooms, wrap-around windows in the corners, and ample closet space; inside and out these apartments were designed to appeal to the fashion-conscious, "new money" middle class. Compared to the famous architects of Manhattan who often studied at prestigious schools, many of the architects of the Art Deco in the outer boroughs were Jewish, studied at local art schools, and were forgotten in a generation. 1019: 409: 110: 771: 906: 6555: 7090: 7103: 940:. Though construction began in 1911, by 1930 it was still incomplete. The Library hired new architects in 1935 that hewed to the original footprint, but discarded the Greco-Roman elements for a modern look. The resulting facade is sparsely ornamented, with the main decoration being 50-foot (15 m) pylons illustrating the arts and sciences with gilded images, flanking entry doors surrounded by gilded bronze reliefs of figures from American literature. 1002:, school buildings superintendent on the New York Board of Education who ultimately designed more than 100 schools for the city. The High School was designed more like a skyscraper than a traditional school building, with long brick piers rising up to accommodate two thousand students. The triple-height entranceway contains an inscription of the school's name and symbols from the story of 1156:, were surrounded by landmarked districts but were not old enough to be initially included, and had landmarked status later denied. To avoid landmark status, landowners will sometimes rush to demolish the building or deface the facade. Given that interiors and exteriors of buildings are landmarked separately, even landmarked buildings can see their unique Deco features lost—such as the 540:. The immediate impact of the Depression was a reduction in building of all kinds; one architectural firm went from 17 filed plans for buildings up to 30 stories in 1929 to just three plans in 1930, the tallest being four stories. The scope of some existing construction was also downsized; the Metropolitan Life Company intended to capture the title for tallest building with the 738:

stories or taller required more expensive fireproof materials. The downturn in the housing market of the 1930s encouraged New Dealers to focus on nonprofit and limited-profit housing to renew blighted parts of the city or expand beyond its current limits. Examples of these limited-profit housing initiatives can be found throughout the boroughs, especially in

759:. Its ten floors features silver window spandrels with geometric designs and zigzags, and was awarded a medal by the American Institute of Architects for demonstrating a pioneering form of the new modern architectural style. One of the only known Art Deco townhouses was built nearby on East 80th Street as a residence for the banker 344:

not too shocking. The buildings rose to the height where the cost of added space equalized with the commercial value of that space. The emerging style was contemporaneously called the "vertical style", "skyscraper style", or simply "modern", with the characteristic look of setback buildings leading to them being called "

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described the most pronounced element of Art Deco as its use of "sumptuous ornament". The most dynamic elements were reserved for entrances and at the tops of buildings, with multiple materials combined to form dazzling colors or rich textures. Sometimes the buildings were shaded—using darker-colored

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Groups such as the Art Deco Society of New York (ADSNY) produce talks and tours about the city's architecture, as well as advocating for the preservation of the city's remaining Deco. New York City Landmarks Commission veteran Anthony W. Robins wrote that decades after the rise and fall of Art Deco,

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to New Yorkers. Where Art Deco favored ornamentation, International Style favored undecorated facades; Bletter summed up International Style as "less is more", and Art Deco as "more than enough." International Style buildings, with their emphasis on airy glass and the horizontal, were now modern and

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As the 1930s progressed, the rental market began to improve, and the pace of construction increased. The buildings that went up in this period tended to be more reserved, with grayer, more austere versions of Art Deco; Bletter suggests that this change was due to the influence of mechanization, and

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termed "special architectural appeal". Even with these corporate projects, however, the owners often lent space to smaller businesses and treated them as real estate investments. The look of the buildings often echoed the business conducted there; the RCA Victor Building's wave motifs represent the

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Alongside the commercial boom of the 1920s, New York experienced a huge increase in residential construction; 20 percent of all new housing built in the US in that decade was built in New York. Apartment buildings grew from 39 percent of construction in 1919 to 77 percent in 1926. The Art Deco era

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The heyday of Art Deco skyscrapers was effectively ended by the Great Depression, but Art Deco had proliferated outwards across the city in myriad forms. Art Deco proved a popular style for an expanding range of modern commercial edifices that proliferated during the period—department stores, news

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Art Deco in New York became intrinsically linked with commercial architecture. Its focus on rich ornamentation appealed to commercial patrons who wanted an "acceptable" modern style. These developers in turn gave architects a permissive mandate to create in the style, as long as the end result was

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drove new Art Deco architecture as well. Developers built new speculative housing in the undeveloped areas the new subway lines reached, and New York's population diffused outward. The great majority of these new apartments throughout the boroughs topped out at six stories, because building seven

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had been demolished to make way for the Empire State Building, and the new building drew influence from it, designed more like a skyscraper than a traditional hotel. Architects Schultz & Weaver designed twin limestone and brick towers, and included a suite for the president and a private rail

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was being rapidly transformed. An exploding population, flush economic times, cheap credit, and lax zoning combined to encourage a building boom. The real estate market was so frenetic that buildings that had stood for just a few years were regularly torn down for newer construction. New, larger

189:" from street level depending on the width of the street and the zoned area. After a building rose up and set back to cover 25 percent of the lot, the total height was unrestricted. The impact of the new regulations did not materialize until later in the decade, as American entry into 1104:

The downturn in New York City's fortunes in the latter half of the 20th century caused the damage and loss of many Art Deco buildings. Smaller commercial buildings and theaters were often completely lost, while by the 1970s few Deco skyscrapers still had intact lobbies. Horace Ginsbern's

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described Ferriss' work as "a magic wand to set the American city architecture free from its nightmare No longer was the high building apparently built by the mile and cut off to order, but it was composed break upon break, buttress on buttress. The possibilities of poetry entered in."

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materials at the base, and then gradually lightening towards the top—to increase the building's visibility. Art Deco buildings in the city were also richly appointed inside and out with reliefs, mosaics, murals, and other art. Allegorical depictions—such as beehives of industry on the

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secretly constructed the Chrysler Building's 185-foot (56 m) steel spire within the building itself, hoisting it and securing it into position in a single day, claiming the title of the tallest building. The triumph was short-lived; a month later former governor and businessman

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and commercial speculation spurred a citywide building boom. The size and sophistication of Art Deco ranged from towering skyscrapers to modest middle-class housing and municipal buildings. Colorful, lavishly-decorated skyscrapers came to dominate the skyline of Manhattan before the

560:. The Rockefellers earmarked $ 150,000 ($ 2,736,000 adjusted for inflation) for art in the plaza alone, filling the space with paintings, reliefs, and sculptural forms. The decorative features focus on the achievements of humankind, mythology, and stories of education and commerce. 497:(1927–1929), headquarters for the Chanin Construction Company. It featured buttresses evocative of miniature skyscrapers on the exterior, along with abstract floral reliefs on the lower floors. Inside, the lobby included bronze grills that laud the economic opportunity of the city. 49:. The style broke with many traditional architectural conventions and was characterized by verticality, ornamentation, and building materials such as plastics, metals, and terra cotta. Art Deco is found in government edifices, commercial projects, and residential buildings in 650:

at 727 Fifth Avenue, built 1940, was designed to feature luxurious amenities including central air conditioning. Its exterior features stainless steel window frames paired with marble and limestone, intended to connect the building to Classical architecture. At 59th Street,

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dubbed the lot "the most valuable piece of New York real estate for a taxpayer in the city." Despite being a more modest building, the structure is appointed with polished stone eagles, interior marble, and at one time featured a 3,000-square-foot (280 m) mural of the

733:, towards apartment buildings (single-family rooms with separate bathrooms). Developers began building apartments targeting the middle class. Urban Art Deco was a way of appealing to prospective renters and keep them in the city, rather than the suburbs. The growth of the 593:. Completed speculative buildings faced issues in the difficult economy—the Empire State Building took more in as a tourist attraction than from tenants, and office buildings across Midtown were pressured by the Rockefeller Center's aggressive courting of tenants. 438:

feature their names in prominent signage or embedded into the facade. Because the true shape of the building was often hard to grasp for a street-level observer, many skyscrapers featured miniature versions of themselves as part of their ground-level decoration.

859:, with roughly 300 buildings constructed between 1935 and 1941. Many of the buildings share styles and architects with the apartment houses across the river in Washington Heights. One of the first, and grandest, Art Deco apartments along the Concourse was the 340:—were common decorative elements. The entries and lobbies of these skyscrapers often drew direct influence from the painted sets and stages of theaters, with framing like hanging curtains. Elaborate ironwork blended with decorative frosted or etched glass. 1510: 73:

ended their construction. The Depression and changing tastes pushed the style to more subdued applications as it spread in the 1930s, becoming a style of choice for infrastructure projects and modern middle-class apartments in the outer boroughs.

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to protect historic buildings. Don Vlack considered the fact that no Art Deco buildings had been landmarked by 1974 an example of the lingering bias against the style. Some of the first Art Deco buildings protected were the Chrysler Building and

863:, completed 1931. Intended to rise ten stories before being damaged by fire during construction, the final building is eight stories and decorated with bright polychromatic terra cotta. Park Plaza was the first Bronx Deco apartments by 601:

influenced by vehicular designs. Throughout the Art Deco period, brick was the most common building material for ordinary buildings, but even here bricklayers created geometric designs by alternating the color of brick or the coursing.

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The design of speculative buildings was chiefly driven by maximizing rentable space, whereas corporate buildings served as advertisements for the corporations themselves—spending money not for direct financial gain, but what architect

288:. These choices were made to emphasize the height of the buildings, a choice mimicked even on much shorter buildings built across town. New York's architects were at the forefront of using new materials, including synthetics like 2636: 655:

expanded to encompass an entire city block in 1930, with the new addition featuring a black and gold facade festooned with decorative metal grilles. Additional notable Art Deco department stores across the city include the

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Art Deco's influence affected many aspects of New York's public works during this period; by the late 1930s, most Art Deco buildings were municipal projects, not commercial ones. The Health Building at 125 Worth Street

239:' series of speculative architectural illustrations exploring how to make buildings that met the zoning requirements. Ferriss' illustrations envisioned buildings as sculptural forms rather than simple boxes. Architect 3266: 1113:. It was eventually restored in the 1980s thanks to the efforts of Ginsbern's son and a new owner. The desirability of Art Deco objects has led buildings to be stripped of their ornamentation to be resold piecemeal. 1030:

Few religious buildings in the Art Deco style were built in New York City; artist Don Vlack wrote that the architects may have felt confined to more traditional styles given their conservative congregations. The

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base. These buildings were constructed either as headquarters for established and emerging companies, or else speculative projects where the money would be drawn from renting out the space in the new building.

1137:'s interiors were landmarked only after a contentious battle with the Music Hall's owners, who wished to demolish it. The Landmarks Commission received more than 100,000 signatures urging the landmark status. 283:

The buildings that would later be described as Art Deco shared common elements. The setback laws resulted in sculptural buildings with long, uninterrupted piers rising between columns of windows and decorated

275:. Its muted color and ornament did not fully demonstrate the style that soon flourished across the city, but its massing and verticality were thoroughly modern and broke with established architectural styles. 4980: 929: 162:, and the ornament of African, Central American, and South American cultures. American Art Deco architecture would assume different forms across the country, influenced by local culture, laws, and tastes. 4060: 578:" on their lots—single or two-story buildings. Despite being intended as temporary, many of these buildings remained for decades afterward. One such Art Deco taxpayer was the East River Savings Bank on 3768: 3374: 2662: 2245: 263:

at 181 Madison Avenue (1924–1925), which featured traditional ornamentation and organization on upper floors, combined with Art Deco motifs on the lower floors. The Art Deco ironwork was provided by

646:, the rise of the Empire State and other Art Deco buildings corresponded with the street's transformation from a "millionaire's mile" of wealthy residences to middle-class commercial business. The 844:, the old hotels and racetracks of the area gave way to Art Deco apartments, including 711 Brightwater Court (1934), appointed with riotously-colored terra cotta in jungle and geometric patterns. 890:

program, established to provide relief. In 1935 and 1936, the city alone received one-seventh of all WPA funds. The money went to projects such as a network of public pools across the city, with

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in the same area were Italianate in style) but he contributed further Art Deco apartments in this part of town, including the Ardsley at 320 Central Park West. Towards the end of the 1930s more

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was at the time of its construction one of the city's largest apartment hotels. It features gilded frozen fountain motifs and floral patterns rising above its main entrance. Further uptown, the

4911: 763:. Its modest brick facade is broken up by different patterns, with geometric stone bands separating stories and a decorative metal entrance. The residence was later owned by Art Deco collector 4004:...The new style proved especially popular for those structures representative of the modern age—especially hotels, cinemas, filling stations, airports, newspaper offices, and power stations. 5279: 5048: 4878: 544:, but construction stopped during the downturn and never resumed, leaving it an "enormous stump" of 31 stories instead of the planned hundred. In the shadow of the deepening Depression, the 4947: 574:

offices, and transportation. The initial prevailing wisdom was that the real estate market would quickly recover. To tide landowners over until economic conditions improved, many built "

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in Midtown (completed 1921) set back evenly like a stack of boxes as it rose—but more inspired interpretations of the law followed. A major influence on the resulting skyscrapers was

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Art Deco was a popular choice for the movie theaters and stages being built at the time, an apropos choice given that Art Deco itself found influence in design from films, including

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is so characteristic of New York that it would be more logical, by far, to call it a New York Style. Decoration becomes a far more precious thing than a collection of dead leaves,

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international style, and its importance, were largely forgotten for decades. Art Deco was not reappraised and formally named and categorized until the 1960s. Writing in 1975,

3256: 5147: 504:, and several Art Deco buildings vied for the title. By the end of 1930 more than 11 building plans had more than 60 floors; among them were the Chrysler Building and the 470:(1930–1931), featuring abstract heads along the facade looking down at street level, and bronzed doors featuring transportation methods. The final skyscraper built before 7139: 1164:

the style "survives and flourishes" in New York. The once-daring buildings have become city historic landmarks, and new building projects draw influence from the style.

5081: 5015: 3652: 7743: 7316: 6879: 3448: 556:, hiring three different architectural firms. The architects envisioned a plan for buildings arranged on several axes, clad in the same materials. At the center was 5246: 4970: 4845: 1093:

noted that by the standard of direct stylistic influence, Art Deco had virtually no impact on contemporary buildings—but by its impact on the character of New York

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Across town, some of the first large apartment buildings to receive influence from the Art Deco office buildings and skyscrapers downtown were the sister buildings

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designs, and the lobby featured a vaulting ceiling with frescoes detailing the history of communication. Other notable Art Deco skyscrapers in downtown include the

6446: 4636: 450:, the skyline was quickly transformed by the proliferation of Art Deco high-rises. The New York Telephone Company Building was decorated with motifs derived from 7936: 5213: 89:

in the latter half of the 20th century, the city's Art Deco has been reappraised. Among New York's most treasured and recognizable skyscrapers are the Art Deco

4050: 1536: 657: 5702: 3758: 3364: 364:. It becomes a means of enriching the surface with a play of light and shade, voices and solids. respond to the bulk and simplicity of the skyscraper itself. 97:

buildings. Art Deco skyscrapers formed the core of the city's skyline for decades and influence modern construction. Many of these buildings are protected by

7678: 742:. To save money, the middle-class Art Deco often used "cast stone" (concrete) instead of expensive carved stone, reusing molds to repeat designs and shapes. 579: 146:—visited the exposition, and the US government also sent a delegation. Their resulting reports helped spread the style to America. Other influences included 597:

the lush, colorful look of the earlier style now appearing "frivolous". Terra cotta decoration was replaced with smoother, rounded surfaces, and metal-clad

2853: 895: 837: 196: 7336: 6961: 6951: 4361: 1044: 1023: 925: 478:, completed in 1932. It featured unique double-deck elevators servicing two lobby floors, designed to maximize the profitable space of the small plot. 4901: 5269: 4868: 2905: 5038: 4420: 308:. Even when traditional building materials were used—marble, wood, brick, bronze—they were combined in novel ways, intending to shock and delight. 7931: 7132: 6250: 6213: 6176: 6139: 6102: 6065: 6028: 5991: 5954: 5917: 5880: 5843: 5806: 5769: 5732: 5658: 5614: 5584: 5547: 5510: 5473: 5406: 5366: 4812: 4723: 4683: 4643: 4394: 4153: 3066: 1121: 46: 6984: 1082:

replaced Art Deco as it fell out of favor during and after World War II; many smaller commercial buildings remodeled to fit the newest tastes.

388:. The 50-story skyscraper turned Gothic tracery into stylized lightning bolts. Another conservative firm that moved to modernistic designs was 5170: 4446: 3397: 380:

The demand for modern buildings was such that even architectural firms known for more restrained and classical designs adopted the new style.

4753: 4424: 952: 700:, albeit with modern Art Deco touches; the facade is broken up with beige terra cotta stripes inscribed with geometric V's and plant forms. 170:

buildings replaced multiple smaller structures on old lots. The amount of office space in New York City increased by 92% in the late 1920s.

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saw the Depression as an opportunity to remake the city, and spearheaded a bevy of public works projects. The city benefited greatly from

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was only just beginning to develop its skyline as Art Deco became popular. Its business district was booming after the construction of

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blends modern elements with traditional Jewish motifs rather than geometric forms, with some calling the result "Modern Semetic". The

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down to the southern shore. Art Deco apartments and commercial buildings changed the character of new or developing neighborhoods.

817:(Roth again) and 10 West 74th Street (H. Herbert Lilien) had more subdued brick and horizontal speed lines. In northern Manhattan, 220: 86: 5137: 4585: 7009: 6396: 6374: 5443: 3308: 1219: 956: 860: 7217: 7052: 1040: 821:

filled with more modest Art Deco apartments, featuring amenities such as sunken living rooms, casement windows, and elevators.

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exciting, while Art Deco became seen as outmoded and linked to the tough times of the Depression. The International Style and

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became Midtown's major Art Deco thoroughfare, hosting some of the city's most famous skyscrapers. One of the earliest was the

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in general style but featured abstract ornament that would characterize Art Deco. Another early transitional building was the

7471: 6956: 6946: 6792: 6740: 6723: 6495: 6322: 6295: 6217: 6180: 6143: 6106: 6032: 5995: 5958: 5884: 5847: 5810: 5773: 5662: 5625: 5588: 5551: 5514: 5477: 5410: 5382: 4727: 4687: 4528: 4332: 4194: 4157: 4126: 3997: 3803: 3738: 3642: 3625: 3585: 3558: 3514: 3239: 3197: 3070: 3037: 2962: 928:, who produced custom metalwork for the Chrysler and Empire State Buildings. Other Art Deco sanitation buildings include the 185:. The regulations, intended to prevent tall buildings from cutting off light and air at street level, required buildings to " 70: 7202: 5003: 3591: 3433: 7804: 6854: 6802: 6522: 3440: 1432: 1177: 1117: 836:

filled with a number of Art Deco apartment houses, such as 832 Ocean Avenue, built in 1931 by prolific Brooklyn architects

384:'s main practice was for discreet townhomes and banks, but in the late 1920s they produced modern skyscrapers such as the 7879: 7404: 7207: 5236: 4835: 1873: 4647: 7429: 7419: 6832: 6692: 6665: 824:

In Brooklyn, apartments and homes in the 1920s and 30s filled the previously sparsely-populated land from the island's

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flourished in this period as a way of enjoying luxurious living without the expense of maintaining a private home. The

553: 311: 178: 5203: 840:. Clad in yellow brick, piers capped with cast stone emphasize verticality and evoke the skyscrapers in Manhattan. In 7789: 7148: 6782: 6634: 6458: 4937: 4512: 3706: 3485: 2327: 1064: 7889: 7859: 7476: 6921: 6822: 6685: 5694: 2468: 2379: 1246: 1173: 987: 642:

As the city developed northward, Manhattan's most prestigious department and retail stores moved to Midtown. Along

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In comparison to downtown, which already had skyscrapers dating to the previous century and fewer available plots,

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Art Deco buildings within New York City. Items marked with a dagger (†) are also (or alternatively) listed on the

7946: 7941: 7849: 7461: 6702: 6675: 6619: 6505: 1101:." The style has inspired 21st-century construction in the city using Deco design details or building materials. 680: 647: 267:, who contributed the entrance gates to the 1925 Paris Exhibition. One of the first Art Deco skyscrapers was the 7799: 7184: 6926: 6644: 6424: 528:

The Empire State Building towers above the city's skyline in 1937. The unoccupied and unlit floors are visible.

114: 7869: 7844: 7409: 7399: 7394: 7222: 6916: 6670: 6517: 6436: 6429: 2577: 1405: 1036: 887: 818: 632: 443: 121: 142:). While the United States did not officially participate, Americans—including New York City architect 7854: 7814: 7466: 7434: 6500: 5175: 4840: 4609:

Route 9A Reconstruction Project, Battery Place to 59th St., New York County: Environmental Impact Statement

4520: 4349: 971:, and IND substations like that on West 53rd Street in Midtown. Other major Art Deco projects included the 875:

The pace of public works spending increased after World War I, and especially during the Depression. Mayor

782: 951:, who designed hundreds of stops for the city's subways, designed Art Deco edifices for stops such as the 7864: 7829: 7819: 7439: 7293: 6750: 6728: 6606: 6367: 4785: 4483: 4450: 3923: 1051:

provides a late example of an Art Deco synagogue. Other buildings include the Trinity Baptist Church and

1032: 924:–1935) has metal grillwork and health-related designs around the entrances, designed by German craftsman 408: 256: 3853: 524: 337: 7552: 7481: 7424: 7341: 7283: 7067: 7059: 6938: 6889: 6480: 1595: 1298: 1181: 1152:

were instead jackhammered and destroyed. Other Art Deco losses, such as the New Market Building in the

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updated the plans for the Empire State Building, adding more stories and a 200-foot spire of its own.

7884: 7834: 7824: 7537: 7260: 7255: 6979: 6827: 6639: 6563: 6537: 6417: 2047: 1954: 1047:(now a synagogue) is a rare example of Christian Science Art Deco anywhere in the country, while the 944: 533: 501: 385: 50: 6554: 1109:

on the Grand Concourse suffered from heavy vandalism, with skylights ripped from frames to sell for

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The densest concentration of Art Deco buildings in New York is in the west Bronx centered along the

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Lehman, Arnold (1971). "New York Skyscrapers: The Jazz Modern Neo-American Beautilitarian Style".

1180:, those with a double dagger (‡) have landmarked interiors, and those with a section sign (§) are 1148:

building at Fifth Avenue and 57th Street in 1980; the limestone reliefs Trump had promised to the

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Zoning regulations had major impacts on the design of buildings. The proliferation of ever-larger

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led to the end of new Art Deco in the city. After falling out of favor and suffering from neglect

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Skyline of Central Park West, showing a number of Art Deco buildings, including the twin-towered

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Other major Art Deco commercial buildings in the city included a number of hotels, including the

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The modern historical preservation movement in New York City was sparked by the loss of the old

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Precursors to the Art Deco skyscrapers that soon went up across the city were buildings such as

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Some Art Deco buildings were demolished before they were eligible for protection. For example,

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commented in 1926 on the emerging style that his brethren were creating with their buildings:

109: 7910: 7905: 7648: 7608: 6872: 6842: 6760: 6755: 6624: 6510: 6346: 5874:"Sofia Brothers Warehouse (originally Kent Automatic Parking Garage), 33-43 West 61st Street" 5698: 5439: 4607: 4581: 4545: 3444: 2603: 2521: 1925: 1134: 697: 696:

combined two buildings (one an apartment house, the other the hotel) and drew influence from

505: 98: 90: 5365: 396:. Buildings already being constructed were sometimes appended with Art Deco flourishes; the 7628: 7369: 7321: 7250: 7094: 7046: 6765: 6745: 6532: 4051:"Streetscapes / Manhattan; From Deep in the Depression, Three Low-Rise Corners" 2298: 2079: 1157: 1153: 1070: 960: 734: 606: 557: 427: 389: 147: 117:'s size spurred the passage of zoning laws that affected Art Deco architecture in the city. 4487: 4226: 4083: 1018: 8: 7572: 7532: 7414: 7389: 7379: 7174: 5011: 4222: 4091: 3304: 2826: 2140: 1074: 976: 943:

Art Deco is also represented in the city's transportation and mass transit networks. The

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had ornamental touches of radiators and hubcaps representing the automobile company. The

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successfully fought the interior landmark designation for the RCA Victory Building, and

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Skyscraper: The Politics and Power of Building New York City in the Twentieth Century

3193: 3033: 2958: 2271: 1846: 1787: 972: 948: 798: 750: 739: 713: 652: 636: 482: 467: 423: 293: 94: 23: 7117: 5726:"The Salvation Army National and Territorial Headquarters, 120-130 West 14th Street" 466:(1929–1930), with a wedding-cake form and a red granite and limestone base; and the 7708: 7603: 7507: 4290: 2408: 2219: 2108: 1635: 1130: 994:

program in the city. Public School 98 was joined by Joan of Arc High School on the

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in 1920: the arrival of the subway spurred a housing construction boom in the area.

717: 624: 619:, an explicit example of the building-as-set metaphor, with the facade including a 537: 513: 381: 349: 151: 65: 6243: 6206: 6169: 6132: 6095: 6058: 6021: 5984: 5947: 5910: 5873: 5836: 5799: 5762: 5725: 5651: 5618: 5577: 5540: 5503: 5466: 5399: 4716: 4676: 4146: 3059: 2951: 2891: 2867: 2840: 2813: 2786: 2760: 2736: 2709: 2675: 2649: 2590: 2564: 2535: 2508: 2481: 2455: 2427: 2422: 2395: 2366: 2340: 2314: 2285: 2258: 2232: 2206: 2179: 2153: 2126: 2121: 2095: 2065: 2060: 2033: 2028: 2001: 1975: 1941: 1912: 1886: 1860: 1833: 1807: 1773: 1768: 1741: 1714: 1687: 1682: 1648: 1621: 1616: 1581: 1576: 1549: 1523: 1497: 1471: 1445: 1418: 1392: 1365: 1311: 1285: 1259: 1233: 847: 753:

were commissioned to build a small apartment building in 1927 by the owner of the

7212: 6847: 4971:"Streetscapes/570 Lexington Avenue; Columbia's Restoring an Art Deco Masterpiece" 4933: 3575: 3017: 1754: 1727: 1126: 1090: 1039:

have Art Deco elements to their more traditional, neo-Gothic elements, while the

995: 968: 864: 760: 746: 685: 669: 665: 494: 463: 459: 447: 393: 4325:

Boulevard of Dreams: Heady Times, Heartbreak, and Hope Along the Grand Concourse

7693: 7451: 7326: 7167: 5370: 5274: 5105:"City says no to landmarking Seaport building, leaving door open to demolition" 4873: 4357: 4254: 2441: 2353: 980: 841: 584: 509: 475: 373: 216: 376:, featuring geometric aluminum spandrels and a limestone model of the building 7925: 7718: 7713: 7633: 7623: 6989: 6901: 6595: 6383: 6332: 2623: 2192: 1988: 1701: 1458: 1145: 899: 806: 790: 775: 693: 508:, both of which increased in height from earlier drafts. In competition with 489:

and the undergrounding of train tracks opening up new plots for development.

455: 397: 240: 224: 211:

Early buildings built to conform to the new codes did so unimaginatively—the

166: 126: 42: 6305: 181:

spurred New York City's passage of the US's first citywide zoning code, the

7703: 7542: 7497: 7197: 7072: 5723: 3759:"Streetscapes/70 Pine Street; An Art Deco Tower With Double-Deck Elevators" 3365:"Streetscapes/The American Radiator Building; A 1924 Precursor of Art Deco" 2722: 1351: 1141: 891: 814: 802: 643: 628: 532:

The Chrysler Building's spire went up just one day before the October 1929

471: 264: 248: 236: 200: 143: 78: 5237:"Change Is Coming to the McGraw-Hill Building's Art Deco Lobby. Or Is It?" 5171:"New York State Supreme Court rejects plea to reinstall McGraw-Hill lobby" 7753: 7738: 7688: 7638: 7456: 7331: 6315:

Washington and Baltimore Art Deco: A Design History of Neighboring Cities

1110: 1003: 999: 990:

in the Bronx, one of the first new schools built to establish a separate

933: 745:

In Manhattan, Art Deco apartments sprouted up across the borough. On the

305: 190: 155: 7728: 7683: 7567: 7245: 7021: 7016: 4302: 3613: 3016: 905: 794: 620: 590: 301: 174: 30:, the Bronx; entrance of Madison Gardens apartments, Brooklyn; and the 5204:"It's the Last Weekend to Visit MoMA Before It Closes for Renovations" 3332:"How Chicago's Tribune Tower Competition Changed Architecture Forever" 801:'s skyline. Roth generally avoided modernistic designs in his output ( 770: 7733: 7673: 7618: 7547: 7517: 6894: 6583: 6571: 4902:"Swans Are Gone, but Art Deco Grace Returns to Bronx Apartment House" 3618:

Building the Skyline: The Birth and Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers

3336: 2688: 2166: 1129:

in 1978. Some building owners fought some or all of the designation;

1079: 730: 548:

abandoned its plans to move to a new three-block complex financed by

500:

New York's architects were caught in a furious race for the title of

361: 5724:

Kurshan, Virginia; Gale Harris; Mary Beth Betts (October 17, 2017).

4294: 7598: 7359: 6577: 4938:"Architecture View; A Commission That has Itself Become a Landmark" 1511:

M. H. Renken Dairy Company Office Building and Engine Room Building

884: 726: 518: 289: 285: 38: 6170:"Former J. Kurtz & Sons Store Building, 162-24 Jamaica Avenue" 5039:"Interior of Music Hall Designated as Landmark Despite Objections" 947:(IND) subway lines have stations designed from the late 1920s on. 7653: 7613: 851:

An Art Deco apartment building on the Grand Concourse, built 1937

357: 319:'s upper floors, showing beehives, bees, griffins, and a sunburst 132:

International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts

101:

laws, while others have been lost to new development or neglect.

6352: 5649: 3257:"Zoning Arrived 100 Years Ago. It Changed New York City Forever" 7763: 7723: 7577: 6589: 5241: 2948: 159: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 4836:"CetraRuddy updates the art deco facade on a NoMad skyscraper" 4777: 3697:

The Landscape of Modernity: Essays on New York City, 1900–1940

3577:

Antiquity in Gotham: The Ancient Architecture of New York City

3398:"Architecture View; The Man Behind Manhattan's Deco Mountains" 729:-style housing (multifamily homes with shared facilities) and 582:, which replaced a fifteen-story building from the 1890s. The 235:

architecture. Also influential were architect and illustrator

7758: 7698: 7663: 7658: 7643: 7593: 7162: 5948:"Bialystoker Center and Home for the Aged, 228 East Broadway" 5270:"In a Manhattan Condo, Terra Cotta Marks an Art Deco Revival" 4869:"In a Manhattan Condo, Terra Cotta Marks an Art Deco Revival" 983:, which opened in 1937 and connect New Jersey and Manhattan. 451: 5504:"M.H. Renken Dairy Company Office and Engine Room Buildings" 3190:

New York Art Deco: A Guide to Gotham's Jazz Age Architecture

3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 7748: 7668: 5680: 5436:"Nation Register Digital Assets: Concourse Yard Substation" 4119:

New York Transformed: The Architecture of Cross & Cross

3924:"Empire State Tower, Tallest in World, is Opened by Hoover" 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 1010:

in the Bronx, and the former Public School 48 in Queens.

5650:

Percival, Marianne; Matthew Postal (November 22, 2016).

5615:

New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (NYCLPC)

5228: 2971: 2749:

Public School 48 (now P75Q, The Robert E. Peary School)

1874:

The Salvation Army National and Territorial Headquarters

979:

remains, and the ventilation tunnels and portals of the

392:, whose best-known Art Deco building in New York is the 207:

that would come to define the city's Art Deco buildings.

5373:; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). 3692: 3053: 3051: 3049: 6349:—partial listing of Art Deco structures still standing 6124: 5754: 5643: 5569: 4511: 793:, designed by Margon & Holder in association with 7147: 6161: 6087: 6050: 6013: 5976: 5939: 5902: 5865: 5828: 5791: 5717: 5695:"List of NHLS by State - National Historic Landmarks" 5606: 5532: 4637:"Herman Ridder Junior High School (Public School 98)" 3915: 2637:

Suffolk Title and Guarantee Company Building (Former)

635:

on the Upper West Side and the RKO Midway Theater in

336:, or figures portraying industry and the arts at the 4860: 4827: 4322: 4184: 3046: 2545:

Between 5th and 6th Aves, between 48th and 51st Sts

458:(1929–1931), designed with a "curtain" exterior and 5945: 5797: 5624:. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 3431: 5464: 4962: 4714: 4578:"Marine Air Terminal (U.S. National Park Service)" 4537: 4208: 4206: 4180: 4178: 3922: 3852: 3791: 3752: 3750: 3694: 3502: 3434:Historic Structures Report: Barclay-Vesey Building 3427: 3425: 3025: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2940: 6167: 5538: 5501: 5377:(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. 5135: 5069: 4710: 4708: 4670: 4668: 4376: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4247: 4219:The Architecture and Development of New York City 4140: 4138: 4088:The Architecture and Development of New York City 4048: 4015: 3954: 3888: 3818: 3756: 3640: 3500: 3362: 3301:The Architecture and Development of New York City 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3229: 3057: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2906:List of Art Deco architecture in New York (state) 1026:, now the Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights 936:. Art Deco libraries from the period include the 512:for the title of the tallest building, architect 400:(1926) had an Art Deco clock tower appended to a 124:has its origins in European arts, especially the 7923: 5138:"Architecture: Pre-emptive Moves, Predemolition" 4932: 4477:"Tallman Island TI2/T13 Water Pollution Control" 4439: 4421:New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 4385:"W.P.A. Projects Left Their Stamp on the Region" 3475: 6251:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 6214:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 6204: 6177:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 6140:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 6130: 6103:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 6093: 6066:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 6056: 6029:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 6019: 5992:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5982: 5955:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5918:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5881:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5844:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5834: 5807:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5770:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5760: 5733:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5659:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5585:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5575: 5548:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5511:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5474:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5407:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5367:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5129: 5096: 5063: 5036: 4926: 4806: 4724:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 4684:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 4644:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 4341: 4203: 4175: 4154:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 4144: 4075: 4042: 4009: 3948: 3882: 3812: 3747: 3731:American Art Deco: Architecture and Regionalism 3634: 3471: 3469: 3422: 3187: 3067:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 1122:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 1120:in the 1960s, leading to the empowering of the 227:, considered a new style distinct from earlier 7937:20th-century architecture in the United States 6868:New York (Manhattan, the Bronx, Staten Island) 6347:Art Deco Society of New York Art Deco registry 6282:Leonard, R. L.; C. A. Glassgold, eds. (2013). 6241: 6235: 6198: 5871: 5495: 5458: 5391: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5001: 4705: 4665: 4546:"What Goes Down Drain Eventually Bobs Up Here" 4309: 4280: 4147:"Sears Roebuck & Company Department Store" 4135: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3573: 3356: 3281: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 2917: 1459:Former New York Telephone Company Headquarters 938:Central Library of the Brooklyn Public Library 203:' illustration, demonstrating an approach to 134:in Paris, from which Art Deco draws its name ( 7133: 6368: 6317:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 6207:"Jamaica Savings Bank, 146-21 Jamaica Avenue" 5908: 5397: 5201: 5195: 5030: 3987: 3728: 3612: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3494: 3254: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 2491:22 East 40th Street (273–277 Madison Avenue) 615:. Art Deco theaters in the city included the 5985:"Majestic Apartments, 115 Central Park West" 5578:"The Graybar Building, 420 Lexington Avenue" 5428: 4995: 4674: 4250:"Why New York City Stopped Building Subways" 4241: 3981: 3821:"Two Also-Rans of the Great Skyscraper Race" 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3551:Art Deco Architecture in New York: 1920–1940 3466: 1537:Sears Roebuck & Company Department Store 1097:, Art Deco "helped crystallize our image of 932:in Queens and the Manhattan Grit Chamber in 930:Tallman Island Water Pollution Control Plant 797:, these twin-towered apartments transformed 658:Sears Roebuck & Company Department Store 5911:"500 Fifth Avenue Building, 500 5th Avenue" 5837:"Daily News Building, 220 East 42nd Street" 5763:"Eldorado Apartments, 300 Central Park Wes" 5294: 5072:"The Store That Slipped Through the Cracks" 4899: 4745: 4347: 4274: 4212: 4081: 3715: 3389: 3297:"The Birth of the Skyscraper: Introduction" 3294: 3206: 536:that triggered the economic turmoil of the 7140: 7126: 6375: 6361: 6133:"Century Apartments, 25 Central Park West" 6059:"New York Curb Exchange, 86 Trinity Place" 5467:"National Title Guaranty Company Building" 5235:Bonanos, Christopher (February 12, 2021). 4084:"Living Together: Modern Apartment Houses" 3789: 3548: 3523: 3248: 3088: 2949:Berenholtz, Richard; Carol Willis (2005). 986:The first Art Deco school in the city was 271:, built between 1923–1927 and designed by 5619:"Fuller Building, 593–599 Madison Avenue" 4893: 4800: 4715:Percival, Marianne (September 22, 2020). 4543: 3783: 3667: 3606: 3329: 2663:Former J. Kurtz & Sons Store Building 1379:Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library) 998:, one of the first buildings designed by 911:Brooklyn Public Library's Central Library 631:, and smaller Art Deco theaters like the 412:Empire State Building Entrance decoration 6313:Striner, Richard; Melissa Blair (2014). 6284:American Art Deco: An Illustrated Survey 6096:"City Services Building, 70 Pine Street" 5800:"Film Center Building, 630 Ninth Avenue" 5798:Stargard, William B (November 9, 1982). 4809:"Art Deco: Style with a Timeless Appeal" 4116: 4110: 3889:Gray, Christopher (September 26, 2010). 3323: 3058:Kurshan, Virginia (September 20, 2011). 2774:Jamaica Savings Bank (Sutphin Boulevard) 2246:Bialystoker Center and Home for the Aged 1485:National Title Guaranty Company Building 1017: 904: 846: 769: 725:paralleled New Yorkers' shift away from 707: 552:Rockefeller decided to proceed with the 523: 407: 367: 310: 195: 108: 17: 6397:Index of New York City-related articles 6168:Kurshan, Virginia (November 24, 1981). 6075:from the original on September 21, 2020 5652:"Hotel Lexington, 511 Lexington Avenue" 5465:Percival, Marianne (January 24, 2017). 5234: 4677:"Samuel Gompers Industrial High School" 4634: 4283:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 4163:from the original on September 19, 2021 3363:Gray, Christopher (February 20, 1994). 3344:from the original on September 24, 2018 1167: 1013: 627:ended, so too did the era of the large 563: 7932:Art Deco architecture in New York City 7924: 6244:"Tompkinsville (Joseph H. Lyons) Pool" 5927:from the original on December 24, 2012 5853:from the original on December 27, 2016 5520:from the original on February 25, 2021 5483:from the original on February 25, 2021 5267: 5249:from the original on February 12, 2021 5084:from the original on September 7, 2015 4969:Gray, Christopher (January 15, 1995). 4866: 4833: 4815:from the original on February 25, 2023 4382: 4364:from the original on November 15, 2022 3988:Knowles, Eric (2014). "Architecture". 3819:Gray, Christopher (January 28, 2010). 3641:Gray, Christopher (February 8, 2014). 3432:Breiseth, Elizabeth (April 30, 2009). 3395: 3076:from the original on December 23, 2016 1041:Society for the Advancement of Judaism 902:being built with Art Deco flourishes. 22:Clockwise from top left: Spire of the 7121: 6793:John F. Kennedy International Airport 6741:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 6356: 6242:Harrison, Tara (September 16, 2008). 6038:from the original on December 1, 2022 5816:from the original on January 24, 2023 5779:from the original on January 12, 2023 5742:from the original on December 6, 2022 5705:from the original on October 23, 2020 5594:from the original on February 6, 2021 5576:Postal, Matthew (November 22, 2016). 5557:from the original on January 19, 2023 5539:Pickart, Margaret (October 1, 1991). 5446:from the original on December 2, 2021 5168: 5102: 5070:Gray, Christopher (October 3, 2014). 4983:from the original on October 13, 2020 4752:Gray, Christopher (January 4, 2013). 4693:from the original on January 11, 2023 4588:from the original on October 27, 2020 4558:from the original on January 19, 2023 4049:Gray, Christopher (August 29, 2004). 3955:Gray, Christopher (October 4, 2012). 3854:"Smith Skyscraper Has a Novel Design" 1433:A. I. Namm & Son Department Store 1299:Samuel Gompers Industrial High School 1058: 1008:Samuel Gompers Industrial High School 205:New York City's setbacks requirements 6803:Newark Liberty International Airport 6223:from the original on August 14, 2019 6205:Noonan, Theresa (October 26, 2010). 6112:from the original on August 29, 2021 5964:from the original on January 1, 2022 5946:Brazee, Christopher (May 21, 2013). 5183:from the original on October 1, 2021 5169:Gunts, Edward (September 14, 2021). 5117:from the original on August 13, 2020 4968: 4848:from the original on August 31, 2023 4834:Walton, Chris (September 22, 2023). 4807:Rosales, Miguel (November 9, 2020). 4788:from the original on August 22, 2021 4751: 4635:Bradley, Betsy (December 11, 1990). 4397:from the original on August 22, 2023 4248:English, Jonathan (April 16, 2018). 4098:from the original on October 6, 2017 4016:Gray, Christopher (April 23, 2009). 3441:National Register of Historic Places 3311:from the original on January 5, 2019 3234:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1178:National Register of Historic Places 1073:architecture exhibit introduced the 681:The original building with that name 6260:from the original on March 11, 2010 6186:from the original on March 26, 2023 6022:"The Brill Building, 1619 Broadway" 5909:Klose, Olivia (December 14, 2010). 5631:from the original on April 11, 2021 5502:Caratzas, Michael (June 16, 2015). 5416:from the original on August 7, 2019 5282:from the original on March 27, 2023 5136:Gray, Christopher (July 18, 2013). 5004:"Radio City Music Hall may not die" 4914:from the original on August 3, 2019 4881:from the original on March 27, 2023 4766:from the original on July 26, 2019. 4733:from the original on March 26, 2023 4486:. February 24, 2006. Archived from 3757:Gray, Christopher (March 8, 1998). 3478:The Art Deco Skyscraper in New York 1596:New York Telephone Company Building 462:-produced mosaics in the interior; 269:New York Telephone Company Building 13: 6275: 6149:from the original on March 8, 2022 6020:Postal, Matthew (March 23, 2010). 5890:from the original on June 23, 2022 5668:from the original on July 17, 2022 5216:from the original on June 19, 2019 5150:from the original on July 17, 2019 5051:from the original on July 17, 2019 5037:McDowell, Edwin (March 29, 1978). 4950:from the original on March 2, 2020 4544:Kilgannon, Corey (June 23, 2006). 4521:State University of New York Press 4519:(5th ed.). Albany, New York: 4513:Diamonstein-Spielvogel, Barbaralee 4427:from the original on July 17, 2019 4262:from the original on June 30, 2019 4187:Brooklyn: The Once and Future City 4030:from the original on July 22, 2019 3969:from the original on July 18, 2019 3903:from the original on July 26, 2019 3833:from the original on July 19, 2019 3771:from the original on July 26, 2019 3693:Ward, David; Zunz, Oliver (1992). 3655:from the original on July 27, 2019 3594:from the original on April 2, 2023 3574:Macaulay-Lewis, Elizabeth (2021). 3454:from the original on June 27, 2022 3396:Lopate, Phillip (April 21, 1991). 3377:from the original on June 24, 2018 3269:from the original on July 11, 2019 1045:Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist 1024:Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist 623:to mirror the one indoors. As the 554:construction of Rockefeller Center 278: 14: 7958: 7149:Architecture of the United States 6382: 6340: 6094:Postal, Matthew (June 21, 2011). 6057:Postal, Matthew (June 26, 2012). 6001:from the original on May 14, 2022 5983:Dolkart, Andrew (March 8, 1988). 5872:Santucci, Gina (April 12, 1983). 5835:Robins, Anthony (July 28, 1981). 4675:Postal, Matt (December 6, 2022). 4063:from the original on May 28, 2015 3798:. Princeton Architectural Press. 3410:from the original on June 4, 2020 1065:Historic preservation in New York 332:, personifications of virtues at 165:Art Deco came into style just as 26:, Manhattan; upper levels of the 7102: 7101: 7088: 6553: 6131:Dolkart, Andrew (July 9, 1985). 5761:Dolkart, Andrew (July 9, 1985). 5375:Guide to New York City Landmarks 5018:from the original on May 3, 2023 4900:Bird, David (February 7, 1982). 4754:"Still Stopping Me in My Tracks" 4616:from the original on May 3, 2023 4383:Golway, Terry (April 15, 2009). 4145:Postal, Matthew (May 15, 2012). 3891:"Not Just a Perch for King Kong" 3870:from the original on May 3, 2023 2823:La Guardia Airport (Terminal A) 1247:Herman Ridder Junior High School 648:Tiffany & Co. flagship store 542:Metropolitan Life North Building 468:City Bank-Farmers Trust Building 7462:Sarasota School of Architecture 5398:Shockley, Jay (June 22, 2010). 5261: 5162: 5010:. Vol. CII, no. 111. 5002:Micheli, Robin (May 25, 1978). 4770: 4628: 4600: 4570: 4505: 4469: 4409: 3845: 3567: 3255:Dunlap, David (July 25, 2016). 1055:, both in the Upper East Side. 870: 767:, making it her largest piece. 639:served more modest audiences. 338:International Magazine Building 5268:Taylor, Sri (March 18, 2023). 5202:Paybarah, Azi (June 7, 2019). 4867:Taylor, Sri (March 18, 2023). 4189:. Princeton University Press. 3733:. W. W. Norton & Company. 2409:Goelet (Swiss Center) Building 1507:580 and 582–584 Myrtle Avenue 1172:Below is a partial listing of 703: 474:in the Financial District was 140:ratifs et industriels modernes 136:Exposition internationale des 77:A lull in construction during 1: 7587:Building types and vernacular 4354:Lehman College Gallery of Art 4323:Rosenblum, Constance (2011). 4185:Campanella, Thomas J (2019). 3643:"A White-Shoe Firm Unbuttons" 3505:Rediscovering Art Deco U.S.A. 3330:Shaw, Leo (October 3, 2017). 2911: 2193:Irving Trust Company Building 2167:Kent Automatic Parking Garage 1406:Eberhard Faber Pencil Factory 918: 888:Works Progress Administration 568: 502:tallest building in the world 456:Irving Trust Company Building 104: 64:The exuberant economy of the 5103:Staff (September 12, 2013). 4417:"Crotona Park: Crotona Pool" 4215:"Living Together: Tenements" 3580:. Fordham University Press. 2854:Lyons Pool Recreation Center 2554:1932–1933 (RCA/GE Building) 7: 7022:East Bronx expansion (1895) 4811:. New York Public Library. 4484:Government of New York City 4451:Government of New York City 3701:. Russell Sage Foundation. 3620:. Oxford University Press. 3032:. Oxford University Press. 2899: 2719:24-02 To 24–36 19th Street 2274:Automat Cafeteria Building 1182:National Historic Landmarks 1053:Temple Emanu-El of New York 1033:Church of the Heavenly Rest 955:in Washington Heights, the 609:works such as Fritz Lang's 61:feature in many buildings. 41:architecture flourished in 10: 7963: 7553:New Classical architecture 7185:Colonial and post-colonial 7062:hybrid variant (2020–2021) 3501:Capitman, Barbara (1994). 3230:Flowers, Benjamin (2011). 3060:"Madison Belmont Building" 2880:Lane Theater (interior) ‡ 2109:The Western Union Building 1269:105–149 West 168th Street 1150:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1062: 1037:St. Luke's Lutheran Church 973:New York Municipal Airport 422:power of radio, while the 253:American Radiator Building 87:during the city's downturn 7898: 7772: 7586: 7490: 7350: 7302: 7276: 7238: 7183: 7155: 7081: 6970: 6937: 6813: 6701: 6658: 6605: 6562: 6551: 6405: 6392: 5400:"Noonan Plaza Apartments" 5176:The Architect's Newspaper 4841:The Architect's Newspaper 4517:The Landmarks of New York 4018:"Ghost Buildings of 1929" 3476:Messler, Norbert (1986). 1955:General Electric Building 1870:120–130 West 14th Street 1455:97–105 Willoughby Street 945:Independent Subway System 712:View of the new elevated 684:line from Grand Central. 221:second-place design entry 7472:Spanish Colonial Revival 7312:Richardsonian Romanesque 7095:New York City portal 5541:"Barclay-Vesey Building" 5008:Columbia Daily Spectator 4117:Pennoyer, Peter (2014). 3957:"An Architectural Revue" 3188:Robins, Anthony (2017). 2796:107-55 Queens Boulevard 2015:Waldorf Astoria New York 1784:310-312 Riverside Drive 1402:47–61 Greenpoint Avenue 1144:demolished the 12-story 1006:. Other schools include 323:Architectural historian 261:Madison Belmont Building 130:popularized at the 1925 7017:Annexed District (1874) 4782:Rego Park Jewish Center 4121:. The Monacelli Press. 3509:. Viking Studio Books. 3022:Bletter, Rosemarie Hagg 2442:Cities Service Building 2163:33-43 West 61st Street 2048:The Long Lines Building 1751:593-599 Madison Avenue 1662:Fred F. French Building 1563:Sunset Park Play Center 1295:455 Southern Boulevard 1273:Noonan Plaza Apartments 1107:Noonan Plaza Apartments 1085:Art Deco's role as the 909:The entranceway to the 550:John D. Rockefeller Jr. 348:" buildings. Architect 7947:1930s in New York City 7942:1920s in New York City 7405:Dutch Colonial Revival 6729:Vision Zero Initiative 3992:. Shire Publications. 3729:Breeze, Carla (2003). 3192:. Excelsior Editions. 2800:Ridgewood Savings Bank 2770:146-21 Jamaica Avenue 2659:162-24 Jamaica Avenue 2380:New York Curb Exchange 2324:115 Central Park West 1985:300 Central Park West 1900:Downtown Athletic Club 1027: 913: 877:Fiorello H. La Guardia 852: 778: 721: 529: 487:Grand Central Terminal 413: 377: 366: 325:Rosemarie Haag Bletter 320: 208: 183:1916 Zoning Resolution 118: 55:1916 Zoning Resolution 35: 7649:Hall and parlor house 7609:Central-passage house 7430:Mediterranean Revival 7156:Native and indigenous 6761:Long Island Rail Road 6756:Staten Island Railway 5699:National Park Service 5440:National Park Service 4582:National Park Service 3794:Manhattan Skyscrapers 3445:National Park Service 2725:Pool and Play Center 2604:369th Regiment Armory 2522:Radio City Music Hall 2465:25 Central Park West 2295:330 West 42nd Street 2216:500–506 Fifth Avenue 2137:220 East 42nd Street 1951:570 Lexington Avenue 1926:Empire State Building 1843:405 Lexington Avenue 1817:511 Lexington Avenue 1724:122 East 42nd Street 1632:420 Lexington Avenue 1325:Concourse Yard Bldgs. 1220:Park Plaza Apartments 1135:Radio City Music Hall 1021: 957:Fourth Avenue station 908: 861:Park Plaza Apartments 850: 773: 711: 698:Westminster Cathedral 527: 506:Empire State Building 411: 390:Walker & Gillette 371: 354: 314: 296:plastics, as well as 199: 193:slowed construction. 112: 99:historic preservation 28:Park Plaza Apartments 21: 7629:Critical regionalism 7322:American Renaissance 6766:Metro-North Railroad 6693:Emergency Management 6496:Environmental issues 4612:. 1994. p. 59. 4584:. October 20, 2016. 4229:on December 14, 2007 3553:. Harper & Row. 2850:6 Victory Boulevard 2746:155-02 108th Avenue 2299:McGraw-Hill Building 2080:Film Center Building 1481:185 Montague Street 1421:(Historic District) 1168:Landmarked buildings 1158:McGraw-Hill Building 1154:South Street Seaport 1071:Museum of Modern Art 1014:Religious structures 953:181st Street station 714:Flushing subway line 668:Department Store in 607:German Expressionist 564:Art Deco in the city 558:30 Rockefeller Plaza 428:McGraw-Hill Building 148:German expressionism 81:and the rise of the 57:, which favored the 7477:Territorial Revival 7420:International style 7390:California bungalow 7380:American Foursquare 7047:9/11 terror attacks 6778:Bridges and tunnels 6635:Community Districts 5012:Columbia University 4493:on December 2, 2018 4223:Columbia University 4092:Columbia University 3866:. January 8, 1930. 3790:Nash, Eric (1999). 3549:Vlack, Don (1974). 3305:Columbia University 2827:Marine Air Terminal 2685:90-33 160th Street 2633:90-04 161st Street 2574:2624-2626 Broadway 2268:2701–2714 Broadway 2141:Daily News Building 1989:Eldorado Apartments 1533:2307 Beverley Road 1352:Crotona Play Center 1348:1700 Fulton Avenue 1216:1005 Jerome Avenue 1075:International Style 1049:Rego Park Synagogue 977:Marine Air Terminal 965:York Street station 838:Navy & Kavovitt 749:, Raymond Hood and 580:22 Cortlandt Street 436:Daily News Building 419:Timothy L. Pflueger 386:RCA Victor Building 360:, bull's heads and 273:Ralph Thomas Walker 83:International Style 32:Marine Air Terminal 7528:Mid-century modern 7375:American Craftsman 7364:Streamline Moderne 6952:Elementary schools 6947:Dept. of Education 6659:Emergency services 6630:Borough presidents 6288:Dover Publications 5617:(March 18, 1986). 5371:Dolkart, Andrew S. 5209:The New York Times 5143:The New York Times 5077:The New York Times 5044:The New York Times 4976:The New York Times 4943:The New York Times 4936:(April 15, 1990). 4907:The New York Times 4759:The New York Times 4717:"Public School 48" 4551:The New York Times 4390:The New York Times 4056:The New York Times 4023:The New York Times 3962:The New York Times 3933:The New York Times 3896:The New York Times 3863:The New York Times 3826:The New York Times 3764:The New York Times 3648:The New York Times 3403:The New York Times 3370:The New York Times 3262:The New York Times 2877:168 New Dorp Lane 2600:2366 Fifth Avenue 2549:Rockefeller Center 2495:275 Madison Avenue 2272:Horn & Hardart 2242:228 East Broadway 1559:4200 Fifth Avenue 1429:450 Fulton Street 1321:West 205th Street 1059:Decline and legacy 1028: 992:junior high school 914: 896:Tompkinsville Pool 881:Franklin Roosevelt 853: 819:Washington Heights 811:streamline moderne 779: 722: 662:Flatbush, Brooklyn 546:Metropolitan Opera 530: 448:downtown Manhattan 444:Financial District 414: 398:Paramount Building 378: 334:Rockefeller Center 321: 255:(1924), which was 213:Heckscher Building 209: 179:Equitable Building 177:like the 40-story 152:Austrian Secession 119: 115:Equitable Building 36: 7919: 7918: 7491:Post–World War II 7203:Colonial Georgian 7115: 7114: 7053:COVID-19 pandemic 6833:Community gardens 6798:LaGuardia Airport 6598:(Richmond County) 6586:(New York County) 6324:978-1-4214-1162-0 6297:978-0-486-15793-1 6286:. Mineola, N.Y.: 5384:978-0-470-28963-1 5110:AM New York Metro 4530:978-1-4384-3769-9 4447:"Health Building" 4350:"Horace Ginsbern" 4348:Hoeltzel, Susan. 4334:978-1-4384-6396-4 4213:Dolkart, Andrew. 4196:978-0-691-16538-7 4128:978-1-58093-380-3 4082:Dolkart, Andrew. 3999:978-0-7478-1328-6 3805:978-1-56898-181-9 3740:978-0-393-01970-4 3627:978-0-19-934437-6 3587:978-0-8232-9384-1 3560:978-0-06-438850-4 3516:978-0-525-93442-4 3295:Dolkart, Andrew. 3241:978-0-8122-0260-1 3199:978-1-4384-6396-4 3039:978-0-19-502112-7 2964:978-1-59962-078-7 2957:. Welcome Books. 2897: 2896: 2405:608 Fifth Avenue 2376:86 Trinity Place 2105:60 Hudson Street 2076:630 Ninth Avenue 1922:350 Fifth Avenue 1847:Chrysler Building 1658:551 Fifth Avenue 1437:1924–25; 1928–29 1375:Grand Army Plaza 1243:1619 Boston Road 949:Squire J. Vickers 894:in the Bronx and 832:and stretches of 799:Central Park West 751:John Mead Howells 740:Sunnyside, Queens 637:Ridgewood, Queens 534:Wall Street Crash 483:Midtown Manhattan 424:Chrysler Building 382:Cross & Cross 304:, limestone, and 122:American Art Deco 51:all five boroughs 24:Chrysler Building 7954: 7890:Washington, D.C. 7508:Deconstructivism 7410:Georgian Revival 7400:Colonial Revival 7353:mid-20th century 7277:Mid-19th century 7223:Spanish Colonial 7142: 7135: 7128: 7119: 7118: 7105: 7104: 7093: 7092: 7091: 6855:Farmers' markets 6557: 6386: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6354: 6353: 6336: 6309: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6259: 6248: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6211: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6185: 6174: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6148: 6137: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6111: 6100: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6074: 6063: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6037: 6026: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5989: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5963: 5952: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5926: 5915: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5889: 5878: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5841: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5804: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5778: 5767: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5741: 5730: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5691: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5667: 5656: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5582: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5545: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5519: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5471: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5404: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5363: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5080:. p. RE11. 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4934:Goldberger, Paul 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4653:on March 3, 2016 4652: 4646:. Archived from 4641: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4492: 4481: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4457:on July 29, 2019 4453:. Archived from 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4320: 4307: 4306: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4225:. Archived from 4210: 4201: 4200: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4162: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3929: 3926: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3859: 3856: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3797: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3726: 3713: 3712: 3700: 3690: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3546: 3521: 3520: 3508: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3292: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3227: 3204: 3203: 3185: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3075: 3064: 3055: 3044: 3043: 3031: 3028:Skyscraper Style 3018:Robinson, Cervin 3014: 2969: 2968: 2956: 2946: 2518:1260 6th Avenue 2220:500 Fifth Avenue 2011:301 Park Avenue 1636:Graybar Building 1592:140 West Street 1187: 1186: 1131:General Electric 988:Public School 98 926:Oscar Bruno Bach 923: 920: 826:terminal moraine 813:designs such as 789:. Together with 765:Barbra Streisand 718:Queens Boulevard 686:Apartment hotels 625:Roaring Twenties 617:Ziegfeld Theater 538:Great Depression 514:William Van Alen 432:New Yorker Hotel 350:Ely Jacques Kahn 71:Great Depression 66:Roaring Twenties 34:exterior, Queens 7962: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7894: 7768: 7582: 7486: 7435:Mission Revival 7352: 7346: 7298: 7272: 7234: 7218:German Colonial 7213:French Colonial 7179: 7151: 7146: 7116: 7111: 7089: 7087: 7077: 6985:Prehistory-1664 6966: 6933: 6902:"Sixth borough" 6809: 6697: 6686:law enforcement 6654: 6601: 6592:(Queens County) 6558: 6549: 6430:ethnic enclaves 6401: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6343: 6325: 6312: 6298: 6281: 6278: 6276:Further reading 6273: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6246: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6061: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5950: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5876: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5802: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5693: 5692: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5613:Forster, Carl; 5611: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5364: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5146:. p. RE8. 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4523:. p. 639. 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4321: 4310: 4295:10.2307/3258517 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4183: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4149: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4026:. p. RE9. 4014: 4010: 4000: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3965:. p. RE6. 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3899:. p. RE9. 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3829:. p. RE5. 3817: 3813: 3806: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3727: 3716: 3709: 3691: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3651:. p. RE8. 3639: 3635: 3628: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3588: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3547: 3524: 3517: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3474: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3293: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3265:. p. A21. 3253: 3249: 3242: 3228: 3207: 3200: 3186: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3062: 3056: 3047: 3040: 3015: 2972: 2965: 2947: 2918: 2914: 2902: 2802:(Forest Hills) 2708: 2698: 2613: 2578:Midtown Theater 2558: 2438:70 Pine Street 2426: 2389: 2308: 2125: 2089: 2064: 2032: 1974: 1964: 1935: 1896:20 West Street 1821:Hotel Lexington 1797: 1788:Master Building 1772: 1755:Fuller Building 1728:Chanin Building 1686: 1681: 1671: 1620: 1615: 1605: 1580: 1174:city-landmarked 1170: 1127:Chanin Building 1091:Cervin Robinson 1067: 1061: 1016: 996:Upper West Side 921: 873: 865:Horace Ginsbern 857:Grand Concourse 761:Lionello Perera 747:Upper East Side 706: 677:Waldorf Astoria 670:Jamaica, Queens 666:Montgomery Ward 571: 566: 495:Chanin Building 464:120 Wall Street 460:Hildreth Meiere 394:Fuller Building 330:French Building 317:French Building 281: 279:Common elements 107: 47:1920s and 1930s 12: 11: 5: 7960: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7694:Platform mound 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7452:Prairie School 7449: 7448: 7447: 7440:Pueblo Revival 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7395:Chicago School 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7356: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7294:Gothic Revival 7291: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7239:Early Republic 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7208:Dutch Colonial 7205: 7200: 7195: 7189: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7145: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7122: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7099: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7050: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7027:1898 expansion 7024: 7019: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6857: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6734:Port Authority 6731: 6726: 6721: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6703:Transportation 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6580:(Kings County) 6575: 6574:(Bronx County) 6568: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6506:food and water 6503: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6342: 6341:External links 6339: 6338: 6337: 6323: 6310: 6296: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6234: 6197: 6160: 6123: 6086: 6049: 6012: 5975: 5938: 5901: 5864: 5827: 5790: 5753: 5716: 5679: 5642: 5605: 5568: 5531: 5494: 5457: 5427: 5390: 5383: 5293: 5275:Bloomberg News 5260: 5227: 5194: 5161: 5128: 5095: 5062: 5047:. p. B3. 5029: 4994: 4961: 4925: 4892: 4874:Bloomberg News 4859: 4826: 4799: 4769: 4744: 4704: 4664: 4627: 4599: 4569: 4536: 4529: 4504: 4468: 4438: 4408: 4375: 4358:Lehman College 4340: 4333: 4308: 4289:(8): 363–370. 4273: 4255:Bloomberg News 4240: 4202: 4195: 4174: 4134: 4127: 4109: 4074: 4041: 4008: 3998: 3980: 3947: 3914: 3881: 3844: 3811: 3804: 3782: 3746: 3739: 3714: 3707: 3666: 3633: 3626: 3605: 3586: 3566: 3559: 3522: 3515: 3493: 3486: 3465: 3421: 3388: 3355: 3322: 3280: 3247: 3240: 3205: 3198: 3087: 3045: 3038: 2970: 2963: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874:Staten Island 2871: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2847:Staten Island 2844: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2705:NRHP #89002259 2702: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2620:NRHP #93001537 2617: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2354:Brill Building 2351: 2350:1619 Broadway 2348: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2189:1 Wall Street 2187: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2044:32 6th Avenue 2042: 2038: 2037: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1971:NRHP #03001515 1968: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1804:NRHP #16000036 1801: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1698:2 Park Avenue 1696: 1692: 1691: 1678:NRHP #03001514 1675: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1612:NRHP #09000257 1609: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1339:NRHP #06000013 1336: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202:Landmark Date 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1169: 1166: 1060: 1057: 1015: 1012: 981:Lincoln Tunnel 872: 869: 842:Brighton Beach 705: 702: 653:Bloomingdale's 585:New York Times 570: 567: 565: 562: 510:40 Wall Street 476:70 Pine Street 374:70 Pine Street 315:Detail of the 280: 277: 223:for Chicago's 217:Eliel Saarinen 106: 103: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7959: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7870:San Francisco 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7845:New York City 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7719:Shotgun house 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7634:Dogtrot house 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7624:Cowboy church 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7482:Tudor Revival 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7425:Mayan Revival 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7317:Second Empire 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7284:Greek Revival 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7138: 7136: 7131: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7108: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6990:New Amsterdam 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645:City agencies 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6597: 6596:Staten Island 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6425:Neighborhoods 6423: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6385:New York City 6378: 6373: 6371: 6366: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6016: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5627: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5248: 5245:. Vox Media. 5244: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5220:September 13, 5215: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5187:September 30, 5182: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4792:September 15, 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4709: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4669: 4657:September 15, 4649: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4620:September 15, 4615: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4592:September 15, 4587: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4497:September 15, 4489: 4485: 4478: 4472: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4330: 4327:. NYU Press. 4326: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4179: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4139: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3936:. May 2, 1931 3935: 3934: 3925: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3855: 3848: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3710: 3708:0-87154-900-X 3704: 3699: 3698: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614:Barr, Jason M 3609: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3512: 3507: 3506: 3497: 3489: 3487:9783820475623 3483: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2953:New York Deco 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2680: 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2223: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2023:1993 / ‡2017 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1770: 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